en to gl translation catalogue (1851 entries)

note: type: Content of: <h1>
en: Al-Sufi ("Book of Fixed Stars")
gl: Al-Sufi ("Libro da Estrelas Fixas")

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul Kunitzsch described it as "the most outstanding among the works of the prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star catalogue in the Almagest." <sup><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup>. In addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to Ptolemy star catalog.
gl: O Libro das estrelas fixas foi escrito pouco antes do 964 d.C. O doutor Paul Kunitzsch describiuno como "o máis destacado entre os traballos do ilustre astrónomo Abu 'l-Ḥusayn' Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (nado en Rayy, 903; morto en 986), coñecido como al-Sufi. Nel, al-Şūfī trata as 48 constelacións clásicas, que foron establecidas e transmitidas no Almagest de Ptolomeo. A descrición de cada constelación comprende as seguintes catro seccións: primeiro, unha discusión xeral sobre a constelación e as súas estrelas individuais; esta sección tamén inclúe a crítica de alŞūfi á tradición ptolemaica e notas das súas propias observacións. En segundo lugar, un rexistro dos nomes de estrelas árabes que están nesa constelación e a identificación exacta das estrelas respectivas coas correspondentes estrelas ptolemaicas. En terceiro lugar, dous debuxos da constelación, un como se ve nun globo celeste e a outra como se ve no ceo. En cuarto lugar, unha táboa das estrelas que compoñen esa constelación, dando unha descrición verbal da situación de cada estrela e a súa lonxitude, latitude e magnitude. Esta táboa segue de preto a disposición do catálogo de estrelas de Ptolomeo no Almagest." <sup><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup>. Ademais das catro seccións de cada constelación mencionadas polo doutor Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi identificaría estrelas dentro das 6 magnitudes que foron desatendidas por Ptolomeo, pero non as catalogou e foi fiel ao catálogo de estrelas de Ptolomeo.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and 20 minutes <sup><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup>. For the other units, Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup<sup><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> and from my research.
gl: Un aspecto importante da sección de discusión xeral é o método de Al-Sufi para facilitar a identificación das estrelas. Describe cada estrela individual de varias maneiras: pola posición da estrela en relación coa figura da constelación, pola súa magnitude, polo asterismo que forma con outras estrelas como triángulos ou arcos, ás veces pola posición da estrela relacionada coa Vía Láctea e pola distancia angular dunha estrela próxima. Contei máis de 700 distancias angulares medidas por al-Sufi no seu libro. As unidades que usa para distancias angulares son cóbados, lonxitude da lanza, altura do home, envergadura e dedo. Al-Sufi di explicitamente no seu libro que un cóbado é igual a dous graos e 20 minutos <sup><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup>. Para as outras unidades, Schjellerup concluíu algúns valores, pero seguindo as 700 medidas, atopei diferentes valores. A seguinte táboa resume as unidades e a relación co valor de cóbados de Schjellerup<sup><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> e da miña investigación.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi
gl: Unidades de distancia angular usadas por Al-Sufi

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: <b>unit</b>
gl: <b>unidade</b>

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: <b>cubits</b>
gl: <b>cóbados</b>

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: <b>Angular Value</b>
gl: <b>Valor Angular</b>

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: spear
gl: lanza

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: 6 cubits
gl: 6 cóbados

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Man-Height
gl: Altura dun home

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: 3 cubits
gl: 3 cóbados

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: cubit
gl: cóbado

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: 1 cubit
gl: 1 cóbado

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: span
gl: medida

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: 1/3 of a cubit
gl: 1/3 de cóbado

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: 1/2 of a cubit
gl: 1/2 de cóbado

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: finger
gl: dedo

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: 1/32 of a cubit
gl: 1/32 de cóbado

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: 1/16 of a cubit
gl: 1/16 de cóbado

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one.
gl: Outro aspecto importante do libro de Al-Sufi é o seu rexistro dos nomes de estrelas árabes indíxenas que están en cada constelación e a identificación exacta das estrelas respectivas coas correspondentes estrelas ptolemaicas. Isto significa que estamos a ver dúas tradicións de coñecemento de estrelas asemade: a ptolemaica e a árabe indíxena.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: The Sky Culture
gl:  A Cultura do Ceo

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of the book, oldest of which is the <a href="https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 dated 1009 AD</a>.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo é o resultado da investigación en moitos manuscritos do libro, sendo o máis antigo o <a href="https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 datado en 1009 AD</a>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup>.
gl: En primeiro lugar, editáronse criticamente os manuscritos do Libro das estrelas fixas e produciuse o texto. En segundo lugar, cada estrela pertencente ás 48 constelacións identificouse segundo a descrición de Al-Sufi e construíronse novas táboas que inclúen as designacións modernas de estrelas dos catálogos Hipparcos, Bright stars e Bayer. En terceiro lugar, os nomes de estrelas indíxenas árabes foron recollidos e identificados como equiparados por Al-Sufi ós ptolemaicos. Todos os pasos anteriores incluíronse nun libro publicado dixitalmente no Libro das estrelas fixas máis explicacións e comentarios de Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup>. The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, which will display "The star on the end of the tail" on the top of the screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined through asterism names and asterism lines files.
gl: As figuras das constelacións da cultura do ceo son as imaxes do manuscrito Ulugh Beg do Libro das estrelas fixas, extraídas e adaptadas para Stellarium polo señor Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup>. O ficheiro de nomes de estrelas inclúe o número de estrela na constelación como nome de estrela principal e a descrición da estrela nas táboas como nome secundario. Por exemplo, o nome principal de Polaris que se amosa coa estrela é: UMi1, sendo UMi Ursa Minor e 1 é a primeira estrela desta constelación. Se se selecciona a estrela, amosaranse outros nomes secundarios, que amosarán "A estrela no extremo da cola" na parte superior da pantalla. As liñas de constelación constrúense segundo as formas da constelación co intento de incluír a maioría das estrelas que forman parte dela. Para o coñecemento das estrelas árabes indíxenas, os nomes de estrelas individuais engadíronse ó ficheiro de estrelas como nomes secundarios, mentres que os nomes de grupos de estrelas definíronse mediante ficheiros de nomes de asterismo e liñas de asterismo.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href="#footnote-6">[6]</a></sup> which was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few places to agree with Al-Sufi wording.
gl: A tradución das descricións de estrelas dende o árabe ó Inglés foi tirada do sitio web de Ernie Wright <sup><a href="#footnote-6">[6]</a></sup> que as transcribiu a partir da tradución de Toomer do Almagest<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup>. A tradución modificouse nalgúns lugares para concordar coa redacción de Al-Sufi.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content.
gl: A única fonte da cultura do ceo é o Libro das estrelas fixas e o obxectivo é dar unha representación fiel do contido do libro.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Fair Use
gl: Uso correcto

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common rules.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo ofrécese de balde baixo a licenza pública internacional CC BY-ND 4.0 (compartida por igual, non a cambie sen consultar os colaboradores e cite os colaboradores). O autor desexa que se cite esta obra segundo as regras comúns.

note: type: Content of: <p><h3>
en: Author
gl: Autor

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com
gl: A cultura do ceo do Libro das estrelas fixas foi compilada e engadida a Stellarium por Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Notes
gl: Notas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: [2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga.
gl: [2] Ver descrición de Al-Sufi no seu libro da estrela 14ª en Auriga.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Anutan
gl: Anutano

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or undistinguished).
gl: Anuta é unha pequena illa volcánica que, aínda que se atopa dentro das Illas Salomón de Melanesia, está poboada por polinesios. As estrelas son a ferramenta máis importante para os navegantes de longo alcance. As principais estrelas e constelacións guía son coñecidas como 'kaavenga'. Os camiños das estrelas que se seguen dunha illa á outra (aínda que non saísen ou xa estean fóra) chámanse "kau panogna porau". As estrelas sen nome que non se usan como auxiliares de navegación chámanse "petuu vare" (parvo, común ou sen distinguir).

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Nomenclature
gl: Nomenclatura

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
en: Anutan name
gl: Nome anutano

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
en: English translation
gl: Tradución ó inglés

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
en: Western skylore
gl: Cultura do ceo do oeste

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Bird's Body
gl: O Corpo do Paxaro

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Sirius
gl: Sirio

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The East Wing
gl: A Á do Leste

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The North Wing
gl: A Á do Norte

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Procyon
gl: Proción

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Bird's Armpit
gl: A Axila do Paxaro

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body
gl: Grupo de catro pequenas estrelas ó leste do Corpo de Manu

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Bamboo
gl: O Bambú

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Path of Three
gl: Camiño dos Tres

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Orion's belt
gl: Cinturón de Orión

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Tongs
gl: As Pinzas

note: type: Content of: <table><tr>
en: Taurus's forehead
gl: Fronte de Tauro

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Small Face, or Small Eyes
gl: Cara Pequena ou Ollos Pequenos

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Octopus Tentacle
gl: Tentáculo de Polbo

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Middle Precursor
gl: Precursor Medio

note: type: Content of: <table><tr>
en: Corner of Great Square (one large star)
gl: Recanto do Gran Cadrado (unha estrela grande)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Forward Precursor
gl: Precursor Dianteiro

note: type: Content of: <table><tr>
en: Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder
gl: Patas dianteiras e ombreiro de Pegaso

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Carrying Stick
gl: A Vara de Carga

note: type: Content of: <table><tr>
en: Three stars in Aquila in a straight line
gl: Tres estrelas en Aquila en liña recta

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Sammara Squirrelfish
gl: Peixe Esquío de Sammara

note: type: Content of: <table><tr>
en: Four large stars in Sagittarius
gl: Catro estrelas grandes en Sagittarius

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Double Man
gl: Dobre Home

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Alpha and Beta Centauri
gl: Alpha e Beta Centauri

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Net, or The Sacred Timber
gl: A Rede, ou A Madeira Sagrada

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Southern Cross
gl: Cruz do Sur

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Taro plant
gl: Planta de Taro

note: type: Content of: <table><tr>
en: Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau (its leaves)
gl: Scorpio, Antares é Te Kau (the talo). As cinco estrelas en torno a Antares son Ona Rau (as súas follas)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr>
en: Milky way
gl: Vía Láctea

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Running Cloud
gl: A Nube que Corre

note: type: Content of: <table><tr>
en: Large Magellanic Cloud
gl: Gran Nube de Magallanes

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Restrained Cloud (?)
gl: A Nube Restrinxida (?)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr>
en: Small Magellanic Cloud
gl: Pequena Nube de Magallanes

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Morning Star
gl: A Estrela da Mañá

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The Morning Star(?)
gl: A Estrela da Mañá(?)

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: References
gl: Referencias

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz
gl: A esta cultura do ceo de Stellarium contribuíu <i>Dan Smale</i>, d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz

note: type: Content of: <h4>
en: Introduction
gl: Introdución

note: type: Content of: <p><h3>
en: Constellations
gl: Constelacións

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Authors
gl: Autores

note: type: Content of: <h4>
en: Historical Overview
gl: Visión xeral histórica

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Aztec
gl: Azteca

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental America in the 16th century.
gl: Para os aztecas antigos o coñecemento do ceo nocturno e o movemento das estrelas tivo unha gran importancia para os seus calendarios e a medición de ciclos agrícolas e sagrados. Non obstante, gran parte deste coñecemento perdeuse como consecuencia da conquista española ocorrida en América continental no século XVI.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>. These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book.
gl: Os elementos da sociedade azteca como a cultura, a economía e a ciencia consérvanse no <em>tlacuilos</em>, palabra que deriva da antiga palabra nahuatl  <em>tlacuiloa</em>, que significa <em>escribindo con debuxos</em>. Estes Tlacuilos están almacenados no <em>amoxcalli</em>, significando amoxtli: libros e calli: casa. Máis tarde coñecéronse os <em>codices</em>; esta palabra vén do latín Codex que significa libro escrito.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed, their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and Nahuatl.
gl: Despois da conquista española, moitos dos códices prehispánicos foron destruídos, a súa característica principal é que se atoparon en moitos materiais diferentes, como a pel de cervo, <em>amate</em> papel ou tea de algodón e non tiñan só texto, senón tamén debuxos ou <em>glifos</em>. Non obstante, a colección de costumes mesoamericanos continuou con anterioridade á conquista española grazas ao traballo dalgúns indíxenas nativos e algúns sacerdotes españois, estes códices son coñecidos como Códices coloniais e hai un cambio na forma de debuxar por mor das novas técnicas de debuxo e os novos materiais importados de Europa, tamén pola incorporación de texto descritivo tanto en castelán como nahuatl.

note: type: Content of: <h5>
en: <em>Astronomical building</em>
gl: <em>Edificcación astronómica</em>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun.
gl: Por desgraza, o coñecemento astronómico azteca nos códices restantes é realmente pequeno. A seguinte imaxe é unha das poucas que nomea algunhas constelacións e fenómenos astronómicos identificados polos aztecas. Pertence a <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (primeiros memoriais), que é un manuscrito colonial do século 16 escrito por Fray Bernardino de Sahagún.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for Stellarium.
gl: Agora, neste traballo temos unha explicación dalgunhas figuras estelares aztecas para Stellarium.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named <em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>.
gl: Os antigos aztecas identificaban o cinto de Orión como Mamalhuaztli, e representaban os paus de madeira empregados para acender o novo lume na conmemoración que celebran os mexicanos e os seus veciños cada 52 anos, chamados <em>toxiuh molpilia</em> que significa a unión dos anos e coincidiu co comezo do novo ano chamado <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas <em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a circle with goods.
gl: O grupo de estrelas que coñecemos como Pléiades simbolizaba para os mexicas<em>Tianquiztli</em>, o que significa mercado, quizais por mor da multitude que se reúne, normalmente están representados por unha ou dúas persoas dentro dun círculo con mercadorías.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called <em>Tianguis</em>.
gl: Na actualidade en México o mercado informal ou mercados de rúa chámanse <em>Tianguis</em>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon.
gl: A constelación de Gemini foi chamada <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, que significa o xogo de pelota das estrelas. Este xogo estaba dotado dun significado ritual e usaba unha bola de goma natural. Dise que o movemento da pelota dentro do terreo de xogo refírese ao movemento do sol e da lúa.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god.
gl: A constelación da Ursa Minor identifícase como <em>Xonecuilli</em> que significa un pé torcido, e está relacionado con Nanahuatzin, este personaxe represéntase con pés retorcidos, cheos de furúnculos e chagas, este Deus enfermo e pobre sacrificouse a si mesmo para converterse en <em>Tonatiuh</em> o deus Sol.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>.
gl: Ao parecer, esta constelación tamén pode estar asociada coa Cruz Sur e as súas estrelas circundantes como refire <em>Tezozomoc</em>. Pola súa parte, Sahagún fala da súa semellanza co pan feito en forma de letra S e chamado polos aztecas <em>xonecuilli</em>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, which means face of a scorpion.
gl: Segundo os informadores do códice de Florentino Sahagún iidentificouse un grupo de estrelas coñecidas como <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, a estrela do escorpión. Por outra banda, Tezozomoc tamén menciona a estrela do escorpión e chámaa <em>Colotlixayac</em>, que significa a cara do escorpión.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the Celestial Dragon.
gl: Nunha sección do Codex de París chamada páxinas do zodíaco aparece o escorpión, neste códice as iconas mostran figuras de animais colgados do corpo do Dragón Celeste.

note: type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
en: Conclusion
gl: Conclusión

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture.
gl: É de resaltar que a interpretación dalgunhas destas constelacións aínda está en discusión, e por suposto ten que haber outras constelacións representadas. Todos os comentarios e / ou colaboración son benvidos para preservar o coñecemento e significado das estrelas da cultura azteca.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: External links
gl: Ligazóns externas

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Thanks to
gl: Grazas a

note: type: Content of: <h5>
en: English translation by:
gl: Tradución ó inglés de:

note: type: Content of: <h1>
en: Babylonian &mdash; MUL.APIN
gl: Babilonia &mdash; MUL.APIN

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the 12th century BCE.  The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150.
gl: Esta <em>cultura do ceo babilonia</em>,que estivera en uso antes do grego, consérvase nun estado (probablemente) canónico que data do século XII antes de Cristo. O primeiro fragmento coñecido é do século VII antes de Cristo, pero os datos celestes do texto suxiren unha orixe moito máis antiga da base de observación - moi probablemente entre -1350 e -1150.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>
gl: <i>fotografía dunha das táboas de barro que son tan grandes coma unha folla de papel (cortesía: os administradores do British Museum)</i>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five lists of different content.  On the first tablet, there is the so called "star catalogue" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu (culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path.  The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the sundial and rules for omina.
gl: O compendio MUL.APIN consta de dúas grandes tabelas de arxila con seis e cinco listas de contido diferente. Na primeira tableta, hai o chamado "catálogo de estrelas" (unha lista de nomes de estrelas e constelacións), seguida de tres listas de saídas e postas do Sol, unha lista de asterismos ziqpu (culminantes) e a lista de constelacións no camiño da Lúa. A segunda tabela contén regras de intercalación para o calendario, regras para o reloxo de sol e regras para omina.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Zodiac
gl: Zodiaco

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source.  It is not preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to Greek mathematical astronomy.  We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE)  with a zodiac divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in Babylonian mathematical astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians.  Taking Eudoxus' writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE.  In other fragments of mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac is not present.  Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of invention - but to be honest, we don't know.  The common sense is that the zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE.
gl: O zodiaco chegou definitivamente a Grecia desde fontes babilónicas. Non se sabe cando se inventou alí e cando se transformou en astronomía matemática grega. Sabemos con certeza que Hiparco (2º c. BCE) cita lonxitudes eclípticas de Eudoxus (4º c. BCE) cun zodiaco dividido en 12x30 unidades, o que equivale aós nosos 360°. Estas citas directas do século IV aC suxiren unha invención moi anterior porque o concepto do zodiaco de 360° estaba moi ben establecido na astronomía matemática babilónica antes de que fose copiado por matemáticos gregos. Tomando os escritos de Eudoxus como un <em>terminus ante quem</em>, extrapolamos unha data para a xénese do zodiaco en Mesopotamia antes do 400 a.C. Noutros fragmentos de astronomía matemática (entre 800 e 700 a.C.) o concepto do zodiaco non está presente. Algúns estudiosos defenden que o século VI antes de Cristo é a data da invención, pero para sermos sinceros, non o sabemos. O sentido común di que o zodiaco foi inventado probablemente a mediados do I milenio antes de Cristo.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of the Moon.  There are lists of constellations or "gods who stand in the path of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes repeatedly] and keeps touching them." (cited from the edition by Hunger and Steele, 2018, p. 143).  This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are not highlighted.
gl: En MUL.APIN, definitivamente non hai zodíaco senón un antecesor: o camiño da Lúa. Hai listaxes de constelacións ou "deuses que están no camiño da Lúa, por cuxa rexión a Lúa durante un mes [pasa repetidamente] e segue tocándoos." (citado da edición de Hunger e Steele, 2018, p. 143). Esta listaxe do compendio MUL.APIN non está considerada nesta cultura do ceo; as constelacións no camiño da Lúa non se destacan.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Planets
gl: Planetas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the compendium, the so called `star catalogue'.  It is not a real star catalogue because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have a fixed position.  However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky.  They are usually denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two <em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one).
gl: Esta cultura do ceo creouse máis ou menos coa primeira lista do compendio, o chamado `catálogo de estrelas '. Non é un catálogo de estrelas real porque non dá unha única coordenada e a maioría dos nomes que se dan son nomes de asterismos ou constelacións (e non obxectos puntuais coma as estrelas). O texto desta primeira lista reprodúcese a continuación. Non obstante, poñémolo en forma de táboa para facer fincapé na súa función como listaxe explicativa. O catálogo tamén inclúe os nomes dos planetas: aínda que estes non teñen unha posición fixa. Non obstante, na cultura mesopotámica era común mencionalos por un conxunto completo de obxectos no ceo. Normalmente denomínanse (ou debuxan) na posición do seu punto de exaltación (un chamado logo polos gregos<em>hypsomata</em> - pero a astronomía grega achegou dous <em>hypsomata</em> por planeta mentres que os babilonios só teñen un).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in the sky and not of the gods associated with them.  The list below shows that almost every asterism was associated with a deity.  According to Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one on Earth as statue in the temple.  That means a celestial object `is' not the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case for the planets.  For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus.  This goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros (Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but associated with the goddess.  Similar cases exist for most of the constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN.
gl: Os nomes dos planetas amosados no Stellarium son nomes dos obxectos no ceo e non dos deuses asociados a eles. A seguinte listaxe mostra que case todos os asterismos estaban asociados a unha divindade. Segundo a crenza babilónica, unha divindade ten dúas representacións: unha no ceo e outra na Terra como estatua no templo. Isto significa que un obxecto celeste 'non' é a deidade senón só unha das súas posibles expresións. Este é tamén o caso dos planetas. Por exemplo, ata un milenio antes de MUL.APIN, a deusa do amor sexual e do desexo, así como deusa da guerra, o sumerio Inanna / Akkadian Ishtar estivera asociada co planeta Venus. Esta deusa foi máis tarde "traducida" ó grego como Afrodita e a Venus romana e incluso na cultura grecorromana o nome do planeta era Fósforo (grego: o luminoso) ou Lucifer (latín: o que trae a Luz) pero asociado coa deusa. Hai casos similares para a maioría das constelacións e estrelas simples que figuran en MUL.APIN.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated deity.
gl: Na lista reproducida a continuación, a columna esquerda dá o nome do obxecto no ceo e a columna dereita (na maioría dos casos) dá a deidade asociada.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Star Catalogue
gl: Catálogo de estrelas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik (published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations (work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017).
gl: A seguinte táboa copia a reconstrución do texto de MUL.APIN de Hermann Hunger + (1989, 2018), dá traducións de Manfred Krebernik (publicado no Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) e identifica as palabras akadianas con rexións e constelacións celestes ( traballo de Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presentado na Deutsche Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017).

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: constellation number
gl: número de constelación

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: asterism to be "explained" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)
gl: asterismo a ser "explicado" (por exemplo, relacionándoo cunha divindade)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: "explanation" (e.g. related deity)
gl: "explicación" (por exemplo, divindade relacionada)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: position in the sky
gl: posición no ceo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Arado)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Enlil

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Lobo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>
gl: semente de <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>EPINNU</i>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Home Vello)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Enme&scaron;arra
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Enme&scaron;arra

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Lanzador de caxatos)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Gamlum(Lanzador de caxatos)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: in
gl: en

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Grandes Xemelgos)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea
gl: <sup>DEIS </sup>Lugalirra e <sup>DEUS </sup>Meslamta&#702;ea

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little Twins)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Pequenos Xemelgos)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Alammu&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Alammu&scaron; e <sup>DEUS </sup>Ningublaga

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Cangrexo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu
gl: asento de <sup>DEUS </sup>Anu

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(León)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Latarak

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>
gl: ESTRELA en oposición <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR (of the) King
gl: ESTRELA (do) Rei

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>
gl: ESTRELAs escintilantes no rabo de <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: &quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, <sup>GOD</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum
gl: &quot;espátula de palmeira de dátiles&quot; (xoiería?) (de) <sup>DEUS </sup>Erua, <sup>DEUS </sup>Zarpan&#299;tum

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Enlil que determina o destino da terra

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR in front of it
gl: ESTRELA en fronte dela

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundant), vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundante), viseira de <sup>DEUS </sup>Ninlil

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: or
gl: ou

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind it
gl: ESTRELA detrás dela

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Ti&scaron;pak
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignidade), viseira de <sup>DEUS </sup>Ti&scaron;pak

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Vagón)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Ninlil

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>
gl: ESTRELA no polo de <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>EREQQU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the strong of the gods
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Raposo), <sup>DEUS </sup>Erra, o deus máis forte

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>
gl: ESTRELA detrás dela <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>EREQQU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>DEUS </sup>Aya

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA(Hitched yoke?)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA(Xugo enganchado?)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> of heaven
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> do ceo

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA(Vagón do ceo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Damkianna

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: somewhere betw UMi and Vega?
gl: algún lugar entre UMi e Vega?

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR in its bond
gl: ESTRELA na súa ligazón

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i>(Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple), foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722; </i>(Cabelo de Ema&#7723;-templo), primeiro fillo de <sup>DEUS </sup>Anu

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple
gl: As estrelas (dos) Deuses de pé do templo de Ekur

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple
gl: As estrelas (dos) Deuses sentados do templo de Ekur

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ENZU</i>(Cabra)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Gula
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Gula

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>
gl: ESTRELA fronte a <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ENZU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>KALBU</i>(Can) (de <sup>DEUS </sup>Gula)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>
gl: ESTRELA brillante de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-la)
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Lamassatu, viseira de <sup>DEUS </sup>Baba (= <sup>DEUS </sup>Gu-la)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: 2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it
gl: 2 ESTRRLA<sup>s</sup> detrás dela

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Nin-SAR e <sup>DEUS </sup>Errakal

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>U.GUR(Nergal)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR to the right of it
gl: ESTRELA á dereita dela

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Porco), <sup>DEUS </sup>Damu

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR to the left of it
gl: Estrela á dereita dela

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)
gl: <sup>ESTRELAS </sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Cabalo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, viseira de ESTRELA.ESTRELA (Pléiades)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)
gl: ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> brillantes opostas <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Corzo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse), <sup>GOD</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Rainbow)
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>&#7722;arriru (Rato de campo), <sup>DEUS </sup>Manz&acirc;t(Arco da vella)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>
gl: ESTRELA vermella brillante no ril de <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>LULIMMU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Deleter)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Eliminador)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:
gl: Cando as ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de <sup>DEUS </sup>Enlil están completadas:

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: big STAR, its &quot;light&quot; is dim, it divides the sky and stands
gl: ESTRELA grande, a súa &quot;light&quot; é tenue, divide o ceo e está detida

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>N&#275;beru(Ford)
gl: ESTRELA (e) <sup>DEUS </sup>Marduk, <sup>DEUS</sup>N&#275;beru(vao)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Milky Way???
gl: Vía Láctea???

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Xúpiter), muda de lugar e cruza o ceo

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Jupiter [hypsoma]
gl: Xúpiter [hypsoma]

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: 33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil
gl: 33 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>
gl: <b>Observación 1</b>: <i>As listaxes babilonias non teñen títulos, senón unha sorte de subtítulo. As liñas escritas en vermello [por nós] indican que esta liña é un pé de páxina que resume o texto previo como unha especie de (sub)sección ou capítulo. Os planetas destacámolos en azul.</i>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the scientific community.</i>
gl: <b>Observación 2</b>: <i>Nesta liña, o texto dinos que había 33 asterismos listados antes desta liña. Non obstante, nas tabletas orixinais de barro só había 31 liñas. Polo tanto, o reconto de asterismos para os autores de MUL.APIN é un tema a miúdo discutido neste contexto. Hai varias suxestións e incluso fixemos unha propia, pero dado que todas as versións son incertas, non somos valentes dabondo para publicar ningunha delas aquí. Non estamos seguros de haxa consenso ningún respecto diso na comunidade científica.</i>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup>UN&middot;&quot;CAMPO&quot;(medición de área)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu
gl: asento de <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea que vai á fronte de ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'
gl: ESTRELA oposta <sup>ESTRELA </sup>UÇN&middot;'CAMPO'

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Andoriña)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'
gl: ESTRELA detrás de <sup>ESTRELA</sup>UN&middot;'CAMPO'

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>AGRU</i>(Traballador contratado), <sup>DEUS </sup>Tammuz

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)
gl: ESTRELA.ESTRELA(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Pelo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Sebettu, os grandes deuses

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>TOURO&middot;DO&middot;CEO(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Mandíbula do touro salvaxe), coroa de <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>VERDADEIRO&middot;PASTOR&middot;DO&middot;CEO (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Papsukkal, viseira de <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>
gl: ESTRELAs xemelgas opostas <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Lulal e <sup>DEUS </sup>Latarak

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Galo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Arrow)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Frecha)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta
gl: <i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Frecha), gran heroe (de) <sup>DEUS </sup>Ninurta

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Bow)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Arco)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;tar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>I&scaron;tar-de-Elam, filla de <sup>DEUS </sup>Enlil

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Snake-god)
gl: ESTRELA (de) <sup>DEUS </sup>NIRA&#7722;(Deus serpente)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, señor da 'Terra' (= inframundo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Raven)
gl: <sup>Estrela</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Corvo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad
gl: Corvo, ESTRELA de <sup>DEUS</sup>Adad

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Furrow)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Suco)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala, ear of grain
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>&Scaron;ala, espiga de trigo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Escalas)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)
gl: Cornos de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Escorpión)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa
gl: ESTRELA (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>Zababa

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Aguia) e<sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Cadáver)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the sky
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), cambia de lugar e cruza o ceo

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and crosses the sky
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Marte), muda de lugar e cruza o ceo

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Mars
gl: Marte

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>STEADY&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>, Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup>CARNEIROS&middot;&quot;SALVAXES&middot;CALMADOS&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>, Saturno), muda de lugar e cruza o ceo

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Saturn
gl: Saturno

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>DANCING&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>, Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it disappears
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup>CARNEIRO&middot;&quot;SALVAXE&middot;BAILANDO&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>, Mercurio), cuxo nome é <sup>DEUS</sup>Ninurta, ó leste ou ó oeste, onde ou nunca aparece no mes ou onde nunca desaparece

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Mercury
gl: Mercurio

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: 23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum
gl: 23 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de Anum

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a "+" sign in the column of the modern counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is the Eagle next to another constellation named "the Corpse". This could possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation "Eagle with Antinuos" but it can also be independent - that is why, we give "Aql+".</i>
gl: <b>Observación 3:</b> <i>Se indicamos un signo "+" na columna homóloga moderna, indicamos que (probablemente / posiblemente) máis estrelas pertenzan a este asterismo babilónico. Por exemplo, a frecha, é certo que Sirius pertence a esta constelación, pero os autores modernos publicaron polo menos tres versións ás que hai que engadir máis estrelas. Outro caso é a Aguia xunto a outra constelación chamada "o cadáver", que podería ser un predecesor da recentemente engadida dobre constelación de Ptolomeo "Aguia con Antinuos" pero tamén pode ser independente - por iso, damos "Aql +".</i>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Peixe)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Ea que vai á fronte de ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de <sup>DEUS </sup>Ea

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: GREAT&middot;STAR
gl: GRAN&middot;ESTRELA

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>Ea

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR of (the city of) Eridu
gl: ESTRELA de (a cidade de) Eridu

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR to its right
gl: ESTRELA á súa dereita

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;
gl: ESTRELA (de) <sup>&lt;DEUS&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i>
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu
gl: <sup>DEUS</sup>Ningirsu

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), weapon of <sup>GOD</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Frecha), arma de <sup>DEUS</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, no centro da cal se ve Aps&ucirc;

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad
gl: <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ullat e <sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; e <sup>DEUS</sup>Adad

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea
gl: ESTELA de detrás que ilumina<sup>DEUS</sup>Ea (e) é como Ea

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad
gl: ESTRELA (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>DEUS</sup>Adad

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)
gl: Estrela á esquerda de <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Escorpión)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>DEUS </sup>Kusu

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, lady of the inhabited world
gl: <sup>DEUS </sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, señora do mundo inhabitado

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: </i>(Breast of the Scorpion)
gl: </i>(Peito do escorpión)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nab&ucirc;
gl: <sup>DEUS</sup>Lisin, <sup>DEUS</sup>Nab&ucirc;

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: 2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>
gl: 2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> na picada (<i>ZIQTU</i>) de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz
gl: <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;arur e <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;argaz

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind them
gl: ESTRELA detrás deles

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;
gl: <sup>DEUS</sup>Pabilsa&#285;

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt;
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Cortiza) &lt;&lt;e&gt;&gt;

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Goat-fish)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Peixe cabra)

note: type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
en: 15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea
gl: 15 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Source(s)
gl: Fonte(s)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research.  In some cases they deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other scholars since 1950 or earlier.  Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten together with other, mainly German, planetariums.  A first scientific article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017.  Further publications are in preparation (e.g. together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter "Further Reading" below.
gl: As figuras de pau son interpretacións de Susanne M. Hoffmann baseadas nalgúns anos da súa investigación doutoral e posdoutoral. Nalgúns casos desvíanse das identificacións comúns recollidas polos eruditos Pingree, Hunger e outros dende 1950 ou antes. A nova edición de Hunger de MUL.APIN (2018) permitiu novas ideas. Algunhas das figuras foron derivadas na tese de disertación de Hoffmann (nos capítulos sobre as raíces babilonias da cultura grega: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) e outras foron desenvolvidas durante o seu traballo como directora do planetario Königsleiten xunto con outros, principalmente Planetarios alemáns. Un primeiro artigo científico sobre a visualización de dúas versións do zodíaco babilónico apareceu en: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Hamburgo, 2017. Están en preparación outras publicacións (por exemplo xunto con M. Krebernik para o Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 2018). Vera o capítulo "Lectura adicional" a continuación.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Sources / Further Reading
gl: Fontes / Lecturas posteriores

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation).
gl: Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (En preparación).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars.  We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules.  This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!
gl: Esta cultura do ceo ten a súa orixe en moitos anos de investigación por varios estudosos. Ofrecémolo de xeito gratuíto pero os autores das contribucións merecen ser citados segundo as regras comúns. Esta cultura do ceo inclúese baixo a licenza pública internacional CC BY-ND 4.0 (igual, non a cambies sen consultar os colaboradores e citalos). Grazas!

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann.  As an astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes.
gl: A colocación dos termos babilonios no ceo e o debuxo das figuras para Stellarium fixérono Susanne M. Hoffmann. Como astrónoma agradece a axuda de varios filólogos e algúns xestores de planetarios moi entusiastas por algúns desenvolvementos nas súas cúpulas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to Stellarium:
gl: Nomes de estrelas e liñas de constelacións babilonias que se engadiron a Stellarium:

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann)
gl: Debuxos de: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consultada por Steven Gullberg e Susanne M Hoffmann)

note: type: Content of: <h5>
en: written in English:
gl: escrito en inglés:

note: type: Content of: <h1>
en: Babylonian &mdash; Seleucid
gl: Babilonia &mdash; seléucida

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch.
gl: A Era Seleucida na historia babilónica é a era dos sucesores de Alexandre Magno que conquistaron Babilonia no 331 aC. Nestes días, MUL.APIN (que xa ten mil anos) aínda estaba copiándose e, polo tanto, parece desenvolverse como un estándar anticuado pero non desactualizado. Ademais, non hai un compendio alternativo como MUL.APIN na época babilonia tardía.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions of the constellations around the ecliptic.
gl: A cultura <em>Seleucid</em> ou <em>cultura do ceo babilonia tardía</em> suponse que amosa o estado (estimado) das constelacións babilónicas contemporáneas á cultura grega. Non hai unha descrición do ceo completo. Os cambios respecto á versión MUL.APIN seguramente se aplican no zodíaco desde hai varios séculos. Isto pódese afirmar con certeza porque neste tempo hai unha astroloxía zodiacal en flor. Como non había zodíaco en MUL.APIN e o zodíaco se desenvolveu cara a mediados do -1º milenio, na segunda metade do 1º milenio aC, houbo diferentes versións das constelacións arredor da eclíptica.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture.
gl: Non obstante, non sabemos moito do resto do ceo. Por iso, para as constelacións moi afastadas do zodíaco, de novo pódense tomar como constantes as constelacións de MUL.APIN. Consultar a cultura do ceo de MUL.APIN para obter máis información e usar as constelacións MUL.APIN para obter unha impresión da cultura do ceo antiga babilonia (ou babilonia media).

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Single Stars
gl: Estrelas simples

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i> lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "normal stars" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin "norma" = the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004).
gl: En contraste coas constelacións, hai moito máis listas de estrelas simples conservadas das épocas posteriores. Usamos a cultura do ceo babilonio tardío ou seléucida para centrarnos nos nomes estelares únicos. Hai moitas listaxes <i>ziqpu</i> (listaxes de estrelas culminantes) e para as medicións no zodíaco introducíronse "estrelas normais". As estrelas normais (do latín "norma" = medida) son un marco de referencia para a astrometría matemática da época babilónica tardía. Aínda que para a maioría das outras estrelas a marxe de erro relativa á súa identificación cun homólogo celeste é ás veces enorme, as estrelas normais identifícanse adecuadamente porque as súas coordenadas poden derivarse dos planetas situados ó seu carón (Jones, 2004).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 and some of the other papers given in "Further Reading". The book by Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium.
gl: As listas de estrelas ziqpu e estrelas normais recóllense maioritariamente a partir do compendio moderno Hunger e Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 e algúns dos outros traballos publicados en "Advanced Reading". O libro de Hoffmann, 2017 xa contén varios cálculos con estas estrelas e máis literatura (por exemplo, Wayne Horowitz traballou as estrelas <i>ziqpu</i> durante moitos anos pero non se menciona aquí cun artigo especial, aínda que as súas traducións contribuíron moito para este estudo). Unha versión probable das figuras tardías de babilonia aparecerá nunha nova versión de Stellarium.

note: type: Content of: <p><h3>
en: MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked
gl: Constelacións MUL.APIN parcialmente reconstruídas

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en: asterism
gl: asterismo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: our commentary
gl: o noso comentario

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Lobo): sementador de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: "wolf" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough.
gl: "lobo" aquí non significa o animal senón unha parte do arado.

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en: do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)
gl: xa non existe (fusionado con Grandes Xemelgos)

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en: STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King
gl: ESTRELA oposta <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: ESTRELA (do) Rei

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: &quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua
gl: ESTRELAs brillantes no rabo de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: &quot;espátula de dátiles&quot; (xoiería?) (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>Erua

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(A Brillante?) = <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)
gl: ESTRELA en fronte: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundante)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)
gl: ESTRELA detrás: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignidade)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Vagón)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)
gl: ESTRELA no polo de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Raposo)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)
gl: ESTRELA detrás de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ovella)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Xugo enganchado?)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)
gl: <sup>Estrela</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Vagón do ceo)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple)
gl: ESTRELA na súa ligadura: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Cabelo de Ema&#7723;-templo)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]
gl: ESTRELA fronte a <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i>: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Can) [da deusa Gula]

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: 2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal
gl: 2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> detrás: <sup>DEUS</sup>Nin-SAR e <sup>DEUS</sup>Errakal

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>nimru</i> (Pantera)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: In Late Babylonian language ("dictionaries") a new reading of this constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "nimru" translating to "the Panther"; the old demon at this place seems to have been replaced.
gl: En lingua babilonia tardía ("dicionarios") aparece unha nova lectura deste nome da constelación: debería interpretarse como a palabra acadia "nimru" traducíndose como "a pantera"; o vello demo neste lugar parece que debe ser substituído.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)
gl: ESTRELA á dereita: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Porco)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)
gl: ESTRELA á esquerda: <sup>ESTRELAS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Cabalo)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)
gl: ESTRELA detrás: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Corzo)

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en: We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the "Field Mouse".
gl: Cambiamos o Corzo para amosar outra suxestión e porque a Pantera ocupa diferentes áreas do demo UKADUA. Aínda non é incerto pero nesta versión o peito do Corzo inclúe M31 que podería ser o "Rato de campo".

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)
gl: ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> brillante oposta <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Corzo): <sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;arriru (Rato de campo)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished.
gl: Camiño de <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil rematado.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)
gl: ESTRELA oposta <sup>ESTRELA</sup>E&middot;'FIELD': <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Andoriña)

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en: the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards
gl: o sur das dúas elipses de peixes; en comparación coa versión anterior, unha pequena constelación que se desprazou cara ó noroeste

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Rabos)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of Anunitu.
gl: Dado que a "Gran Anduriña" do antigo babilonio se converteu nunha pequena andoriña e foi trasladada a outro lugar, os rabos en forma de V da Gran Androiña permaneceron sen ningún significado. Aínda así, úsanse como constelación (Rabos, pero ninguén sabe de quen). Máis tarde, a forma en V foi interpretada coma unha fita que conectaba a pequena andoriña cun pequeno peixe debaixo da constelación de Anunitu.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>
gl: ESTRELA de detrás <sup>ESTRELA</sup>&middot;'FIELD': <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish.
gl: A nosa figura de pau está preparada para transformarse na Andromeda grega: Anunitu é outro nome para a deusa babilónica do amor sexual Ishtar que se comparou con Afrodita grega cuxo mito en Siria estaba relacionado cos peixes.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)
gl: ESTRELA de detrás: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Traballador contratado)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU (sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not supposed to really look like a sheep.
gl: Ó longo de séculos de abreviatura dos nomes das constelacións, o LU.HUN.GA babilónico transformouse en HUN que é un signo similar a UDU (ovella). Polo tanto, o home traballador transformouse nunha ovella. Este era probablemente só un xogo de palabras babilonio e, polo tanto, non parece que a figura da constelación se pareza realmente a unha ovella.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu
gl: ESTRELA.ESTRELA(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Pelo): <sup>DEUS</sup>Sebettu

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Old Babylonian termed only "the Star Cluster", Middle Babylonian insists to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. Late Babylonian more often uses the term "the Bristle" on the neck of the Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one.
gl: Os antigos babilonios chamábano "o cúmulo das estrelas", e os babilonios medios insisten en igualar isto con Sebettu (os sete deuses, guerreiros), por razóns descoñecidas. Os babilonios tardíos usan máis frecuentemente o termo "O pelo" no pescozo do touro. Esta interpretación é igual á grega.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and <sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>TOURO&middot;DO&middot;CEO(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) e <sup>DEUS</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Mandíbula de touro salvaxe)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction in the sky). The "Jaw" are the Hyades.
gl: O touro do ceo é unha figura mitolóxica da epopea de Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh loita contra el e divídeo pola metade (o que explica a súa representación no ceo). A "Mandíbula" son as Hyades.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: and Hyades
gl: e Pléiades

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)
gl: ESTRELA de detrás: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Galo)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make any sense to me: "behind" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him "pro kyon" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius.
gl: Normalmente O galo identifícase con Lepus moderno pero isto non ten ningún sentido para min: "detrás" de Orión, é dicir, sobre el está Prokyon, unha estrela moi brillante sen nome babilónico coñecido. Os gregos nomeárono "pro kyon" (erguéndose antes có can) porque nalgunhas das culturas conquistadas Prokyon foi un indicador para o pronto ascenso de Sirius (a estrela do can para eles). Sirius non foi unha estrela do can na cultura do ceo babilonia pero, con todo, era importante para o calendario. É por iso que suxerín considerar a Prokyon un galo que chegue anunciando dalgún xeito o máis brillante Sirius.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Frecha)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, there are multiple options.
gl: A versión representada é unha suxestión. Seguro que só é Sirius, polo demais, hai múltiples opcións.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Arco)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing options).
gl: Supoño que esta é a versión máis aceptada (entre as varias opcións existentes).

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)
gl: ESTRELA (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Deus serpente)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Corvo)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i><sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, espiga de trigo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess &Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica).
gl: A vella constelación do suco esvaeceuse e deixou á doncela (deusa &Scaron;ala) no seu lugar. O elemento estable é a "espiga de trigo" como nome da estrela máis brillante (grego Stachys, latín Spica).

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) does not need so much space.
gl: Dado que MUL.APIN identifica as escalas cunha parte (cornos) do Escorpión, esta constelación esvaeceuse na astronomía grega temperá e volveu aparecer só nos primeiros tempos romanos (Almagest e despois). Pensamos que as versións anteriores das escalas deberían ser unha constelación separada e non formar parte do Escorpión. É por iso que o xiramos ó redor de 180° porque na cultura do ceo babilonia Virxe (tanto o Suco como a &Scaron;ala de Maiden) non necesita tanto espazo.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus.
gl: Normalmente identificada coa área de Ofiúco

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> (Corpse)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Aguia) e <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>PAGRU</i> (Cadáver)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do not distinguish eagles and vultures.
gl: A Aguia está conectada cun cadáver que recorda a figura de Almagest, da aguia que levaba a Antinuos mortos. Parece probable que a aguia, en tempos antigos, fose un voitre porque os voitres están asociados a cadáveres e as aguias non, e na mitoloxía babilónica unha aguia leva preferentemente un home vivo (non morto). Ademais, moitas linguas temperás non distinguen as aguias e os voitres.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Path of Anum completed.
gl: Camiño de Anum completado.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Greek "the Great Fish"
gl: Grego  "O Gran Peixe"

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea
gl: GRAN&middot;ESTRELA: <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the Greek, they named this figure simply "the Man with the Water" or "Water-Carrier".
gl: O deus da sabedoría e da bruxería, Ea, normalmente móstrase con correntes de auga que brotan dos seus ombreiros. Para os babilonios esta era unha imaxe clara das fontes do Éufrates e o Tigris. Dado que isto non se relacionaba co grego, nomearon esta figura simplemente como "o home coa auga" ou "transporte de auga".

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;
gl: ESTRELA á sua dereita: ESTRELA (de) <sup>&lt;DEUS&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where this asterism is to be located.
gl: Dado que Canopus está case fronte a Acuario no ceo, non está claro onde se debe localizar este asterismo.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: still unclear
gl: aínda non está claro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible
gl: ESTRELA á súa dereita: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Frecha), no centro da cal se ve Aps&ucirc;

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the Milky Way.
gl: aínda non está claro, pero quizais o Aps&ucirc; sexa a parte máis meridional da Vía Láctea.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: 2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;
gl: 2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de detrás: <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ullat e <sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: no hints, no clue
gl: sen coincidencias nin pistas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da
gl: ESTRELA de detrás que ilumina <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea (e) é como Ea: ESTRELA (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>Numu&scaron;da

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)
gl: debería ser unha figura antropomórfica masculina (un deus)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): <sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>
gl: ESTRELA á dereita de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Escorpión): <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: </i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin
gl: </i> (Peito do escorpión): <sup>DEUS</sup>Lisin

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: single star name
gl: nome de estrela simple

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: 2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz
gl: 2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> na picada (<i>ZIQTU</i>) de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;arur e <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;argaz

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016.
gl: Dado que &Scaron;argaz é un antigo termo para a picada, este está bastante claro e reaplícase como nome oficial de estrela moderna polo IAU 2016.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;
gl: ESTRELA de detrás: <sup>DEUS</sup>Pabilsa&#285;

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903).
gl: A representación do deus Pabilsa&#285; é iconográfica clara. Pódese transformar facilmente nun centauro grego (ver Boll, 1903).

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) <sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish)
gl: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Cortiza) (e?) <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Peixe cabra)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That explains Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis).
gl: A casca foi identificada co Peixe cabra, implicando que ambos os termos designan a mesma constelación (especialmente para as épocas babilónicas antigas antes de MUL.APIN, hipóteses publicadas por Craig Crossen en Sky & Telescope). Alternativamente (e especialmente a épocas posteriores), a cortiza trasladouse cara ó oeste, baixo os pés de Pabilsa&#285; (Saxitario). Iso explica o longo debate de Eratóstenes sobre a imaxe ilóxica dun centauro de pé nun barco. No caso de que A cortiza fose unha constelación autónoma, debería identificarse coa Coroa Meridional de Ptolomeo (Corona Australis).

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
en: Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed.
gl: Camiño de <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea completado.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Further Reading
gl: Lectura adicional

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why we do not list them in detail here.
gl: moitas publicacións en listas de estrelas <i>ziqpu</i> de Wayne Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch e outras son recompiladas ou discutidas nos libros anteriores, especialmente a de Hunger e Pingree (1999), polo que nós non as listamos en detalle aquí.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence (noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!
gl: Esta cultura do ceo está dispoñible baixo a licenza CC BY-ND 4.0 (internacional) (só para uso comercial, por igual, non cambiar sen consultar os colaboradores, e citar os colaboradores). Grazas!

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and development time in their domes.
gl: Grazas a algúns xestores de planetarios moi entusiastas pola súa dispoñibilidade e tempo de desenvolvemento nas súas cúpulas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and
gl: Os nomes estrela babilonios foron compilados e engadidos a Stellarium e

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:
gl: as liñas e as imaxes de constelación babilonia foron preparadas por:

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Belarusian
gl: Bielorruso

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized.
gl: A continuación móstranse algunhas interesantes constelacións de astronomía popular atopadas en Bielorrusia, un país do leste de Europa que limita con Rusia ó nordés, Ucraína ó sur, Polonia ó oeste, e Lituania e Letonia ó noroeste. Bielorrusia non ten saída ó mar e ten grandes extensións de terra pantanosa e miles de lagos. Os bosques abarcan preto do 40% do país. Bielorrusia é excepcional porque a xente das aldeas conservou os seus coñecementos tradicionais sobre as estrelas e crenzas relacionadas, ata os nosos días. As ilustracións non son en absoluto exhaustivas. De feito, moitos asterismos teñen múltiples significados rexistrados, que van dende o antigo ó cristianizado.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> a large cart.
gl: Elias's Cart &mdash; o carro ardente que manexa Elias, a versión cristianizada dunha constelación vista anteriormente como <em>simplemente</em> un carro longo.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Bride
gl: A noiva

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Chicks
gl: Os pitiños

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross
gl: A coroa &mdash; unha cruz de Pedro

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head.
gl: A coroa &mdash; de espiñas que levou Cristo na cabeza.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Goat
gl: A cabra

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Grass Snakes
gl: As serpes de herba

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom.
gl: Os reinos &mdash; Estas dúas estrelas simbolizan dous estados: O Principado da Gran Lituania e o Reino Polaco.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner of people mowing the fields.
gl: Os Segadores &mdash; Estas tres estrelas colócanse unha detrás doutra do mesmo xeito cós segadores no campo.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies revolve.
gl: O Cravo &mdash; A estrela do norte é vista coma un cravo arredor do cal xira o ceo.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Ploughman
gl: O arado

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Rake
gl: O angazo

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Ram
gl: O carneiro

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star that always stands in the same place
gl: A serpe &mdash; San Yuri matou a esta serpe e colgouna preto da estrela que sempre está no mesmo lugar.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of <i>zhito</i> through it.
gl: A peneira &mdash; It was said that “Disque Deus adoitaba peneirar grans de <i>zhito</i> a través dela.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major.
gl: O pequeno carro &mdash; Ursa Minor aseméllase ó carro longo de Ursa Maior.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair.
gl: O tono &mdash; Cadeira do señor Xesús.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Twins
gl: Os xemelgos

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: The Goose's Way
gl: O camiño do ganso

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://aviti.livejournal.com">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The author's website, in Belarusian.
gl: <a href="http://aviti.livejournal.com">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> A web do autor, en bielorruso.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal Archaeologia Baltica.
gl: A creación desta cultura do ceo para Stellarium foi suxerido por Alexander Wolf a Johan Meuris, baseándose no artigo <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs</b> de Tsimafei Avilin, publicado no Journal of Archaeologia Baltica.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Illustrations by Johan Meuris.
gl: Ilustracións de Johan Meuris.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their stories relating to the night sky.  Some forty stars, constellations and other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in 1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European equivalent.  What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to create the constellation figures in Stellarium.
gl: Hai cento corenta anos, unha familia boorong do Lago Tyrrell (Victoria do Noroeste, Australia) contaba a William Stanbridge algo das súas historias relacionadas co ceo nocturno. Nomeáronse e localizáronse unhas corenta estrelas, constelacións e outros fenómenos celestes. Anotounos e relacionou esta información co Instituto Filosófico de Melbourne en 1857. No seu escrito escribiu o termo aborixe e deu o seu equivalente europeo. O que fixo John Morieson é mirar de preto estes fenómenos celestes, intentar identificalos satisfactoriamente e imitar o xeito no que os pobos boorong os viron. A interpretación de John foi usada para crear figuras de constelación en Stellarium.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;.
gl: Os Boorong coñecían moito o ceo nocturno e William Stanbridge escribiu en 1857 que &quot;se gaban de saber máis de astronomía que calquera outra tribo&quot;.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Constellations and other celestial objects
gl: Constelacións e outros obxectos celestes

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: <b>Name</b>
gl: <b>Nome</b>

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: <b>Explanation</b>
gl: <b>Explicación</b>

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: <b>Celestial Clue</b>
gl: <b>Pista celeste</b>

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Red-kneed dotterel
gl: Dotterel de xeonllos vermellos

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Night; small mallee; starry firmament
gl: Noite; mallee pequeno; firmamento estrelado

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Starry firmament at night
gl: Firmamento estrelado pola noite

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Ring-tail possum
gl: Posum de rabo de anel

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Top star in Southern Cross
gl: Estrela superior na Cruz do Sur

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Chargee Gnowee
gl: Encargado Gnowee

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Elder sister, sister of the sun
gl: Irmá maior, irmá do sol

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Larvae of the woodant
gl: Larvas do bosque

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Species of ant
gl: Especies de formigas

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Double star in head of Capricornus
gl: Estrela dobre na cabeza de Capricornus

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Collowgulloric War
gl: Guerra collowgullorica

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Female crow, wife of War
gl: Corvo femia, muller de Guerra

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Colowgulloric Warepil
gl: Almacén Colowgullorico

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Female eagle, wife of Warepil
gl: Aguia femia, muller de Almacén (Warepil)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Rigel In Orion
gl: Rigel en Orión

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Red-rumped parrot
gl: Papagaio vermello

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Pink cockatoo
gl: Cacatúa rosa

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Aldebaran
gl: Aldebarán

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight
gl: Cacatúa branca con cresta de xofre; ergue a luz do día

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Jupiter
gl: Xúpiter

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Day; Sun
gl: Día; Sol

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Sun
gl: Sol

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel
gl: Lanzador de lanza; Crista australiana

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Two stars at end of Scorpius
gl: Dúas estrela no final de Scorpius

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Male and female brolga
gl: Brolga macho e femia

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Clouds of Magellan
gl: Nubes de Magallanes

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Two teenage boys
gl: Dous rapaces adolescentes

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Belt and Scabbard of Orion
gl: Cinto e puñal de Orión

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Girls, young women
gl: Mulleres, mozas

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Meat ant; treecreeper
gl: Formiga de carne; adestrador

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Murray River
gl: Río Murray

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Part of the Milky Way
gl: Parte da Vía Láctea

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The maned snake
gl: A serpe criada

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Moon
gl: Lúa

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Mallee fowl
gl: Aves de mallee

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo
gl: Vello, canguro mallee de cara negra

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: White aura of the Milky Way
gl: Aura branca da Vía Láctea

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Great fish
gl: Gran peixe

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Loss of tooth
gl: Perda de dentes

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Shooting star
gl: Estrela fugaz

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola
gl: Pinzón de rabo de lume de diamante ou hylacola tímida

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Carried the emu egg to become the Sun
gl: Levou o ovo do emu para converterse no Sol

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Red kangaroo
gl: Canguro vermello

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The tall one; emu
gl: O alto; emú

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Dark space near Cross
gl: Espazo escuro próximo á Cruz

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Purple crowned lorikeet
gl: Lorikeet coroado púrpura

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails
gl: Needlewood hakea e willie wagtails

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Star
gl: Estrela

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Any star
gl: Calquera estrela

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Space; night sky
gl: Espazo; ceo nocturno

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Jacky lizard
gl: Lagarto Jacky

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Sigma Canis Majoris
gl: Sigma Canis Maioris

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Long-necked tortoise
gl: Tartaruga de pés longos

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: War
gl: Guerra

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Crow
gl: Corvo

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Wedge tailed eagle
gl: Aguia de rabo de cuña

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Warring
gl: En guerra

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Galaxy
gl: Galaxia

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Milky Way
gl: Vía Láctea

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Singing bushlark
gl: Bushlark cantareiro

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Star in Bootes west of Arcturus
gl: Estrela de Bootes, ó oeste de Arcturus

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Boomerang
gl: Bumerang

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Fan-tailed cockatoo
gl: Cacatúa de rabo de abano

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by <i><a href="http://www.johnmorieson.com" class='external text' title="http://www.johnmorieson.com" rel="nofollow">John Morieson</a></i> and <i><a href="http://www.terrastro.com" class='external text' title="http://www.terrastro.com" rel="nofollow">Alex Cherney</a></i>.
gl: Contribuíron a esta cultura do ceo <i><a href="http://www.johnmorieson.com" class='external text' title="http://www.johnmorieson.com" rel="nofollow">John Morieson</a></i> e <i><a href="http://www.terrastro.com" class='external text' title="http://www.terrastro.com" rel="nofollow">Alex Cherney</a></i>.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Chinese Traditional Sky Culture
gl: Cultura do ceo tradicional chinesa

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system to connect the stars, known as "Xingguan" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān, meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th centuries.
gl: A astronomía chinesa desenvolveuse de forma independente e os chineses tiñan o seu propio sistema para conectar as estrelas, coñecido como "Xinguan" (chinés: 星 官; pinyin: xīngguān, que significa: funcionarios das estrelas). A cultura do ceo tradicional chinesa ten implicacións de gran alcance en Asia oriental. Na antiga China, Xinguans e planetas estaban asociados coa astroloxía. Despois de miles de anos de evolución, os actuais Xinguans e nomes de estrelas definíronse dos séculos XVII ó XIX.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an imperial record of astronomy finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a revision to it and published <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual research and summary of these records in his book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).
gl: Stellarium ofrece actualmente 300 Xingguans chineses e máis de 3000 nomes de estrelas chinesas tirados de <i>Estudios Completos de Astronomía</i> (Chinés: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) e <i>Continuación dos Estudos Completos de Astronomía</i> (Chinés: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). <i>Estudos Completos de Astronomía</i>é un rexistro imperial de astronomía rematado en 1756. En 1844, o Observatorio Astronómico Imperial fixo unha revisión e publicou <i>Continuación dos Estudos Completos de Astronomía</i>, que é a principal referencia ós Xinguans tradicionais chineses e ós nomes de estrelas empregados hoxe. Yi Shitong realizou investigacións textuais e fixo o resumo destes rexistros no seu libro <i>Gráficos e Catálogo de estrelas contrastando as chinesas coas occidentais. 1950.0</i> (Chinés: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>.
gl: A cultura do ceo tradicional chinés baséase na información incluída en <i>Gráficos e Catálogo de estrelas contrastando as chinesas coas occidentais. 1950.0</i> e <i>Estudos Completos de Astronomía</i>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ)  by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in <i> Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star Catalogue)</i>.
gl: Ademais, algunhas estrelas engadíronse segundo <i>A Historia da Observación Estelar en China</i> (Chinés: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ)  de Pan Nai, cando non estaban verificadas en <i>Gráficos e Catálogo de estrelas contrastando as chinesas coas occidentais. 1950.0( Catálogo de Estrelas)</i>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: If the star name is followed by a "*", it is a star added according to <i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>.
gl: Se o nome da estrela vai seguido dun "*", é unha estrela engadida de acordo con <i>Historia da observación estelar en China</i>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: If the star name is followed by a "?", it is a star added according to <i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully certified.
gl: Se o nome da estrela vai seguido dun "?", é unha estrela engadida de acordo con <i>Historia da observación estelar en China</i>, pero non se pode certificar ó cen por cen.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Sun, Moon and Planets
gl: Sol, Lúa e Planetas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star.
gl: Os países occidentais nomearon os planetas segundo personaxes míticos. A antiga comprensión chinesa de cinco planetas baséase nun concepto de cinco elementos. Polo tanto, Mercurio chámase Estrela da Auga, Venus chámase Estrela do Metal, Marte chámase Estrela do Lume, Xúpiter chámase Estrela da Madeira, Saturno chámase Estrela da Terra.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "great" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue (Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).
gl: En chinés, o sol e a lúa reciben o nome de Yin e Yang (co prefixo "grande" (chinés: 太; pinyin: tài)), respectivamente Taiyang (sol, chinés: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) e Taiyin (lúa, chinés : 太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). O seu outro nome pertence a caracteres pictográficos. Ri (sol, chinés: 日) e Yue (lúa, chinés: 月). Pero o nome máis utilizado para a lúa é Yueliang (chinés: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang.
gl: O sol, a lúa e os cinco planetas forman sete luminarias (en chinés: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), que se corresponden cos Cinco Elementos e o Yin e o Yang.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere into asterisms or constellations, known as "Xingguan". Modern constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries between Xingguans.
gl: A astronomía tradicional chinesa ten un modo de dividir a esfera celeste en asterismos ou constelacións, coñecido como "Xinguan". As constelacións modernas refírense a áreas específicas da esfera celeste. Os Xinguans refírense só á forma de distribuír as estrelas, sen límites específicos entre eles.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the Earth's way in the sky to copy a world.
gl: O nome e disposición dos Xingguans son moi sociais, o reino, as montañas, os bens, a industria, todo se leva ó ceo,; no ceo cópiase o mundo ó xeito da Terra.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>.
gl:  Os Xinguans son xeralmente máis pequenos cás constelacións da tradición helenística. Un Xinguan contén entre unha e varias ducias de estrelas. Os mapas astronómicos chineses medievais xeralmente mostran un total de 283 Xinguans, que comprenden un total de 1.464 estrelas individuais. Os Xinguans divídense en 31 rexións, as Vinte e Oito Mansións (en chinés: 二十八宿 ； pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) ó longo da eclíptica e os Tres Recintos (en chinés: 三 垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) do ceo norte. Debido á influencia da precesión, seis Xinguans preto do horizonte sur están cada vez máis ó sur. Xa non eran fáciles de observar polos astrónomos das dinastías Ming e Qing, polo que xa non se rexistraron en <i>Estudos Completos de Astronomía</i>.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system.
gl: Antes da última dinastía Ming (século XVII), non había Xinguans arredor do polo celeste meridional. O ceo do sur (en chinés: 近 南极星 区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) foi engadido como a rexión 32 a finais da dinastía Ming, baseándose en cartas de estrelas europeas, que inclúe 23 Xinguans adicionais. O ceo do sur agora tamén se trata como parte do sistema tradicional chinés.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to almost every Xingguan, called "added stars" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: zēngxīng). The original stars are called "primary stars" (Chinese: 正星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number.  The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few Xingguans, each star has a special name.
gl: Dende finais da dinastía Ming, os misioneiros occidentais entraron no Observatorio Astronómico Imperial. Mantiveron os nomes dos Xinguans, pero cambiaron as estrelas correspondentes a algúns Xinguans e engadiron algunhas estrelas a case todos os Xinguan, chamadas "estrelas engadidas" (chinés: 增 星; pinyin: zēngxīng). As estrelas orixinais chámanse "estrelas primarias" (chinés: 正 星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). Nun Xinguan de dúas ou máis estrelas, cada estrela ten un número. O nome das estrelas en <i>Continuación de Estudos Completos de Astronomía</i> é o Xinguan máis un número. Pero tamén hai algúns Xinguans nos que cada estrela ten un nome especial.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total.
gl: Deste xeito, <i>Continuación de Estudos Completos de Astronomía</i> tiña 300 Xinguans e 3240 estrelas en total.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than Western names.
gl: Ata a Revolución de 1911, China xa non consideraba o Xinguan como o sistema oficial de constelacións. A diferenza dos Xinguans, os nomes de estrelas tradicionais chineses aínda se usan na astronomía chinesa moderna, aínda máis comúns cós nomes occidentais.

note: type: Content of: <p><h3>
en: Three Enclosures
gl: Tres Recintos

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).
gl: Os Tres Recintos son tres rexións do ceo norte rodeadas pola eclíptica. Os Tres Recintos son o recinto prohibido de cor púrpura (chinés: 紫微 垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán),o  recinto do palacio supremo (chinés: 太微 垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán) e o recinto do mercado celeste (chinés: 天 市 垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this Enclosure.
gl: Cada recinto ten dous muros, chamados muro esquerdo e muro dereito, que son os principais Xingguans. As murallas están rodeadas de moitos Xingguans. Tamén hai Xingguans nas inmediacións do muro que pertencen a este Recinto.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden enclosure has 37 Xingguans.
gl: O recinto prohibido púrpura é o palacio interior do emperador, e cobre a zona máis setentrional do ceo nocturno. Dende o punto de vista dos antigos chineses, o recinto prohibido púrpura está no medio do ceo e está rodeado por todas as outras estrelas. Abarca as constelacións modernas Ursa Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Bootes e partes de Ursa Maior, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hércules. O recinto prohibido púrpura ten 37 xingguans.

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure">Purple Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>
gl: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure">Recinto Prohibido Púrpura (Wikipedia)</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans.
gl: O recinto do palacio supremo é o lugar onde o emperador e os cortesáns tratan de política. O recinto do palacio supremo ten moitos funcionarios e axencias gobernamentais. Abarca as constelacións modernas Virxe, Cabeleira de Berenice e León, e partes de Cans de caza, Osa Maior e León Menor. O recinto do palacio supremo ten 20 xingguans.

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure">Supreme Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>
gl: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure">Recinto do Palacio Supremo (Wikipedia)</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar.
gl: O Recinto do Mercado Celestial é un bazar no ceo, un lugar onde a xente común vive. O recinto do mercado celeste abarca as constelacións modernas Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila e Corona Borealis, e algunhas partes de Hércules. O recinto do mercado celeste conta con 19 xingguans. Foron nomeados segundo os participantes do bazar e das instalacións do bazar.

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure">Heavenly Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>
gl: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure">Recinto do Mercado Celestial (Wikipedia)</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><h3>
en: Twenty-Eight Mansions
gl: Vinte e oito Mansións

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as 28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest.
gl: As vinte e oito mansións (en chinés: 二十八宿; pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù), tamén coñecidas como as 28 mansións lunares, son as antigas divisións de China da eclíptica e da zona do ceo preto do ecuador para dividir a ecliptica en 28 rexións segundo a ascensión recta. Cada rexión chámase mansión (en chinés: 宿; pinyin: Xiù). Os antigos deixaban que a Lúa cambiase de mansión todos os días para descansar.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion.
gl: Cada mansión ten un Xinguan do mesmo nome preto da eclíptica, que é o Xinguan principal. Os Xinguans nesta zona pertencen á Mansión.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: 宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion.
gl: Cada Xinguan ten unha estrela principal coñecida como estrela determinante (chinés: 距 星; pinyin: jùxīng). Na China antiga, as estrelas determinantes das Vinte e oito Mansións eran o punto de referencia para determinar a lonxitude do sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais. A diferenza de ascensión recta entre as estrelas determinantes de dúas mansións adxacentes son os graos ecuatoriais da mansión (chinés: 宿 度; pinyin: xiùdù) da mansión do oeste. O sistema tradicional de coordenadas ecuatoriais de China divide o ecuador en 365,25 graos e o Sol percorre un grao por día, que tamén é a suma dos graos ecuatoriais da mansión das 28 Mansións.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also changed in history.
gl: Debido á influencia da precesión, os graos ecuatoriais da mansión de cada Mansión foron mudando lentamente e algunhas estrelas determinantes tamén cambiaron ó longo da historia.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies.
gl: Nos mapas tradicionais de estrelas chinesas hai 28 liñas que pasan polas estrelas determinantes das vinte e oito mansións desde o polo norte celeste como límites para facilitar o posicionamento dos corpos celestes.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).
gl: Se un corpo celeste está ó leste da estrela determinante dunha mansión e a súa ascensión recta non supera a estrela determinante da seguinte mansión, a diferenza na ascensión recta entre este corpo celeste e a estrela determinante coñécese como graos de distancia da mansión ( Chinés: 入 宿 度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system.
gl: Xunto cos graos de distancia polar (chinés: 去 极度; pinyin: qùjídù), que é a distancia angular entre a estrela e o polo norte celeste, podemos determinar a posición dunha estrela sobre a esfera celeste. Os graos de distancia da mansión e os graos de distancia polar constitúen xuntos os dous compoñentes do antigo sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais chinés.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west.
gl: As Vinte e Oito Mansións agrúpanse en catro símbolos (chinés: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), cada un asociado a unha dirección de compás e que contén sete mansións, correspondente ás Sete luminarias. A correspondencia entre as vinte e oito mansións e os catro símbolos está baseada no ceo ó anoitecer no equinoccio de primavera nun determinado período dos tempos antigos. Neste momento, o Paxaro Vermellón está no sur, o Dragón Azul está no leste, a Tartaruga Negra está no norte e o Tigre Branco no oeste.

note: type: Content of: <p><h3>
en: The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)
gl: A Listaxe das 28 Mansións (J2000)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Seven Luminaries
gl: Sete Luminarias

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Wood
gl: Madeira

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Earth
gl: Terra

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Fire
gl: Lume

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Water
gl: Auga

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Chinese Name
gl: Nome chinés

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Translation
gl: Tradución

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Azure Dragon of the East
gl: Dragón Celeste do Leste

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Horn Mansion
gl: Mansión do Corno

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Neck Mansion
gl: Mansión do Pescozo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Root Mansion
gl: Mansión da Raíz

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Room Mansion
gl: Mansión da Habitación

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Heart Mansion
gl: Mansión do Corazón

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Tail Mansion
gl: Mansión do Rabo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Winnowing Basket Mansion
gl: Mansión da Cesta de Mazar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Number of xingguans
gl: Número de Xinguans

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Determinative Star
gl: Estrela Determinativa

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: RA of Determinative Star
gl: AR da Estrela Determinativa

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1
gl: Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2
gl: Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Black Tortoise of the North
gl: Tartaruga Negra do Norte

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Dipper Mansion
gl: Mansión do Cazo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Ox Mansion
gl: Mansión do Boi

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Girl Mansion
gl: Mansión da Rapariga

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Emptiness Mansion
gl: Mansión do Baleiro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Rooftop Mansion
gl: Mansión do Tellado

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Encampment Mansion
gl: Mansión do Campamento

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Wall Mansion
gl: Mansión do Muro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: White Tiger of the West
gl: Tigre Branco do Oeste

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Legs Mansion
gl: Mansión das Pernas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Bond Mansion
gl: Mansión do Vencello

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Stomach Mansion
gl: Mansión do Estómago

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Hairy Head Mansion
gl: Mansión da Cabeza Peluda

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Net Mansion
gl: Mansión da Rede

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Turtle Beak Mansion
gl: Mansión do Peteiro de Tartaruga

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Three Stars Mansion
gl: Mansión das Tres Estrelas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Vermilion Bird of the South
gl: Paxaro Vermello do Sur

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Well Mansion
gl: Mansión do Ben

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Ghosts Mansion
gl: Mansión da Pantasma

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Willow Mansion
gl: Mansión do Salgueiro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Star Mansion
gl: Mansión da Estrela

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Extended Net Mansion
gl: Mansión da Rede Extendida

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Wings Mansion
gl: Mansión das As

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Chariot Mansion
gl: Mansión do Carro

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system.
gl: nota 1: Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1:Moderno sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees.
gl: nota 2: Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2: As coordenadas ecuatoriais tradicionais de China, divide o ecuador en 365.25 graos.

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a>
en: Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)
gl: Vinteoito Mansións (Wikipedia)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: The Southern Sky
gl: O Ceo do Sur

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals.
gl: O ceo arredor do polo sur celeste era descoñecido para os antigos chineses. Polo tanto, non se incluíron no sistema os Tres Recintos e as Vinte e Oito Mansións. Non obstante, a finais da dinastía Ming, Xu Guangqi (en chinés: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduciu outros 23 Xinguans baseados nas listas de estrelas europeas. Estes Xinguans incorporáronse dende entón ós mapas tradicionais de estrelas chinesas. Estes Xinguans son en realidade variacións das constelacións occidentais, e levan principalmente nomes de animais.

note: type: Content of: <p><h3>
en: The list of Xingguans
gl: Listaxe de Xingguans

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Number of Primary Stars
gl: Número de Estrelas Primarias

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Number of Added Stars
gl: Número de estrelas engadidas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Purple Forbidden Enclosure
gl: Recinto Prohibido Púrpura

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Northern Pole
gl: Polo Norte

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Four Advisors
gl: Catro Conselleiros

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Great One
gl: O Grande Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: First Great One
gl: Primeiro O Grande

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Purple Forbidden Left Wall
gl: Muro Esquerdo do Prohibido Púrpura

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Purple Forbidden Right Wall
gl: Muro Dereito do Prohibido Púrpura

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Hidden Virtue
gl: Virtude Escondida

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Royal Secretary
gl: Secretario Real

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Female Protocol
gl: Protocolo Feminino

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Official of Royal Archives
gl: Oficial de Arquivos Reais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Maids-in-waiting
gl: Criadas agardando

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Pillar
gl: Columna Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Chief Judge
gl: Xuíz Xefe

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Curved Array
gl: Matriz Curvada

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Great Emperor of Heaven
gl: Gran Emperador do Ceo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Interior Seats of the Five Emperors
gl: Asentos Interiores dos Cinco Emperadores

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Canopy of the Emperor
gl: Baldaquino do Emperador

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )
gl: Soporte da Marquesiña (Vasalo da Marquesiña do Emperador)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Guest House
gl: Casa de Convidados

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Inner Steps
gl: Chanzos Interiores

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Kitchen
gl: Cociña Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Eight Kinds of Crops
gl: Oito tipos de cultivos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Flail
gl: Axitación Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Inner Kitchen
gl: Cociña Interior

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Administrative Center
gl: Centro Administrativo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Three Top Instructors
gl: Tres Instrutores Principais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Three Excellencies
gl: Tres Excelencias

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Bed
gl: Leito Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Royals
gl: Realeza

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Prison
gl: Prisión Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Guard of the Sun
gl: Gardián do Sol

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Eunuch
gl: Eunuco

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Prime Minister
gl: Primeiro Ministro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Sombre Lance
gl: Lanza Sombría

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Judge for Nobility
gl: Xulgado de Nobreza

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Northern Dipper
gl: Cullerón do Norte

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)
gl: Asistente (Vasalo do Cullerón do Norte)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Spear
gl: Arpón Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Supreme Palace Enclosure
gl: Recinto do Palacio Supremo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Supreme Palace Left Wall
gl: Muro Esquerdo do Palacio Supremo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Supreme Palace Right Wall
gl: Muro Dereito do Palacio Supremo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Usher to the Court
gl: Alguacil da Corte

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Nine Senior Officers
gl: Nove Oficiais Veteranos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Five Lords
gl: Cinco Señores

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Inner Screen
gl: Pantalla Interior

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Seats of the Five Emperors
gl: Asentos dos Cinco Emperadores

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Officer of Honour
gl: Oficial de Honra

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Crown Prince
gl: Príncipe Herdeiro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Retinue
gl: Séquito

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Captain of the Bodyguards
gl: Capitán dos Gardacostas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Emperor's Bodyguard
gl: Gardacostas do Emperador

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Royal Guards
gl: Gardas Reais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Officers of the Imperial Guard
gl: Oficiais da Garda do Emperador

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: The Hall of Glory
gl: O Salón da Gloria

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Astronomical Observatory
gl: Observatorio Astronómico

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Junior Officers
gl: Oficiais Novos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Long Wall
gl: Muro Longo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Three Steps
gl: Tres Chanzos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Heavenly Market Enclosure
gl: Recinto do Mercado do Ceo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Heavenly Market Left Wall
gl: Muro Esquerdo do Mercado do Ceo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Heavenly Market Right Wall
gl: Muro Dereito do Mercado do Ceo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Municipal Office
gl: Oficina Municipal

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Commodity Market
gl: Mercado de Materias Primas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Official for the Royal Clan
gl: Oficial para o Clan Real

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Official of Religious Ceremonies
gl: Oficial de Cerimonias Relixiosas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Patriarchal Clan
gl: Clan Patriarcal

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Textile Ruler
gl: Regra Téxtil

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Butcher's Shops
gl: Carnicerías

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Astrologer
gl: Astrólogo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Emperor's Seat
gl: Asento do Emperador

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Eunuch Official
gl: Oficial Eunuco

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Jewel Market
gl: Mercado de Xoias

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Dipper for Liquids
gl: Cullerón de Líquidos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Dipper for Solids
gl: Cullerón de Sólidos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Coiled Thong
gl: Fita Envolvida

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Seven Excellencies
gl: Sete Excelencias

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Discipline
gl: Disciplina Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Woman's Bed
gl: Leito de Muller

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Horn
gl: Corno

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Flat Road
gl: Estrada Chaira

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Farmland
gl: Terras Agrícolas Celestiais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Recommending Virtuous Men
gl: Recomendando Homes Virtuosos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Tripod of the Zhou
gl: Trespés de Zhou

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Gate
gl: Porta Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Justice
gl: Xustiza

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Pillars
gl: Columnas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Railings
gl: Varandas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Southern Gate
gl: Porta do Sur

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Neck
gl: Pescozo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Great Horn
gl: Gran Corno

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Left Conductor
gl: Condutor Esquerdo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Right Conductor
gl: Condutor dereito

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Trials
gl: Ensaios

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Gate of Yang
gl: Porta de Yang

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Executions
gl: Execucións

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Root
gl: Raíz

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Milk
gl: Leite Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Twinkling Indicator
gl: Indicador de Escintileo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Lance
gl: Lanza Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Mattress of the Emperor
gl: Colchón do Emperador

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Boats and Lake
gl: Barcos e Lago

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Battle Chariots
gl: Carros de Batalla

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Imperial Guards
gl: Gardas Imperiais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Chariots and Cavalry
gl: Carros e Cabalería

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Spokes
gl: Raios Celestiais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Chariots and Cavalry General
gl: Xeneral de Carros e Cabalería

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Room
gl: Cuarto

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Lock (Vassal of Room)
gl: Pechadura (Vasalo de Cuarto)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Door Bolt
gl: Porlón

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Punishment
gl: Castigo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Eastern Door
gl: Porta do leste

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Western Door
gl: Porta do Oeste

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Solar Star
gl: Estrela Solar

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Heart
gl: Corazón

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Group of Soldiers
gl: Grupo de Soldados

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Tail
gl: Rabo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)
gl: Vestiario (Vasalo de Rabo)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Tortoise
gl: Sapoconcho

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial River
gl: Río Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Fish
gl: Peixe

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Winnowing Basket
gl: Cesta de mazar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Chaff
gl: Palla

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Pestle
gl: Pilón

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Dipper
gl: Cullerón

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Establishment
gl: Estabelecemento

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Keyhole
gl: Ollo da Pechadura Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Market Officer
gl: Oficial do mercado

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: River Turtle
gl: Tartaruga de río

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Cock
gl: Galo Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Territory of Dog
gl: Territorio de Can

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Spring
gl: Primavera Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Dog
gl: Can

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Peasant
gl: Labrego

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Ox
gl: Boi

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Nine Water Wells
gl: Nove Pozos de Auga

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Drum at the River
gl: Tambor no río

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Weaving Girl
gl: Tecelá

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Left Flag
gl: Bandeira Esquerda

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Right Flag
gl: Bandeira Dereita

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Drumstick
gl: Pau de Tambor Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Network of Dykes
gl: Rede de Dykes

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Clepsydra Terrace
gl: Terraza de Clepsidra

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Imperial Passageway
gl: Corredor Imperial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Girl
gl: Rapaza

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Twelve States
gl: Doce Estados

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Pearls on Ladies' Wear
gl: Perlas sobre roupa de muller

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Rotten Gourd
gl: Cabaza Podre

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Good Gourd
gl: Cabaza Sa

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Ford
gl: Vao Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Basket for Mulberry Leaves
gl: Cesto para Follas de Moreira

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Emptiness
gl: Baleiro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Deified Judge of Life
gl: Xuíz de Vida Deificado

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Deified Judge of Rank
gl: Xuíz de Rango Deificado

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune
gl: Xuíz Deificado de Desastre e Boa Fortuna

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Deified Judge of Right and Wrong
gl: Xuíz Deificado do Correcto e do Incorrecto

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Crying
gl: Choro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Weeping
gl: Pranto

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Ramparts
gl: Murallas Celestiais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Decayed Mortar
gl: Morteiro Deteriorado

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear
gl: Ornamento de xade sobre roupa de muller

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Rooftop
gl: Azotea

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)
gl: Tumba (Vasalo de Azotea)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Humans
gl: Humanos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Mortar
gl: Morteiro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Big Yard for Chariots
gl: Gran Patio para Carros

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Hook
gl: Gancho Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Roofing
gl: Tellado

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Temple
gl: Templo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Money
gl: Diñeiro Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Encampment
gl: Campamento

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)
gl: Pazo de Descanso (Vasalo de Campamento)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Thunder and Lightning
gl: Tronos e Lóstregos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Line of Ramparts
gl: Liña de Murallas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Palace Guard
gl: Garda do Palacio

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Axe
gl: Machada

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: North Gate of the Military Camp
gl: Porta Norte do Campo Militar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Net for Catching Birds
gl: Rede para Cazar Paxaros

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Materials for Making Tents
gl: Materiais para Facer Tendas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Official for Materials Supply
gl: Oficial de abastecemento de materiais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Flying Serpent
gl: Serpe Voadora

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Wall
gl: Muro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Thunderbolt
gl: Lóstrego

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Cloud and Rain
gl: Nube e Choiva

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Stable
gl: Corte Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Sickle
gl: Fouciño

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Official for Earthworks and Buildings
gl: Oficial para Movementos de Terras e Edificios

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Legs
gl: Pernas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Outer Fence
gl: Valo exterior

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Pigsty
gl: Porqueira Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Master of Constructions
gl: Mestre de Construcións

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Southern Military Gate
gl: Porta Militar do Sur

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Flying Corridor
gl: Corredor Voante

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Auxiliary Road
gl: Camiño Auxiliar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Whip
gl: Tralla

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Bond
gl: Ligazón

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Official in Charge of the Forest
gl: Oficial a Cargo do Bosque

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Official in Charge of Pasturing
gl: Oficial a Cargo do Pastoreo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Square Celestial Granary
gl: Celeiro Celestial Cadrado

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Ricks of Grain
gl: Celeiros de Gran

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Great General of Heaven
gl: Gran Xeneral do Ceo

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Stomach
gl: Estómago

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Foodstuff
gl: Alimentos Celestiais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Circular Celestial Granary
gl: Celeiro Celestial Redondo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Mausoleum
gl: Mausoleo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Boat
gl: Barco Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Heap of Corpses
gl: Morea de Cadaveres

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Stored Water
gl: Auga Almacenada

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Hairy Head
gl: Cabeza Peluda

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Concave
gl: Cóncavo Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Lunar Star
gl: Estrela Lunar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Yin Force
gl: Forza Yin Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Hay
gl: Feo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Meadows
gl: Prados Celestiais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Rolled Tongue
gl: Lingua enrolada

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Slander
gl: Calumnia Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Whetstone
gl: Pedra de afiar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Net
gl: Rede

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Whisper (Vassal of Net)
gl: Murmurio (Vasalo de Rede)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Street
gl: Rúa Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Tally
gl: Reconto Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Feudal Kings
gl: Reis Feudais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial High Terrace
gl: Alta Terraza Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Interpreters of Nine Dialects
gl: Intérpretes de Nove Dialectos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Five Chariots
gl: Cinco carros

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Pier
gl: Peirao Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Pool of Harmony
gl: Piscina de Harmonía

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Pass
gl: Paso Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Banner of Three Stars
gl: Estandarte de tres estrelas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Imperial Military Flag
gl: Bandeira Militar Imperial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Orchard
gl: Horta Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Turtle Beak
gl: Peteiro de Tartaruga

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Deity in Charge of Monsters
gl: Deidade a Cargo de Monstros

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Seat Flags
gl: Bandeiras de Asento

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Three Stars
gl: Tres Estrelas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)
gl: Enviar forzas armadas para reprimir (Vasalo de Tres Estrelas)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Jade Well
gl: Pozo de xade

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Screen
gl: Pantalla

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Military well
gl: Pozo Militar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Toilet
gl: Baños

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Excrement
gl: Excremento

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)
gl: Machada de Batalla (Vasalo de Pozo)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: South River
gl: Río do Sur

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: North River
gl: Río do Norte

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Wine Cup
gl: Cunca de Viño Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Five Feudal Kings
gl: Cinco Reis Feudais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Accumulated Water
gl: Auga Acumulada

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Pile of Firewood
gl: Pía de Leña

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Official for Irrigation
gl: Oficial de Irrigación

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Water Level
gl: Nivel de Auga

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Four Channels
gl: Catro Canles

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Market for Soldiers
gl: Mercado para Soldados

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Wild Cockerel
gl: Pita do Monte

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Grandfather
gl: Avó

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Son
gl: Fillo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Grandson
gl: Neto

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Palace Gate
gl: Porta do palacio

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Wolf
gl: Raposo Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Bow and Arrow
gl: Arco e Frechas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Old Man
gl: Home vello

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Ghosts
gl: Pantasmas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Cumulative Corpses
gl: Cadáveres Amoreados

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Beacon Fire
gl: Lume de Faro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Dog
gl: Can Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Outer Kitchen
gl: Cociña exterior

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Earth God's Temple
gl: Templo do Deus da Terra

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals
gl: Xuíz para Estimar a Idade dos Animais

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Willow
gl: Vimbio

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Banner of Wine Shop
gl: Estandarte de Tenda de Viño

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Premier
gl: Primeiro Ministro Celestial

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Cereals
gl: Cereais Celestiais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: High Judge
gl: Alto Xuíz

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Extended Net
gl: Rede Extendida

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Celestial Temple
gl: Templo Celestial

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Wings
gl: Ás

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Chariot
gl: Carro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)
gl: Changsha (Vasalo de Carro)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)
gl: Eixe Esquerdo (Vasalo de Carro)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)
gl: Eixe Dereito (Vasalo de Carro)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Green Hill
gl: Outeiro Verde

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Military Gate
gl: Porta Militar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: House for Musical Instruments
gl: Casa de Instrumentos Musicais

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Sea and Mountain
gl: Mar e Montaña

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Cross
gl: Cruz

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Horse's Tail
gl: Rabo de Cabalo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Horse's Abdomen
gl: Abdome do Cabalo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Bee
gl: Abella

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Triangle
gl: Triángulo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Exotic Bird
gl: Paxaro Exótico

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Peafowl
gl: Pavo Real

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Snake's Tail
gl: Rabo de Serpe

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Snake's Abdomen
gl: Abdome de Serpe

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Snake's Head
gl: Cabeza de Serpe

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Bird's Beak
gl: Peteiro de Paxaro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Crane
gl: Guindastre

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Firebird
gl: Paxaro de Lume

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Crooked Running Water
gl: Auga Corrente Corrupta

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: White Patched Nearby
gl: Mancha Branca Próxima

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: White Patches Attached
gl: Manchas Brancas Ligadas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Goldfish
gl: Peixe Dourado

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Sea Rock
gl: Con do Mar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Flying Fish
gl: Peixe Voador

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Southern Boat
gl: Barco do Sur

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Little Dipper
gl: Pequeno Cullerón

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: note 1: The Xingguans with "*", Was officially deleted in 1752.
gl: nota 1: Os Xinguans con "*", elimináronse oficialmente en 1752.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the parent Xingguan.
gl: nota 2: O Xinguan vasalo non é un Xinguan separado, senón un fillo do Xinguan pai.

note: type: Content of: <p><h3>
en: Deep Space Objects
gl: Obxectos do ceo profundo

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were also included in the Xingguans.
gl: Na China antiga tamén se descubriron algúns obxectos do espazo profundo, que foron incluídos nos Xinguans.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Include the following:
gl: Inclúe o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: General name
gl: Nome xeral

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Nick name
gl: Alias

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: God's Palace
gl: Palacio dos Deuses

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Northern Jewel Box Cluster
gl: Cúmulo da Caixa de Xoias do Norte

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Ptolemy Cluster
gl: Cúmulo de Ptolomeu

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Beehive Cluster
gl: Cúmulo da Colmea

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Arsenal Added I
gl: Arsenal Engadido I

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Legs Mansion XXI
gl: Mansión das Pernas XXI

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Andromeda Galaxy
gl: Galaxia de Andrómeda

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Sea and Mountain II
gl: Mar e Montaña II

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成).
gl: Esta cultura do ceo está baseada na información incluída en <i>Gráfico de estrelas de contraste chinés e occidental e catálogo de estrelas 1950.0(Catálogo de estrelas)</i> (Chinés：中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) e <i>Estudos Completos de Instrumentos Astronómicos</i> (Chinés：仪象考成).

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced <i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference.
gl: Grazas a Liu Chunbin pola colaboración do <i>Gráfico de estrelas de contraste chinés e occidental e catálogo de estrelas 1950.0(Catálogo de estrelas)</i>. El produciu o <i>Catálogo de estrelas chinesas para Stellarium</i> (Chinés：Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) que é unha moi importante referencia.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史).
gl: Algunhas estrelas foron engadidas da <i>Historia da Observación de Estrelas en China</i> (Chinés：中国恒星观测史).

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: 中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two different Xingguans are the same.
gl: Para traducir as constelacións usamos o <i>English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinés：中国星区、星官及星名英译表) do Hong Kong Space Museum. Só se modifica unha pequena parte da tradución, por exemplo, cando as traducións de dous xingguans diferentes é a mesma.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303).
gl: Hai sete estrelas con nomes de estrelas chinesas sen os números HIP correspondentes, polo que non se poden mostrar en Stellarium. Son Mar e Montaña II (η Car), Cinco Carros Engadidos XVIII (12 Aur), Home Virtuoso Recomendado Engadido VI (39 Vir), Gran Corno Engadido II (CN Boo), Cabeza Peluda Engadida X (24 Tau), Corazón Engadido VII (18 Oph), Río do Sur Engadido XI (GC 10303).

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
en: The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is provided only to make star names readable.
gl: As connotacións culturais do nome non se poden explicar perfectamente, porque pasaron miles de anos, as connotacións que hai tras certos nomes son controvertidas. estas só son traducións posibles. Os caracteres chineses son caracteres ideográficos, o que leva a que algúns nomes completamente diferentes teñan a mesma pronuncia. Polo tanto, a transliteración en pinyin só se proporciona para que os nomes das estrelas sexan lexibles.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations">Chinese constellations (Wikipedia)</a>
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations">Constelacións chinesas (Wikipedia)</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names">Traditional Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>
gl: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names">Nomes de estrelas tradicionais chinesas (Wikipedia)</a>

note: a href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive- star-maps.html" /a type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
en: This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star maps (no longer available online).
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi contribuída inicialmente por Karrie Berglund de Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. baseada en mapas estrela do Museo do Espazo de Hong Kong (xa non está dispoñible en liña).

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
en: Sun Shuwei <a href="mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description.
gl: Sun Shuwei <a href="mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> repón máis de 200 Xinguans e máis de 3,000 estrelas, baseándose principalmente no libro <i>Gráfico de estrelas de contraste chinés e occidental e catálogo de estrelas 1950.0</i> de Yi Shitong, e engade a descrición.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Chinese Contemporary
gl: Chinés contemporáneo

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value.
gl: A cultura do ceo chinesa contemporánea é unha combinación de tradicións chinesas e constelacións occidentais. Os chineses usan combinacións de constelacións occidentais e nomes de estrelas chinesas en astronomía. Esta é cultura que os chinos utilizan na actualidade, cun gran valor práctico.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy.
gl: Os chineses contemporáneos usan as constelacións da Unión Astronómica Internacional. As constelacións tradicionais chinesas non teñen límites específicos entre elas. Só representan o correspondente conxunto de estrelas brillantes e non teñen o papel de dividir a esfera celeste en diferentes áreas, polo que xa non son aplicables en astronomía.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: star names
gl: Nomes de estrelas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names.  When a foreign astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special astronomical significance.
gl: Os chineses empregan agora nomes estelais tradicionais en vez de nomes de estrelas occidentais. Máis de 3.000 estrelas teñen nome de estrelas tradicionais chinesas. Cando un libro astronómico estranxeiro é traducido ó chinés, os nomes de estrelas tamén se traducen a nomes de estrelas tradicionais chinesas. Hai algunhas estrelas especiais que usan os nomes das estrelas occidentais, como Proxima, a estrela de Van Maanen, que normalmente só se pode ver cun telescopio, pero con especial significación astronómica.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>.
gl: Para unha detallada introdución ás constelación tradicionais chinesas e ós nomes chineses, ver <i>Cultura do ceo chinesa tradicional para Stellarium</i>.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations">Chinese constellations </a> Wikipedia
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations">Constelacións chinesas </a> Wikipedia

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names">traditional Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia
gl: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names">Nomes de estrelas chinesas tradicionais </a> Wikipedia

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation">constellations</a> Wikipedia
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation">constelacións</a> Wikipedia

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a href="mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a href="mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Constellation art，Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for Stellarium</i>.
gl: A arte das constelacións, liñas de constelacións baseadas en <i>Cultura do ceo occidental para Stellarium</i>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>.
gl: liñas de asterismos e nomes de estrelas tradicionais chineses baséanse en <i>Cultura do ceo tradicional chinesa para Stellarium</i>.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Chinese Medieval
gl: Chinés medieval

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years (1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo baséase nos datos de observación de Huangyou en catro anos (1052 AD) e presenta o mapa do ceo medieval chinés o máis fielmente posible. Esta cultura do ceo inclúe 283 xingguans (星 官, constelacións chinesas) e 1464 estrelas (incluídos os cúmulos M7, M44) do <i>Mapa de Estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao</i>. E a estrela determinativa está marcada para cada Xingguan, o que pode determinar a estrela determinativa. Os límites das Vinte e oito mansións lunares baséanse no 1052 d.C.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Medieval Xingguans
gl: Xingguans Medievais

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar.
gl: Dende o período dos tres reinos ata a dinastía Ming, que abarca toda a Idade Media, o mapa das estrelas de China é similar.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of the constellations maintained the medieval style.
gl: Os xingguans orixináronse na antigüidade. Wuxian (巫咸) da dinastía Shang (século XVI a.C.-1046 a.C.), Gan De (甘德) e Shi Shen (石 Período) do período dos Estados en Guerra (475-221 a. C.), crearon o seu propio sistema Xingguan respectivamente. Durante o período dos Tres Reinos (220-280 dC), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) resumiu o sistema xingguan de Gan De, Shi Shen e Wuxian, incluíndo 283 xingguans e 1464 estrelas. Desde entón, o sistema Xingguan quedou basicamente definido e despois de mil anos non se produciron moitos cambios. Dende o século XVII a astronomía occidental tivo un impacto na astronomía chinesa, e a forma e o número de xingguans cambiaron significativamente. Só preto da metade das constelacións mantiveron o estilo medieval.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>.
gl: A estrela determinativa é un concepto importante. Na Idade Media os astrónomos chineses non nomearon todas as estrelas, e en cada Xingguan foi elixida unha estrela principal chamada estrela determinativa. Na China antiga as medidas astronómicas mediron a súa posición de coordenadas e raramente se mencionaron outras estrelas no Xingguan. Non obstante, nalgunhas constelacións importantes seleccionáronse máis estrelas para a súa observación e rexistro. Na antiga China os astrónomos empregaron os graos de aloxamento lunar (distancia da estrela determinativa) e os graos da distancia polar para rexistrar a posición das estrelas. <b>Na China antiga as estrelas determinativas das Vinte e oito mansións lunares foron o referente para determinar a lonxitude do sistema de coordenadas ecuatorial.</b>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars.
gl: A <i>Canción dos ceos </i> (步天歌) é un catálogo de estrelas chinés en forma de poema en verso heptasílabo, que enumera os nomes das estrelas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD).
gl: A continuación móstrase o <i>Mapa de estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao</i> de Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>
gl: <em>Mapa de estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao(1088 AD)</em>

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Restore Sky Map
gl: Restaurar Mapa do Ceo

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar measurements, leaving a lot of data.
gl: O mapa do ceo da dinastía Song é o típico do mapa medieval do ceo chinés. No 1052 d.C, o funcionario da Dinastía Song realizou medicións estelares precisas, deixando moitos datos.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book <i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book.
gl: Pan Nai(潘鼐) engadiu estes datos de observacións astronómicas e baseouse no <i>Mapa de estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao </i>, restaurou a maior parte dos Xingguans da dinastía Song na súa obra mestra <i>A Historia da Observación Estelar en China </i>, que é o libro de referencia máis importante. Qi Rui (齐锐) e Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) tamén restauraron os Xingguans da dinastía Song no libro <i>Ceos de China </i>, que tamén un importante libro de referencia.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars restored the sky map is somewhat different.
gl: Debido á limitación das condicións de observación na dinastía Song, combinada con instrumentos, erros nos círculos e outras razóns, diferentes estudosos restauraron o mapa do ceo.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD).
gl: Con base nestes libros, Stellarium pode presentar realmente o mapa do ceo medieval chinés de catro anos de Huangyou (1052 AD).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang,
gl: Taiyang (太阳), Sol. O nome vén de yin e yang, que significa unha morea de yang,

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin,
gl: Taiyin (太阴), Lúa. O nome provén de yin and yang, que significa unha morea de Yin,

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun.
gl: Chen Star (辰星), Mercurio. Chené unha unidade angular que se refire máis ou menos a 30 graos. Mercurio está tamén a 30 graos do Sol.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white.
gl: Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai significa grande e branco.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is confusing.
gl: Yinghuo (荧惑), Marte. As cores de Marte son coma o lume, e o seu movemento confuso.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's position as the standard of the chronology.
gl: Estrela Sui (岁星), Xúpiter. Significa a vella estrela. Xúpiter viaxa arredor da esfera celeste durante unha semana cada 12 anos. Os antigos tomaron a posición de Xúpiter como estándar da cronoloxía.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a Lunar Mansion every year.
gl: Estrela Zhen (填星), Saturno. Zhen significa pasar mansións lunares. Saturno viaxa arredor da esfera celeste aproximadamente cada 28 anos. Saturno pasará por unha mansión lunar cada ano.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html">History of Song</a>
gl: <a href="http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html">Histooria de Song</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm">(Chinese) Song of the Sky Pacers</a>
gl: <a href="https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm">(Chinés) Canción do líder do ceo</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers">wikipedia - Song of the Sky Pacers</a>
gl: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers">wikipedia - Canción do líder do ceo</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm">(Chinese) Chinese Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>
gl: <a href="http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm">(Chinese) Ceo Chinés en WWT Community Beijing</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3>
en: Reference
gl: Referencia

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
en: Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>
gl: Su Song. <i>Mapa de estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao</i>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
en: <i>Book of Sui</i>
gl: <i>Libro de Sui</i>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
en: <i>History of Song</i>
gl: <i>Historia de Song</i>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) .  <a href="mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) .  <a href="mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of north-central United States and Canada.  Known as the Oceti Sakowin &ndash; Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands, two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic distinctions.  Well known for following the buffalo.  The word D(N/L)akota means "Alliance".  Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation.  The D(L)akota Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the <b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. Lee, J. Rock, 2012.  More details can be found in the constellation guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources.
gl: Dakota, Lakota e Nakota son un dos grupos de indíxenas do norte-centro dos Estados Unidos e Canadá. Coñecidos como os Oceti Sakowin  &ndash;  Seven (Council) Fires. Este concello de sete está composto por: catro bandas Dakota, dúas bandas Nakota e unha banda Lakota, onde D / N / L son distincións dialécticas. Ben coñecido por seguir co búfalo. A palabra D(N/L)akota significa "Alianza". Tamén se coñecen como Sioux ou a Nación Sioux. Os arquivos de coñecemento de estrelas dos D(L)akota dispoñibles en Stellarium son unha adaptación do <b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, creado por A. Lee, J. Rock, 2012.  Pódense atopar máis detalles no libro guía de constelacións <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Tamén están dispoñibles pósters de mapas de estrelas D(L)akota, planisferios D(L)akota, curriculum, e outras fontes.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Celestial Objects
gl: Obxectos celestes

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & &beta; Eridanus
gl: <i>Nape</i>, Man, lower Orion & &beta; Eridanus

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini
gl: <i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Gorida do oso, Gemini

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades
gl: <i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Hipódromo, Círculo de inverno e Pléiades

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades
gl: <i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Aro sagrado, Círculo de inverno e Pléaides

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades
gl: <i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Doce fogar, Círculo de inverno e Pléaides

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades
gl: <i>Tayamni</i>, Búfalo (tres partes de), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major
gl: <i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Serpe, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper &ndash; inside Bowl
gl: <i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Muller Azul / Muller nacida, Cullerón dentro da cunca

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades
gl: <i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Pedras suorosas, Pleiades

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper &ndash; Bowl stars
gl: <i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Padiola, Cullerón dentro da cunca

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper &ndash; Handle stars
gl: <i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Choronas, Gran cullerón

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper
gl: <i>Manka/Maka</i>, Mofeta, Gran Cullerón

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper
gl: <i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, o cullerón/culler de madeira, Gran Cullerón

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper
gl: <i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Sete ritos sagrados/lumes do concello, Gran Cullerón

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one place)</i>, North star, Polaris
gl: <i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Estrela que está no mesmo lugar)</i>, Estrela do norte, Polar

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus
gl: <i>Keya</i>, Tartaruga, Pegaso

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood &ndash; Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum
gl: <i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>, Salgueiro vermello seco, Aries, Triangulum

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces
gl: <i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Alce, Pisces

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades
gl: <i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Sete Raparigas, Pleiades

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus
gl: <i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamandra, Cisne

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo
gl: <i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Lugar de lume/Lume, Leo

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in Bootes)
gl: <i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Foi por debaixo), Anpo Wiçanhpi Sunkaku (o irmán máis novo da Estrela da Mañá)</i>, Arcturus (a estrela máis brillante en Bootes)

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star
gl: <i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Estrela

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon
gl: <i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Sol da noite)</i>, Lúa

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon
gl: <i>Anog Ite (Muller de dúas caras)</i>, Lúa

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun
gl: <i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Sol do día)</i>, Sol

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way
gl: <i>Wanagi Taçanku (Camiño dos espíritos/Verea pantasma)</i>, Vía Láctea

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star
gl: <i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteoro/Estrela fugaz

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe
gl: <i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universo

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet
gl: <i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Cometa

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html">D(L)akota Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other resources.</a>
gl: <a href="http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html">Web do mapa PD(L)akota, inclúe rexistros de audio de pronuncia D(L)akota e outras fontes.</a>

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12 stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12">D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com
gl: <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12 stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12">D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide</a> libro en amazon.com

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.nativeskywatchers.com"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> main webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other resources.</a>
gl: <a href="http://www.nativeskywatchers.com"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> páxina web principal, inclúe educación, arte e venda de traballos da comunidade, así como outros recursos.</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> by A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke.
gl: Ó coñecemento das estrelas D(L)akota contribuíu Annette S. Lee, directora de <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, unha iniciativa de investigación e programación dirixida a revitalizar o coñecemento de estrelas nativas, en particular Ojibwe e D(L)akota. Baseado no mapa de estrelas <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star Map</b></i> creado por A. Lee, J. Rock e o libro <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> de A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Constellation Paintings by A. Lee.
gl: Debuxos de constelacións de A. Lee.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information.
gl: Contactar A. Lee en aslee@stcloudstate.edu para máis información.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Egyptian
gl: Exipcia

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point.
gl: A astronomía / astroloxía exipcia tardía segue a da cultura grecorromana. A crenza de que as as estrelas puidesen influír no destino humano non chegou a Exipto ata o período ptolemaico. O templo de Hathor en Denderah data da época ptolemaica, probablemente do século I a.C., e ten unha marabillosa ilustración do ceo que mostra este punto.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales (which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1].
gl: Non obstante houbo diferenzas nos nomes. Por exemplo, Cancer o Cangrexo está representado polo Escaravello Scarab. A figura do león preto das escamas (que non é o león zodiacal) é a constelación de Centauro [1].

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en: Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the constellations did change significantly over time [3].
gl: As constelacións anteriores son máis problemáticas, pero hai algúns indicios de que algúns signos do zodiaco modernos son moi antigos [2], aínda que as constelacións mudaron significativamente co paso do tempo [3].

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en: The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the "stars that knew no rest". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet now known as Jupiter was called "Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"; Mars was "Horus of the Horizon"; Mercury was "Sebegu", associated with Set; Saturn was "Horus the Bull of the Sky"; and Venus was "the God of the Morning" [7].
gl: Os exipcios recoñeceron cinco planetas e chamáronlles as "estrelas que non teñen descanso". O seu movemento polos ceos recordoulles os cinco deuses que navegaban polo ceo na súa barca solar. O planeta agora coñecido como Xúpiter foi chamado "Horus que limita con dúas terras"; Marte era "Horus do Horizonte"; Mercurio era "Sebegu", asociado a Set; Saturno era "Horus o touro do ceo"; e Venus era "o deus da mañá" [7].

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html">[1]</a>, <a href="http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html">[3]</a> Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform Tablets, etc
gl: <a href="http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html">[1]</a>, <a href="http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html">[3]</a> Artefactos Astronómicos e Táboas Cuneiformes...

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en: <a href="http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm">[2]</a> Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?
gl: <a href="http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm">[2]</a> Tres constelacións exipcias utilizadas como marcadores das estacións?

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en: This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper "A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. a partir de "Un mapa do antigo firmamento exipcio” de Juan Antonio Belmonte.

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en: This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi adaptada por misibacsi (nomes de planetas)

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en: Greek (Almagest)
gl: Grego (Almagest)

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en: This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.  The name <i>Almagest</i>, meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was developed from Arabian translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright.
gl: Esta antiga cultura ceo grega está baseada no Almagest, unha recompilación de coñecementos astronómicos de antigos astrónomos que inclúe resultados de observacións e astronomía matemática. Xuntado por Claudio Ptolomeo, utilizando observacións máis antigas e propias, foi escrito en grego, publicado no século II e mantívose como a principal obra astronómica durante os 1500 anos seguintes. Orixinalmente foi escrito co título <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, en grego antigo. O nome <i>Almagest</i>, que significa "O [libro] máis grande", desenvolveuse a partir de traducións árabes. Para crear esta cultura do ceo empregamos a tradución ó inglés de Toomer (1984), reelaborámola nalgúns detalles (por exemplo, usando traducións máis literais do grego en lugar de termos latinos que son comúns hoxe en día) e fixemos uso de táboas lexibles por ordenador preparadas por Ernie Wright .

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en: The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations (among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters).  It is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position in the constellation (such as "star at the elbow of X, longitude, latitude, magnitude"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus&rsquo; catalog is not preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of 1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible.
gl: O Almagest consta de 13 seccións, chamadas libros. No sétimo e oitavo libros Ptolomeo enumerou un total de 1022 estrelas en 48 constelacións (entre as que se atopan preto de cinco obxectos estelares como cúmulos de estrelas globulares). É unha táboa de coordenadas das estrelas cunha descrición da súa posición na constelación (como "estrela no cóbado de X, lonxitude, latitude, magnitude"). En canto á precesión, Ptolomeo usou coordenadas eclípticas. Como un dos primeiros do seu tempo, Ptolomeo incluíu a magnitude, unha escala cuantitativa de brillo estelar, probablemente adoptada a partir de Hipparchus (o que non é seguro porque non se conserva o catálogo de Hipparchus). A escala comeza coa estrela máis brillante coa magnitude de 1, baixando ata a magnitude de 6, para as estrelas máis débiles que sexan visibles.

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en: For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model (which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the <i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude.
gl: Para o cálculo das posicións dos planetas Ptolomeo usou un modelo xeocéntrico (o que se permite porque o observador sempre está na Terra) e, polo tanto, contribuíu á crenza científica de que o modelo heliocéntrico de Aristarco non era necesario. Non obstante, para o catálogo de estrelas de <i>Almagest</i> isto non importa en absoluto porque un catálogo de estrelas sempre representa unha especie de inventario dos puntos fixos no ceo e o obxectivo proclamado do catálogo de Ptolomeo é proporcionar unha listaxe para facer un globo celeste ( véxase Alm., VIII, 3). Sendo consciente da precesión quere facilitar o negocio dos futuros globos mediante as coordenadas eclípticas: A precesión, como é coñecida por Ptolemeo, cambia todas as estrelas paralelas á eclíptica, polo tanto, as actualizacións á época do respectivo globo poderían aplicarse mediante unha simple substracción do valor para lonxitude eclíptica.

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en: How this sky culture was made
gl: Como se fixo esta cultura do ceo

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en: Star names
gl: Nomes de estrelas

note: type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
en: Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15.  The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as "The star on the end of the tail" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they appear in the catalogue.  For example, Polaris is given a designation "UMi 1" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi).  See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations and IAU abbreviations.  In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label. To see the long description for a given star, users should enable "Use additional names of stars" in the "View [F4]/Sky" settings and click on the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the screen.
gl: De máis de 1.000 estrelas, Ptolomeo menciona o nome propio de tan só 15. O resto identifícanse mediante descricións bastante longas como "A estrela no extremo da cola" para a Polaris. Para evitar amosar descricións tan longas na pantalla en Stellarium, fixemos etiquetas curtas para todas as estrelas do Almagest baseadas na constelación e na orde na que aparecen no catálogo. Por exemplo, a Polaris recibe a denominación "UMi 1" porque é a primeira estrela da constelación de Osa Menor (UMi). Podes ver na táboa seguinte a correspondencia entre as constelacións de Ptolomeo e as abreviaturas da IAU. Ademais, onde Ptolomeo describe unha estrela como fóra da figura, usamos letras minúsculas na etiqueta correspondente. Para ver a descrición longa dunha estrela determinada, os usuarios deberían habilitar "Usar nomes adicionais de estrelas" na configuración "Ver [F4] / Ceo" e facer clic na estrela. A longa descrición amosarase na parte superior da pantalla.

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en: Constellation lines
gl: Liñas das constelacións

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en: The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:
gl: O proceso resúmese aquí co exemplo de Corvus:

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en: In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), &alpha; Crv is the star in the &quot;head of the raven&quot;. It is connected with the &quot;star in the neck&quot;, &epsilon; Crv.  This one is connected with &quot;the star in the breast&quot; &zeta; Crv.  From there two lines go to the tips of the wings. &gamma; Crv is the star in the advanced wing and &delta; Crv the star in the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the &quot;foot of the raven&quot;, the star &beta; Crv.
gl: Na costelación de Corvus, &alpha; Crv é a estrena na &quot;cabeza do corvo&quot;. Conéctase coa &quot;estrela no pescozo&quot;, &epsilon; Crv.  Esta está conectada coa &quot;estrela no peito&quot; &zeta; Crv.  A partir de aquí dúas liñas se dirixen ás puntas das ás. &gamma; Crv é a estrela na parte dianteira e &delta; Crv a estrela na á traseira. Dende a estrela no peito outra liña vai ata o&quot;pé do corvo&quot;, a estrela &beta; Crv.

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en: After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented in the <i>Almagest</i>.
gl: Despois de identificar as estrelas en función das súas coordenadas e nomes, reconectamos as estrelas segundo as descricións na táboa presentada no <i>Almagest</i>.

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en: The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, e.g. Ptolemy uses the name &quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf; (The Torch-like)&quot; for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up in the Almagest.
gl: Os nomes de estrelas e de obxectos do ceo profundo só dependen do Almagest. Por exemplo, Ptolomeo usa o nome &quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi; &alpha; &delta;&# 943;&alpha;&sigmaf; (A que é coma un facho) &quot; para Aldebarán no seu outro traballo, o Tetrabiblos, pero isto non está implementado nesta cultura do ceo porque non aparece no Almagest.

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en: The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in the reconstruction (column 6).
gl: A seguinte táboa mostra o nome da constelación orixinal en grego e a súa tradución en galego (columnas 2 e 3) e indica as nosas incertezas na reconstrución (columna 6).

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: <b>Abbreviation</b>
gl: <b>Abreviatura</b>

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: <b>Original name</b>
gl: <b>Nome orixinal</b>

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en: <b>Translation</b> (direct)
gl: <b>Tradución</b> (directa)

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en: <b>IAU (Latin) name</b>
gl: <b>Nome latino IAU</b>

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en: <b>hints to constellation</b>
gl: <b>consellos para a constelación</b>

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en: <b>freedom of art</b>
gl: <b>liberdade da arte</b>

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en: Small She-Bear
gl: Pequena Osa

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en: like IAU constellation
gl: como a constelacion IAU

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en: Great She-Bear
gl: Gran Osa

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en: Dragon
gl: Dragón

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en: all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head is the tongue
gl: todos os triángulos ou cadrados son vértebras ou partes do corpo; a liña da cabeza é a lingua

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en: Kepheus
gl: Cefeo

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en: king, upside down
gl: Rei, ó revés

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en: three head stars are tiara; &beta; seen as part of the belt, although Almagest says beneath belt
gl: tres estrelas de cabeza son a tiara; vese como parte do cinto, aínda que Almagest di que está debaixo do cinto

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en: Ploughman
gl: Arado

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en: has a shepherd's staff in his hand (&omega;)
gl: ten na man roupa de pastor (&omega;)

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en: star HIP 72582 added as neck star
gl: a estrela HIP 72582engadiuse como estrela do pescozo

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en: Crown
gl: Coroa

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en: like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text
gl: como a constelación da IAU; sen detalles para as liñas de texto

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en: Kneeler
gl: Axeonllado

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en: one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes
gl: unha das estrelas do pé é a parte superior do persoal de Bootes

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en: star HIP 82764 added as neck star
gl: a estrela HIP 82764 engadiuse como estrela do pescozo

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en: Lyre
gl: Lira

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en: Bird
gl: Paxaro

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en: swan with legs
gl: cisne con patas

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en: Tips of wings connected with tail
gl: Puntas das ás conectadas coa cola

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en: Kassiepeia
gl: Casiopea

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en: Queen sitting on a throne
gl: Raíña sentada no trono

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en: to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne
gl: para evitar confusións non debuxamos o trono

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en: Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - &gt;one of the stars in the cluster was used for drawing
gl: Cúmulo de estrelas dobres NGC 869 e NGC 884 como obxecto do ceo profundo: unha das estrelas do cúmulo empregouse para o debuxo

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en: one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more spherical
gl: engádese unha estrela da Cabeza da Gorgona para que a cabeza pareza máis esférica

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en: Charioteer
gl: Auriga

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en: wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem
gl: leva roupa longa; prenda limitada por ombreiros e basta

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en: o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star
gl: o Aur engadido como estrela do pescozo; 1 Aur engadido como estrela da basta

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en: Serpent Bearer
gl: Portador da serpe

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: has serpent in his hand
gl: ten unha serpe na man

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en: a star added as neck star
gl: engadeuse unha estrela para formar o pescozo

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en: Snake
gl: Serpe

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head
gl: dúas partes separadas da serpe (cabeza e cola); o cadrado é a cabeza

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en: Arrow
gl: Frecha

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en: Like IAU constellation, &eta; Sge is missing
gl: Como constelación IAU, &eta; falta Sge

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en: Eagle
gl: Aguia

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en: &tau; Aql as head star, &beta; as neck, Altair is between shoulders, &gamma; and &mu; are shoulders
gl: &tau; Aql como estrela da cabeza, &beta; coma o pescozo neck, Altair está entre os ombreiros, &gamma; e &mu; son os ombreiros

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en: Dolphin
gl: Golfiño

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en: refined shape
gl: forma refinada

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en: Bust [of a horse]
gl: Busto [dun cabalo]

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en: Horse
gl: Cabalo

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en: with mane and one wing
gl: con melena e unha á

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en: dress and belt
gl: vestido e cinturón

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en: four given stars &#61664; middle star of one side
gl: catro estrelas &#61664; a estrela central dun lado

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en: Ram
gl: Carneiro

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en: turned head; only one horn
gl: cabeza ladeada; só un corno

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en: Bull
gl: Touro

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en: half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer
gl: medio corpo, só dúas patas visibles; dirección de visión cara ó observador

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en: Twins
gl: Xemelgos

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en: one star in common; touching each other with hands
gl: unha estrela en común; tocándose entre si coas mans

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en: Crab
gl: Cangrexo

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: square body
gl: corpo cadrado

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en: Lion
gl: León

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en: opens jaw
gl: abre a mandíbula

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Maiden
gl: Virxe

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: no separate head
gl: sen cabeza separada

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: fainter stars added to draw the wings
gl: engadíronse estrelas máis febles para debuxar as ás

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en: Claws [of the Scorpion]
gl: Poutas [de Escorpión]

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Ptolemy always uses the term &quot;claws&quot;, never &quot;the balance&quot;.
gl: Ptolomeo usa sempre o termo &quot;pouta&quot;, nunca &quot;balanza&quot;

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Scorpion
gl: Escorpión

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: arms added around the head: &nu; and &rho;
gl: engadíronse brazos arredor da cabeza: &nu; e &rho;

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Archer
gl: Arqueiro

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: a centaur with bow ahead; &bdquo;cloak&ldquo; behind
gl: un centauro con arco e unha capa detrás

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the picture clear.
gl: incluímos moitas estrelas débiles na nosa figura para que a imaxe fose clara.

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The One with the Goat's Horn
gl: O que ten un corno de cabra

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: fish tail; two legs visible
gl: cola de peixe; dúas pernas visibles

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Water-Carrier
gl: Augador

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: water out of jug
gl: auga verténdose da xarra

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: [2] Fish
gl: [2] Peixe

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we took them as fin because mouth should be at g and &tau; Psc. Additional change on tail fin: extended to &rho;
gl: peixe do norte: 68(h), 67(k), e 65(i) descríbese como cabeza en Almagest pero tómanse como aleta porque a boca debería estar en g e &tau; Psc. Outro cambio adicional é a aleta de cola, estendida a &rho;

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Sea Monster
gl: Balea

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Body does not go through star &tau;, but through star &upsilon;
gl: O corpo non pasa pola estrela &tau;, senón pola estrela &upsilon;

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The &quot;head&quot; is labeled as &quot;nebulous&quot; which means Ptolemy interpreted &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, and &lambda;, together with fainter stars between them as a &quot;cluster&quot; (or association which is more extended than the modern &quot;&lambda; Ori Assoc.&quot;). Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders.
gl: A "cabeza" está etiquetada como "nebulosa", o que significa que Ptolomeo interpretou &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, e &lambda; xunto con estrelas máis débiles entre elas como "cúmulo" (ou asociación máis estendida que a moderna & quot; & lambda; Ori Assoc. & quot;). A cabeza xa non ten conexión directa coas estrelas do ombreiro, senón conexión cunha estrela entre as estrelas dos ombreiros.

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: River [nameless]
gl: Río [sen nome]

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Like IAU constellation, but shorter
gl: Como a constelación da IAU, pero máis curta

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Hare
gl: Lebre

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: took the "4 stars over the ear" as ear
gl: colleu as "4 estrelas sobre a orella" como orella

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: The One before the Dog
gl: O que está antes do Can

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: In Almagest, the name of the constellation is &quot;The One before the Dog&quot; or &quot;Harbinger of Sirius&quot; as Toomer puts it. However, &beta; CMi is called &quot;the neck&quot; (of whom is unknown). We drew a little dog with &gamma; and &epsilon; as head; &alpha;, &beta;, &eta; and HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with &delta;<sub>2</sub> and &delta;<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634
gl: No Almagest, o nome da constelación é &quot;O que está antes do Can&quot; ou &quot;O anunciador de Sirius&quot; como di Toomer. Porén, a &beta; CMi chámaselle &quot;o pescozo&quot; (descoñécese de quen). Debuxamos un pequeno can con &gamma; e &epsilon; como cabeza; &alpha;, &beta;, &eta; e HIP36889 como corpo; as patas dianteiras con HIP 35509 e HIP 35614; as patas traseiras con &delta;<sub>2</sub> e &delta;<sub>3</sub>; o rabo con HIP 37634

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Ship &quot;Argo&quot;
gl: Barco &quot;Argo&quot;

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel
gl: menor cá suma de constelacións IAU Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape; in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a ship is painted.
gl: Hai moitas estrelas non integradas na constelación, para crear unha forma parecida a un barco; en moitas representacións (incluído o antigo globo de Farnese), só se debuxa a metade dun barco.

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Water Snake
gl: Serpe de Auga

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Krater (vessel)
gl: Krater [vaixel]

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or vase: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a> Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (&alpha; Crt) and two handles (&eta;, &theta; Crt)
gl: un Krater é un recipiente especial para a mestura de viño grego que semella unha ánfora ou un xarrón: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a> Ptolomeo describe só unha estrela no fondo (&alpha; Crt) e dúas manshandles (&eta;, &theta; Crt)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Raven
gl: Corvo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Kentauros
gl: Centauro

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of &omega; Cen (cluster) taken as star on the back. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; not drawn (to avoid confusion), backward arm added.
gl: desviación da descrición: HIP 65373 no canto de &omega; Cen (cúmulo) tomado como estrela das costas. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; non debuxado (para evitar confusións), engadiuse un brazo cara atrás.

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Beast
gl: Lobo

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: &beta; described as &lsquo;End of hind leg&lsquo; -> taken as star in the belly; &tau;<sub>1</sub> as hindleg &Chi; removed from head, because otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg
gl: &beta; descrita como &lsquo;Extremo da pata traseira&lsquo; -> tomouse como estrela na barriga; &tau;<sub>1</sub> pata traseira &Chi; retirada da cabeza, porque se non rompe a forma; HIP 73493 tomouse como pata dianteira

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Southern Crown
gl: Coroa do Sur

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in Stellarium
gl: como a constelación IAU; a única incerteza prodúcese con estrelas que só teñen número BSC en Almagest, porque estas non se identifican claramente en Stellarium

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Southern Fish
gl: Peixe do Sur

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: the fish is laying on his back
gl: o peixe está deitado sobre o lombo

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (&beta; should be the tip of the tail but we used it as its root)
gl: engadimos algunhas estrelas para marcar a cola como tal (&beta; debería ser a punta da cola pero usámola como o seu nacemento)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!
gl: Esta cultura do ceo ten a súa orixe na investigación dun estudante. Ofrecémolo de xeito gratuíto pero os autores de contribucións merecen ser citados segundo as regras comúns. Esta cultura do ceo inclúese baixo a licenza pública internacional CC BY-ND 4.0 (igual, non a cambies sen consultar e citar os colaboradores). Grazas!

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Thanks
gl: Grazas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading and interesting discussions.
gl: Os autores agradecen a Patrick Gleason e Georg Zotti a discusión interesante e a lectura dende o inglés.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi compilada e engadida a Stellarium por Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern e Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Written in English: the authors
gl: Escrito en Inglés: os autores

note: type: Content of: <h1>
en: The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue
gl: O Globo da estatua de Atlas Farnese

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model, which itself has not survived.
gl: Esta antiga cultura celeste grega está baseada no globo de mármore da estatua do Atlas na Vila Farnese (Nápoles). A estatua data do século II d.C., é dicir, época romana. Non obstante, é unha copia dun modelo grego máis antigo que non sobreviviu.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in "latitude circles" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles provide a four-way division in "longitude circles". Ancient globe makers used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings.
gl: O globo de mármore só representa figuras e non estrelas. O globo terráqueo ten un diámetro duns 65 cm. As figuras non estaban aliñadas segundo coordenadas puntuais exactas, senón nunha cuadrícula: a eclíptica, o ecuador celeste, os trópicos e os círculos polares proporcionan orientación en termos de posición nos "círculos de latitude" da esfera celeste, mentres que os círculos colúricos proporcionan unha división de catro vías en "círculos de lonxitude". Os fabricantes de globos antigos utilizaban esta cuadrícula de malla moi grosa para axustar os debuxos das figuras.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic representations speak against it.
gl: As imaxes do globo mostran claramente que o canteiro que creou o globo terrestre tiña en mente o popular poema doutrinal de Aratos de Soloi (~ 300 a.C.). Non hai ningunha razón - a miúdo inflada pola ciencia popular - para afirmar que este globo de mármore foi esculpido segundo o catálogo de estrelas de Hiparco. Esta tese foi plantexada repetidamente nos últimos ~ 200 anos, pero rexeitada regularmente: tanto os argumentos matemáticos coma as representacións artísticas falan en contra.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of the dragon are missing.
gl: Só se conservou o torso do home cos cóbados rotos: todo debaixo da cadeira complementouse de xeito moderno. A escultura ten unha altura de 2,10 m. A escultura do globo terráqueo con constelacións, que é importante para nós, é orixinal, pero ten un gran burato no polo norte, presuntamente estaba ancorada alí a outras partes da arquitectura. Polo tanto, faltan as constelacións circumpolares das dúas osas e partes do dragón.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: How was this Sky Culture made?
gl: Como se fixo esta cultura do ceo?

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to point coordinates), this was done here "by eye" - just as by the historical stonemason.
gl: As ilustracións das figuras individuais copiáronse do globo de mármore como borradores a lapis. Stellarium funciona coas coordenadas puntuais do catálogo moderno HIPPARCOS (producido por un satélite de astrometría), de xeito que os debuxos históricos teñen que estar ancorados en tres puntos (estrelas) cada un. Dado que ás veces isto leva a distorsións en figuras históricas (o globo de mármore non é unha esfera perfecta, as figuras non se axustaban segundo as coordenadas dos puntos), isto fíxose aquí "a ollo", igual que o canteiro histórico.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was written in Greek as scientific literature.
gl: Os nomes das constelacións e das estrelas individuais tomáronse do catálogo de estrelas de Almagest, que tamén data do século II (é dicir, o reinado do emperador romano Adriano) e - como era costume na época - foi escrito en grego como literatura científica.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar distortions in the Scorpion.
gl: O globo de mármore era un elemento decorativo nun edificio, probablemente un capitel especialmente elaborado. Non ten exactitude científica. Polo tanto, algúns debuxos en relevo desvíanse das posicións das estrelas exactas do catálogo de estrelas: por exemplo. os xemelgos (Gemini) móvense lixeiramente para un lado para amosar a figura completamente, aínda que a parte inferior desta rexión celeste estaría cuberta pola man da estatua do Atlas. Hai distorsións similares no Escorpión.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe.
gl: A seguinte táboa enumera os nomes gregos orixinais das constelacións nas columnas 2 e 3 e na columna 4 a imaxe do globo.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: <b>Original Name</b>
gl: <b>Nome Orixinal</b>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: <b>Translation</b> (literally)
gl: <b>Tradución</b> (literalmente)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: <b>Picture</b>
gl: <b>Imaxe</b>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Little She-Bear
gl: Pequena Osa

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: missing
gl: desaparecida

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: only the head and one bend are depicted
gl: só se representa a cabeza e unha curva

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: King Kepheus
gl: Rei Kepheus

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Ploughing Man
gl: Home arando

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Wreath
gl: Coroa de flores

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Lyre (a Greek instrument)
gl: Lira (un instrumento grego)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Bird [not specified]
gl: Paxaro [non especificado]

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Queen Kassiepeia
gl: Raíña Kassiepeia

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Snake Carrier, Snake
gl: Portador de serpes, Serpe

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: missing (stars belong to Dolphin)
gl: faltan (estrelas pertencentes a Golfiño)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Horse [unnamed]
gl: Cabalo [sen nome]

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Princess Andromeda
gl: Princesa Andrómeda

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Young Lady
gl: Mociña

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]
gl: Poutas [do Escorpión que leva unha Balanza]

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)
gl: Arqueiro (dúas patas: este é o sátiro Kroton, non o centauro Cheiron)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: the One with Horns of a Goat
gl: O que ten cornos de cabra

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Water-Pourer
gl: Vertedor de Auga

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Two Fishes
gl: Dous Peixes

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: River [unnamed]
gl: Río [sen nome]

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: The asterism before the Dog
gl: O asterismo antes do Can

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]
gl: falta [cuberta pola man de Atlas]

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Watersnake + Crater + Raven
gl: Serpe de auga + Cráter + Corvo

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Monster
gl: Monstro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Southern Wreath
gl: Coroa do Sur

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]
gl: falta [cuberta polo ombreiro de Atlas]

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!
gl: Proporcionamos esta cultura do ceo de balde, pero os autores merecen ser citados segundo as regras habituais. Esta cultura do ceo ofrécese baixo a licenza pública internacional CC BY-ND 4.0 (cite, comparta en igualdade de condicións, non modifique sen consultar os autores). Grazas!

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com).
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada a Stellarium por Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com).

note: type: Content of: <h5>
en: the author
gl: o autor

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden (Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife).
gl: Trátase dun manuscrito do período carolinxio, do que se coñecían ata agora dúas copias. Un atopouse en Metz (Francia), o outro en Leiden (Países Baixos). Data do reinado do rei carolinxio Luís o Piadoso (778-840), que puido ser o propio financiador (ou a súa muller).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz (Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by 20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations.
gl: O manuscrito creouse probablemente arredor do 816 ou o 825 en Aquisgrán ou Metz (Lorena) e foi feito con material tan caro que se sospeita dun finaciamento real. Comprende 99 follas de pergamiño, cada unha das cales mide 22,5 por 20,0 cm (é dicir, aproximadamente cadrada co ancho de DIN A4). Ademais de representacións gráficas de órbitas planetarias e outras visualizacións didácticas, este manuscrito tamén contén 35 miniaturas de páxina completa que representan as figuras antigas detrás das constelacións.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay discusses her proposed identifications in detail.
gl: As figuras están extraídas dun modelo romano non conservado, pero non dun globo terráqueo, de xeito que non hai axuste das estrelas. As estrelas en si só se distribúen simbolicamente nas figuras, é dicir, o número de estrelas por figura márcase no manuscrito en forma de follas de ouro aplicadas. Non obstante, as follas de ouro non se atopan nos verdadeiros lugares das estrelas á vista da figura do ceo, senón que só se indican de forma resumida. O ensaio de Elly Decker discute en detalle as identificacións que propón.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>
gl: <i>Unha páxina de mostra do manuscrito medieval mostra as tres imaxes do coxín Draco, Ursa Maior e Ursa Minor co texto oposto.</i>

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: How this Sky Culture was made
gl: Como se fixo esta Cultura do Ceo

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications). Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was possible.
gl: As ilustracións das figuras individuais tomáronse directamente do manuscrito (proporcionadas polo profesor D. Blume, Jena, para aplicacións de planetario). Stellarium funciona con coordenadas puntuais para as estrelas no catálogo do satélite de astrometría HIPPARCOS, de xeito que os debuxos históricos teñen que estar ancorados en tres puntos cada un. Algunhas das ilustracións de libros planos tiveron que distorsionarse lixeiramente na cúpula do planetario para axustarse ás estrelas. Salvo a ilustración de Escorpio e Ofiúco, foi posible un axuste aproximado.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts (e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark colours) is shown in the table below.
gl: Nunha cúpula de planetario, é dicir, contra un fondo escuro, as partes azul escuro e negras do manuscrito non se recoñecen. É por iso que estas partes (por exemplo, o cangrexo como figura, os cornos da cabra montesa, as cabras do carreteiro ...) foron invertidas na cor. As osas femia, que se supón que son escuras, só se cambiaron lixeiramente ó vermello. Na táboa seguinte móstrase o aspecto da imaxe no orixinal (co seu fondo azul lapislázuli e as cores escuras orixinais).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup, Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky.  Both, Virgo and Centaur are probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir).  The artist of the Leiden Aratea never mapped the images onto the stars.  In order to make these depictions understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from the Almagest.  The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture.  Both, the Almagest and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork.
gl: Hai algunhas constelacións en Leiden Aratea, en particular Cen + Lup, Vir, Lib que deixan un enorme oco no ceo. Ambos, Virgo e Centauro, probablemente non estean pintados porque o pintor pensou que eran variantes das imaxes de Sgr (Cen) e And (Vir). O artista de Leiden Aratea nunca debuxou nas estrelas imaxes. Para que estas representacións fosen comprensibles para min, mapeinas en Stellarium e engadín os nomes e as figuras das constelacións e os nomes de estrelas individuais do Almagest. O Almagest é un libro de astronomía matemática do século II (é dicir, o reinado do emperador romano Adriano) mentres que o poema de Aratos describe unha cultura do ceo grega moi anterior (~ 300 a.C.). Ambos, o Almagest e o poema, están escritos en grego orixinalmente, pero o Leiden Aratea presuntamente refírese a unha tradución latina do poema de Aratus e das obras de arte romanas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The following table lists the original names of the constellations in columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the manuscript.
gl: A seguinte táboa lista os nomes orixinais das constelacións nas columnas 2 e 3, constelacións, na columna 4 a ilustración do manuscrito.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: <b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>
gl: <b>Nome latino, Abreviatura</b>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: <b>Original Greek Name</b>
gl: <b>Nome Orixinal Grego</b>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)
gl: Osa pequena, gran osa, dragón (latín) / serpe (grego)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)
gl: Condutor de boi (latín), Home fo arado (grego)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)
gl: Coroa (latín), coroa de flores (grego)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)
gl: Hércules (latín), Xeonllo (grego)

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees are the same.
gl: A estrela entre as pernas é un erro ben coñecido na imaxe: para esta figura, o debuxante obviamente tomou a Bootes como modelo; a posición das pernas, o caxato de pastor (en vez de porra para Hércules) e a estrela entre os xeonllos son iguais.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: mirrored depiction
gl: representación especular

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: and
gl: e

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Eagle with Arrow
gl: Aguia con Frecha

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en: In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe) depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea.
gl: No orixinal grego (Aratos, ~ 300 a.C.), non había ningunha constelación Equuleus. O Globo Farnese (así como o Globo de Mainz e o Globo Kugel) representa o Golfiño en gran parte, cubrindo o espazo de Equ. Por iso escollín seguir esta tradición arateana tamén para o Leiden Aratea.

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en: Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)
gl: Pegaso (nome dun cabalo alado; latín), un Cabalo (grego)

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en: (jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was in spring).
gl: (saltando por un anel que é un símbolo do ano; o ano novo romano era en primavera).

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en: The Pleiades
gl: As Pléiades

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en: or Seven Sisters
gl: ou Sete Irmás

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en: <i>The cancer was lightened.</i>
gl: <i>O cangrexo foi alixeirado.</i>

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en: Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing.
gl: Ó parecer, o manuscrito só contén un debuxo para figuras que se representan dúas veces: deste xeito Arqueiro é representado como centauro e falta a constelación Centauro, Andrómeda está pintada como unha moza pero falta a segunda moza da constelación de Virgo.

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en: Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in a style epoch of Babylonian revival),
gl: Balanza (latín, dende o século I d.C. en Geminos e Manilius; transferido nunha época de estilo de renacemento babilónico),

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en: Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)
gl: Poutas [do Escorpión] (grego)

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en: The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area.
gl: As poutas do Escorpión cobren esta zona.

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en: Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)
gl: O que leva a serpe e Escorpión (ambos no zodíaco dende entón)

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en: The Goat-Horned One
gl: A dos cornos de cabra

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en: Water Pourer
gl: O que verte a auga

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en: mirrored depiction (although front view)
gl: representación especular (aínda que vista de fronte)

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en: Fishes
gl: Peixes

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en: a Sea Monster named Cetus
gl: Un monstro mariño chamado Cetus

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en: <i>mirrored depiction</i>
gl: <i>representación especular</i>

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en: The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from his own single-page painting.
gl: A lebre desta representación fora eliminada e substituída pola lebre da súa propia pintura dunha soa páxina.

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en: the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);
gl: o río Eridanus (Latín), un Río sen nome (Grego);

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en: here a river god is depicted
gl: aquí represéntase o deus río

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en: <i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare between Orion's legs.</i>
gl: <i>amosado dúas veces: unha entre as pernas de Orión e outra por separado; para a visualización eliminamos a lebre entre as pernas de Orión. A lebre ilustrada por separado corre na dirección da escritura, pero a lebre entre as pernas de Orión corre na dirección do verdadeiro curso do sol. Polo tanto, a figura da constelación debería considerarse como espello en relación coa ilustración do libro: pódese ver no esbozo da lebre entre as pernas de Orión.</i>

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en: mirrored depiction of a little dog
gl: representación especular dun can pequeno

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en: The star in front of the dog
gl: A estrela diante do can pequeno

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en: (an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always "Prokyon"). Procyon is a Greek term (with "k") latinized.
gl: (Eratóstenes xa menciona un asterismo de tres estrelas que forman un can pequeno, pero o nome da figura sempre foi "Prokyon"). Procyon é un termo grego (con "k") latinizado.

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en: Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven
gl: Serpe de auga, un recipiente particular (cráter), Corvo

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en: apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted
gl: ó parecer, as constelacións que son dobres só se pintaron unha vez: Arqueiro é representado como centauro no manuscrito, a constelación Centaurus (un centauro cun animal sacrificado) non se representa

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en: (likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)
gl: (do mesmo xeito, Andromeda está representada pero non Virxe)

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en: monster
gl: monstro

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en: (in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is missing here).
gl: (no orixinal grego (Aratos, ~ 300 a.C.), Lupus non é unha constelación autónoma senón unha parte da constelación de Centauro que falta aquí).

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en: Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)
gl: Coroa do Sur (Latín), Coroa de flores do Sur (Grego)

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en: (had been "Great Fish" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)
gl: (fora "Gran Peixe" para Eratóstenes e Aratus en grego)

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en: It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of the original red-purple one.
gl: Está debuxado aquí tan escuro que non o recoñecerías entre as estrelas. É por iso que as cores se mesturaron nun esquema azul-verde en lugar do orixinal vermello-púrpura.

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en: For the Aratea itself:
gl: Para o propio Aratea:

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en: For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue
gl: Para Ptolemaios (en comparación): catálogo de estrelas Almagest

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en: This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium Jena.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi engadida a Stellarium por Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) e creada orixinalmente en colaboración co profesor Dr. Dieter Blume (Historia da arte, FSU Jena, Alemaña) para Planetarium Jena.

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en: the authors
gl: os autores

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en: Hawaiian Starlines
gl: Liñas de estrelas hawaianas

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en: These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of miles of open ocean.  For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing the sky into four evenly sized star lines.
gl: Estas son as liñas de estrelas desenvolvidas por Nainoa Thompson e empregadas pola Polynesian Voyaging Society para navegar en canoas de vela pola polinesia utilizando técnicas tradicionais de navegación sen instrumentos a través de miles de quilómetros de océano aberto. Durante anos, os navegantes hawaianos memorizaron a posición das estrelas cando se elevan e estudaron o seu movemento. Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson desenvolveu un sistema de organización para axudar a memorizar a posición das estrelas en toda a esfera celeste dividindo o ceo en catro liñas de estrelas de tamaño uniforme.

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en: History
gl: Historia

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en: The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for many generations.   Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s.  Polynesian Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975.  Hokule’a is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art of way finding.  A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a master navigator/wayfinder.  The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors.  Nainoa Thompson, current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the Hawaiians.  With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass and star lines were created.
gl: O coñecemento da navegación de estrelas hawaiana foi transmitido oralmente por moitas xeracións. Boa parte do coñecemento sobre as estrelas e a navegación perdeuse ata o Renacemento hawaiano a principios dos anos 70. A Sociedade Polinesia de Viaxes (PVS), fundada en 1973, creou a Hokule'a en 1975. Hokule é unha canoa tradicional de viaxe hawaiana coa misión de revivir a arte de descubrir. Un home de Satawal en Micronesia chamado Mau Piailug, era un mestre navegador / descubridor. O coñecemento de usar o ceo para navegar foi transmitido a Mau dos seus antepasados. Nainoa Thompson, actual presidente da PVS, pediulle a Mau que lle ensinase os seus coñecementos de navegación coa intención de devolver o coñecemento que se perdeu ós hawaianos. Co coñecemento aprendido de Mau, creáronse o compás e as liñas de estrelas hawaianas.

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en: Star Lines
gl: Liñas de estrelas

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en: Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the navigators.  The stars connect making constellations.  Navigators remember the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each line, and the lines that point directly to North and South.  The star lines’ position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more prevalent at night according to the season.  The star lines with their according season are as follows:
gl: Cada liña de estrelas é un grupo de estrelas principais que serán recordados polos navegantes. As estrelas conéctanse facendo constelacións. Os navegantes recordan as casas nacentes / fixadoras destas estrelas, as estrelas que se conectan en cada liña e as liñas que apuntan directamente ao norte e ó sur. A posición das liñas de estrelas no ceo nocturno cambia lentamente co paso do tempo, sendo cada estrela máis predominante pola noite segundo a estación. As liñas de estrelas, coa súa estación, son as seguintes:

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en: November to April
gl: De novembro a abril

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en: April to July
gl: De abril a xullo

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en: May to October
gl: De maio a outubro

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en: September to February
gl: De setembro a febreiro

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en: The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The lines are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> (Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night sky.  In voyaging a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls.
gl: A tradución directa significa o “Achicador de <em>Makali’i</em>”. As liñas debúxanse coma un achicador da auga da canoa que usan <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> (Orion) e <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) no ceo nocturno. Na viaxe úsase un achicador para sacar a auga do barco.

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en: The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are <em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> (Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius).  These stars connect together to create the bailer in the sky.  Mintaka in Orion is an important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction.  Mirzim (next to <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) connect together to create a southern pointer.  <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> (&theta; Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan) connect to create a northern pointer.  Different north/south pointers are found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators.
gl: As estrelas principais de <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> de norte a sur son <em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> (Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), e <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius).  Estas estrelas conéctanse para crear o achicador no ceo.  Mintaka en Orion é unha estrela importante nesta liña porque sae / ponse directamente polo leste ou oeste, dándolle ao navegante unha estrela punteira fácil para a dirección. Mirzim (xunto a <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) e <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) únense para crear un punteiro no sur.  <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> (&theta; Aur, Mahasim) e <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan) conéctanse para crear un punteiro no norte.  Na liña de estrelas hai diferentes punteiros norte e sur, moi utilizados polos navegantes.

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en: <em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-lizard).  This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or <em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture.  It can also be representing a genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation.
gl: <em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> tradúcese por espiñazo (directamente: Óso traseiro-lagarto).  Esta liña estrela preséntase como a columna vertebral dun lagarto ou <em>mo’o</em> nesta cultura do ceo.  Tamén pode estar representando unha columna vertebral xenealóxica, cada estrela representaría unha xeración.

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en: The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always above north.  <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars in the Big Dipper.  <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and <em>Hikianalia</em> (Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line.  The two PVS canoes are named after these two stars.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the latitude of the Hawaiian Islands.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i.  The meaning of <em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to find home bringing joy.  Next to <em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a combination of four stars that create a box.  <em>Me’e</em> connects down to <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for <em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>.
gl: A liña de estrelas comeza por <em>Hokupa’a</em> (Estrela do Norte), o punteiro do norte, dado que esta estrela nunca se move no ceo e está sempre no norte.  <em>Hokupa’a</em> conéctase a <em>Na Hiku</em> (Gran Cullerón). <em>Na Hiku</em> tradúcese por “Os Sete” xa que hai sete estrelas no Gran Cullerón.  <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) e <em>Hikianalia</em> (Spica) son as dúas estrelas no medio da liña de estrelas.  As dúas canoas da PVS teñen o nome destas dúas estrelas.  <em>Hokule’a</em> é a estrela "cénit" de Hawai, o que significa que estará directamente sobre a cabeza cando se estea na latitude das Illas Hawai. <em>Hokule’a</em> é moi importante para os navegantes para atopar o camiño de volta a Hawai. O significado de <em>Hokule’a</em> é "a estrela da alegría" porque é a estrela usada para atopar a casa, o que trae ledicia. Xunto a <em>Hikianalia</em> está <em>Me’e</em>, unha combinación de catro estrelas que forman unha caixa.  <em>Me’e</em> conecta con <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Cruz do Sur) que é o indicador sur de <em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>.

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en: <em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook.  Maui is credited for pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook.
gl: <em>Manaiakalani</em> tradúcese como "A liña de pesca do xefe". Isto refírese á lenda do semideus Maui e o seu anzol. Maui ten fama de ter levantado as illas co seu anzol máxico.

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en: This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south.  The Navigator’s Triangle is made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and <em>Humu</em> (Altair).  (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for modern amateur astronomers.)  These stars also represent the Polynesian triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and Aotearoa (<em>Humu</em>).  These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui (Scorpius).
gl: Esta liña de estrelas consta de dúas constelacións. O triángulo do navegante ó norte e o anzol de Maui polo sur. O triángulo do navegante está formado por tres estrelas <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), e <em>Humu</em> (Altair).  (É a mesma figura có Triángulo de Verán para os astrónomos afeccionados modernos.)  Estas estrelas tamén representan o triángulo polinesio: Hawai (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), e Aotearoa (<em>Humu</em>).  Estas tres illas son tiradas polo anzol de Maui (Scorpius).

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en: The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (&gamma; Cyg, Sadr).  Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> (&delta; Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (&pi; Sco, Nur), the stars on the top of the hook.
gl: O punteiro norte atópase no triángulo do navegante ó conectar  <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) e <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (&gamma; Cyg, Sadr).  Os punteiros do sur son o anzol ó conectar <em>Mili’opu</em> (&delta; Sco, Dschubba) e <em>Kahe</em> (&pi; Sco, Nur), as estrelas na parte superior do anzol.

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en: <em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which was lost as a child.
gl: <em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> tradúcese como "A Cometa de Kawelo". Kawelo era un gran xefe de Kaua e O’ahu e esta liña de estrelas representa a cometa que perdeu de pequeno.

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en: The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate Bird (<em>Fregata Minor</em>).  The shape of this constellation (which is Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known for leading voyagers to land.  The center of the star line is the Kite of Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus).  The four stars that make the kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (&beta; Peg, Scheat), <em>Pi’ilani</em> (&gamma; Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, Markab).  All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).
gl: A liña de estrelas con <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em> significa paxaro fragata (<em>Fragata Minor</em>).  A forma desta constelación (que se atopa no W de Cassiopeia no oeste) aseméllase ó paxaro <em>‘iwa</em> que é coñecido por levar a terra os viaxeiros. O centro da liña de estrelas é a Cometa de Kawelo (igual á Gran Praza de Pegasus). As catro estrelas que forman a cometa teñen o nome de maiores ancestros de Kawelo:<em>Manokalanipo</em> (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (&beta; Peg, Scheat), <em>Pi’ilani</em> (&gamma; Peg, Algenib), e <em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, Markab).  Os catro foron xefes famosos da súa época. A liña de estrelas conecta ó sur dúas estrelas <em>Pi’ikea</em> (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) e <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).

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en: The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (&beta; Cas, Caph) of <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>.  The southern pointer is connected with <em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).
gl: O punteiro do norte atópase en <em>Manokalanipo</em> (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz) e <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (&beta; Cas, Caph) de <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>.  O punteiro do sur conéctase con <em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, Markab) e <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).

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en: The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this skyculture is available at the <a href="https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html">Stellarium Landscapes</a> collection.
gl: A paisaxe do compás da estrela hawaiana, que se debe empregar con esta cultura do ceo está accesible na colección <a href="https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html">Paisaxes de Stellarium</a>.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h2>
en: Background and Acknowledgements
gl: Antecedentes e agradecementos

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from 2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe.  Stellarium has been used as a tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for practicing Polynesian navigation.
gl: O <em>mestre navegante</em> desta cultura do ceo foi Mau Piailug, de Satawal, que ensinou a arte polinesia da navegación celeste a Nainoa Thompson, quen desenvolveu esta versión da cultura do ceo que foi utilizada polos hawaianos desde 2013-17 para navegar polo mundo durante a Malama Honua Voyage de Hokule'a, a canoa de viaxe polinesia. Stellarium foi usado como ferramenta polos navegantes de Hokule e esta cultura do ceo serve como ferramenta para practicar a navegación polinesia.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i.  Artwork by Kealoha Kaneakua.
gl: A implementación técnica da cultura do ceo incluída aquí foi achegada polos profesores Darren Kamalu e Christopher Blake, os estudantes Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila e a clase de navegación celeste nas escolas Kamehameha Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai. Obras artísticas de Kealoha Kaneakua.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Indian Vedic
gl: Védica indú

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to Nakṣatra-s.
gl: Cultura do ceo vedico con algunhas constelacións comunmente relacionadas con Nakṣatra-s.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets).
gl: O zodíaco sideral é un cinturón imaxinario de 360 graos (como o zodíaco tropical), dividido en 12 partes iguais. Cada duodécima parte (de 30 graos) chámase signo ou rashi. Os seus nomes móstranse entre parénteses.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their original locations to account for precession.
gl: En stellarium, amosamos as constelacións de Rāśi unidas ós asterismos correspondentes e non como divisións da eclíptica desprazadas das súas localizacións orixinais para explicar a precesión.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months or "māsā". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' names.
gl: Na astronomía tradicional hai dous sistemas de medición do tempo: o calendario lunar e o calendario solar. Nos dous casos un ano divídese en 12 meses ou "māsā". O nome dos meses solares orixinouse a partir destes nomes das constelacións.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately 13°20", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they are also technically constellations.
gl: Na tradición hindú, a eclíptica divídese en 27 partes de aproximadamente 13°20", que se corresponden con 27 asterismos coñecidos como os nakṣatra-s (listaxe completa con equivalentes occidentais aquí: https://goo.gl/2PVi28). Nas primeiras etapas desta tradición este número é 28. Esta división é fundamental para varios propósitos, incluíndo rituais de cronometraxe e determinar as mansións lunares de nacemento; xa que estes asterismos definen unha zona no ceo, tamén son constelacións tecnicamente.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the 13°20" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a href="https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up">this page</a>)
gl: sUrya-siddhAnta e vedAnga-jyotiSha especifican as coordenadas de inicio para as divisións de 13°20" usando algunhas estrelas (Consultar o penúltimo parágrafo en <a href="https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up">esta páxina</a>)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic period.
gl: As primeiras listaxes completas de nakṣatra atópanse no Taittirīya-śruti e no Atharvaveda onde son recitadas como parte do ritual nakṣatreṣṭi que sitúa as deidades do panteón nestes compartimentos celestes. Algúns estudiosos opinan que a tradición demostra que no período medieval temperán, a identificación nakṣatra cambiara moi pouco dende o período védico.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same constellations and stars (Example: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw">Raj Vedam on Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See references below.)
gl: Hai múltiples e richas mitoloxías e simbolismos asociados ás mesmas constelacións e estrelas (exemplo: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw">Raj Vedam en Rohini</a>) - non sería bo fiarse dun e excluír a outros durante a tradución ou descrición truncada. De aí que nos ateñamos ás traducións etimolóxicas; e en lugar de incluír aquí longas relacións mitolóxicas, só se indica que os lectores interesados afonden neles por separado. (Ver referencias a continuación.)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which full moon or "Purnimā" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year.
gl: O nome dos meses lunares orixinouse nos nomes das 12 divisións nas que se produce a lúa chea ou "Purnimā". A diferenza dun día solar, definido dende un amencer ó seguinte amanecer, un día lunar ou a posición da lúa nun nakshatra non depende da saída do sol ou a saída da luna. Así, un día lunar pode comezar en calquera momento dun día solar. Do mesmo xeito que outras culturas humanas antigas, as persoas védicas innovaron unha serie de sistemas dos que se empregaron os meses lunares intercalarios, é dicir, engádese outro mes cada 32,5 meses de media ou 4 meses cada 11 anos para corrixir o desaxuste entre o ano lunar e o ano solar.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s).
gl: Algúns dos iogatārā-s ou asterismos destacados nos nakṣatra-s (de acordo coa súa identificación principal) atópanse lixeiramente fóra dos límites da constelación - nese caso, calquera problema resultante (no que se refire á cronoloxía ritual ou á astroloxía) debería ser resolto por outros medios (algunhas persoas propoñen identificacións alternativas para tales iogatārā-s).

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Navagraha - Nine "planets"
gl: Navagraha - Nove "planetas"

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to background stars and named them "planets" or "graha". As such The sun and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name of vedic days originated from these planet's names.
gl: Observaron que algún corpo celeste se move independentemente con relación ás estrelas de fondo e chamáronlles "planetas" ou "graha". Como tal, o sol e a lúa tamén son tratados como graha. Tamén lle chamaron ós nodos lunares graha-s xa que estes puntos son moi importantes para calcular os eclipses. O nome dos días védicos orixinouse a partir dos nomes destes planetas.

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
en: Designation
gl: Designación

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
en: Name of Solar days
gl: Nome dos días solares

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Sun)
gl: (Sol)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Sun God
gl: Deus Sol

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Sunday)
gl: (Domingo)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Moon)
gl: (Lúa)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Moon god
gl: Deus da Lúa

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Monday)
gl: (Luns)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Mars)
gl: (Marte)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: God of war
gl: Deus da guerra

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Tuesday)
gl: (Martes)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Mercury)
gl: (Mercurio)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Son of Moon
gl: Fillo da Lúa

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Wednesday)
gl: (Mércores)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Jupiter)
gl: (Xúpiter)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Teacher of Gods
gl: Mestre dos Deuses

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Thursday)
gl: (Xoves)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Mentor of Demons
gl: Mentor de Demos

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Friday)
gl: (Venres)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Saturn)
gl: (Saturno)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: God of Misfortune
gl: Deus do Infortunio

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: (Saturday)
gl: (Sábado)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: lunar node
gl: nodo lunar

note: type: Content of: <h4>
en: General
gl: Xeral

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit Wikipedia
gl: <a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Nakshatra</a> artigo en sánscrito Wikipedia

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Nakshatra</a> artigo en inglés Wikipedia

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up" class='external text' rel="nofollow">History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report</a>
gl: <a href="https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Historia do calendario-Panchanga Committee Report</a>

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf" class='external text'> "Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and Abhijit"</a>
gl: <a href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf" class='external text'> "Posible período de debuxos Nakshatras e Abhijit"</a>

note: type: Content of: <h4>
en: Mythology
gl: Mitoloxía

note: type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
en: Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org.
gl: Gran parte do seguinte está dispoñible en liña de balde en archive.org.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata Index, Vedic Indix
gl: Referencias secundarias como: Enciclopedia Purana, Índice Purana, Índice Mahabharata, Índice Védico

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5" class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>
gl: <a href="https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5" class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha de Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110" class='external text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>
gl: <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110" class='external text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas de Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up" class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>
gl: <a href="https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up" class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas de Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill" class='external text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>
gl: <a href="https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill" class='external text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time de Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Contributors
gl: Contribuidores

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Contributors from the <a href="https://github.com/sanskrit-coders">sanskrit-coders community</a> (esp <a href="https://github.com/vvasuki/">Vishvas Vasuki</a>.
gl: Contribuidores da <a href="https://github.com/sanskrit-coders">comunidade de codificadores de sánscrito</a> (esp <a href="https://github.com/vvasuki/">Vishvas Vasuki</a>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic universe.
gl: Os arquivos da cultura do ceo inuit dispoñibles para Stellarium son unha adaptación da investigación de John MacDonald no seu libro "The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore e Legend". Aínda que as ubicacións e especificidades das constelacións inuit poden diferir de tribo a tribo, a información en Stellarium presenta as constelacións e temas xerais do universo ártico.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-Legend/dp/0888544278">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</a> book at amazon.com
gl: <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-Legend/dp/0888544278">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</a> libro en amazon.com

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu <i>Karrie Berglund</i> de Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. basándose sobre todo no libro <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> de John MacDonald.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License.
gl: As ilustracións foron feitas por Johan Meuris, baixo Free Art License.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Japanese Moon Stations
gl: Estacións da Lúa Xaponesas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was closely tied to astrological purposes.  For ancient Chinese and later Korean and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and the "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each of the talismanic animals the celestial "palaces" were seven <em>sei shuku</em> or what are sometimes called "lunar lodges".  The moon "stations" or "lodges" probably may be used to determine position of sun and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are obscure and even controversial.
gl: A maioría das observacións astronómicas do Xapón ata a Restauración Meiji estiveron intimamente ligadas a fins astrolóxicos. Para os antigos chineses, e logo para coreanos e xaponeses, as catro estacións e os catro puntos cardinais están marcadas como catro animais talismánicos: o Dragón Azul do Leste (Primavera), a ave vermella do sur (Verán), o tigre branco do oeste (Outono. ) e o "Genbu" (tartaruga negra) do Norte (Inverno). Correspondíanlle a cada un dos animais talismánicos os sete "palacios" celestes <em>sei shuku</em>que ás veces se chaman "lodas". As "estacións" ou "aloxamentos" da lúa poden ser usadas para determinar a posición do sol e dos planetas, así como da lúa, e o seu número pode estar ou non relacionado co período da órbita da lúa. As orixes destas asociacións son escuras e mesmo polémicas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star "palaces" together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent some of the most complex aspects of Asian "astronomy". An apparent anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall.  Some scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but it does not really explain the apparent "backward" motion of the sun through seasons.
gl: A determinación dos animais talismánicos e os "palacios" da estrela asociada xunto cos 28 asociados <em>sei shuku</em> ou aloxamentos lunares representan algúns dos aspectos máis complexos da "astronomía" asiática. Unha aparente anomalía é o feito de que o camiño do sol semella moverse nunha dirección fronte ás asociacións estacionais de primavera e outono. Algúns científicos sosteñen que isto se debe ós animais e ó sei shuku que se crearon hai uns 17 a 18 mil anos (precesión que crea a anomalía), pero realmente non explica o aparente movemento "atrasado" do sol durante as estacións.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the handle of the big dipper (often called the "North Seven Stars" in China, Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not appear to set, because they had a relatively "higher" position than now.
gl: Segundo algúns científicos, os animais talismánicos co seu sei shuku asociado probablemente se usaron xunto coa dirección á que apuntaba o mango do gran cullerón (moitas veces chamados "Sete Estrelas do Norte" en China, Corea e Xapón) nos equinoccios e solsticios. Antes da era cristiá, cando se creou o sei shuku, o gran cullerón non parecía estar configurado, porque tiñan unha posición relativamente "superior" ca agora.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather complex.
gl: Do mesmo xeito que os mitos e as tradicións das culturas occidentais, estas visións seguen influíndo na vida cotiá das persoas en China, Corea e Xapón (isto a pesar da alfabetización científica bastante importante). Non obstante, cómpre salientar que a adiviñación astrolóxica en China, Corea e Xapón era e é bastante complexa.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature.
gl: A tradición relacionada coas estacións da lúa é un dos aspectos máis interesantes da etnoastronomía asiática. As interpretacións xaponesas destas asociacións tendían a xirar arredor das necesidades agrícolas e as visións animistas da natureza. A diferenza de moitos mitos e tradicións occidentais, os deuses xaponeses ó igual cós animais talismánicos poden verse como manifestacións da natureza.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan.
gl: A continuación móstrase un exemplo dun gráfico de estrelas de Edo Era Japan.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>
gl: <em>Primeiro plano do mapa de Yasui mostrando as 15 primeiras estacións de lúa</em>

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)
gl: O Dragón Azul do Leste (Primavera)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The 7 Moon Stations of the "East" or "Blue Dragon".
gl: As 7 estacións da lúa do "Leste" ou "Dragón Azul"

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Chinese Character
gl: Carácter chinés

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Meaning
gl: Significado

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Key Star
gl: Estrela Chave

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Japanese Name
gl: Nome xaponés

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner
gl: Corno(s), talvez Ángulo, Recanto

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Neck, Throat
gl: Gorxa, Garganta

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base
gl: Raíz, quizais Ombreiro ou Base

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: sometimes
gl: ás veces

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Chamber, perhaps Breasts
gl: Cámara, quizais Peitos

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Basket
gl: Canastra

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: The "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)
gl: O "Genbu" (Sapoconcho Negro) do Norte (Inverno)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The 7 Moon Stations of the "North" (Genbu) or "Black Tortoise of Winter" (also "Somber" or "Black" Warrior).
gl: As 7 estacións da lúa do "Norte" (Gembu) ou "Sapoconcho Negro do Inverno" (tamén "Sombrío" ou "Guerreiro Negro")

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Dipper; Measure
gl: Culler; Medida

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Cow
gl: Vaca

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid
gl: Muller; quizais criada agardando

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep
gl: Teito, talvez Perigo, Cantil

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Room, perhaps Encampment
gl: Habitación, talvez Campamento

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: The White Tiger of the West (Fall)
gl: O Tigre Branco do Oeste (Outono)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The 7 Moon Stations of the "West" or "White Tiger".
gl: As 7 estacións da lúa do "Oeste" ou "Tigre Branco"

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Stride, Foot
gl: Alancada, Pé

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows
gl: Outeiro, Lazo; quizais Fol

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Stopping Place, United; perhaps "Getting Together"
gl: Lugar de parada, unión; talvez "Reunión"

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Net; perhaps related to Rain
gl: Rede; talvez relacionado coa choiva

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head
gl: Fociño de tartaruga, talvez penacho na cabeza do bufo

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Investigator, Three
gl: Investigador, Tres

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: The Red Bird of the South (Summer)
gl: O Paxaro Vermello do Sur (Verán)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The 7 Moon Stations of the "South" or "Red Bird".
gl: As 7 estacións da lúa do "Sur" ou "Paxaro Vermello"

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost
gl: Ogro, Diaño, talvez Pantasma

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Stars
gl: Estrelas

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Stretched Net
gl: Rede Estendida

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto
gl: Carro, quizais cordas de Koto

note: type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a>
en: A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan
gl: Unha Historia Cultural da Astronomía en Xapón

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country.  Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s.
gl: Os Kamilaroi (tamén coñecidos como Gomeroi) e Euahlayi son grupos culturais aborixes australianos situados na parte norte de Nova Gales do Sur. Sobreviviron á invasión europea e á perda de gran parte do seu país. A súa cultura e conexión coa terra segue sendo forte, incluída unha extensa astronomía cultural rexistrada por primeira vez na década de 1860.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Background
gl: Antecedentes

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study Guide.  Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate certain sky objects.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo de Stellarium é o resultado dun proxecto de investigación de grao superior realizado por Robert Fuller na universidade Macquarie, Sydney, rematado no 2014. Stellarium foi elixido como parte do proxecto para devolver os coñecementos recollidos ás comunidades Kamilaroi e Euahlayi en forma de vídeo documental (Star Stories of the Dreaming) e unha guía de estudos dun estudante. No documental utilizáronse clips do Stellarium para ilustrar certos obxectos do ceo.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Cultural objects
gl: Obxectos culturais

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius.  The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males.  From June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs.  In the evening in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two "eggs", meaning the eggs should not be collected.  Later in the year, it appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, meaning the waterholes are full.  When it is below the horizon, then it is on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen.
gl: Gawaargay é o espírito Emu no Ceo, situado coa cabeza no Coal Sack, e o pescozo e o corpo que se estenden polas pistas de po da Vía Láctea (Warrambul) pasado Scorpius. O Euahlayi e o Kamilaroi vense con patas en abril e maio, cando é femia e persegue os machos. De xuño a agosto é macho e está sentado no seu niño sen patas (os machos crían os pitos), e isto é o sinal para recoller os ovos. Nas noites de finais de agosto está vertical no ceo, e a cabeza e o corpo forman dous "ovos", é dicir, non se deben recoller os ovos. Ó final do ano, aparece no horizonte, polo que se cre que está sentado nun bote de auga, é dicir, os buratos están cheos. Cando está debaixo do horizonte, entón está na Terra como o Emu negro, que raramente se ve.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah (Heaven behind Warrambul).  They wait at this camp until all their girl children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to Bulimah.
gl: Birringoloo é a segunda esposa de Byaame, o creador / heroe da cultura. Está sentada xunto á fogueira do campamento de Byaame (a estrela Alpha Muscae), e todas as mulleres con fillas que morren veñen a este campamento antes de ir a Bulimah (o ceo detrás de Warrambul). Agardan neste campamento ata que morran todas as súas fillas e veñan ó campamento, e logo poden ir a Bulimah.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to die (and the Cockatoos).  It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots spreading around.  When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through the hollow of the Yarran.
gl: Yarran (tamén chamado mingga) é a raíz da árbore de Yarran, unha Acacia, que é a árbore que Byaame levou ao Warrambul co primeiro home que morreu (e as cacatúas). En realidade céntrase no Saco de Carbón, e a nebulosa escura é o oco da árbore visto dende abaixo, coas raíces espalladas arredor. Cando alguén morre e vai a Bulimah, percorre o oco do Yarran.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Old Wiringin
gl: O vello Wiringin

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: A Wiringin is a "Clever Man" or Aboriginal doctor.  This Wiringin located in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to Bulimah.  If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in the Large Magellanic Cloud.  This birth spirit will send the unitiated back to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated.  This Wiringin is represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow).
gl: Un Wiringin é un "home intelixente" ou un médico aborixe. Este Wiringin situado na Pequena Nube Magallánica está alí porque controla quen pode ir a Bulimah. Se a persoa que morreu non é iniciada, non se lle permite, porque descoñece as regras, así que mándaa a Wadhaagudjaaylwan na Gran Nube Magallánica. Este espírito do nacemento enviará os non iniciados de volta á Terra como novo bebé, para que poidan ser iniciados. Este Wiringin está representado en todos os cemiterios aborixes como a árbore Wilga (Salgueiro nativo).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star cluster.  They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of Orion.  Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker.  They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran.
gl: Os Birray Birray son un grupo de rapaces non iniciados que están namorados das sete mulleres novas (irmás) Miyay Miyay, que forman o grupo de estrelas Pleiades. Perseguiron o Miyay Miyay, que acabou no ceo, e para iso situáronse en Orión, como as tres estrelas que forman o cinto de Orión. Rigel é o lume e a espada de Orión é o atizador do lume. Son protexidos do Miyay Miyay polo Wiringin, O vello Dthillar, que é Aldebarán.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins or other bad persons.  They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one sister is shy, normally we only see six stars.  They are protected from the Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran.
gl: As Miyay Miyay son as sete mulleres novas (irmás) que foron perseguidas cara ó ceo, segundo o conto, polo Birray Birray, ou por varios Wiringins ou outras persoas malas. Forman o cúmulo de estrelas Pléiades e, como unha irmá é tímida, normalmente só vemos seis estrelas. Están protexidos do Birray Birray en Orion polo Wiringin, O vello Dthillar, que é Aldebarán.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Old Dthillar
gl: O vello Dthillar

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) in the Pleiades.  Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray Birray.  The inverted "V" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut).
gl: O vello Dthillar é un Wiringin, neste caso o Wiringin do Birray Birray, os rapaces non iniciados de Orion que defenden as Miyaay Miyaay (Sete Irmás) nas Pléiades. O vello Dthillar é a estrela Aldebaraán, que tamén é Alpha Tauri, e está alí para protexer as Miyaay Miyaay do Birray Birray. A forma "V" invertida formada por Alpha, Epsilon e Gamma Tauri é a gunya (antiga cabana) deo vello Dthillar.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: "Wamba" means "crazy" or "mad".  In this case, the star Canopus is called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is told.  The planet Venus is also called Wamba.  One speculation is that both Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to atmospheric defraction, can "scintillate" (twinkle srongly), which results in rapid changes in colour.  This might be interpreted as madness.
gl: "Wamba" significa "tolo" ou "malo". Neste caso, a estrela Canopus chámase Wamba Wamba por varias razóns, segundo a historia que se conte. O planeta Venus tamén se chama Wamba. Unha especulación é que tanto Canopus como Venus se ven preto do horizonte no verán e, debido á difracción atmosférica, pode "escintilar" (pestenexando fortemente), o que produce rápidos cambios de cor. Isto pode interpretarse coma unha tolemia.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies.  She "sings" the babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to Earth as babies.
gl: Wadhaagudjaaylwan é a terceira esposa de Byaame, que se atopa na Gran Nube Magallánica e canta ás mulleres que terán bebés. "Canta" ós bebés e ás mulleres da Terra, e leva ás persoas que o Vello Wiringin na Nube Pequena Magallánica lle envía e envíaos de volta á Terra como bebés.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu.  Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has significance in ceremony.
gl: Bandaarr é Kamilaroi / Euahlayi, o canguro, e este canguro está situado baixo a barriga de Emu na Vía Láctea, mirando cara ó outro lado de Emu. Bandaarr é un canguro gris ou vermello, dependendo da cultura, e ten importancia na cerimonia.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo, who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri).  They ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran.
gl: Muraay é Kamilaroi, e Muyaay é Euahlayi para a cacatúa cristada con xofre, que son as estrelas do Punteiro (Alpha Centauri e Hadar / Beta Centauri). Acabaron na constelación Crux cando a súa árbore, o Yarran, foi arrastrada ó ceo co primeiro home en morrer, e sempre perseguen a Yarran.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation Scorpius.  Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during September, and doesn't go back until around March.  During this time he is on earth as the "willy willy" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to children and uninitiated men.
gl: Warrawilbaarru é o espírito remuíño que vive na constelación de Scorpius. Byaame normalmente impídelle que veña á Terra, pero en setembro sae dun dos tres buratos (nebulosas escuras) en Scorpius durante setembro, e non volve ata marzo. Durante este tempo está na terra como a "willy willy" ou o remuíño, e pode ser perigoso para nenos e homes non iniciados.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi peoples can be found at <a href="https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller" class="external">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>.
gl: Máis información sobre a astronomía dos pobos Kamilaroi e Euahlayi pódese atopar en <a href="https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller" class="external">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Korean
gl: Coreana

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Origin
gl: Orixe

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C.
gl: As constelacións chinesa, coreana e xaponesa teñen a mesma orixe e teñen unha forma moi semellante. Están representadas respectivamente no plano de Dun Huang do século VIII, no mapa Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do e no esquema Kitora pintado en A.D.7C ~ 8C. As súas posicións e os seus nomes son similares no alfabeto chinés. O nome das constelacións aparece por primeira vez nos rexistros do gran historiador (史記) na dinastía Han que describe a dinastía Xia arredor do 2000 a.C.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation are like.
gl: As 272 constelacións mostradas nesta cultura do ceo de Stellarium baséanse no mapa de constelacións de Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, que foi esculpido na pedra en 1395 pero que ten a súa orixe noutro mapa do ceo que existía hai uns 2.000 anos. Este mapa representa 1467 estrelas en preto de 190 constelacións cuxas formas son lixeiramente diferentes das chinesas. A interpretación do mapa non é doada: o mapa é tan antigo que só se atopan unhas 300 estrelas que coinciden coas estrelas reais. Todas as estrelas do mapa se debuxaron nun círculo, polo que o ecuador parece máis pequeno có límite sur. Debido a que a densidade da constelación non cambia con respecto á posición, a posición e o tamaño das constelacións foron alteradas dun xeito descoñecido polo autor. Suponse que non debería haber estrelas brillantes que non pertenzan a ningunha constelación. A obra do autor está suxeita a interpretación e podería modificarse posteriormente. Non obstante, mostrarase como é a constelación coreana.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a href="http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>
gl: TContribuíu a esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium <i><a href="http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Lokono (or Arawak)
gl: Lokono (ou Arawak)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French Guiana (see map).<sup><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 years.<sup><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> This contact has intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of <em>medicine-men</em>&mdash;the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge, most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented here includes only identified constellations but the following description provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge including information extracted from historical sources about all the celestial objects named in the table below.
gl: Os <em>Lokono</em>, tamén coñecidos como <em>Arawak</em>, son un pobo indíxena das Guianas, cuxo territorio se estende ó longo da costa do océano Atlántico, dende o noroeste da Guyana, pasando por Surinam, ata a noroeste da Guaiana Francesa (ver mapa).<sup><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> Os lokono falan unha lingua que pertence á familia de linguas arawakas unha das agrupacións lingüísticas máis grandes do continente. Como moitos dos seus parentes lingüísticos, os lokono son agricultores especializados na agricultura de mandioca (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>) que tamén practican a pesca, a caza e a recolección de plantas silvestres. Non obstante, como un dos primeiros grupos indíxenas que atoparon os europeos no momento da conquista, os lokono estiveron en contacto con poboacións non indíxenas dende hai máis de 500 anos.<sup><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> Este contacto intensificouse no século pasado, provocando unha perda substancial da lingua lokono, da materia tradicional e da cultura inmaterial, cambios nas prácticas de subsistencia e en particular levou á desaparición dos <em>menciñeiros</em>&mdash;os portadores tradicionais de coñecemento espiritual, incluíndo probablemente coñecementos etnoastronómicos. Como consecuencia, o coñecemento moderno sobre os corpos celestes parece ser só unha fracción do que os Lokono sabían sobre as estrelas no pasado. Algunhas constelacións mencionadas en fontes máis antigas esqueceuse ou só se coñecen os seus nomes, mentres se esqueceron as combinacións de estrelas que representan e as tradicións orais que explican a súa orixe e significación. A cultura do ceo que se presenta aquí inclúe só constelacións identificadas, pero a seguinte descrición ofrece unha conta máis completa do coñecemento astronómico dos Lokono incluíndo información extraída de fontes históricas sobre todos os obxectos celestes mencionados na táboa seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <p><table><caption>
en: Lokono constellations and other celestial objects
gl: Constelacións Lokono e outros obxectos celestes

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
en: <b>Lokono name</b>
gl: <b>Nome lokono</b>

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
en: Literal translation in English
gl: Tradución literal en inglés

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
en: Approximate location
gl: Localización aproximada

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Path of the carriers of clay
gl: Camiño dos portadores de arxila

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Scores of stars
gl: Decenas de estrelas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Shining star
gl: Estrela brillante

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Grill
gl: Grella

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the green anaconda
gl: Espírito a anaconda verde

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: unclear
gl: Escuro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the capibara
gl: Espírito de capibara

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: unknown
gl: Descoñecido

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Man without a thigh
gl: Home sen coxa

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Jaw of the tapir
gl: Mandíbula do tapir

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Hyades
gl: Híades

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the black curassow
gl: Espírito de guaco negro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Crux
gl: Cruz

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Hunter
gl: Cazador

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Torch
gl: Facho

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the cocoi heron
gl: Espírito da garza cocoa

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron
gl: Espírito da garza tigre rufescente

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the four-eyed fish
gl: Espírito do peixe de catro ollos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: λ Sco and υ Sco
gl: λ Sco e υ Sco

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the green sea turtle
gl: Espírito da tartaruga do mar verde

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise
gl: Espírito da tartaruga de pés amarelos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the blue crab
gl: Espírito do cangrexo azul

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the Muscovy duck
gl: Espírito do parrulo Muscovy

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the awara palm
gl: Espírito da palma awara

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the red acouchi
gl: Espírito do acuchí vermello

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the red-rumped agouti
gl: Espíritu do agutí de lombo vermello

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the jaguar
gl: Espírito do xaguar

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the ocelot
gl: Espírito do ocelote

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the pale-throated sloth
gl: Espíritu do perezoso de gorxa pálida

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the two-toed sloth
gl: Espírito do perezoso de dous dedos

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the green iguana
gl: Espírito da iguana verde

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot
gl: Espírito do loro de cola lila

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the marail guan
gl: Espírito da maraila guan

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the little cuckoo
gl: Espírito do pequeno cuco

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the red-handed tamarin
gl: Espírito do tamarín de mans vermellas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the white-faced saki
gl: Espírito do saki de cara branca

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the scorpion
gl: Espírito do escorpión

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the parrot
gl: Espírito do loro

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of a tortoise
gl: Espírito do sapoconcho

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the bow and arrow
gl: Espírito do arco e as frechas

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Spirit of the gun
gl: Espírito da arma

note: type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
en: Medicine-men’s rattle
gl: Axóuxere do menciñeiro

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction
gl: Coñecemento astronómico lokono: unha introdución

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. However, it was the medicine-men in particular&mdash;the spiritual leaders of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>&mdash;who were required to master the various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:
gl: Según relatos contemporáneos e históricos, parece que o coñecemento astronómico non estaba restrinxido a membros particulares da sociedade Lokono. Sen embargo, foron os curandeiros en particular&mdash;os líderes espirituais dos Lokono coñecidos como <i>semethi</i>&mdash; a quen se obrigaba a dominar os diversos aspectos do coñecemento das estrelas e os que se encargaban de pasar as tradicións orais asociadas a elas dunha xeración a outra. De Rodrigo de Navarette, que arredor de 1550 escribiu unha das primeiras contas do Lokono, aprendemos, por exemplo, que:

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>&ldquo;old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses designed for their meetings and [&hellip;] recount the traditions and exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, and stars.&rdquo;</em><sup><a href="#footnote-1">[3]</a></sup>
gl: <em>&ldquo;Os vellos e sabios, que eles chaman Cemetu, reúnense en casas deseñadas para as súas xuntanzas e [&hellip;] contan as tradicións e fazañas dos seus antepasados e grandes homes, e tamén narran o que eses devanceiros escoitaron dos seus antepasados, para que deste xeito recorden os acontecementos máis antigos do seu país e pobo. E, do mesmo xeito, contan ou predican sobre eventos relacionados cos ceos, o sol, a lúa e as estrelas.&rdquo;</em><sup><a href="#footnote-1">[3]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as <i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today. Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples of which is illustrated below.
gl:  <i>cemetu</i> de Navarette, os menciñeiros coñécense en lokono moderno como <i>semethi</i>, renunciaron ás súas prácticas hoxe en día, o que pode ser o motivo polo que se interrompe a transmisión do coñecemento astronómico. Hoxe en día parecen ter esquecidas moitas constelacións dos lokono. As nosas fontes limítanse a miúdo a relatos históricos escritos por exploradores antigos e etnógrafos das Guianas, un dos exemplos máis antigos é o que se ilustra a continuación.

note: type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption>
en: Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a href="#footnote-23">[23]</a></sup>
gl: Fig.1 Listaxe de estrelas lokono de Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a href="#footnote-23">[23]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a mention, namely:
gl: É esta literatura a que nos permite reconstruír o coñecemento das estrelas dos Lokono que se describe a continuación. Antes de entrar nos corpos celestes individuais, con todo, varias características xerais da astronomía lokona merecen unha mención, a saber:

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous groups.
gl: o solapamento coas tradicións astronómicas dos grupos indíxenas veciños.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial bodies.
gl: as tradicións orais que explican a orixe e importancia dos corpos celestes.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: the use of the term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo; in the names of numerous constellations.
gl: o uso do termo <em>koya</em> &lsquo;espírito&rsquo; no nome de numerosas constelacións.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star, year&rsquo; and the lack of other astronomical terms.
gl: o uso do termo xeral <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;estrela, ano&rsquo; e a falta doutros termos astronómicos.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: the sky watching practices of the Lokono.
gl: as prácticas de observación do ceo dos Lokono.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: 1. Shared Guianan knowledge
gl: 1. Coñecemento guaianés compartido

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous peoples, the Kari&rsquo;na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono ethnoastronomy.
gl: O territorio lokono fai fronteira con dous pobos indíxenas lingüisticamente sen relación, o Karina, que fala unha lingua caribana e o Warao, que fala un idioma illado. Aínda que non están relacionados e tradicionalmente non casan, os tres grupos comparten unha gran cantidade de material e cultura inmaterial. A tradición etnoastronómica dos tres pobos tamén amosa unha sorprendente similitude, como mitos estelares compartidos, nomes similares de constelacións e paralelismos no calendario estelar. Isto fala dos contactos entre os tres grupos e do intercambio de coñecementos astronómicos, posiblemente facilitados polos seus respectivos líderes espirituais, como o Lokono<em>semethi</em>. O grao no que estas tradicións se superpoñen e a direccionalidade do seu intercambio requiren máis estudos. Aquí, centrámonos no Lokono e, polo tanto, non debatemos estes préstamos culturais en detalle, a menos que boten luz sobre a etnoastronomía dos Lokono.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: 2. Stellar oral traditions
gl: 2. Tradicións orais estelares

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo;, for instance, is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; and <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo;, all three of which have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono astronomical knowledge is justified.
gl: Unha destas características compartidas son os mitos sobre as estrelas. Estas tradicións orais falan das orixes de corpos celestes particulares, enlazan uns cos outros e explican a súa influencia no mundo natural. A constelación dos lokono <em>Hithikoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do perezoso negro&rsquo;, por exemplo, está ligado a un mito dos lokono de <em>Yokhârhin</em> &lsquo;Cazador&rsquo; e <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Facho&rsquo;, os tres dos que teñen equivalentes Karina e Warao. Son estas tradicións orais, conservadas polos menciñeiros, as que probablemente serviron como o principal vehículo a través do que se transmitiu o coñecemento astronómico dunha xeración a outra. Por este motivo, resúmense dos mitos relevantes na descrición de constelacións particulares. Ás veces, cando o mito lokono relevante non está documentado, refírense os mitos dos grupos veciños para iluminar o significado de determinados corpos celestes. Dado que moitas destas tradicións orais son compartidas polos lokono e os grupos veciños, esta mellora do coñecemento astronómico lokono mal conservado está xustificada.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: 3. Calendar of spirits
gl: 3. Calendario de espíritos

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo;, found in numerous constellation names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding beings.<sup><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the <em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the <em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed.
gl: O termo <em>koya</em> &lsquo;espírito&rsquo;, atopado en numerosos nomes de constelación, normalmente seguindo un termo para unha determinada planta ou animal, é unha característica clave da astronomía dos lokono. Walter Roth, etnógrafo das Guaianas, explica que tales constelacións son os espíritos dos seres correspondentes.
     <sup><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> Nun momento do ano no que aparece a constelación, o espírito viaxa do ceo á terra para respirar a vida nos seres que representa. Como tal, o <em>koya</em>-as constelacións formaron un calendario, indicando cal é o mellor momento para realizar actividades de subsistencia relacionadas con estas plantas e animais (por exemplo, caza ou reunión). Os lokono tamén puideron saber por onde descenderían estes espíritos na terra; Walter Roth suxire que chamaron a estes lugares cos mesmos nomes que as constelacións, pero a evidencia diso segue sendo deficiente. Así, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do acuchí vermello&rsquo; referiríase ao espírito, á constelación e ao lugar onde<em>hadorhi</em> se atopa en abundancia cando aparece a súa constelación. Aínda que hoxe se descoñece este coñecemento toponímico, o <em>koya</em>-as constelacións lémbrannos a grande comprensión da vida vexetal e animal que posuían os lokono.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: 4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year
gl: 4.<em> Wiwa</em>, a estrela e o ano

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, <em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of <em>koya. </em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it is used, for instance, when talking about one&rsquo;s age. While it can apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of celestial bodies. <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, literally &lsquo;Scores of stars&rsquo; (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations, whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. Following <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> are the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations, each signaling a different season in the Lokono calendar. On the other hand, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally &lsquo;Shining star&rsquo; (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely due to its brightness. Apart from <em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations.
gl: Os lokono tamén teñen outro termo xeral para se referiren ás estrelas, <em>wiwa</em>. O termo carece das connotacións espirituais de<em>koya. </em>. Refírese, por unha banda, á calidade física das estrelas como algo brillante e, por outra banda, ao ano natural. Como tal, emprégase, por exemplo, cando se fala da idade. Aínda que pode aplicarse a calquera estrela, <em>wiwa</em> aparece só en dous nomes propios de corpos celestes. <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, literalmente &lsquo;Grupos de estrelas&rsquo; (Pleiades), é a máis importante de todas as constelacións dos lokono, cuxa aparición comeza tradicionalmente co ano natural dos lokono. Seguindo a<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> hai numerosos <em>koya</em>-constelacións, cada unha sinalando unha estación diferente no calendario lokoro. Por outra parte, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literalmente &lsquo;Estrela brillante&rsquo; (Xúpiter) parece que se distingue só polo seu brillo. Á parte de <em>wiwa </em>e <em>koya</em>, non hai termos xenéricos para distinguir planetas, estrelas, lúas, sol, galaxias... na linguaxe dos lokono. Por este motivo, o equivalente lokono á Vía Láctea, por exemplo, está incluída entre outras constelacións.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: 5. Sky watching practices
gl: 5. Prácticas de observación do ceo

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed that a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become sick.<sup><a href="#footnote-6">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told not to look at <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not grow.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or salt into one&rsquo;s eyes.
gl: Mentres os lokono poden admirar o ceo pola noite, para seguir o calendario estelar dos lokono, hai que mirar as constelacións arredor das 4 da mañá, hora na que os lokono normalmente espertan. Os lokono observan así a subida das constelacións pola mañá. Para ter a idea correcta do ciclo anual das constelacións tamén hai que ter en conta a situación de visualización en Guaianas (por exemplo, Georgetown, Paramaribo ou Cayenne no menú de localización). Merece unha mención que moitos lokono, ó debuxaren constelacións, non conectan as estrelas coas liñas e que, nalgúns casos, houbo pouco acordo entre os falantes sobre a estrela correspondente a unha constelación, que partes da planta ou animal representa. En Stellarium, representamos constelacións con liñas, pero hai que ter en conta que isto pode ser unha distorsión da tradición lokono, o que permite unha maior flexibilidade na interpretación de grupos estrelas particulares. Finalmente, hai restricións ó mirar algúns corpos celestes, xa que se cre que un espírito pódeo prexudicar a un se mira.<sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> Por exemplo, na lúa chea as nais tapan os ollos dos fillos para que non enfermen.<sup><a href="#footnote-6">[6]</a></sup> Ós mozos tamén se lles di que non miren para <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), porque se non non han medrar.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> Estas prácticas aplicábanse tamén a outros obxectos que se cría que contiñan espíritus poderosos e incluían outras formas de evitar o contacto visual con espíritos, como fregar pementos, lima ou sal nos ollos.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Lokono celestial bodies
gl: Corpos celestes dos lokono

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'
gl: <em>Hadali</em> 'Sol'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as <em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as <em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, <em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, <em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; (Orion&rsquo;s belt).<sup><a href="#footnote-9">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try to escape, the wife&rsquo;s sister chases them and manages to cut off his leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun shines too hard.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup>. As far as practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and <em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a href="#footnote-12">[12]</a></sup>
gl: O termo lokono para Sol é <em>Hadali</em>, tamén pronunciado como <em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suxire que os diversos nomes do heroe da cultura lokono, o primeiro menciñeiro foi coñecido cos nomes de <em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, <em>Hariwalli</em>, e <em>Arawanili</em>, e ás veces <em>Arawidi,</em> poden referirse todos ó mesmo heroe identificado co Sol.<sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8]</a></sup> Aínda que non podemos confirmar esta hipótese, cabe mencionar o mito de <em>Arawidi</em>. No mito dos lokono, <em>Arawidi</em>, o Sol, é o pai dun home que se converte na constelación <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Home sen coxa&rsquo; (Cinturón de Orion).<sup><a href="#footnote-9">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Segundo o relato, o Sol adoitaba chegar á terra coa forma dun home chamado <em>Arawidi</em> para estar coa súa amante coa que tiña xemelgos. Nun episodio posterior do mito, un dos xemelgos casa cunha muller, cuxa nai a parella decide matar. Cando intentan fuxir, a irmá da esposa perségueos y logra cortarlle a perna a el en vinganza. Como resultado, o home ascende ao ceo e convértese na constelación <em>Mabukuli</em>. Outro mito de Lokono advirte de ofender o Sol: un home, preso nunha illa deshabitada no medio dun pantano, clama por axuda. Un barco achégaselle, pero dentro do barco está o Sol, que non quere axudar o home porque a xente sempre se queixa de que o Sol brilla demasiado.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup>. En canto ás prácticas relacionadas co Sol, Im Thurn informou de que entre os lokono, o eclipse do Sol era considerado coma unha guerra entre <em>Hadali</em> e <em>Kathi</em>, a Lúa, e que os lokono berraban e facían todo tipo de ruídos para impedirlles loitar.<sup><a href="#footnote-12">[12]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'
gl: <em>Kathi</em> 'Lúa'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar month.<sup><a href="#footnote-13">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after night.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother&rsquo;s face was covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at night.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi &ocirc;don</em> &lsquo;moon dying&rsquo;) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a href="#footnote-6">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun&rsquo;s path.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick.
gl: A lúa coñécese como <em>Kathi</em>, un termo rexistrado antes por Joannes de Laet como <em>cattehee</em> arredor de 1598,  e usado tamén para referirse ó mes lunar.<sup><a href="#footnote-13">[13]</a></sup> Segundo os lokono, a Lúa, coma o Sol, antes era un home. Walter Roth relata un mito dos lokono no que unha muller nova foi visitada por un misterioso amante noite tras noite.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10]</a></sup> Para descubrir quen era o amante, a muller esfregou as mans coa ferruxe do fondo dun pote. Ó día seguinte, ó espertar, descubriu que a cara do seu irmán estaba tisnada e deuse conta de que fora el quen a visitara de noite. Todos na súa comunidade comezaron a evitar o irmán incestuoso, que se avergoñou e se afastou das persoas e ó final ascendeu ó ceo, converténdose na Lúa. É por iso que, segundo os lokono, a cara da lúa está manchada a día de hoxe. A Lúa aparece tamén noutro mito lokono sobre un home preso nunha illa deshabitada mencionada anteriormente; outro barco achégase ó home, pero nesta ocasión está a Lúa, que decide axudalo, xa que a xente sempre está feliz de ver a Lúa saír pola noite.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> A lúa e o sol tamén se representan como opostos. En tempos anteriores os lokono crían que a eclipse de Lúa era a súa morte (<em>kathi &ocirc;don</em> &lsquo;lúa morrendo&rsquo;) e vixiábana toda a noite.<sup><a href="#footnote-6">[6]</a></sup> Os Lokono din durante a eclipse da Lúa que a Lúa quedou durmida no camiño do Sol.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Por iso fan moito ruído, tocan os tambores e sopran trompetas para espertalo. Na lúa chea as nais tapaban os ollos dos fillos para que non enfermasen.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called <em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-14">[14], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-15">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star&rsquo; which can be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a href="#footnote-16">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as <em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> &lsquo;women&rsquo;s star&rsquo;. In relation to this, it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the Moon.<sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about <em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name <em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in Kari&rsquo;na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a href="#footnote-18">[18]</a></sup>
gl: O planeta Venus, tanto cando aparece pola mañá como a Estrela Mañá como cando aparece pola noite como a Estrela da noite é chamada <em>Warhokoma</em> polos lokono.<sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-14">[14], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-15">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, por outra banda, rexistra os termos <em>Eweiwah</em> e <em>Huewah</em>, probablemente os equivalentes ó termo xeral <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;estrela&rsquo; que se pode usar para calquera corpo celeste brillante.<sup><a href="#footnote-16">[16]</a></sup> Os lokono tamén lle chaman a Venus <em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> &lsquo;muller&rsquo;s estrela&rsquo;. En relación con isto cabe mencionar que Claudio de Goeje informa de que cando <em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> aparece preto da Lúa e unha rapaza está a piques de ter a súa primeira menstruación, os lokono din que a rapaza axiña será tocada pola Lúa.<sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> Non hai mitos específicos sobre <em>Warhokoma</em> e a súa relación coa Lúa, pero convén lembrar que os Lokono contan unha historia na que a Lúa foi orixinalmente un home que cometeu incesto coa súa irmá (ver o mito mencionado en <em>Kathi</em>), e ten un nome de muller.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10]</a></sup> Curiosamente o nome <em>Warhokoma</em> para a estrela da mañá ou do serán aparece tamén en Kari&rsquo;na, que tamén a ve como a esposa da lúa.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a href="#footnote-18">[18]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'
gl: <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Vía Láctea'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, </em>literally &lsquo;Path of the carriers of clay&rsquo;. The Milky Way represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a myth.<sup><a href="#footnote-19">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific whitish type of clay.<sup><a href="#footnote-14">[14]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-16">[16]</a></sup> However, these two sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it is possible that these two explanations are a Kari&rsquo;na influence, who recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>
gl: A Vía Láctea é coñecida entre os Lokono como <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, </em>literalmente &lsquo;Camiño dos portadores de arxila&rsquo;. A Vía Láctea representa as pegadas de homes que unha vez foron buscar arxila para fabricar macetas, unha arte que, rara vez seguen practicando hoxe os lokono. Non obstante aínda se coñece a orixe do nome e resúmese nun mito.<sup><a href="#footnote-19">[19]</a></sup> William Brett sinalou o mesmo nome para a Vía Láctea e engade que leva o nome dun tipo de arxila abrancazada.<sup><a href="#footnote-14">[14]</a></sup> Charles Dance, pola súa banda, di que a Vía Láctea representa as pegadas de pecarís que xorden da arxila, mentres que Walter Roth menciona unha explicación dos lokono diferente, segundo a cal a Vía Láctea representa un tapir perseguido por un can e un jaguar.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-16">[16]</a></sup> Non obstante, estas dúas fontes non dan o nome lokono correspondente á Vía Láctea e é posible que estas dúas explicacións sexan unha influencia de Kari&rsquo;na, que recoñece a constelación dun tigre seguindo a constelación dun tapir dentro da Vía Láctea
     .<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> and explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in the morning in August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or one&rsquo;s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll&rsquo;s <em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from <em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the Lokono territories.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about <em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> &lsquo;Previous face&rsquo;. The Kari&rsquo;na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the fish in the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the Kari&rsquo;na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a href="#footnote-18">[18], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-20">[20]</a></sup>
gl: O lokono moderno chámalle a Sirius <em>Mali</em>, cuxa tradución literal nos é descoñecida. Cornelius van Coll describe unha estrela lokono chamada <em>Mali</em> e explica que é unha estrela moi poderosa.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Cando sae na mañá de agosto, mata o peixe nos pantanos, e non se debe sinalar porque quen o faga ha quedar sen dedo. O <em>Mali</em> de Cornelius van Coll marca o inicio da gran estación seca (de agosto a decembro), chamada en lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, un termo derivado de <em>Mali</em>. Fontes antigas identificaron <em>Mali</em> como Lyra, Aquila ou Crux, pero dado que a gran estación seca comeza arredor de agosto e que os lokono observan as estrelas pola mañá, estas identificacións deben ser incorrectas; Lyra, Aquila e Crux non se poden ver neses momentos dende os territorios dos lokono.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Non hai mitos lokonos sobre <em>Mali</em>, pero hai evidencia de que se pode corresponder coa constelación Kari&rsquo;na <em>Ombatapo</em> &lsquo;Cara anterior&rsquo;. Os mitos de Kari&rsquo;na explican a orixe da constelación e o seu nome, que, coma o lokono <em>Mali</em>, se cre que matará os peixes nos pantanos e anuncia o comezo da gran estación seca. Moreover, a Kari&rsquo;na <em>Ombatapo </em>identifícase como parte de Puppis e Canis Maior, a última das cales inclúe Sirius.<sup><a href="#footnote-18">[18], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-20">[20]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'
gl: <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Agrupacións de estrelas'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa y&ocirc;koro</em>, literally &lsquo;Score of stars&rsquo;, refers to the Pleiades and is easily recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. At that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran</em> &lsquo;the birth of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>&rsquo;. It is said that if <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time, many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>&lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;, in the belly of which <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em> is said to be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the Lokono explain that the <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a Kari'na story.<sup><a href="#footnote-20">[20]</a></sup>
gl: A constelación <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> ou <em>Wiwa y&ocirc;koro</em>, literalmente &lsquo;Grupo de estrelas&rsquo;, refírese ás Pléiades e é facilmente recoñecido polo contemporáneo lokono. Isto é probable porque <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> se descríbe como a máis importante das constelacións dos lokono, xa que anuncia o comezo do ano lokono.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Despois de saír primeiro en xuño no leste, é seguido por numerosos<em>koya</em>-constelacións referidas ós espíritos de animais e plantas que constitúen o calendario lokono. A aquela época do ano chámanlle os lokono <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran</em> &lsquo;o paxaro de <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>&rsquo;. Dise que se <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> brilla fortemente cando aparece por primeira vez, moita xente morrerá no seguinte ano.<sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll advirte tamén de que os mozos non deben mirala porque se non non medrarán.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> Estas mencións e advertencias están relacionadas cun mito dos lokono. Segundo esta historia, houbo unha vez dous irmáns xemelgos, un dos cales tiña unha muller, e dixo que a morte chegaría cando a súa estrela, <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em>, saíse.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> A morte chegou efectivamente, matando ata a súa muller, asada no lume, e os lokono anoxáronse e trouxeron unha anaconda verde xigante para tragar os xemelgos. A serpe comeu un dos irmáns, pero como xa eran as 5 da mañá e o día rompeu, a serpe non puido comer o outro irmán. A serpe é agora a constelación <em>Kamodokoya </em>&lsquo;Espírito da anaconda verde&rsquo;, no ventre da cal <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em>se di que está (ver tamén o mito <em>Yorhada</em> ). Noutra historia os lokono explican que <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa </em>representa sete irmáns perdidos na sabana cando regresaban á casa, un motivo tamén recollido na historia de Kari'na.<sup><a href="#footnote-20">[20]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'
gl: <em>Yorhada</em> 'Grella'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, or <em>Wiwa yorhadale</em> &lsquo;Star&rsquo;s grill&rsquo;, represents a wooden grill, on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href="#footnote-4">[4], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-21">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> and the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes <em>Yorhada</em>. Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the Western constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small dry season.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> The neighboring Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10]</a></sup>
gl: A constelación <em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grella&rsquo;, ou <em>Wiwa yorhadale</em> &lsquo;Estrela&rsquo;s grella&rsquo;, representa unha grella de madeira na que se asa a carne.<sup><a href="#footnote-4">[4], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-21">[21]</a></sup> A súa orixe explícase nun mito relatado por Walter Roth sobre un home que matou a súa muller, asouna e entregoulle o fígado á súa sogra porque dicía del que era un cazador sen valor.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10]</a></sup> En revancha, a nai chama polo seu fillo <em>Kamodo</em> para matar o home cando estaba a cazar. O home sospeitaba que a muller lle puxera unha trampa e escapou á morte enviando o seu irmán. A grella na que se asou a muller converteuse na constelación occidental de Pegasus, segundo o contemporáneo lokono, o que marca o comezo da pequena estación seca (abril), época na que os lokono asan moito peixe. O mito é semellante ó de <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> e os xemelgos, xa que nel o irmán maior é o responsable de asar a súa muller e pode ser o mesmo có home que asou a súa muller no mito de <em>Yorhada</em>. Nos dous mitos o irmán pequeno asasinado pola anaconda convértese en <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, mentres que a grella vólvese<em>Yorhada</em>. Claudius de Goeje suxire que <em>Yorhada</em> é a constelación do oeste Corvus, pero Corvus non aparece no comezo da pequena estación seca.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Os veciños Warao tamén coñecen Pegasus como a grella e están familiarizados co mito.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'
gl: <em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Espírito da anaconda verde'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda (<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly described.<sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain unidentified.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-21">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its origin. According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked <em>Kamodo</em> to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to <em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz list the constellation <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation <em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-23">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star brings death.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and ascend to the sky as <em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky.
gl: <em>A constelación Kamodokoya</em>, &lsquo;Espírito da anaconda verde (<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', tamén chamada <em>Waroboshi</em> esta pobremente descrita.<sup><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> Fontes antigas suxiren que é Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, ou Ophiuchus, pero a estrela exacta permanece sen identificar.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-21">[21]</a></sup> Varios mitos explican a súa orixe. Segundo Walter Roth un home matou á súa muller, asouna e entregoulle o fígado á súa nai porque lle chamou un cazador sen valor.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10],</a></sup> En revancha ela chamou a <em>Kamodo</em> para matalo, pero o home escapou á serpe que comeu o seu irmán máis novo. A constelación <em>Kamodokoya</em> contén a <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, o irmán, dentro e está preto de <em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grella&rsquo;, na que a muller foi asada. Theodor Schultz lista a constelación <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> como 'A grella da anaconda verde' que podería ser a mesma constelación ca <em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-23">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll fala de xemelgos, un dos cales tiña unha muller, e advertiu de que a súa estrela trae a morte.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> De feito, a súa muller morreu asada no lume. Os lokono fixeron que a serpe matase o home e subise ó ceo <em>Kamodokoya</em>. inalmente, Claudio de Goeje relata un mito dunha muller que sentía un gran desexo polos homes e puxo unha flor <em>katuburi</em> na súa vaxina, e quedou preñada. O seu fillo era en parte unha serpe, e a xente quería matala, polo que subiu ó ceo.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'
gl: <em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Espírito da capibara'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the capybara&rsquo; (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> The same source also informs us that it is followed by the constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;. The constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No related myths have been documented.
gl: Aa constelación <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do capibara&rsquo; (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> A mesma fonte tamén nos informa de que vai seguida da constelación <em>Kamodokoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito da anaconda verde&rsquo;. A constelación permanece sen identificar e descoñécese o seu significado. Non se documentaron mitos relacionados.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'
gl: <em>Mabukuli</em> 'Home sen coxa'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; is well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and ascended to sky.<sup><a href="#footnote-16">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> constellation and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a strikingly different myth.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> The Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself.
gl: A constelación <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Home sen unha coxa&rsquo; é moi coñecida entre os lokono e aparece nalgúns mitos. Segundo Charles Dance un cazador infructuoso cortoulle a súa perna, envolveuna nunha folla e deulla á súa nai nai para que tivese algo que comer e subise ao ceo.<sup><a href="#footnote-16">[16]</a></sup> Do mesmo xeito, os irmáns Penard falan dun cazador infructuoso que lle cortou a súa perna para darlla á súa muller e á súa sogra dicíndolles que era carne de tapir.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Despois pediulles a outras persoas que seguisen o rastro para axudalo a traer o resto do tapir, pero cando chegaron ao lugar só atoparon a planta <em>akalali</em> coa que tratou as súas feridas. O seu corpo converteuse na constelación <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> e o seu espírito quedou dentro de <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relata un mito diferente.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> O Sol, que unha vez un home chamou <em>Arawidi </em>(ver o mito sobre <em>Hadali</em> 'Sol'), tomou unha muller como a súa esposa, que o seguía con xemelgos non nacidos dentro dela. Un día, ela perdeuse e acabou sendo comida por espíritos voitres, pero os seus xemelgos foron criados por unha anciá, á que despois mataron e fuxiron. Mentres se agochaban no alto dunha árbore, viron a unha muller atrapando un peixe cunha peneira. Ela viu o seu reflexo na auga e intentou atrapalo, e eles riron dela. Entón decatouse de que estaban na árbore e enviou formigas para que os fixesen baixar. Cando baixaron, ela matou a un deles e levou o outro a casa. Unha das súas fillas namorouse do home e casou con el. Agora o marido tiña que pescar moitos peixes todos os días para a sogra. Un día, canso da súa esixente sogra, enganouna para meterse na auga para axudala a descargar un bote cheo de peixe, e alí foi comida por unha quenlla. Cando chegou a súa outra filla, o fígado da súa nai seguía flotando sobre a auga e díxolle que o home a matara. A filla quería matalo, pero voou con ás de algodón que a súa muller lle fixo para el, polo que só lle cortou a coxa, polo que agora é a constelación <em>Mabukuli</em>. Parece que o cinto de Orión representa a perna cortada, e non o propio home.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'
gl: <em>Kama tâla</em> 'Mandíbula do tapir'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> &lsquo;Jaw of the tapir&rsquo; is one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono, just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-15">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus terrestris</em>).<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> He then asks his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari&rsquo;na story, on the other hand, <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> was the remains of a tapir that the mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh.
gl: A constelación <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> &lsquo;Mandíbula do tapir&rsquo; é unha das poucas constelacións identificadas con facilidade polos lokono contemporáneos, como <em>Mabukuli</em>, que se explica nun mito.<sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-15">[15]</a></sup> Os irmáns Penard contan a historia dun cazador infructuoso, que se corta a carne da perna e lla dá á súa muller e á súa sogra, dicíndolles que é carne de tapir (<em>Tapirus terrestris</em>).<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Despois pídelle ós seus compañeiros que o sigan e axuden a traer o resto do tapir, pero cando chegan ó lugar só atopan a planta <em>akalali</em> coa que el sandara as súas feridas. O seu corpo converteuse en <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> e o seu espírito dentro de <em>Mabukuli</em>. Noutra historia de Kari&rsquo;na, <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> eran os restos dun tapir que os xemelgos estaban cazando, un dos cales accidentalmente rompe a perna e convértese na constelación do home sen coxa.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'
gl: <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Espírito do guaco negro'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, <em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>
gl: A constelación <em>Hithikoya</em> é o &lsquo;Espírito do pavo negro&rsquo; (<em>Crax alector</em>), unha ave que se caza habitualmete, e que ás veces se garda como mascota polas súas plumas e ovos. Segundo un mito dos lokono, <em>Hithikoya</em> vivía na terra, pero os lokono seguiulle disparando.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Como resultado, subiu ao ceo para avisar os pavos negros sobre o cazador que se achegaba (ver <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) e o seu compañeiro cun facho (ver <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). Os lokono identifican<em>Hithikoya</em> como a constelación do oeste Crux. Cando aparece xusto por enriba das árbores en xaneiro, os pavos roldan polo chan e son fáciles de atrapar. Nos meses seguintes, o alto <em>Hithikoya</em> sae pola mañá, e os paxaros soben ás árbores o máis alto posible. Por marzo aparece alto no ceo e os paxaros están no máis alto das árbores. <em>Hithikoya </em>informa así ós lokono onde buscar as aves nun momento determinado do ano. Os lokono mesmo fan trampas de caza (<em>bina</em>) dunha planta, cuxas follas se asemellan ó paxaro, frotadas nos beizos do cazador para que poida imitar as chamadas do paxaro, aumentando as súas posibilidades de coller un.<sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'
gl: <em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Cazador'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; corresponds to &alpha; Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href="#footnote-9">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding a torch known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> is represented by &beta; Centauri. The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter (<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops.
gl: A constelación <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> &lsquo;Cazador&rsquo; correspóndese con &alpha; Centauri e representa o cazador <em>Hithikoya</em>, o &lsquo;Espírito do pavo negro&rsquo; (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href="#footnote-9">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> O seu compañeiro porta un facho e chámase <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>, é representado por &beta; Centauri. O mito relatado polos irmáns Penard que explica a orixe de <em>Hithikoya</em> inclúe tamén estes dous personaxes.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Segundo a historia <em>Hithikoya</em> vivía na terra, pero os lokono seguiron a rastrexalo pola noite e disparáronlle. Como resultado, subiu ó ceo para servir de sinal para os pavos negros advertíndolles do cazador que se achegaba (<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) e o seu compañeiro cun facho (<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). Como <em>Hithikoya</em> aparece cada vez máis alto pola mañá entre xaneiro e marzo, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> e subsecuentemente <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> aparecen no horizonte seguíndoo. Isto indícalles ós lokono que o pavo negro agora está no alto das árbores e que os cazadores poden saír á noite para cazalo nos cumes das mesmas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'
gl: <em>Alêti</em> 'Facho'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation&nbsp;<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo; corresponds to&nbsp;&beta; Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth dipped in beeswax known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-9">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp; <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> follows <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> so as not to scare the black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter (<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops.
gl: A constelación&nbsp;<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Fachoi&rsquo; correspóndese con &nbsp;&beta; Centauri e representa o compañeiro do cazador <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>, sostendo unha antorcha feita a partir dun anaco de tea mergullado en cera de abella coñecida como <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-9">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-10">[10], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp; <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> segue a <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> para non espantar o pavo negro coa luz do facho. O mito relatado polos irmáns Penard que explica a orixe de <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Espírito do pavo negro' inclúe tamén estes dous personaxes (ver <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Segundo a historia, <em>Hithikoya</em> vivía na terra, pero os lokono seguíano a rastrexar pola noite e disparáronlle. Como resultado, subiu ó ceo para servir de sinal para os pavos negros advertíndolles do cazador que se achegaba (<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) e do seu compañeiro cun facho (<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). Como <em>Hithikoya</em> aparece cada vez máis alto pola mañá entre xaneiro e marzo, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> e subsecuentemente <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> aparecen no horizonte seguíndoo. Isto indícalles ós lokono que o pavo negro agora está no alto das árbores e que os cazadores poden saír á noite para cazalo nos cumes das mesmas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'
gl: <em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Espírito da garza cocoa'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Anorh&acirc;koya </em>represents the spirit of the cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-15">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust into peoples&rsquo; eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> is a heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples&rsquo; eyes, since the light of <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with its beak down.
gl: A constelación <em>Anorh&acirc;koya </em> represnta o espírito da garza cocoa (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). Os lokono contemporáneos recoñécena como Ursa Maior, de acordo con identificacións anteriores.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-15">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje relata que cando brilla forte, os lokonos cren que virán fortes ventos, traendo poeira ós ollos das persoas e consecuentemente enfermidades: dise que a garza lles quita os ollos co peteiro.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Do mesmo xeito, de acordo con Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> é unha garza que ten o peteiro ó revés. Se o peteiro dá a volta as persoas sufrirán todo tipo de enfermidades dos ollos.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7]</a></sup> Isto aínda pode suceder cando os ventos fortes sopran e levan a luz do peteiro óss ollos da xente, desde a luz de <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> (e outras estrelas) viaxa co vento segundo os lokono. A constelación está asociada á gran estación seca (de agosto a decembro) e ás tormentas e ventos típicos desta época. Aparece pola mañá a mediados de novembro no nordés co peteiro para abaixo.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'
gl: <em>Honolikoya</em> 'Espírito da garza trigre rufescente'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is <em>Honolikoya</em> &lsquo;<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron</em>&rsquo; (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Kumawari yumï</em> (&lsquo;Father of the cocoi heron&rsquo;). This is likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation. In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em>, the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that <em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>
gl: Outra constelación dos lokono chamada por unha especie de garza é<em>Honolikoya</em> &lsquo;<em>Espírito da garza tigre rufescente</em>&rsquo; (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). Infórmase en fontes históricas como o equivalente da constelación Kari&rsquo;na <em>Kumawari yumï</em> (&lsquo;Pai da garza cocoa&rsquo;). Pode ser un erro pois <em>honoli</em> é unha especie de garza diferente e coñecida. É posible que <em>Honolikoya</em> se refira á mesma constelación ca <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpretado de forma diferente por distintos consultores dos lokono, pero tamén é posible que sexa unha constelación diferente. En calquera caso, <em>Honolikoya</em> permanece sen identificar.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> do mesmo xeito que <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em>, dise que a constelación trae enfermidades dos ollos cando aparece no ceo da mañá. Da descrición dos irmáns Penard podemos deducir que <em>Honolikoya</em> debería aparecer entre xuño e a gran estación seca, que dura desde finais de agosto ata principios de decembro. Non parece haber ningún mito específico asociado a esta constelación.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'
gl: <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Espírito do peixe de catro ollos'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the four-eyed fish&rsquo; (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary Lokono as &lambda; Scorpii and &upsilon; Scorpii. In earlier sources it is identified as the upper part of Scorpio&rsquo;s tail, which is in keeping with the 21st century data.<sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8]</a></sup> The constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention that the Kari&rsquo;na have a constellation representing the same fish, which corresponds to the same two stars. Maga&ntilde;a and Jara explain that the appearance of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation announces the fishing season for this species.<sup><a href="#footnote-18">[18]</a></sup> It is not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function.
gl: A constelación <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do peixe de catro ollos&rsquo; (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) foi identificada polos lokono contemporáneos como &lambda; Scorpii e &upsilon; Scorpii. En fontes anteriores identifícase como a parte superior da cola de Scorpio, que está de acordo cos datos do século XXI.<sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8]</a></sup> A constelación representa os dous ollos do peixe de catro ollos, o que se se debe a que os seus ollos están sempre pegados por enriba da auga, e polo tanto ás veces considérase unha encarnación do espírito acuático. Non hai mito dos lokono sobre os peixes de catro ollos e aínda non se sabe o que significa a aparición desta constelación. Non obstante, merece unha mención que os Kari&rsquo;na teñen unha constelación que representa o mesmo peixe, que corresponde ás mesmas dúas estrelas. Maga&ntilde;a e Jara explican que a aparición da constelación Kari&rsquo;na anuncia a estación de pesca desta especie.<sup><a href="#footnote-18">[18]</a></sup> Non é improbable que a constelación dos lokono tivese a mesma función.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'
gl: <em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Espírito da tartaruga do mar verde'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green sea turtle&rsquo; is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a mistake as <em>Orion&rsquo;s belt</em> is consistently recognized as <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo;. The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the shore (Milky Way).
gl: A constelación <em>Katarhokoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito da tartaruga de mar verde&rsquo; aínda se coñece no río Pomeroon en Guyana. Representa a tartaruga <em>katarho</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), nadando cara á costa, representada á súa vez pola Vía Láctea. Cando a constelación aparece pola mañá alta no ceo, é o sinal de que as tartarugas están chegando ás praias para poñer ovos. A constelación foi identificada en fontes anteriores como <em>Corona Borealis</em> e <em>Cinto de Orion.</em> <sup><a href="#footnote-8">[8], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Mentres o primeiro se superpón coas estrelas indicadas polos lokono no Pomeroon, o segundo probablemente sexa un erro xa que <em>Cinto de Orión</em> recoñécese consistentemente como <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Home sen coxa&rsquo;. A constelación <em>Katarhokoya</em> sobe ao comezo do ano, pero aparece ó revés a maior parte do tempo dende as vistas dos lokono nas Guianas. Só a mediados de marzo, época na que varias especies de tartarugas deitan os seus ovos na costa atlántica das Guianas, semella unha tartaruga nadando ata a costa (Vía Láctea).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'
gl: <em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Espírito da tartaruga de pés amarelos'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise&rsquo; was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are &lsquo;fridges&rsquo; since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten immediately.
gl: A constelación <em>Hikorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito da tartaruga de pés amarelos&rsquo; foi documentada polos irmáns Penard en Suriname; permanece sen identificar, pero debe aparecer ao redor de agosto (é dicir, ao redor do comezo da gran estación seca).<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Os irmáns Penard explican que cando sobe a auga dos pantanos, a tartaruga de pata amarela, coñecida enlokono como <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), busca terreos máis elevados e, presuntamente, pódese atopar máis doadamente. Non hai mitos relacionados específicamente coa constelación. Non obstante, cómpre salientar que a tartaruga considérase un manxar entre os lokono. Cando as capturan a miúdo gárdanas arredor da casa en pequenos currais durante longos períodos de tempo ata que son consumidas. Os lokono bromean de que son "neveiras" xa que se se alimenta, a tartaruga permanecerá viva durante moito tempo, ó contrario ca un animal ó que se lle dispara, que ten que prepararse e comer inmediatamente.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'
gl: <em>Kwakoya</em> 'Espírito do cangrexo azul'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the blue crab&rsquo; is still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that represented by the Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> &lsquo;Father of the blue crab&rsquo; (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June from the Guianas.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>
gl: A constelación <em>Kwakoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do cangrexo azul&rsquo; aínda se coñece nas comunidades dos lokono máis próximas á costa, que practican as fazañas anuais do cangrexo. É probable que a especie de cangrexo sexa a que representa a constelación dos Kari&rsquo;na <em>Kusa yumï</em> &lsquo;Pai do cangrexo azul&rsquo; (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). A constelación aparece no leste a mediados de xullo. A principios de agosto, está alta no ceo, sinalando que os cangrexos chegan ás praias para poñeren os ovos. Neste momento, os lokono e outros grupos indíxenas da zona reúnense na costa do Atlántico para coller os cangrexos marchantes. Os cangrexos considéranse un manxar e cando os aldeáns volven ás comunidades coa captura, organízanse grandes festas durante as que se comen os cangrexos. Os irmáns Penard escriben que <em>Kwakoya</em> aparece cando os cangrexos veñen para poñer os ovos en maio e xuño, pero parece que é incorrecto, tanto porque os cangrexos marchan despois como porque a constelación recoñecida polos modernos lokono non é visible en maio e xuño desde as Guianas.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'
gl: <em>Ifakoya</em> 'Espírito do parrulo Muscovy'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the Muscovy duck&rsquo; (<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants. The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari'na and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>
gl: A constelación <em>Ifakoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do parrulo de Muscovy &rsquo; (<em>Cairina moschata</em>) foi mencionada porlos irmáns Penard e Claudius de Goeje pero permanece sen identificar ata hoxe.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Os lokono contemporáneos no río Pomeroon en Guyana recoñéceno en partes da constelación occidental Corona Australis. Non hai mitos relacionados con esta constelación, pero os lokonos din que cando a cabeza do parrulo apunta cara ó chan, coma se o pato tivese a cabeza baixo a auga, os parrulos están ocupados alimentándose de plantas. A constelación toma esta posición desde mediados de maio. Neste momento, dise que as aves son máis fáciles de atrapar. O parrulo de Muscovy é considerado un manxar e tamén adoita conservarse ó redor da casa coma galiñas. O Kari'na e o Warao recoñecen tamén a constelación do pato de Muscovy, e polo menos o Warao corresponde ás mesmas estrelas.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'
gl: <em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Espírito da palma de awara'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the awara palm&rsquo; has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the horizon, meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as <em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya </em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; and <em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo;. Their appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near Sirius.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> It is the only constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-20">[20]</a></sup>
gl: A constelación <em>Awarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito da palma de awara&rsquo; ten a forma dunha palma de awara (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). A súa aparfición no ceo en xaneiro significa que os froitos awara están a madurar. Nos meses seguintes, <em>Awarhakoya</em> achégase ó horizonte, o que significa que os froitos caerán ó chan para seren collidos. Isto ocorre na pequena estación seca (mediados de febreiro a abril), coñecida como <em>awarhadlithe</em>, un termo derivado do nome da palma.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Non hai mitos sobre <em>Awarhakoya </em>pero dise que a constelación é seguida pola de <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do acuchí vermello&rsquo; e <em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do agutí de lombo vermello&rsquo;. A súa aparición indica que os roedores están recollendo o froito caído polas palmas para comelo. <em>Awarhakoya</em> Recoñécese hoxe en estrelas próximas á constelación occidental Coma Berenices, pero fontes máis antigas suxiren que está preto de Sirius.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> É a única constelación nomeada a partir dunha planta, o que indica a importancia da palma awara para os lokono. Os Kari'na tamén teñen unha constelación do awara, ás veces recoñecida nas mesmas estrelas.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-20">[20]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'
gl: <em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Espírito do acouchí vermello'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after February. Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the unidentified Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup>
gl: A constelación sen identificar <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do acuchí vermello&rsquo; (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Podería seguir á constelación <em>Awarhakoya</em> aparecendo preto dela nalgún momento despois de febreiro. A súa aparición indica que os froitos maduros da palma atraen o acouchi vermello ás ramas awara, onde poden ser cazados. Non hai ningún mito lokono sobre <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, pero un mito dos Kari'na sobre a constelación non identificada do acouchi vermello relaciónao con varias outras constelacións. Segundo o relato, había dous irmáns, dos cales un tiña muller. O irmán solteiro matou o seu irmán, entregoulle o fígado á muller, tomouna como a súa muller e tivo un fillo con ela. O espírito do irmán morto díxolle á muller que o seu irmán o matou, polo que ela e o seu fillo decidiron fuxir e ascender ó ceo como a constelación do agouti e o acouchi. O espírito tamén lle dixo ó seu irmán que abrise o seu cadáver e espallase as súas entrañas, que se converteron nas Pléiades, mentres que o asasino se converteu na constelación da anaconda.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'
gl: <em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Espírito do agutí de lombo vermello'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by <em>Kabadarokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the tiger&rsquo;, which, like humans, knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> There is no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup>
gl: A constelación sen identificar <em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do agutí de lombo vermello&rsquo; foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard, que explican que <em>Hadorhikoya</em>segue a <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Iso indica que a froita madura atrae o agutí (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) ás palmas awara, onde se poden cazar. Claudio de Goeje engade que a segue <em>Kabadarokoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do tigre&rsquo;, que, como os humanos, coñece os hábitos dos agutís.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Non hai mitos lokono sobre <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, pero un mito dos Kari&rsquo;na sobre a constelación non identificada de agouti explica a súa orixe. Segundo o relato había dous irmáns, un casado e o outro non. O solteiro matou ó outro, entregoulle o fígado á muller, tomouna como a súa muller e tivo un fillo con ela. O espírito do irmán morto díxolle que o seu irmán o matara, polo que ela e o seu fillo fuxiron, converténdose nas constelacións agouti e acouchi. O espírito entón díxolle ó seu irmán que abrise o seu cadáver e espallase as súas entrañas, que se converteron nas Pléiades, mentres que o asasino se converteu na constelación de anaconda.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'
gl: <em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Espírito do xaguar'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the jaguar&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono myth.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, <em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of <em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a href="#footnote-33">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the jaguars.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is unidentified. The Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the jaguar is said to appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they suffer from insects.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-20">[20]</a></sup>
gl: <em>Kabadarokoya</em> ou <em>Arhwakoya</em> &lsquo;Expírito do xaguar&rsquo; foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard, que a relacionan cun mito lokono.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Segundo a historia <em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) era o pai de <em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), a quen amaba tanto que non quería que casase.<sup><a href="#footnote-33">[33]</a></sup> Un día unha espiña cravouse na súa pata e un home axudoulle a sacala, polo que lle deu á súa filla como muller. A familia sempre tiña carne, polo que outras persoas estaban celosas e dixéronlle ó home que a súa muller o enganara. Comezou a maltratala. Cando o xaguar soubo disto, fuxiu coa súa filla pero o home seguiunos por todas partes, así que finalmente subiron ó ceo. Pero cando os lokono matan un xaguar, poden volver á terra para matar xente. Segundo Claudio de Goeje, segue a estrela agouti, un manxar dos xaguares.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> A constelación non está identificada. Dise que a constelación do xaguar Kari'na aparece arredor da pequena estación seca, cando os xaguares roxen máis porque teñen insectos.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-20">[20]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'
gl: <em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Espírito do ocelote'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the ocelot&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, <em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of <em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people.
gl: A constelación <em>Korhirhwathe</em> &lsquo;Espírito do ocelote&rsquo; foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard, que o ligan ó mesmo mito dos lokono resumido anteriormente para <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Segundo a historia, <em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) era o pai de <em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), a quen amaba tanto que non quería que casase.Non obstante, un día unha espiña cravouse na súa pata e un home axudoulle a sacala, polo que lle deu a súa filla como muller. A familia sempre tiña moita carne, polo que outras persoas quedaron celosas e dixéronlle ao home que a súa muller o enganou. Como resultado, comezou a maltratar a <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. Cando o xaguar soubo disto, fuxiu coa súa filla pero o home seguiunos por todas partes, así que finalmente subiron ó ceo. Pero cando os lokono matan un xaguar, poden volver á terra para matar xente.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'
gl: <em>Hawkoya</em> 'Espírito do perezoso de gorxa pálida'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the pale-throated sloth&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth (<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified.
gl: A constelación <em>Hawkoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do perezoso de gorxa pálida&rsquo; foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Representa unha especie de perezoso (<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) e supón un pronóstico de tormentas e tempo ventoso o que se producen ao comezo da gran estación seca (entre agosto e decembro). Neste momento, os perezosos comezan a vagar máis, e os lokonos din que é por mor dos ventos.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> A constelación permanece sen identificar.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'
gl: <em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Espírito do perezoso de dous dedos'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the two-toed sloth&rsquo;, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the sloths move about more.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> It represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The constellation remains unidentified.
gl: De xeito semellante, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do perezoso de dous dedos&rsquo;, mencionada polos irmáns Penard, dise que aparece cando as tormentas e os ventos da gran estación seca están a piques de comezar e fan que os perezosos se despracen máis.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Representa o perezoso de dous dedos (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). A constelación está sen identificar.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'
gl: <em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Espírito da iguana verde'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;wanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green iguana&rsquo; is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana (<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation remains unidentified.
gl: A constelación <em>Y&ocirc;wanakoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito da iguana verde&rsquo; é mencionada polos irmáns Penard. <sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Representa unha iguana verde (<em>Iguana iguana</em>) e aparece cando as iguanas depositan os ovos na area, que debería ser nalgún momento en abril e maio, pero a constelación segue sen ser identificada.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'
gl: <em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Espírito do loro de cola lila'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot&rsquo; (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify.
gl: A constelación <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do loro de rabo lila&rsquo; (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Os lokono contemporáneos non coñecen a constelación; tampouco sabemos cal era o seu aspecto para detectala.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'
gl: <em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Espírito da maraila guan'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the marail guan&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify.
gl: A constelación <em>Marodikoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do marail guan&rsquo; foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje, que comenta que tiña o aspecto do marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> A constelación non é coñecida polos lokono contemporáneos; tampouco sabemos cal era o seu aspecto para identificala.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'
gl: <em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Espírito do pequeno cuco'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the little cuckoo&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo (<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers mention the Kari&rsquo;na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-22">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono link hunter&rsquo;s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch out, as something bad might happen to you.
gl: A constgelación <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do pequeno cuco&rsquo; foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Representa o cuco pequeno (<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). A constelación segue sen ser identificada; tampouco sabemos cal era o seu aspecto para identificala. Non obstante, os irmáns Penard mencionan a constelación dos Kari'na,  unha especie de cuco identificada como moi similar a <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-22">[22]</a></sup> Dise que a constelación dos Kari'na trae sorte aos cazadores. Curiosamente, os lokono tamén relacionan a sorte do cazador co pequeno cuco. Din que se o paxaro pasa chamando <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, tes que estar atento, xa que che pode pasar algo malo.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> S&ucirc;tukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'
gl: <em> S&ucirc;tukoya </em> 'Espírito do tamarín de mans vermellas'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>S&ucirc;tukoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-handed tamarin&rsquo; (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-43">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma Berenices.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation.
gl: A constelación <em>S&ucirc;tukoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do tamarín de mans vermellas&rsquo; (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) foi mencionada por Cornelius van Coll e or irmáns Penard, pero permanece case sen identificar.<sup><a href="#footnote-7">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11], </a></sup><sup><a href="#footnote-43">[43]</a></sup> Segundo Claudius de Goeje, poderíase corresponder coas constelación do oeste Coma Berenices.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Non está claro que isto sexa correcto, con todo, hoxe atopamos a constelación <em>Awarhakoya</em> nesta parte do ceo, que é facilmente recoñecida por numerosos falantes. Non hai mitos relacionados con esta constelación.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'
gl: <em> Howakoya </em> 'Espírito do saki de cara branca'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki&rsquo; was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its significance remain unknown.<sup><a href="#footnote-44">[44]</a></sup>
gl: A constelación <em>Howakoya</em> 'Espírito do saki de cara branca&rsquo; só foi mencionada por de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-17">[17]</a></sup> Representa o espírito do saki de cara branca (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) pero a constelación e o seu significado permanecen descoñecidos.<sup><a href="#footnote-44">[44]</a></sup>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'
gl: <em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Espírito do escorpión'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the scorpion&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion.
gl: A constelación <em>Imenarikoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do escorpión&rsquo; só foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> A constelación refírese a un espírito dunha especie non identificada dun gran escorpión velenoso. Non hai mitos coñecidos sobre <em>Imenarikoya</em>. A constelación podería ser un caso de préstamo cultural de poboacións non indíxenas, como se suxeriu para a constelación dos Kari'na que representa un escorpión.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'
gl: <em> Maraka </em> 'Axóuxere do menciñeiro'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of <em>koya</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are no myths related to it.
gl: A constelación <em> Maraka </em> 'Axóuxere do menciñeiro' foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje, e refírese a un axóuxere usado polos menciñeiros lokono, que está formado por unha cabaza atravesada cun pau, adornado con plumas dun determinado loro, e cheo de numerosos pequenos cristais, cada un dos cales alberga un espírito diferente, que é un diferente tipo de <em>koya</em>.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> A constelación segue sen ser identificada; non hai  equivalente nos Karin'a ou Warao e non hai mitos relacionados con ela.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'
gl: <em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Espírito do arco e as frechas' e <em> Arakabosakoya </em> 'Espírito da arma'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and <em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Both constellations remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao counterparts, and there are no myths related to them.
gl: A constelación <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Espírito do arco e as frechas’ e <em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Espírito da arma' foron mencionadas por Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Ambas as constelacións permanecen sen identificar e non teñen equivalente Kari'na ou Warao, e non hai mitos relacionados con elas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'
gl: <em> Korherokoya </em> 'Espírito de loro'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation&nbsp;<em>Korherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the parrot&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the orange-winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified.
gl: A constelación <em>Korherokoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito do loro&rsquo; só foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> A constelación refírese a un espírito dunha especie non identificada de loro, pero foi mencionado como o equivalente á constelación dos Kari'na <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Pai do loro alaranxado’, que representa un loro laranxa (<em>Amazona amazonica</em>). Non se coñecen mitos sobre <em>Korherokoya</em>. Debería aparecer en febreiro, cando os papagaios son o suficientemente grandes como para ser sacados dos seus niños, pero a constelación segue sen ser identificada.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'
gl: <em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Espírito de tartaruga de mar'

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the sea turtle&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as <em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) appears to be a term borrowed from Kari&rsquo;na, it is thus possible that <em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits be identified with different constellations.
gl: Aa constelación <em>Kasipenikoya</em> &lsquo;Espírito da tartaruga mariña&rsquo; foi mencionado por Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href="#footnote-11">[11]</a></sup> Refírese ao espírito dunha especie non identificada dunha tartaruga. Pode darse o caso de que sexa o mesmo ca <em>Katarokoya</em>. O termo <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) parece ser un termo prestado polos Kari'na, polo tanto, é posible que<em>kasipeni</em> sexa o termo orixinal de lokono para a mesma tartaruga. Non obstante, hai varias especies de tartarugas nas Guianas<em>kataro</em> e <em>kasipeni</em> Tamén pode referirse a diferentes especies, e os seus espíritos poden identificarse con diferentes constelacións.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by <a href="https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka" class='external text' title="https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka" rel="nofollow">Konrad Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname (Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu <a href="https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka" class='external text' title="https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka" rel="nofollow">Konrad Rybka</a>e realizouse coa axuda de falantes de lokono en Surinam (Cassipora) e Guyana (Wakapoa). A investigación levouse a cabo como parte do proxecto apoiado por unha subvención posdoutoral de Rubicon da Organización Holandesa para a Investigación Científica (número de proxecto 446-15-012). Cita como: Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: [2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml ">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.
gl: [2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml ">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and Bridges, editado por Kofi Yakpo e Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: [3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.
gl: [3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provincias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: [23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript number:<a href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml"> Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American Philosophical Society.
gl: [23] Manuscritos arawak, American Philosophical Society, manuscrito número:<a href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml"> Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Páxina 562 do manuscrito orixinal, que se corresponde coa páxina 576 do documento dixitalizado. A imaxe reduciuse en tamaño, foi recortada e reproducida aquí co permiso da American Philosophical Society.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Sky Map of Macedonian People
gl: Mapa do ceo dos macedonios

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed.  All collected information from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” (Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev G., 2000).
gl: A investigación etnoastronómica entre os macedonios comezou en 1982, organizada polo Planetario no Centro Cultural da Xuventude. Nos últimos anos visitáronse preto de 140 aldeas da República de Macedonia e máis de 1500 habitantes foron entrevistados e enquisados. Toda a información recollida da poboación foi publicada no libro "Sky over Macedonia" (Cenev G, 2004). Unha parte integrante deste libro é o mapa do ceo dos macedonios que foi reconstruído a partir das descricións das constelacións coñecidas polos anciáns dos pobos macedonios (Cenev G., 2000).

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>
gl: Nai galiña (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the star cluster Pleiades
gl: é a constelación máis coñecida, recoñecida por todas as persoas maiores de aldeas macedonias sen ningunha excepción. Este nome úsano as persoas para o cúmulo de estrelas de Pléiades

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>
gl: Galo (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation Taurus.
gl: Este é o nome da estrela Alnath (ou Elnath) da constelación de Tauro.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>
gl: Falcón (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, is right above them in an attacking position.  Bright star Capella (Kapela) from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk.
gl: Falcón, como un dos máis famosos inimigos da Nai Galiña e do Galo, está xusto enriba deles nunha posición de ataque. A estrela brillante Capella (Kapela) da constelación de Auriga é coñecida entre a xente como Falcón.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>
gl: Raposo (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky.  The red color of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and the Rooster.
gl: O raposo é o segundo inimigo natural por importancia da nai galiña e do galo polo que é obvio que a xente tamén o "ve" no ceo. A cor vermella da brillante estrela Aldebarán da constelación do touro é a razón pola que a xente o percibe como unha raposa disposta a atacar á nai galiña e ó galo.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>
gl: Porcos (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs.
gl: Preto da Nai Galiña, a xente do ceo notou o cúmulo estelar Hyades. A aparición dispersa das estrelas deste grupo facçia que as persoas a asociasen coa imaxe dos porcos nun xardín da aldea e así se chama Porcos.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>
gl: Xugo (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of people and purpose given to this part of the sky.
gl: A xente baixo este nome recoñece un grupo de estrelas na constelación Perseo. Os xugos para os bois adoitan atoparse nos xardíns da aldea, polo que, como a constelación anterior, é unha evidencia da imaxe xeral das persoas e do propósito dado a esta parte do ceo.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>
gl: Arado (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with a goad as he returns home.
gl: O Arado é un dos tres personaxes principais do ceo. É o nome que a xente lle deu á brillante estrela Betelgeuse na constelación de Orión. Ademais de Betelgeuse, ó construír a imaxe desta constelación popular, tamén se teñen en conta algunhas estrelas máis débiles e menos brillantes dos arredores, porque a xente di que o Arado é unha imaxe dunha persoa cun aguillón cando regresa á casa.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>
gl: Arado con bois (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen.
gl: A constelación de Orion coas súas numerosas estrelas brillantes e o seu patrón distintivo domina o ceo invernal e pódese atopar doadamente. Os habitantes das aldeas macedonias adoitan apuntar á rexión arredor do cinto de Orion dicindo que tres estrelas brillantes e unhas estrelas menos brillantes crean unha imaxe dun arado de madeira con dous bois xunguidos.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>
gl: Lobos (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis Major and Procyon in Canis Minor.
gl: Preto do arado con bois, que se deixa nun campo, a xente tamén ve dous lobos. Son as estrelas brillantes Sirius na constelación Canis Maior e Procyon en Canis Mienor.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>
gl: Palla do cura (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky
gl: A nosa galaxia (Vía Láctea) pola súa aparencia domina o ceo de verán

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>
gl: Chan con palla (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from his Godson.
gl: A aparencia circular e neboenta da galaxia de Andrómeda (М31) levou á xente a ver o chan con palla desde onde o sacerdote roubaba ó seu Godson.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>
gl: Cruz (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the Priest’s Straw there is the Cross.
gl: Complementando a crenza do pobo, cando o ladrón sacerdote viu o poder de Deus botou a correr en pánico e perdeu a cruz no camiño. Xunto á Palla do Sacerdote, está a Cruz.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>
gl: Orellas (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing.
gl: Con esta palabra común empregada como xiria, os aldeáns macedonios indican a parte do arado de madeira que entra no chan, usado para arar.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>
gl: Trespés (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food.
gl: O trespés é un dispositivo metálico de tres patas que se coloca sobre a lareira para apoiar as tixolas e as calderas mentres se prepara a comida.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>
gl: Pinzas (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet.
gl: As pinzas usábanse para o lume onde se atopa o trespés. Así, a constelación de Pinzas da xente está moi preto da constelación Trespés.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>
gl: Mesa baixa de madeira redonda (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked the image of a wooden round table called sofra.
gl: A forma semicircular típica da constelación Corona Borealis evocaba a imaxe dunha mesa redonda de madeira chamada sofra.

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>
gl: Trade (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and is found inside the Priest’s Straw
gl: A xente di que se trata dunha trade moi grande usada na construción de casas e que se atopa dentro da palla do sacerdote

note: type: Content of: <dl><dt>
en: Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>
gl: Ladróns (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>

note: type: Content of: <dl><dd>
en: The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves „because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that circle around houses“
gl: A famosa constelación Ursa Maior entre a xente é descrita como un grupo de ladróns. As sete estrelas brillantes de Ursa Major dise que son ladróns "porque durante toda a noite merodean no ceo o mesmo cós ladróns que rodean as casas"

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book <b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíron <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> e <i>Gjore Cenev</i> da Macedonian Research Society baseándose sobre todo no libro <b>Sky over Macedonia</b> de Cenev G, 2004.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Maori (New Zealand)
gl: Maorí (Nova Zelanda)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes are central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons.
gl: O ceo nocturno maorí (Nova Zelanda) é semellante ó ceo nocturno polinesio, pero difire abondo para xustificar a súa propia cultura do ceo. Os temas marítimos son centrais na cultura do ceo maorí e usáronse extensamente na navegación náutica. Xunto coa maioría das outras culturas, o nacemento e posta de estrelas destacadas usáronse para sinalizar as estacións de plantación e colleita.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29">Maori sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text.
gl: <a href="http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29">Cultura do ceo maorí en Stellarium Wiki</a>: para unha versión máis completa deste texto.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.astronomynz.org/">The Phoenix Astronomical Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New Zealand).
gl: <a href="http://www.astronomynz.org/">The Phoenix Astronomical Society</a>: un sitio web estupendo para a cultura maorí do ceo (Wairarapa, New Zealand).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu <i>Dan Smale</i>, d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Maya
gl: Maia

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses), the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as original by some scholars).
gl: A cultura maia foi unha das civilizacións máis sofisticadas do continente americano precolombino. Desenvolveron un sistema de escritura que lles permitía almacenar e usar os seus coñecementos nunha variedade de formas: por exemplo, realizar rituais ou entregar mensaxes particulares a unha audiencia (feitos políticos e sagrados de gobernantes ó pobo, esculpidos en monumentos e estelas). Estes rexistros permítennos explorar, a través do laborioso traballo de moitos investigadores, a súa cosmovisión e como pensaron que era o cosmos. O seu coñecemento foi rexistrado en libros (coñecidos academicamente como "códices"), como o códice de Dresde (que describe as datas nas que Venus pasaría por cada unha das súas fases de visibilidade e tamén unha táboa de eclipses lunares e solares), o códice de París (que se cre que describe algunhas das súas constelacións), o códice de Madrid (que relaciona datos de astronomía e agricultura) e ultimamente, o códice de Grolier (pensábase que era unha versión abreviada do códice de Dresde, pero aínda non está aceptada como orixinal por algúns estudosos).

note: type: Content of: <p><h5>
en: <em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>
gl: <em>Páxina 49 do códice de Dresden amosando unhasección da Táboa de Venus.</em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations (Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not (Špoták, 2015).
gl: Crese que todos os códices maias foron levados a Europa polos primeiros exploradores do Novo Mundo como evidencia dos seus descubrimentos. O Códice de París foi esquecido ata que o sacerdote Leon Rosny o atopou en 1859 nun recuncho da cheminea da Biblioteca Nacional de París. Sufriu danos substanciais, como se pode ver na páxina 23 que se mostra a continuación. A pesar disto, o códice de París describe asterismos e constelacións vistos polos maias, algúns deles probablemente relacionados cun grupo de constelacións zodiacais (Love, 1994) (Freidel et al., 1993) (Aveni, 2005), mentres que outras non (Špoták, 2015).

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h5>
en: <em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>
gl: <em>Páxina 23 do códice de Paris Codex amosando algunhas constelacións.</em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "swallow" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to the interpretation of the contributors of this culture.
gl: Neste enfoque para representar as constelacións en Stellarium, supoñemos que están relacionadas coa eclíptica, xa que no códice de París parecen "tragar" o Sol, xa que o sitúan o máis preto posible desta liña ó intentar axustar a estrela a patróns das imaxes dos diferentes animais pensados para representar as constelacións zodiacais. Outras constelacións sitúanse segundo o que as fontes etnográficas declaran como a súa situación máis probable. Debuxáronse liñas de constelación intentando axustarse ás imaxes tomadas das fontes anteriormente mencionadas e aparecen segundo a interpretación dos colaboradores desta cultura.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:
gl: Algunhas das constelacións identificadas no códice de París son:

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>
gl: <em>Paxaro <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions (Špoták, 2015).
gl: Non se identifica claramente, pero algúns investigadores descríbena coma un voitre, xa que non está decorado e relaciónase mellor con algunhas descricións etnográficas (Špoták, 2015).

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>
gl: <em>Quenlla <i>[Xoc]</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark.
gl: A imaxe empregada para esta constelación é en realidade unha combinación dos elementos de dous animais: cabeza dunha serpe e cola dun peixe, polo que algúns estudosos conclúen que se trata dunha representación dunha quenlla.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>
gl: <em>Bufo <i>[Kulte']</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and feathers on the head that it exhibits.
gl: Identificada como tal por algúns estudosos, especialmente por mor do pequeno corpo e as plumas da cabeza que exhibe.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>
gl: <em>JXaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related to the skin of this animal.
gl: Identificada como tal polas típicas marcas que están relacionadas coa pel deste animal.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>
gl: <em>Morte <i>[Kimi]</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear whether it's an animal or not.
gl: Esta constelación aparece no Códice de París como un esqueleto, aínda non está claro se se trata dun animal ou non.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>
gl: <em>Escorpión <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western culture Scorpion constellation, because of the "twisted" body that is suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex.
gl: Os estudosos están de acordo en que esta constelación dos maias concorda coa nosa constelación Escorpión da cultura occidental, por mor do corpo "retorto" suxerido por este patrón de estrelas, sen embargo, para os maias o aguillón está máis preto da estrela Antares, porque debería estar onda o camiño do Sol, como suxire a súa posición no Códice de París.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>
gl: <em>Serpe de cascabel<i>[Chaan]</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: This animal is present through many species in the central america environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical rattling ending of this reptile.
gl: Este animal está presente a través de moitas especies no ambiente de América central, pero o representado no códice de París crese que é o Rattlesnake, debido ao final da cola que mostra o final típico en axóuxere deste réptil.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>
gl: <em>Morcego <i>[Zool]</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography.
gl: Identificado como tal polas súas ás, así como polo característico nariz que este animal mostra no beizo superior, típico na iconografía maia.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>
gl: <em>Sapo <i>[Uo]</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal in the Western culture constellation of Virgo.
gl: Este animal identifícase como tal polo seu colar e pola falta de dentes na boca (Špoták, 2015). Freidel et al. (1993) sitúa a este animal na constelación da cultura occidental de Virgo.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
en: <em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>
gl: <em>Tartaruga <i>[Aak]</i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex.
gl: A tartaruga estivo presente durante a creación do mundo, situada no asterismo do cinto de Orion na cultura occidental. Esta posición no ceo non se deduce realmente do códice de París, senón da análise realizada nos murais de Bonampak, onde a foto da tartaruga está decorada con tres puntos, moi semellantes en posición e orientación ao cinto de Orion, polo que esta representación da tartaruga se utilizou para situalo no ceo de Stellarium, en lugar do representado no Códice de París.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol Vuh</i>) are described below:
gl: Asterismos e constelacións obtidas a través doutras fontes arqueolóxicas e etnográficas (como murais e manuscritos como o<i>Popol Vuh</i>) descríbense a continuación:

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4>
en: <em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>
gl: <em>Caimán esburacado: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
en: The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current order of things.
gl: A Vía Láctea en posición vertical en relación co horizonte. Esta criatura medio cervo e medio crocodilo foi sacrificada nun tempo mítico anterior ó actual, un acontecemento que provocou unha tormenta de sangue que marcou o final do caos primordial. Na súa parte traseira colocáronse as catro árbores -que ergueron e sostiñan o ceo- xunto con outro sobrenatural pisando encima do corpo decapitado, fertilizando, fundando ou establecendo a orde actual das cousas.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4>
en: <em>Paddler Gods: </em>
gl: <em>Deuses do remo: </em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
en: This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos to take place.
gl: Este cadro mostra o Deus do millo levado por un par de deuses palistas nunha canoa ata o lugar da creación: os Tres Corazóns (definidos polas estrelas Alnitak, Saiph e Rigel, na constelación da cultura occidental de Orion, e no Stellarium mostrado rodeando a Oxib 'Xk'ub', ou asterismo do lume primordial), onde se sacrificaría para a creación do cosmos.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
en: <em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>
gl: <em>Lume primordial: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
en: This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars representing the three hearthstones.
gl: Este lume acendeuse no momento da creación e os maias viron o seu fume representado como a nebulosa de Orión (M42), entre tres estrelas brillantes que representaban os tres tipos de corazón.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
en: <em>Pecaries: </em>
gl: <em>Pecarís: </em>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
en: These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak mural.
gl: Estes animais como porcos están representados xuntos como as estrelas Castor e Pollux. A foto incluída en Stellarium foi tomada do mural de Bonampak.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
en: Stars and Planets Names
gl: Estrelas e nomes de planetas

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
en: Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:
gl: Os pobos maias, do mesmo xeito ca outras culturas antigas, usaban estrelas para facer un seguimento do tempo. As estrelas incluídas nesta versión de Stellarium son:

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
en: <b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at night.
gl: <b>As dúas brillantes: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Cástor e Póllux</b>, usado ao comezo da estación seca para seguir a hora da noite.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
en: <b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February to track the time at night.
gl: <b>Estrela simple: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, usada en febreiro para seguir a hora de noite.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
en: <b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end of the dry season, in April.
gl: <b>Estrela do recuncho: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, chamads así porque está na esquina sur do ceo nocturno ao final da estación seca, en abril.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
en: <b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic period.
gl: <b>Estrela brillante: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>,este planeta era o deus da guerra para os maias. No Códice de Dresde hai un almanaque que se empregou para predecir as aparicións e desaparicións deste planeta durante o seu período sinódico.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
en: Authors and References
gl: Autores e referencias

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíron <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> e<i>Javier Mejuto</i> do Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras basándose primariamente no traballo dos autores que se citan a seguir:

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Mongolian
gl: Mongol

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their imaginary facing the sky.
gl: As constelacións mongolas e a cosmogonía foron herdadas da civilización occidental, nomeadamente polo contacto con Alexandre Magno e foi en gran parte influenciada pola civilización chinesa e a relixión budista, resultando numerosos mitos e crenzas relacionadas co que os rodea. A vida salvaxe e a fauna locais son os temas principais desta cultura do ceo. A riqueza da súa cosmogonía está probablemente relacionada coas condicións de observación da que se benefician aínda agora. No pasado, a necesidade de movérense e pooder levar todo consigo incluso durante a noite e nas distintas estacións, buscando a suave atmosfera, é probablemente un dos elementos que desenvolveron o seu imaxinario de cara ó ceo.

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en: Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow)  for the constellation Swan, or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags (<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>).
gl: Xeralmente, as estrelas representan animais que xiran arredor da estrela norte, que se simboliza como unha vara de ouro (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Case todos os asterismos mongois son similares ós que coñecemos. Sen embargo, algúns teñen outros nomes como <em>Num Sum</em> (O arco e as frechas)  para a constelación Cisne, ou <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> para as sete estrelas da Osa Maior. O triángulo de verán composto polas estrelas Vega, Deneb e Altair refírese a tres cervos (<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> en mongol). E Casiopea representa, na imaxinación mongol, a Muller das cinco estrelas (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>).

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en: Planets and Stars
gl: Planetas e estrelas

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en: Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun (<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus, <em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars, <em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> (associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian.  Earth and Pluto are named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible to translate from Mongolian Pluto like "The princely ground" (ground and not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth. Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as "princely sky", and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the "princely ocean". Nevertheless, this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are presented to give an idea of the planets name's meaning. However, the names of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an unofficial way.
gl: Orixinariamente a astroloxía tibetano-mongola calcula as posicións de cada un dos planetas visibles a simple vista. Debido a que os planetas máis alá de Saturno non son visibles sen telescopio (instrumento que apareceu moito tempo despois da creación da súa astroloxía), os mongois atribuíron cada un dos cinco planetas a cadanseu día da semana, completándose co Sol. (<em>Nar</em>) para Sábado e Domingo (<em>Sar</em>) para Luns. Os nomes dos planetas do Sistema Solar e Plutón teñen algunhas peculiaridades en mongol. Mercurio chámase <em>Bud</em> (asociado con Mércores), Venus, <em>Sugar</em> (asociado con Venres), a Terra, <em>Delkhii</em>, Marte, <em>Angarag</em> (asociado con Martes), Xúpiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> (asociado con Xoves), Saturno, <em>Sanchir</em> (asociado con Sábado), Urano, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptuno, <em>Dalai-van</em> e por último Plutón, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. Podemos ver que os tres últimos, invisibles a simple vista e descubertos moito tempo despois dos outros, teñen a característica de levar a partícula <em>-van</em> ó final do nome, indicando o estado principesco en mongol. A Terra e Plutón denomínanse de xeito similar, agás que este último teña esta partícula. É posible traducir do mongol Plutón como "O chan do príncipe" (chan e non Terra porque significa aquí a superficie pola que camiñamos, non a Terra. Urano, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, poderíase traducir como "ceo do príncipe", e Neptuno, <em>Dalai-van</em>, como o "océano do príncipe". Non obstante, esta partícula non ten equivalente real en inglés, e as traducións anteriores preséntanse para dar unha idea do significado do nome dos planetas. Non obstante, os nomes dos corpos celestes aquí especificados proceden do sánscrito (lingua falada na India) e úsanse principalmente na lingua actual en Mongolia pero dun xeito non oficial.

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en: It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the "Sky Line" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky, and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises the recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> (god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with the naked eye.
gl: Tamén é moi interesante ver o estreito vínculo entre os termos que designan outros corpos celestes e as súas crenzas: de feito, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> apunta á Vía Láctea. Poderiamos traducir literalmente isto como "Liña do ceo" (<em>Tengeriin</em> para o ceo, o que tamén significa o deus do ceo, e <em>Zadas</em> para a liña). Ben coñecida na tradición de estrelas mongol, a estrela situada enribade Mizar no Gran Oso refírese a Alcor. Simboliza a estrela de recuperación e protección. Foi colocada aquí por <em>Tengeriin</em> (deus do ceo) para protexer a Mizar. Para converterse en arqueiro de Genghis Khan (século XIII) parecía que había que ser capaz de discernir a simple vista estas dúas estrelas.

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en: From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) with a sextant of 40 meters radius.
gl: Desde un punto de vista histórico, este excelente coñecemento do ceo remóntase a <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> polo seu nome real), astrónomo, matemático e vicerrei en Samarcanda, cuxo imperio se estendeu ata Asia Central. Afastándose das súas obrigas reais, examinou os corpos celestes e cuestións astronómicas da súa época. É o primeiro que mide con precisión o período de revolución de Saturno (<em>Sanchir</em>) cun sextante de 40 metros de radio.

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en: Myths and Legends
gl: Mitos e lendas

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en: The Great Bear
gl: O Gran Oso

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en: Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia.
gl: Os mongois están particularmente apegados ó Gran Oso. Esta constelación limítase para eles ás sete estrelas do cullerón que fan a cola e o corpo do oso, pero a lenda sobre ela é probablemente a máis famosa de Mongolia.

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en: Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked the eight brothers to bring her back and said: "If one of you succeeds to rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow". The orphans went together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle.
gl: Había unha vez oito irmáns orfos dotados de excelentes capacidades que vivían nun reino. O rei e a raíña vivían nel tranquilamente. Un día, un monstro chegou e secuestrou a raíña. O rei pediulle ós oito irmáns que a trouxesen de volta e díxolles: "Se algún de vós logra rescatar á miña amada, dareille unha frecha de ouro". Os orfos foron xuntos axudar á súa raíña. Buscaron o monstro durante dous días e tres noites, cando no medio da terceira noite atoparon e mataron o monstro. Trouxeron á raíña para o castelo.

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en: The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their younger brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden Stick, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star.
gl: O rei non cortou a frecha en oito partes, decidiu lanzala ó ceo. O primeiro en atrapala podería quedar con ela. O irmán menor superou a proba e cambiou inmediatamente á Estrela Norte (Estrela Polar). Os outros sete convertéronse nos sete deuses, os sete Budas visitando o seu irmán menor cada noite. O nome <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (os Sete Budas) proceden desta lenda para nomear o Gran Oso e a Vara de Ouro, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, A Estrela Polar.

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en: A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The first, Dubhe, corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the tail are assigned one time only.
gl: Unha tradición especialmente deliciosa refírese ó vencello entre os mongois e o Gran Oso, xa que se atribúe a cada un deles unha estrela desta constelación. Depende do seu ano de nacemento no calendario chinés. Os calendarios chinés e mongol teñen algunhas semellanzas (o calendario mongol é un calendario lunar). Cada ano está simbolizado por un animal, asociado a unha estrela da constelación do Gran Oso. A primeira, Dubhe, correspóndese co ano da rata, a segunda, Merak, correspóndese co boi e así sucesivamente ata o final da cola do Gran Oso onde Alkaid simboliza o ano do cabalo. Despois volvemos ó primeiro, o ano das ovellas e repetimos do mesmo xeito ata o duodécimo e último ano do calendario chinés, o do porco. Polo tanto, as dúas estrelas ó final da cola atribúense só unha vez.

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en: [Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]
gl: [Nota de G. Zotti: Esta é unha variante do antigo Sutra dos Sete Budas descrita por <em>Elverskog</em>. Non obstante, a asociación das estrelas vai cara arriba e cara abaixo, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]

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en: Shooting stars
gl: Estrelas fugaces

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en: Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: "Phew, it is not me!"
gl: As estrelas fugaces tamén teñen un significado específico: personifícanse mediante as súas crenzas. Cando ven estas estrelas fugaces imaxinan que son estrelas que caen do ceo e que simbolizan a alguén que acaba de morrer. Mentres que os occidentais formulan un desexo, os mongois din: "¡Uff, desta zafei!"

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en: Neglected Legends
gl: Lendas abandonadas

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en: Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost forgotten by most Mongolians:
gl: Tres lendas igual de ricas en significado refírense ao Sol, eclipses e<em>Hun Tavan Od</em> (Casiopea). Non obstante, hoxe en día están case esquecidas para a maioría dos mongois:

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en: At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot (groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface.
gl: Na orixe do mundo, había só un home e amplos prados particularmente secos, queimados polos sete soles que iluminaron o mundo. Este home, moi bo arqueiro, fíxolle a promesa ós deuses de perforar todos estes soles sen perder nin un obxectivo. Se fallase, cortaría todos os dedos un por un e pasaría a vivir nun burato coma unha marmota (tomate de terra) para afastar a maldición que pesaría sobre el. Colleu o arco, tirou unha primeira frecha e bateu no seu obxectivo. No segundo, no terceiro ata o sexto, que destruíu os soles. Rematou tirando a súa sétima frecha cara ó último sol, cando unha andoriña pasou voando na súa dirección. O paxaro foi golpeado. O home non conseguira o seu obxectivo, polo que marchou cara o exilio a un burato, cortou os dedos e converteuse nunha marmota. A andoriña acababa de salvar o noso Sol, se non toda a vida tería desaparecido da superficie do mundo.

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en: We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist religion.
gl: Temos que ver aquí un paralelo co número sete, importante na cultura mongola como todos os números impares. Traen sorte na relixión budista.

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en: At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god <em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to <em>Orchiwaani</em>. Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because <em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as <em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses.
gl: Naquel momento vivía un monstro aterrador chamado <em>Raah</em> que asustou todo o mundo. Devorou a todos os que estaban no seu camiño. O deus <em>Orchiwaani</em> posuía un manancial máxico: quen bebía del volvíase inmortal. Un día, <em>Raah</em> roubou o manancial e bebeu. A Lúa e o Sol atraparon o monstro no acto e informáron a <em>Orchiwaani</em>. Con moita rabia ó oír esta noticia, foi loitar contra o monstro. Cortoulle a cabeza moitas veces pero volvía medrar inmediatamente porque <em>Raah</em> converteuse en inmortal. Pensou entón cortar a cola para permitir que todo o que comese saíse de novo directamente.  Ata que <em>Orchiwaani</em> se apoderou do monstro para rematalo, escapou e desapareceu entre a Lúa e o Sol. Entón <em>Orchiwaani</em> preguntou á Lúa, que recapturara a <em>Raah</em> e cortoulle o lombo e a cola. En vinganza, o monstro regresa ás veces para comer a Lúa ou o Sol, que foxen de súpeto, dando lugar a eclipses de lúa e sol.

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en: When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck wrote:
gl: Cando hai unha eclipse, os mongoles saben que significa que <em>Raah</em> devorou a Lúa ou o Sol e fan moito ruído para que o monstro libere a estrela eclipsada. No século XIII, Guillaume de Rubruck escribiu:

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en: "Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished, they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party."
gl: "Algúns [mongois] teñen coñecemento en astronomía e e predinlles [a outros mongoiss] as eclipses lunares e solares e, cando está a piques de se producir un, todo o mundo se abastece de alimento para que non pasen da porta do seu cuarto. E mentres sucede a eclipse, tocan o tambor e os instrumentos e fan gran ruído e clamore Cando remata o eclipse, dedícanse beber e celebrar e fan festa grande ".

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en: (Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. pp; 153-192.)
gl: (Fonte: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> de Jean-Paul Roux (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. pp; 153-192.)

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en: Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian <em>Rahu</em>.
gl: Os viaxeiros á Eclipse en 2008 eran testemuñas de condutores e cociñeiros agochados nas súas tendas de campaña e facendo ruído coas potas. Parecía auténtico, non un espectáculo para turistas. Téñase en conta a semellanza de <em>Raah</em> co indú
     <em>Rahu</em>.

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en: Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)
gl: Casiopea (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)

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en: Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin.
gl: Casiopea (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) simboliza a unidade, a irmandade, a solidariedade para os mongois. As cinco estrelas da constelación representan a unidade dos cinco fillos da muller de Gengis Khan, Oulin.

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en: Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the time of wars.
gl: Non se levaban ben uns cos outros e pelexaban todo o tempo. A súa nai decidiu atalos fortemente con cinco cordas e cada un debería intentar desatar un nó. Se acertasen xa non tiñan que estar unidos ós outros e a irmandade non se había en momentos difíciles. Pola contra, se non puidesen desatar os nós os cinco irmáns seguirían unidos e próximos durante o resto da súa vida e terían a vitoria no momento das guerras.

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en: Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky
gl: Outras crenzas ligadas ó ceo

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en: According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband.
gl: Segundo unha lenda mongol, unha muller que se dedique a contar cen estrelas no ceo soñará co seu futuro marido.

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en: Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>)  by throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits.
gl: Ás veces, os mongois honran o Gran Oso (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>)  botando leite na súa dirección. O leite, de cor branca, simboliza a pureza en Mongolia. Oran para que se cumpra algo, pero para varias persoas, non só para unha persoa, porque isto traería mala sorte. O leite pode substituírse por vodka que, aínda que sexa incoloro, simboliza a cor escura e a forza dos mongoises. Ó facelo evitan a mala sorte, as disputas, o medo e protéxense dos espíritos malignos.

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en: The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these subjects. It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony, every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!
gl: As constelacións están inspiradas nas occidentais, pero a cosmogonía mongola, brevemente exposta aquí, resalta unha notable identidade de crenzas asociadas a ela. A transmisión da cultura e o coñecemento mongois é esencialmente verbal, polo que existen poucos vestixios escritos sobre estes temas. Por iso resulta particularmente difícil relacionar a súa cosmogonía con alta fidelidade e precisión. Para preservar o coñecemento sobre esta cosmogonía, todas as observacións, suxestións ou colaboración son benvidas.

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en: Acknowledgements and Further Reading
gl: Agradecementos e máis lecturas

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en: Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony
gl: Bayrlalaa (grazas) ós mongoiss, pola súa amabilidade e a súa axuda na recollida destas informacións sobre a súa cultura e a súa cosmogonía

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en: This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, <strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and <strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com)  mainly based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a href="http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/" class='external text' title="http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/" rel="nofollow">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French).
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíron dous usuarios de Stellarium, <strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) e <strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com)  baseándose principalmente en contos orais de numerosos mongois coñecidos durante unha estadía de dous meses en Mongolia. Para saber máis sobre eles: <a href="http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/" class='external text' title="http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/" rel="nofollow">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (en Francés).

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en: The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico.
gl: Os Navajo son a maior tribo nativo americana dos Estados Unidos; a nación navajo esténdese polo nordés de Arizona, o sueste de Utah e o noroeste de Novo México.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star Trails-Navajo</b> by Don Childrey.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu <i>Karrie Berglund</i> de Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc.baseándose primariamente no libro <b>Star Trails-Navajo</b> de Don Childrey.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Norse
gl: Nórdica

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en: <a href="http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html">Norse Constellations</a>
gl: <a href="http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html">Constelacións nórdicas</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu <i>Jonas Persson</i>, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Northern Andes
gl: Andes do norte

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the changes that affect living beings.
gl: Os Andes do Norte teñen un complexo laboratorio que nos ensina sobre as distintas ciencias que a humanidade contemplou na súa historia; partindo da observación dos diversos elementos que nos rodean, coa necesidade de asegurar a nosa supervivencia como especie e liñaxe, o ser humano aprendeu a comprender os sinais que o cosmos, plantas, animais, clima e outros elementos emiten constantemente. Entón o sabio aprendeu a decatarse dos cambios que afectan os seres vivos.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars.
gl: Para replicar as medidas ancestrais nos observatorios andinos propoñemos o uso dun recipiente de boca ancha, ó aire libre, colocámolo e nivelámolo correctamente. Para crear un espello de estrelas enchémolo de auga, neste reflexo do ceo, o sabio andino pode admirar e rexistrar os movementos do sol, a lúa, os planetas ou as estrelas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these "cosmic mirrors" and analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially decoded.
gl: O simulador Stellarium permítenos recrear estes "espellos cósmicos" e analizar a dinámica estelar específica que se pode ver nos Andes do Norte, tal e como fixeron os milenarios sabios na súa observación paciente a través dos tempos. Estas persoas rexistraron os movementos cósmicos do patrimonio prehispánico actual dos pobos andinos e produciron configuracións gráficas, que, despois de moito traballo conxunto de investigadores en varias xeracións, a principios do século XXI foron parcialmente descodificadas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:
gl: Aquí contamos o que atopamos nos ceos ecuatoriais:

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)
gl: O Sol (Punchao o Wilca)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north) and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled (more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons.
gl: Se nos atopamos no centro do planeta, o aparente movemento que fai o sol na nosa viaxe anual arredor del é equidistante e proporcional. Nos equinoccios o sol atravesará o centro do ceo, no solsticio de xuño percorrerá os eu camiño máis meridional (irá cara o norte) e no solsticio de decembro percorrerá o camiño máis setentrional (máis ó sur). Estes fenómenos naturais son as marcas das catro principais festas que celebran unha parte específica do calendario agrícola porque son os puntos de inflexión coas estacións climáticas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos "the Indians knew the leap years"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime (12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in time thanks to the "Date / Time Window" from year to year and we will notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start the cycle again.
gl: Segundo o cronista colonial Juan de Betanzos "os indios coñecían os anos bisestos"; grazas á investigación de Gustavo Guayasamín, identifícase un movemento cíclico nun intervalo de catro anos no sol; para observalo, suxerimos situarnos no equinoccio de marzo (aproximadamente os equinoccios de marzo son o día 21 no calendario gregoriano), no día solar (12:20 na hora civil do ano 2018). Podemos avanzar no tempo grazas á "Ventá de Data/Tempo" de ano en ano e notaremos que o sol se move, volvendo ó punto en que a observación comeza en períodos de catro anos, por exemplo: Comeza en 2016 , móvese á esquerda do espectador en 2017, continúa avanzando cara á esquerda en 2018, tamén se move en 2019 e en 2020 volve á súa posición inicial; logo inicia o ciclo de novo.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes.
gl: Limpar constelacións, asterismos e liñas guía nos Andes.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: We consider that by means of "stellar mirrors" the sages could register the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms.
gl: Consideramos que mediante os "espellos estelares" os sabios poderían rexistrar o tráfico estelar. A través desta observación notaron que durante as noites de cada equinoccio e solsticio aparecen estrelas específicas no ceo, como se estivesen marcando os cambios climáticos ós que estamos expostos, polo que estes sinais cósmicos rexistráronse no patrimonio prehispánico andino dando lugar a as formas xeométricas andinas.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>March Equinox</b>
gl: <b>Equinoccio de marzo</b>

note: type: Content of: <li>
en: <b>"Antonio Quinatoa" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named "Antonio Quinatoa". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle.
gl: <b>Cruz "Antonio Quinatoa":</b> Á noitiña as primeiras estrelas en aparecer son: Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, que forman a cruz chamada "Antonio Quinatoa". É a constelación que rexe o ciclo masculino.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>September Equinox</b>
gl: <b>Equinoccio de setembro</b>

note: type: Content of: <li>
en: <b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - Antares who make up the triangle named "Molestina"
gl: <b>Triángulo Molestina:</b> As primeiras estrelas en aparecer son: Altair - Vega - Antares que forman o triángulo chamado "Molestina"

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation named "Daniela Alejandra Ayala", cosmic set that accompanies the image of the "Mono Andino", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of the female equinox.
gl: <b>Constelación Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Grazas a un duro traballo no rexistro dos debuxos identificamos a constelación chamada "Daniela Alejandra Ayala", conxunto cósmico que acompaña a imaxe do "Mono Andino", e aparece no centro do ceo a noite do equinoccio feminino.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>June Solstice</b>
gl: <b>Solsticio de xuño</b>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis, λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the "Southern Cross".
gl: <b>Cruz do sur:</b> As estrelas máis destacadas da noite do solsticio de verán para o hemisferio norte son: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis, λ Crucis e μ Crucis que forman a "Cruz do Sur".

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>December Solstice</b>
gl: <b>Solsticio de decembro</b>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December solstice It is in an East - West direction.
gl: <b>A frecha “Jorge Trujillo”:</b> As estrelas máis destacadas da tarde do solsticio de inverno para o hemisferio sur son Caph - Shedar - Navi - K Cas, que forman parte da constelación occidental de Casiopea; a forma resultante evoca unha frecha que ó final do Solsticio de decembro apunta en dirección Leste-Oeste.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms (diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle, apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in the dark constellations.
gl: Os asterismos que incluímos son as primeiras estrelas que aparecen ó final de cada equinoccio ou solsticio. Do mesmo xeito que as constelacións, estas formas básicas (diamante, cadrado, triángulo e frecha) marcan o comezo ou o final dun ciclo, ó parecer os seres humanos descubríronas e graváronas antes cás formas das constelacións escuras.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations.
gl: Os Seres Sagrados no Cosmos. As constelacións escuras.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: The Milky Way
gl: A Vía Láctea

note: type: Content of: <li>
en: Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the "Muyun" for many peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent.
gl: O noso planeta pertence á galaxia da Vía Láctea, cuxa forma é a dun disco grande con dous brazos voluminosos; esta forma e a rotación da terra significa que polas noites dos equinoccios e dos solsticios podemos apreciar unha parte específica dela, converténdose así nun sinal que os antepasados apreciaron para medir o tempo. Chamada nos Andes o "Muyun", para moitos pobos representa unha xigantesca serpe que dá vida.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or stars; the astral beings are housed in the "dark spots" existing in the brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding constellation in each "visible end" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent.
gl: En contraste con Occidente, as constelacións non están formadas por puntos brillantes ou estrelas; os seres astrais están aloxados nos "puntos escuros" existentes no brillo da Vía Láctea, polo que en cada un dos momentos de inflexión do noso camiño anual arredor do sol (Solsticios e equinoccios), atoparemos unha constelación guía en cada "final visible" da galaxia. Do mesmo xeito que cos movementos lunares ou solares os movementos das constelacións nos Andes do Norte marcaron o comezo ou o final de épocas específicas, agrícolas, civís, reprodutivas ou festivas. Determinaron o destino dos seres, recibindo respecto e veneración polos que acudiron á súa sabedoría, desenvolvendo así un pensamento relixioso similar ó do sol ou a lúa en todo o continente.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:
gl: Aquí describimos as constelacións decodificadas ata a data:

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Dark Constellations
gl: Constelacións escuras

note: type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
en: Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, also called "Wilca" or "Otorongo", indicates the arrival of the crops of tender grains.
gl: Estelina Quinatoa (O xaguar): Constelación que goberna o ciclo masculino, tamén chamada "Wilca" ou "Otorongo", indica a chegada dos cultivos de grans tenros.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
en: Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural processes.
gl: Mercedes Cotacachi (O mono): A constelación que rexe o ciclo feminino, indica a chegada das choivas e o inicio dos procesos agrícolas.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
en: Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The "Hampatu" is the animal that has several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead.
gl: Hernán Crespo Toral (A Ra): O "Hampatu" é o animal que ten varias etapas, como o pensamento andino, aparece na noite do solsticio de xuño e está relacionado co contacto co mundo dos mortos.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
en: Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as "the Man and the Spear" or "The Dancer", the constellation governs the December solstice.
gl: Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (O guerreiro): coñecida como "o home e a lanza" ou "o bailarín", a constelación goberna o solsticio de decembro.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - Ecuador</b>
gl: Forman parte destas constelacións, asterismos e medicións<b>o legado de Coñecemento Ancestral </b> protexido e compilado polo <b>Clan Quinatoa, gardiáns do coñecemento milenario do Val Lundauco en Imbabura - Ecuador</b>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala Quinatoa in "Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught me"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration.
gl: A información astral baséase no estudo de Andrés Alejandro Ayala Quinatoa en "Astronomía milenaria, o que me ensinaron os meus mestres e devanceiros"; Servio Jr. Paladines colabora para a integración informática.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book "Ancestral Representations and Colors of the Cosmos" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage of Ecuador).
gl: As ilustracións presentes están inspiradas nos deseños prehispánicos da nación Pasto investigados por Estelina Quinatoa para o libro "Representacións ancestrais e cores do cosmos" (Ministerio de Cultura e Patrimonio do Ecuador).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America (United States and Canada).  Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup.  Also known as Anishinaabe and Chippewa.  The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’.  The Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012.  More details can be found in the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are Ojibwe star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and other resources.
gl: Ojibwe é un dos maiores grupos de indíxenas de América do Norte (Estados Unidos e Canadá). Dependendo da rexión, Ojibwe é coñecido polas súas canoas de cortiza de bidueiro<i>manoomin</i>, e xarope de arce. Tamén coñecido como Anishinaabe e Chippewa. A palabra Ojibwe significa "cociña exteriora". Os ficheiros de coñecemento Star Ojibwe dispoñibles para Stellarium son unha adaptación do <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, creado pory A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012.  Pódense atopar máis detalles na guía de constelacións <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Tamén están dispoñibles carteis con mapas de estrelas de Ojibwe, planisferios de Ojibwe, currículo e outros recursos.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of Hydra
gl: <i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>, Rabo crecho, gran pantera, Leo e cabeza de Hidra

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona
gl: <i>Madoodiswan</i>, Aloxamento suado, Corona

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran
gl: <i>Biboonkeonini</i>, Creador do inverno, Orion con brazos cara a Procyon e Aldebarán

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)
gl: <i>Maang</i>, Salario, Ursa Minor (Pequeno culleirón)

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)
gl: <i>Ojiig</i>, Pescador, Ursa Maior (Gran culleirón)

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris
gl: <i>Giwedin’Anung</i>, Estrela do norte, Polaris

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta
gl: <i>Mooz</i>, Alce, Pegaso e Lacerta

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades
gl: <i>Bugonagiizhig</i>, Buraco no ceo, Pléiades

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades
gl: <i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Pedras suadas, Pléiades

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus
gl: <i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Cranio/Esquéleto de Paxaro, Cisne

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules
gl: <i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>, Nadador exhausto parte de Hércules

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Anung</i>,Star,
gl: <i>Anung</i>,Estrela,

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Anung aki</i>,Star World
gl: <i>Anung aki</i>,Mundo das estrelas

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon
gl: <i>Dibik-giizis (Sol da noite)</i>,Lúa

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Giizis</i>,Sun
gl: <i>Giizis</i>,Sol

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Giizhig</i>,Sky
gl: <i>Giizhig</i>,Ceo

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus
gl: <i>Ikwe'anung (Estrela das mulleres)</i>,Venus

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star
gl: <i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Estrela da tardiña

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star
gl: <i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Estrela da mañá

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic
gl: <i>Maingan Mikan (Rastro de lobo)</i>,Eclíptica

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way
gl: <i>Jiibaykona (Camiño do espírito)</i>,Vía Láctea

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way
gl: <i>Jiibay Ziibi (Río de almas)</i>,Vía Láctea

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star
gl: <i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteoro/Estrela en caída

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe
gl: <i>Gaagige Giizhig (Ceo eterno)</i>,Universo

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)
gl: <i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Estrela do coñecemento (Sabedoría)

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map
gl: <i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Ceo) Mapa de estrelas

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East
gl: <i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,Leste

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West
gl: <i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,Oeste

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North
gl: <i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,Norte

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South
gl: <i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,Sur

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html">Ojibwe Map webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other resources.</a>
gl: <a href="http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html">Ojibwe Map webpage, inclúe rexistros de audio de pronuncia Ojibwe e outros recursos.</a>

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1">Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com
gl: <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1">Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> libro en amazon.com

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book <i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts.
gl: Ó coñecemento das estrelas Ojibwe contribuíu Annette S. Lee, directora de <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, unha iniciativa de investigación e programación dirixida a revitalizar o coñecemento de estrelas nativas, especialmente Ojibwe e D(L)akota. Baseado no mapa das estrelas <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star Map</b></i> creado por y A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy e o libro <i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</b> </i>de A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson.
gl: Debuxos de constelacións por A. Lee & W. Wilson.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Romanian
gl: Romanesa

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three essential components.
gl: Considerada no seu conxunto, a mitoloxía estelar popular romanesa ten tres compoñentes esenciais.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as an "exhibition" of agricultural tools used by peasants.
gl: O PRIMEIRO - a pastoral-agrícola ancestral é precristiá, e nela o ceo víase coma un reloxo agrario para actividades específicas e tamén coma unha "exposición" de ferramentas agrícolas empregadas polos campesiños.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p>
en: The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a church.
gl: O SEGUNDO compoñente - máis recente - correspondente á cristianización do espazo xeográfico romanés e a reposición no ceo dos elementos cristiáns e pre-cristiáns onde as constelacións están asociadas a mitos cosmogónicos e teogónicos, de xeito que o ceo é visto máis coma unha igrexa.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
en: And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of Dacians mixing with the Romans.
gl: E o TERCEIRO compoñente - a orixe do pobo romanés, proxectando sobre o ceo a síntese de formación deste pobo (a conquista de Dacia polos romanos) mediante a proxección de escenas dramáticas desta historia de dacios mesturados cos romanos.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
en: <strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping.
gl: <strong>Nota</strong>: na constelación occidental de Orion, hai catro constelacións tradicionais romanesas que se solapan.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
en: External links:
gl: Ligazóns externas:

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.crt-ro.com">Website for Tradițional Romanian Constellation</a>
gl: <a href="http://www.crt-ro.com">Web para as Constelacións Romanesas Tradicionais</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro">30 seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>
gl: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro">Películas de 30 segundos feitas a partir de scripts e con subtítulos en inglés</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
en: <a h href="http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news">Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion Ottescu</a>
gl: <a h href="http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news">Crenzas dos labregos romaneses nas estrelas e no ceo – Tradución de textos adaptadod de Ion Ottescu</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
en: Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members
gl: Grazas a Andrei Dorian Gheorghe e Alastair McBeth – membros do SARM

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
en: Authors:
gl: Autores:

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a href="mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu <a href="mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com">Mircea Lite</a> en nome do planetario Baia Mare, como resultado dun proxecto chamado<em>Traditional Romanian Constellations</em> baseado primariamente no libro <em>Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky</em> de Ioan Otescu.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p>
en: The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies prepared by <a href="mailto:rlodina@gmail.com">Radu Lodina</a> and <a href="mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation art done by Zamfir Somcutean.
gl: As liñas de constelacións romanesas, imaxes, guións e textos para películas elaboradas por <a href="mailto:rlodina@gmail.com">Radu Lodina</a> e <a href="mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. A arte constelación romanesa foi feita por Zamfir Somcutean.

note: type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
en: All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported.
gl: Todos os materiais relacionados coas constelacións romanesas tradicionais publícanse baixo recoñecemento de Creative Commons-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula).  More information can be found at <a href="http://www.eng.samer.se/">samer.se</a> and in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people">Sami people article in Wikipedia</a>.
gl: Considérase que os pobos sami son a poboación nativa do norte de Noruega, Suecia, Finlandia e Rusia occidental (península de Kola). Máis información pódese atopar en <a href="http://www.eng.samer.se/">samer.se</a> e no artigo de Wikipedia <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people">do pobo Sami</a>.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Sources
gl: Fontes

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi.
gl: A cultura do ceo sami de Stellarium está baseada no traballo de Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi mánno nástit</i> (Título sueco: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>O culto ó Sol e a Lúa e conceptos astrais e celestes entre os sami</i>], 1982), que baseou boa parte do seu traballo nos escritos do artista e autor sami Johan Turi.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami.  Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may be small differences with some references.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo é un conglomerado de polo menos tres culturas lixeiramente diferentes da xente do sur dos sami, do norte e dos sami rusos. Cada un destes grupos ten linguas lixeiramente diferentes e como tal pode haber pequenas diferenzas con algunhas referencias.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role for Sami peoples in years gone by.
gl: As constelacións dos sami poden observarse en artefactos sami relacionados coa vella relixión, o que suxire que o ceo nocturno xogou un papel cultural importante para os pobos sami nos anos pasados.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture was lost before it was recorded properly.
gl: A cultura do ceo dos sami ten moito en común con outras culturas árticas e subárticas en Eurasia. Unha desgraciada semellanza é que se perdeu gran parte da cultura antes de que se rexistrase correctamente.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Constellations and Stars
gl: Constelacións e estrelas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant constellation, <i>Sarva</i> &mdash; the elk.  Sarva is the Sami name for elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> &mdash; Bull elk.  The origin of this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before reindeer were domesticated.
gl: As constelacións sami son probablemente moi antigas, pero rexistráronse por escrito durante o século XIX. Non está claro se o rexistro escrito está completo. As constelacións e estrelas incluídas aquí están todas relacionadas coa constelación dominante, <i>Sarva</i> &mdash; alce. Sarva é o nome sami para alce, un nome alternativo é <i>Sarvvis</i> &mdash; Alce macho.  A orixe desta constelación remonta probablemente á antiga cultura de cazadores antes de que os renos fosen domesticados.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: <i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent hunters of the elk.  <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> &mdash; the Big Dipper).  Favdna must aim well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris), legend has it that the world will come to an end.
gl: <i>Sarva</i> consta das constelacións occidentais Casiopea, Perseo e partes de Auriga. Constelacións e estrelas que rodean Sarva representan os cazadores dos alces.  <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) é a estrela Arcturus e representa o Cazador que apunta aos alces co seu arco e frecha (<i>Fauna davgge</i> &mdash; o Gran Cullerón).  Favdna debe apuntar ben, se lle dá ó Soporte do Ceo <i>Boahjenaste</i> (a estrela Polar), conta a lenda que o mundo chegará ao seu fin.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a href="#note1">1</a></sup>)  and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's belt), the "Ski Runners", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and "The Runner" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack)  or <i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack).
gl: Favdna ten moitos axudantes: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a href="#note1">1</a></sup>)  e os seus fillos <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Cinto de Orión), os "Corredores do ceo", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor e Pollux) e "O corredor" (Vega). As Pléiades chámanse <i>Rougot</i> (paquete de can) ou <i>Miese-cora</i> (paquete de becerro).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or <i>Jakke-mærka</i> (lit. year mark).  The name used depends on the season. In the sky chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star <i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching (similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture).
gl: A Vía Láctea chámase <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. camiño do paxaro) ou <i>Jakke-mærka</i> (lit. marca do ano).  O nome empregado depende da estación. Na gráfica de Johan Turi pódese observar unha estrela <i>Guovso-naste</i>, a estrela da mañá, que se pode identificar como Venus, pero isto non é certo, xa que tamén se pode identificar como Altair, unha estrela que se achega pola mañá (similar a Arcturus na cultura do ceo nórdica).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami people's range.  Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is frequently bright enough to obscure many stars.
gl: A cultura do ceo sami non ten un gran número de constelacións. Crese que se debe principalmente á alta latitude norte á que están os sami. Dous factores contribúen a isto: que o ceo sur permaneza por baixo do horizonte en gran medida e que a Aurora Borealis sexa a miúdo brillante para ocultar moitas estrelas.

note: type: Content of: <ol><li>
en: <a name="note1" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is uncertain.  it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the latitude where the Sami live.
gl: <a name="note1" />Que estrela exacta representa <i>Galla</i> é descoñecido. Probablemente sexa Procyon, Rigel ou Sirius - Procyon foi escollido como Galla para esta cultura do ceo xa que Sirius é moi difícil de descubrir desde a latitude onde viven os sami.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Sardinian
gl: Sarda

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian culture.
gl: Como todos os pobos do mundo tamén os antigos sardos volveron os ollos ó ceo, que marcaba o tempo e as estacións. O mundo campesiño deu o seu nome ás estrelas e ás constelacións da cultura sarda.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
gl: Estas constelacións foron creadas polo usuario de Stellarium <i>Giuseppe Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Credits
gl: Créditos

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu
gl: As constelacións da cultura sarda son o resultado das investigacións realizadas por Tonino Bussu e Marco Puddu

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Russian (Siberian)
gl: Ruso (Siberiano)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which typical for the whole of Siberia.
gl: Os nomes das constelacións de pobos siberianos están bastante mal estudados. Esta rexión ten un amplo territorio e o coñecemento sobre as constelacións é difícil de compatibilizar nun único cadro integrado. Nesta cultura do ceo marcáronse só nomes e obxectos específicos, típicos para toda Siberia.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose Road</em>) and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia.
gl: Os nomes da Vía Láctea son bastante numerosos, pero pódense dividir en dous grupos: os nomes que veñen do pasado (por exemplo,<em>Estrada da oca</em>) e o nome dun período posterior (<em>Estrada da nai</em>). Os nomes do período posterior son claramente aparentes conexións coa memoria da invasión mongol-tártara a Rusia.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common.
gl: As Pléiades teñen moitos nomes, máis cá Vía Láctea, pero todos eles en Siberia poden reducirse á idea dun cúmulo de estrelas como niño de paxaro. Entre estes nomes <em>Niño de pato</em> é o máis común.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although in Eastern Siberia the name "Bear" is used more frequently).
gl: En Siberia, o nome usado para esta constelación é <em>Elk</em> (aínda que en Siberia oriental úsase con máis frecuencia o nome de "oso").

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major constellation.
gl: En Siberia, na constelación de Orión, adoitan usarse só as tres estrelas do seu cinto, que se chaman <em>Kichigi</em> (o tesouro) - é típico para a imaxe do noreste de Rusia das teseiras que están paradas na fila. Na parte europea de Rusia Kichigi adoita agochar a constelación de Ursa Maior.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Tongan (Tonga)
gl: Tongana (Tonga)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on which Tongan island group it originates from.  The nomenclature of stars is approximated based on the limited resources available.
gl: Como en toda a tradición de estrelas polinesia, a cultura do ceo tongana deriva da aplicación práctica da navegación náutica. Nalgunhas circunstancias non se pode resolver a separación dos nomes de estrela individuais dos nomes dos "camiños de estrelas". Unha estrela pode ter varios nomes 1) se a estrela forma parte de numerosos camiños estelares e 2) xa que a denominación das estrelas pode diferir en función do grupo das illas de Tonga. A nomenclatura de estrelas aproxímase en función dos recursos dispoñibles.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: &alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two anomalies.]
gl: Aínda que as estrelas e as constelacións máis notables / comúns (é dicir, Orion, Pléiades e Crux) son identificadas na tradición das estrelas de Tonga, hai dúas excepcións notables. Non hai referencia á estrela do norte (Polaris: UMi). Isto é peculiar tendo en conta a latitude das illas de Tonga e a importancia desta estrela en determinadas épocas do ano. No caso de realizar algún desprazamento cara ó norte dende Tonga, un fito de navegación tan importante non podería pasar inadvertido. A constelación de Escorpión (partes ou estrelas dela) tamén están ausentes da tradición das estrelas de Tonga. Isto é sorprendente, xa que a gran maioría das culturas de todo o mundo e polinesia teñen o Escorpión como unha constelación central debido a que se identifica facilmente e que se atopa case directamente fronte a Orion no ceo nocturno. [Stellarium proporciona máis información sobre estas dúas anomalías.]

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian.
gl: A ascendencia común da tradición de estrelas polinesia é evidente nas semellanzas na etiquetaxe das estrelas. Por exemplo, as Pléiades chámanse Mataliki en Tongano, Matariki en Maori e Makali`i en Hawai.

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
en: Tongan term
gl: Termo tongano

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Coal sack
gl: Saco de carbón

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Large Magellan cloud
gl: Gran Nube de Magallanes

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Small Magellan cloud
gl: Pequena Nube de Magallanes

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Magellanic clouds (both)
gl: Nubes de Magallanes (ambas)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Ecliptic
gl: Eclíptica

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Star (in general)
gl: Estrela (en xeral)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Comet
gl: Cometa

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Rainbow
gl: Arco da vella

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Falling star
gl: Estrela que cae

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)
gl: Ma'afutoka (o mesmo ca PNM)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Ma'afulele (same as LMC)
gl: Ma'afulele (o mesmo ca GNM)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: False Cross
gl: Falsa cruz

note: type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
en: <strong>Tongan constellations</strong>
gl: <strong>Constelacións tonganas</strong>

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
en: Tongan name
gl: Nome tongano

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
en: Designation or notes
gl: Denominacións ou notas

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Part of Orion, belt and sword
gl: Parte de Orión, cinto e espada

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)
gl: Corona Borealis (<em>Especulativo</em>)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)
gl: Coma Berenices (<em>Especulativo</em>)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)
gl: Casiopea (<em>Especulativo</em>)

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Belt of Orion
gl: Cinto de Orión

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Castor and/or Pollux
gl: Castor e/ou Pollux

note: type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
en: Toliman and/or Agena
gl: Toliman e/ou Agena

note: type: Content of: <h1>
en: Tukano Constellations
gl: Constelacións Tukano

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil.
gl: Tukano é o nome común dun grupo de tribos indíxenas que viven arredor do noroeste de Brasil, preto de Colombia e Venezuela. O grupo mostrado neste traballo vive ás marxes do río Tiquié dentro da baía de Rio Negro no estado de Amazonas, Brasil.

note: type: Content of: <h5>
en: <em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer to:</em>
gl: <em>Un calendario circular desenvolvido en 2007. Para máis detalles, consultar:</em>

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Abstract</a>.
gl: <a href="http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Resumo</a>.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Thesis</a>
gl: <a href="http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Tese</a>

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: CONSTELLATIONS
gl: CONSTELACIÓNS

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations. There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations.  Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way.  Their conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like us.
gl: As constelacións dentro da cultura astronómica dos Tukano están relacionadas cos fenómenos naturais no seu conxunto. Reunimos doce constelacións cun grupo que fala o idioma tukano. Este non é o número definitivo de constelacións, seguramente hai máis constelacións que se describen. Presentamos aquí esencialmente "o ciclo principal" (CARDOSO, 2007) das constelacións dos Tukano. Ás veces alguén relaciona novos descubrimentos sobre estas concepcións do ceo indio ou presenta novas descricións de constelacións. Aínda que estamos establecendo límites e configuracións para estas constelacións que son novas para nós (non indíxenas), non organizan este coñecemento da mesma forma. As súas concepcións sobre o ceo e o universo son diferentes cando se comparan coas nosas. Non organizan e non teñen ideas sobre o universo no seu conxunto, coma nós.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as you’ll see below.
gl: Aquí presentamos uns poucos datos dunha investigación realizada con persoas vivas e estes datos poden variar nun futuro próximo. Traballamos con estudantes de ensino básico, maiores e contadores de historias comparando as conversacións e resumíndoo como se mostra a continuación.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either.  So, a phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore.
gl: En xeral, podemos dicir que unha constelación dos Tukano, ou partes dela, obsérvase cando se produce a súa posta de sol (posta heliacal) durante o curto período dun ano. Hai unha serie de fenómenos naturais relacionados con este suceso astronómico. Por exemplo, podemos considerar a cabeceira de Aña durante novembro e a súa relación co aumento e diminución do nivel do río Tiquié. A variación do nivel do río vai acompañada dunha aparición de diferentes peixes que aparecen como resultado destas condicións naturais cambiantes. Outros peixes máis grandes seguen o primeiro grupo con múltiples propósitos (comendo outros máis pequenos, por exemplo). Todos comen algúns froitos que finalmente caen sobre a superficie do río. Os animais terrestres e os microorganismos están interesados ​​nestes froitos, así como en calquera dos dous. Así, un fenómeno descrito por primeira vez como un conxunto astronómico para nós pode verse dentro dun comportamento máis complexo para os Tukano e os seus veciños e veciñas en torno a esta rexión. Animais, plantas e tamén manifestacións espirituais están nunha complexa relación baixo unha visión cosmolóxica que non podemos ignorar.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, Portuguese and English.  Ex. Pamõ\Tatu\Armadillo.
gl: O nome de cada constelación foi escrito nesta secuencia: Tukano, portugués e galego. Ex. Pamõ \ Tatu \ Armadillo.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Aña or Aña Diaso\Jararaca\Fer-de-lance
gl: Aña ou Aña Diaso\Jararaca\Ferro de lanza

note: type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (serpe)</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos.
gl: Unha gran serpe que se atopa en parte das nosas constelacións Scorpius, Sagittarius e Corona Australis. A súa aparición co solpor corresponde ó comezo do ano para este grupo de Tukano.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae).
gl: Esta constelación atópase na nosa constelación de Golfiño e parte da constelación de Aquila. Este grupo de estrelas débiles está dentro dun pobre campo estelar con excepción da brillante Altair (Alfa Aquilae).

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Darsiu\camarão de rio\freshwater shrimp
gl: Darsiu\camarão de rio\camarón de río

note: type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Darsiu - Pitu - Camarón carideo</a>

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Mhua\Jacundá (peixe)\A kind of fish
gl: Mhua\Jacundá (peixe)\Unha especie de peixe

note: type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
en: <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>
gl: <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (peixe)</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius and Pisces area.  But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during the night.
gl: Ambas as constelacións están xuntas nunhas poucas estrelas brillantes da zona de Acuario e Piscis. Pero é un desafío marabilloso intentar velo durante a noite.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Yai\onça\puma or jaguar
gl: Yai\onça\puma ou xaguar

note: type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Yai - Onça - Xaguar</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations.
gl: É unha gran constelación, unha das maiores, dentro dos ceos nocturnos do norte. Durante toda a noite, preto do horizonte, descríbese o gran puma dentro das constelacións de Cefe, Casiopea e Perseus.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Yhe\garça\egret
gl: Yhe\garça\garza

note: type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Yhé - Garça - Garza</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São José II tribe.
gl: Aínda está en discusión a posición real desta constelación, se esas estrelas están na rexión de Berenices ou dentro do Corvus. Eliximos a primeira rexión porque era considerada como a real pola tribo Tukanos da São José II.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Yurara\tartaruga\turtle
gl: Yurara\tartaruga\tartaruga

note: type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Yurara - Cágado - Tartaruga</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people.
gl: Esta constelación descríbese como a constelación occidental da Cruz do Sur. Ás veces, esta constelación occidental tradicional significa tamén unha lontra ou unha tartaruga do pobo tukano.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars
gl: Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Grupo de Estrelas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of stars. Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period pointer.
gl: A tradución de <em>nhorkoatero</em> é literalmente grupo de estrelas. Identificado como o noso Pléiades é moi importante como un marcador de tempo dentro dun calendario complexo para as persoas Tukano. Tamén se usa como indicador da época chuviosa.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Waikhasa\moquém\a kind of recipient to cook fish
gl: Waikhasa\moquém\recipiente para cociñar peixe

note: type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
en: <a href="http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of grill to cook fish)</a>
gl: <a href="http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (recipiente para cociñar peixe)</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades.  This is an easy asterism to be seen all over the sky.
gl: Identifícase co noso Taurus Hyades grupo aberto de estrelas coa brillante Aldebarán tras as Pléiades. Este é un asterismo doado que se pode ver por todo o ceo.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Sioyahpu\enxó\instrument do carve wood
gl: Sioyahpu\enxó\ferramenta para cavar a madeira

note: type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze" class='external text' rel="nofollow">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Mango do Enxó</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood.
gl: Como parte do cinto de Orión e dúas das outras estrelas máis brillantes desta constelación, o noso Betelgeuse e Bellatrix, esta constelación representa para o grupo Tukano unha parte dunha ferramenta que se emprega para tallar madeira.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Sipé Phairo\cobra de ânus grande\a snake
gl: Sipé Phairo\cobra de ânus grande\unha cobra

note: type: Content of: <h3><br>
en: Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus
gl: Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Cobra de Anus Grande

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in the main river are swallowed by it.
gl: Esta serpe corresponde ás nosas estrelas máis brillantes do Gran Cullerón. Nunha lenda cando esta constelación toca o horizonte despois do solpor, case todos os peixes do río principal son tragados por ela.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Diayo/lontra/otter
gl: Diayo/lontra/lontra

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river, this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis Major in that region.
gl: Descrita como a nosa Cruz Sur por parte dos Tukanos na metade do río Tiquié, esta constelación tamén está asociada a estrelas como Sirio en Cannis Maior desa rexión.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances
gl: Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Círculo de danza

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in some special Tukano ceremonies.
gl: Esas estrelas están principalmente na constelación de Orión e significan un círculo de danza nalgunhas cerimonias especiais dos Tukano.

note: type: Content of: <h4>
en: SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:
gl: ALGUNHAS PALABRAS SOBRE A NOSA INVESTIGACIÓN NAS INDIAS AMAZONIANAS DO NOROESTE:

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis (Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians
gl: Este traballo forma parte dunha cantidade de investigacións desenvolvidas como enquisa, realizadas entre 2005 e 2007, que deron como resultado unha tese doutoral (Cardoso, 2007). Baseándonos en fontes etnomatemáticas (D'ambrosio, 2002), en actividades prácticas de observación do ceo e en fontes clásicas sobre constelacións observadas na rexión amazónica do Brasil, realizamos un mapeado do ceo desta etnia india: Tukano, Dessano e Tuyuka, pero en especial, a primeira. A partir da descrición de moitas constelacións creamos un calendario astronómico e os eventos climáticos xunto con estudantes da escola indíxena diferenciada de Yupuri. Os períodos de choiva, seca, plantación e colleita están marcados polo ocaso e amencer das principais constelacións creadas polos indios do noroeste amazónico.

note: type: Content of: <h4>
en: Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)
gl: Walmir Thomazi Cardoso recolleu esta información nunha enquisa que forma parte do seu doutorado. Tese de Etnomatemática (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)

note: type: Content of: <h4><br>
en: Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com).
gl: Os debuxos foron feitos por Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) e Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com).

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Tupi-Guarani
gl: Tupi-Guaraní

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries.
gl: O tupi-guaraní é un nome dado a unha familia de idiomas falados polos pobos indíxenas do Brasil e doutros países sudamericanos.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily life.  In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book only details seven.
gl: Como en moitas culturas, identificáronse e usáronse as constelacións para axudar o seguimento das estacións e predicir as variacións estacionais que afectan a vida diaria. No libro <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, publicado en París, 1614, indícase que os tupís identificaron unha trintena de constelacións, pero o libro só detalla sete.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i> in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White Ostrich</i>. The constellation depicts a large bird.
gl: O nome Tupí para esta constelación é <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i> en Guaraní), que literalmente se traduce como <i>Avestruz branca</i>. A constelación representa unha ave grande.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North.
gl: Nas dúas primeiras semanas de xuño esta constelación é totalmente visible no ceo oriental pola noite, o que indica o comezo do inverno no sur do Brasil, e o comezo da estación seca no norte.

note: type: Content of: <p><h4>
en: Homem Velho (the Old Man)
gl: Homem Velho (Home Vello)

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick.
gl: Esta constelación representa un home vello portando un caxato.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the evening Eastern sky.  This marks the beginning of summer in the southern parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North.
gl: Na segunda quincena de decembro, a constelación é totalmente visible no ceo oriental. Isto marca o comezo do verán nas partes do sur do Brasil e o inicio da estación de choivas no norte.

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people">The Tupi People</a>
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people">O Pobo Tupí</a>

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf">The Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)
gl: <a href="http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf">As constelacións indíxenas brasileiras</a> de Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugués)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo Pontes</i>.
gl: Contribuíu a esta cultura de Stellarium <i>Paulo Marcelo Pontes</i>.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Vanuatu (Netwar)
gl: Vanuatu

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a href="http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/">published online</a>. Netwar language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called "Lenakel language" after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent.
gl: A cultura do ceo dos Vanuatu para Stellarium nace dunha investigación que foi levada a cabo entre os habitantes de Vanuatu por Dominik M. Ramík e Isnetwar. <a href="http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/">publicada online</a>. A linguaxe chámase ás veces "linguaxe Lenakel" e é un dos idiomas da illa de Tanna en Vanuatu. As súas constelacións son sorprendentemente similares ás doutras linguas Vanuatu, aínda que os nomes e significados varían ata certo punto.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Solar system
gl: Sistema Solar

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Sun: Met
gl: Sol: Met

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Moon: Mawuk
gl: Lúa: Mawuk

note: type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
en: Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'
gl: Lúa crecente: Mawuk wi - "Lúa nova"

note: type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
en: First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening
gl: Primeiro cuarto: Nail ratuatu - "permanece recto", significando que no ceo a lúa aparece recta no cénit pola noite

note: type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
en: Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' (Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, the Moon just appears above the mountains
gl: Lúa chea: Mawuk ramépép malwia - "a lúa é como o peixe épép malwia" (Platax orbicularis); tamén Nati tawar - significa que cando se pon o sol, a Lúa só aparece enriba das montañas

note: type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
en: Last quarter: Numanmel
gl: Último cuarto: Numanmel

note: type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
en: Waning crescent: Numanmel
gl: Lúa crecente: Numanmel

note: type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
en: Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'
gl: Eclipse lunar: Mawuk ramemes - 'Morte da Lúa'

note: type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
en: Morning star: Fétukai
gl: Estrela da mañá: Fétukai

note: type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
en: Evening star: Kéwita
gl: Estrela do serán: Kéwita

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Jupiter: Karatéi
gl: Xúpiter: Karatéi

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death
gl: Mahau ramiwuk: "estrela que salta", un mal agoiro que prognostica a morte de alguén

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: In general: Mahau
gl: En xeral: Mahau

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Aldebaran: Kapaumeta
gl: Aldebarán: Kapaumeta

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Constellations and deep-sky objects
gl: Constelacións e obxectos do ceo profundo

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. The actual translations of the local names follow them.
gl: Nota: os nomes galegos que preceden os nomes locais están aquí só para axudar o lector a localizar a constelación particular no marco do ceo occidental. Van seguidos das traducións reais dos nomes locais.

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'
gl: GNM e PNM: Nowanuman - 'forno de terra'

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown meaning
gl: Vía Láctea: Nemrau - "cinza"; tamén Nuafuganan - termo menos común de significado descoñecido

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'
gl: Cinto de Orión: Kasulia apam - "xugo longo"

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'
gl: Espada de Orión: Kasulia rerparep - 'xugo curto'

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'
gl: Cabeza de Tauro: Kou - 'pinzas usadas para sacar pedras quentes do lume'

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it is time to prepare gardens
gl: Dardo de Escorpión: Kahaur rul - 'rata', vista pola tarde no cenit cando é hora de preparar os xardíns

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves
gl: O corpo de Orión: Kilil - "abano tradicional" feito con follas de palma

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest
gl: Cruz sur: Suatu kywer - "catro xeitos habituais" que conectan catro aldeas cun nakamal; levántase pola tarde en marzo e simboliza o tempo no que a xente nakamal fai temahwa para unha boa colleita

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'
gl: Pléiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - "mozos de Lapnuman"; tamén Neperawen Lapnuman - "mozas de Lapnuman"

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Names of objects with unknown position
gl: Nomes de obxectos con posición descoñecida

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or to rise close to it
gl: Mowaimawuk - nome dunha estrela non identificada, que se di que está preto da Lúa

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en: Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)
gl: Iaiapom - nome dunha estrela non identificada (posiblemente Altair), que se pon pola mañá no momento da preparación dos xardíns (xullo)

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en: Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in September in the morning near zenith
gl: Koraiapom - nome dunha estrela non identificada (posiblemente Rigel), que está en setembro pola mañá preto do cenit

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in February in the morning
gl: Kwankaio: nome dunha estrela non identificada (posiblemente Procyon), que sobe en febreiro pola mañá

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: Project <a href="http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/">Vanuatu Sky</a> including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu
gl: Proxecto <a href="http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/">Vanuatu Sky</a> que inclúe datos Netwar noutras linguaxes de Vanuatu

note: type: Content of: <ul><li>
en: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language">Netwar language on Wikipedia</a>
gl: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language">Netwar language en Wikipedia</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a href="http://dominicweb.eu">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a href="mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a href="http://dominicweb.eu">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a href="mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe Natuman from Lowkweria.
gl: Anciáns das comunidades locais de Tanna, que contribuíron co seu coñecemento ancestral a este proxecto: Jimmy Napip de Ikumhala, Lomai Tain de Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu de Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen de Lowkweria, Kasékasé de Imapul, Nausien de Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru de Lowanatom , Joe Natuman de Lowkweria.

note: type: Content of: <h2>
en: Western
gl: Occidental

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy.
gl: A cultura do ceo occidental é utilizada internacionalmente por astrónomos modernos e é o esquema oficial da Unión Astronómica Internacional. Ten raíces históricas na astronomía grega antiga, con influencias da astronomía islámica.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
gl: A cultura occidental divide a esfera celeste en 88 áreas de varios tamaños chamadas <i>constelacións</i>, cada unha cun límite preciso, elaborado pola Unión Astronómica Internacional. Estas constelacións convertéronse no xeito estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo de xeito exhaustivo no uso diario.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names are more famous than the designations.
gl: A maioría dos nomes de estrelas tradicionais occidentais procedían do árabe. En astronomía, as denominacións de Bayer / Flamsteed e outros catálogos de estrelas úsanse amplamente en lugar dos nomes tradicionais, excepto nalgúns casos nos que os nomes tradicionais son máis famosos cás denominacións.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Alternative asterism files for Stellarium
gl: Arquivo de asterismos alternativos para Stellarium

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation" class='external text' title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation" rel="nofollow">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation" class='external text' title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation" rel="nofollow">Constellation</a> artigo na Wikipedia

note: type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue" class='external text' title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue" rel="nofollow">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia
gl: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue" class='external text' title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue" rel="nofollow">Star Catalogue</a> artigo na Wikipedia

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en: <a href="http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/" class='external text' title="http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/" rel="nofollow">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.
gl: <a href="http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/" class='external text' title="http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/" rel="nofollow">Librería de imaxes de constelacións</a> do U.S. Naval Observatory e o Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy.  The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & Telescope magazine.
gl: A cultura do ceo occidental é utilizada internacionalmente por astrónomos modernos e é o esquema oficial da Unión Astronómica Internacional. Ten raíces históricas na astronomía grega antiga, con influencias da astronomía islámica. As figuras da constelación e os nomes de estrelas proceden das definicións de Sky & Telescope e deberían ser familiares para os usuarios do Sky Atlas de peto Sky & Telescope, Sky Atlas 2000.0, e as figuras da revista Sky & Telescope.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines for Microscopium or Mensa.
gl: Nota: a cultura do ceo de Sky & Telescope non prové liñas de constelacións para Microscopium ou Mensa.

note: type: Content of: <p><p>
en: The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file.
gl: O método empregado por Sky & Telescope para determinar os nomes de estrelas detállase no ficheiro <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> .

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:
gl: Outras referencias similares Checas e Eslovacas son:

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir).  We usually do <em>not</em> use 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected by light pollution.  The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and easier-to-remember for children.  We use these constellations at the Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a href="http://www.astrohk.cz">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>).
gl: As liñas de constelación están deseñadas para conectar as estrelas con letras gregas (α, β, γ, ...), as estrelas máis brillantes ou as de brillo semellante, e especialmente se forman unha figura mnemotécnica (como "W" no caso. de Cas, ou "saltador de obstáculos" en vez de Vir). Adoitamos <em>non</em> usar estrelas de 5ª magnitude, porque son difíciles de detectar en cidades afectadas pola contaminación lumínica. As cifras resultantes tamén son un pouco máis sinxelas e fáciles de recordar para os nenos. Empregamos estas constelacións no Observatorio e no Planetario Hradec Králové (<a href="http://www.astrohk.cz">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>).

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies are just behind Bear's head.  Gem is a similar case.  Cam seems upside-down with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed brighter.
gl: Notas: UMa está tomado de Pittich e Kalmančok (1981); As galaxias M81 e M82 están xusto detrás da cabeza do Oso. Gem é un caso similar. Cam parece cara arriba abaixo con respecto a unha figura mitolóxica, pero as estrelas HIP 29997, 33694 son realmente máis brillantes.

note: type: Content of: <h3>
en: Updates
gl: Actualizacións

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1
gl: Versión 1.0 para Stellarium 0.13.1

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Future updates should be available at <a href="http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>
gl: Futuras actualizacións estarán dispoñibles en <a href="http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown connected with line patterns ("stick figures"), which however appear sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which constellation.  Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning stargazers in the middle of the 20th century.
gl: Durante o século XIX estaba de moda o uso de edicións de atlas ricamente ilustrados con figuras mitolóxicas suntuosamente gravadas. As estrelas das constelacións nos atlas daquela época comezaron a mostrarse relacionadas con patróns de liña ("figuras de pau"), que ás veces só parecen usarse para indicar a que estrelas pertencen as constelacións. Durante varias décadas, as figuras deixaron de semellarse ás figuras que lles daban nome e parecían incomprensibles nos inicios e mediados do século XX.

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To See Them</em>.
gl: H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), artista e autor de libros infantís de orixe alemá pero emigrado ós EUA, publicou a súa resposta a este problema en 1952 co libro <em>The Stars - A New Way To See Them</em>.

note: type: Content of: <h4>
en: The Constellations
gl: As constelacións

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey connected the stars of every constellation "in such a way that the resulting shape makes sense." What surprised him was "that nobody has done it before. The basic idea is so simple."
gl: Neste libro, que se popularizou especialmente en Estados Unidos, Rey conectou as estrelas de cada constelación "de tal xeito que a forma resultante tivese sentido". O que o sorprendeu foi "que ninguén o fixera antes. A idea básica é tan sinxela".

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick figures.  The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey. If you switch to "Native" name display mode, you may see exactly the spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those included in the book.
gl: As novas figuras de Rey fan que sexa moi sinxelo recoñecer as figuras das constelacións representadas. A obra de Rey non inclúe obras de arte figurativas, polo que esta cultura do ceo vén deliberadamente só coas figuras orixinais de Rey. Rey tamén deu os nomes das constelacións en inglés. Se cambias ó modo de visualización de nomes "Nativos", pode que vexas exactamente a grafía empregada no seu libro. Tamén as estrelas nomeadas aquí se limítan ás incluídas no libro.

note: type: Content of: <h4>
en: Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations
gl: Figuras de Rey e constelacións clásicas

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of asterisms of the two Dippers and the "Great Square" (of Pegasus).  However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For example,
gl: As constelacións de Rey adhírense á tradición da cultura do ceo occidental e describen as 88 constelacións oficialmente recoñecidas, engadindo asterismos dos dous culleróns e a "Praza Grande" (de Pegasus). Non obstante, en varios puntos as figuras de Rey desvíanse das figuras canónicas descritas desde o Almagest de Ptolomeo (século II d.C), onde tamén se describiron posicións das estrelas nas súas constelacións cos seus nomes. Por exemplo,

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>)  to look like a polar bear scenting prey.  This on one hand does not have the usual problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown to walk around the pole in this orientation.
gl: Rey inverteu a figura do Gran Oso (<em>Ursa Maior</em>)  para parecer un oso polar cheirando presas. Isto por unha banda evita o problema habitual de explicar a súa longa cola. Por outra banda, non se mostra que o oso camiñe arredor do polo nesta orientación.

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye <em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck.
gl: O Touro (<em>Taurus</em>), só na parte frontal amosa longos cornos en vertical; en representacións habituais móstrase cun corpo completo incluída a súa cola, con cornos estirados coma os dun búfalo. O seu brillante ollo <em>Aldebaraá</em> agora está no pescozo.

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of <em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "keystone" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet.
gl: A cabeza de <em>Hércules</em> está usualmente xunto a cabeza de <em>Ophiuchus</em>, o portador da serpente e as catro estrelas coñecidas como "pedra mestra" forman o seu corpo. Rey pon a cabeza fóra da pedra clave e a estrela que adoita marcar a cabeza do heroe é agora un dos seus pés.

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en: The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now forming a tail fin.
gl: A Balea (<em>Cetus</em>) virouse, coa súa antiga boca formando agora unha aleta.

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: <em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head.
gl: <em>Pegasus</em> mudou os pés e a cabeza.

note: type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
en: <em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)
gl: <em>Bootes</em>, o pastor, móstrase sentado e fumando unha pipa (nin rastro de corrección política nun libro infantil da década de 1950 ... :-)

note: type: Content of: <p>
en: This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon example contributed by Mike Richards.  It has been reworked following the 41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi durante moito tempo un sinxelo exemplo de adición instalable polo usuario achegada por Mike Richards. Foi reelaborada tras a 41ª reimpresión e completada con esta descrición por Georg Zotti.
