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--
-- This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-- the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
--
-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-- GNU General Public License for more details.
--
-- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-- along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
-- Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

-- DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE. It is generated automatically.

-- To use this file, load its contents into the mysql database. For example,
-- with the mysql client program, process the file like this, where
-- file_name is the name of this file:

--     mysql -u root -p mysql < file_name

set names 'utf8';

set sql_log_bin = 0;

use mysql;
delete from help_topic;
delete from help_category;
delete from help_keyword;
delete from help_relation;

insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (1,'Geographic',0,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (2,'Polygon Properties',34,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (3,'WKT',34,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (4,'Numeric Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (5,'Plugins',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (6,'MBR',34,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (7,'Control Flow Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (8,'Transactions',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (9,'Help Metadata',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (10,'Account Management',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (11,'Point Properties',34,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (12,'Encryption Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (13,'LineString Properties',34,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (14,'Miscellaneous Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (15,'Logical Operators',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (16,'Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (17,'Information Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (18,'Comparison Operators',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (19,'Bit Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (20,'Table Maintenance',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (21,'User-Defined Functions',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (22,'Data Types',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (23,'Compound Statements',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (24,'Geometry Constructors',34,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (25,'GeometryCollection Properties',1,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (26,'Administration',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (27,'Data Manipulation',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (28,'Utility',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (29,'Language Structure',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (30,'Geometry Relations',34,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (31,'Date and Time Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (32,'WKB',34,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (33,'Procedures',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (34,'Geographic Features',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (35,'Contents',0,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (36,'Geometry Properties',34,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (37,'String Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (38,'Functions',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (39,'Data Definition',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (40,'Sequences',35,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (41,'JSON Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (42,'Window Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (43,'Spider Functions',38,'');
insert into help_category (help_category_id,name,parent_category_id,url) values (44,'Dynamic Column Functions',38,'');

insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (1,9,'HELP_DATE','This help information was generated from the MariaDB Knowledge Base\non 22 July 2019.','','');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (2,2,'AREA','A synonym for ST_AREA.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygon-properties-area/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygon-properties-area/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (3,2,'CENTROID','A synonym for ST_CENTROID.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/centroid/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/centroid/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (4,2,'ExteriorRing','A synonym for ST_ExteriorRing.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygon-properties-exteriorring/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygon-properties-exteriorring/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (5,2,'InteriorRingN','A synonym for ST_InteriorRingN.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygon-properties-interiorringn/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygon-properties-interiorringn/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (6,2,'NumInteriorRings','A synonym for ST_NumInteriorRings.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygon-properties-numinteriorrings/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygon-properties-numinteriorrings/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (7,2,'ST_AREA','Syntax\n------ \nST_Area(poly)\nArea(poly)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns as a double-precision number the area of the Polygon\nvalue poly, as measured in its spatial reference system.\n \nST_Area() and Area() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @poly = \'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 0,0 0),(1 1,1 2,2 1,1\n1))\';\n \nSELECT Area(GeomFromText(@poly));\n+---------------------------+\n| Area(GeomFromText(@poly)) |\n+---------------------------+\n| 4 |\n+---------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_area/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_area/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (8,2,'ST_CENTROID','Syntax\n------ \nST_Centroid(mpoly)\nCentroid(mpoly)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns a point reflecting the mathematical centroid\n(geometric center) for the MultiPolygon mpoly. The resulting\npoint will not necessarily be on the MultiPolygon. \n \nST_Centroid() and Centroid() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @poly = ST_GeomFromText(\'POLYGON((0 0,20 0,20 20,0 20,0\n0))\');\nSELECT ST_AsText(ST_Centroid(@poly)) AS center;\n \n+--------------+\n| center |\n+--------------+\n| POINT(10 10) |\n+--------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_centroid/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_centroid/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (9,2,'ST_ExteriorRing','Syntax\n------ \nST_ExteriorRing(poly)\nExteriorRing(poly)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the exterior ring of the Polygon value poly as a\nLineString.\n \nST_ExteriorRing() and ExteriorRing() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @poly = \'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0),(1 1,1 2,2 2,2\n1,1 1))\';\n \nSELECT AsText(ExteriorRing(GeomFromText(@poly)));\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| AsText(ExteriorRing(GeomFromText(@poly))) |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| LINESTRING(0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0) |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_exteriorring/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_exteriorring/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (10,2,'ST_InteriorRingN','Syntax\n------ \nST_InteriorRingN(poly,N)\nInteriorRingN(poly,N)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the N-th interior ring for the Polygon value poly as\na LineString. Rings are numbered beginning with 1.\n \nST_InteriorRingN() and InteriorRingN() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @poly = \'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0),(1 1,1 2,2 2,2\n1,1 1))\';\n \nSELECT AsText(InteriorRingN(GeomFromText(@poly),1));\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| AsText(InteriorRingN(GeomFromText(@poly),1)) |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| LINESTRING(1 1,1 2,2 2,2 1,1 1) |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_interiorringn/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_interiorringn/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (11,2,'ST_NumInteriorRings','Syntax\n------ \nST_NumInteriorRings(poly)\nNumInteriorRings(poly)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns an integer containing the number of interior rings\nin the Polygon value poly.\n \nNote that according the the OpenGIS standard, a POLYGON\nshould have exactly one ExteriorRing and all other rings\nshould lie within that ExteriorRing and thus be the\nInteriorRings. Practically, however, some systems, including\nMariaDB\'s, permit polygons to have several\n\'ExteriorRings\'. In the case of there being multiple,\nnon-overlapping exterior rings ST_NumInteriorRings() will\nreturn 1.\n \nST_NumInteriorRings() and NumInteriorRings() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @poly = \'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0),(1 1,1 2,2 2,2\n1,1 1))\';\n \nSELECT NumInteriorRings(GeomFromText(@poly));\n+---------------------------------------+\n| NumInteriorRings(GeomFromText(@poly)) |\n+---------------------------------------+\n| 1 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n \nNon-overlapping \'polygon\':\n \nSELECT ST_NumInteriorRings(ST_PolyFromText(\'POLYGON((0 0,10\n0,10 10,0 10,0 0),\n (-1 -1,-5 -1,-5 -5,-1 -5,-1 -1))\')) AS NumInteriorRings;\n \n+------------------+\n| NumInteriorRings |\n+------------------+\n| 1 |\n+------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_numinteriorrings/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_numinteriorrings/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (12,3,'WKT Definition','Description\n----------- \nThe Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of Geometry is\ndesigned to exchange geometry data in ASCII form. Examples\nof the basic geometry types include:\n \nGeometry Types | \n \nPOINT | \n \nLINESTRING | \n \nPOLYGON | \n \nMULTIPOINT | \n \nMULTILINESTRING | \n \nMULTIPOLYGON | \n \nGEOMETRYCOLLECTION | \n \nGEOMETRY | \n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-definition/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-definition/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (13,3,'AsText','A synonym for ST_AsText().\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-astext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-astext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (14,3,'AsWKT','A synonym for ST_AsText().\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-aswkt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-aswkt/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (15,3,'GeomCollFromText','A synonym for ST_GeomCollFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-geomcollfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-geomcollfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (16,3,'GeometryCollectionFromText','A synonym for ST_GeomCollFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/geometrycollectionfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/geometrycollectionfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (17,3,'GeometryFromText','A synonym for ST_GeomFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/geometryfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/geometryfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (18,3,'GeomFromText','A synonym for ST_GeomFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-geomfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-geomfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (19,3,'LineFromText','A synonym for ST_LineFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-linefromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-linefromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (20,3,'LineStringFromText','A synonym for ST_LineFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestringfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestringfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (21,3,'MLineFromText','Syntax\n------ \nMLineFromText(wkt[,srid])\nMultiLineStringFromText(wkt[,srid])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConstructs a MULTILINESTRING value using its WKT\nrepresentation and SRID.\n \nMLineFromText() and MultiLineStringFromText() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE gis_multi_line (g MULTILINESTRING);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_multi_line;\n \nINSERT INTO gis_multi_line VALUES\n (MultiLineStringFromText(\'MULTILINESTRING((10 48,10 21,10\n0),(16 0,16 23,16 48))\')),\n (MLineFromText(\'MULTILINESTRING((10 48,10 21,10 0))\')),\n (MLineFromWKB(AsWKB(MultiLineString(LineString(Point(1, 2),\nPoint(3, 5)), LineString(Point(2, 5), Point(5, 8), Point(21,\n7))))));\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mlinefromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mlinefromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (22,3,'MPointFromText','Syntax\n------ \nMPointFromText(wkt[,srid])\nMultiPointFromText(wkt[,srid])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConstructs a MULTIPOINT value using its WKT representation\nand SRID.\n \nMPointFromText() and MultiPointFromText() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE gis_multi_point (g MULTIPOINT);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_multi_point;\n \nINSERT INTO gis_multi_point VALUES\n (MultiPointFromText(\'MULTIPOINT(0 0,10 10,10 20,20\n20)\')),\n (MPointFromText(\'MULTIPOINT(1 1,11 11,11 21,21 21)\')),\n (MPointFromWKB(AsWKB(MultiPoint(Point(3, 6), Point(4,\n10)))));\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mpointfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mpointfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (23,3,'MPolyFromText','Syntax\n------ \nMPolyFromText(wkt[,srid])\nMultiPolygonFromText(wkt[,srid])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConstructs a MULTIPOLYGON value using its WKT representation\nand SRID.\n \nMPolyFromText() and MultiPolygonFromText() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE gis_multi_polygon (g MULTIPOLYGON);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_multi_polygon;\n \nINSERT INTO gis_multi_polygon VALUES\n (MultiPolygonFromText(\'MULTIPOLYGON(((28 26,28 0,84 0,84\n42,28 26),(52 18,66 23,73 9,48 6,52 18)),((59 18,67 18,67\n13,59 13,59 18)))\')),\n (MPolyFromText(\'MULTIPOLYGON(((28 26,28 0,84 0,84 42,28\n26),(52 18,66 23,73 9,48 6,52 18)),((59 18,67 18,67 13,59\n13,59 18)))\')),\n (MPolyFromWKB(AsWKB(MultiPolygon(Polygon(LineString(Point(0,\n3), Point(3, 3), Point(3, 0), Point(0, 3)))))));\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mpolyfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mpolyfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (24,3,'MultiLineStringFromText','A synonym for MLineFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/multilinestringfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/multilinestringfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (25,3,'MultiPointFromText','A synonym for MPointFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/multipointfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/multipointfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (26,3,'MultiPolygonFromText','A synonym for MPolyFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/multipolygonfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/multipolygonfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (27,3,'PointFromText','A synonym for ST_PointFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-pointfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-pointfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (28,3,'PolyFromText','A synonym for ST_PolyFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-polyfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wkt-polyfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (29,3,'PolygonFromText','A synonym for ST_PolyFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygonfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/polygonfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (30,3,'ST_AsText','Syntax\n------ \nST_AsText(g)\nAsText(g)\nST_AsWKT(g)\nAsWKT(g)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConverts a value in internal geometry format to its WKT\nrepresentation and returns the string result.\n \nST_AsText(), AsText(), ST_AsWKT() and AsWKT() are all\nsynonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @g = \'LineString(1 1,4 4,6 6)\';\n \nSELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromText(@g));\n+--------------------------------+\n| ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromText(@g)) |\n+--------------------------------+\n| LINESTRING(1 1,4 4,6 6) |\n+--------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_astext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_astext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (31,3,'ST_ASWKT','A synonym for ST_ASTEXT().\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_aswkt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_aswkt/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (32,3,'ST_GeomCollFromText','Syntax\n------ \nST_GeomCollFromText(wkt[,srid])\nST_GeometryCollectionFromText(wkt[,srid])\nGeomCollFromText(wkt[,srid])\nGeometryCollectionFromText(wkt[,srid])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConstructs a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION value using its WKT \nrepresentation and SRID.\n \nST_GeomCollFromText(), ST_GeometryCollectionFromText(),\nGeomCollFromText() and GeometryCollectionFromText() are all\nsynonyms.\n \nExample\n \nCREATE TABLE gis_geometrycollection (g GEOMETRYCOLLECTION);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_geometrycollection;\n \nINSERT INTO gis_geometrycollection VALUES\n (GeomCollFromText(\'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0),\nLINESTRING(0 0,10 10))\')),\n (GeometryFromWKB(AsWKB(GeometryCollection(Point(44, 6),\nLineString(Point(3, 6), Point(7, 9)))))),\n (GeomFromText(\'GeometryCollection()\')),\n (GeomFromText(\'GeometryCollection EMPTY\'));\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_geomcollfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_geomcollfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (33,3,'ST_GeometryCollectionFromText','A synonym for ST_GeomCollFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_geometrycollectionfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_geometrycollectionfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (34,3,'ST_GeometryFromText','A synonym for ST_GeomFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_geometryfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_geometryfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (35,3,'ST_GeomFromText','Syntax\n------ \nST_GeomFromText(wkt[,srid])\nST_GeometryFromText(wkt[,srid])\nGeomFromText(wkt[,srid])\nGeometryFromText(wkt[,srid])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConstructs a geometry value of any type using its WKT\nrepresentation and SRID.\n \nGeomFromText(), GeometryFromText(), ST_GeomFromText() and\nST_GeometryFromText() are all synonyms.\n \nExample\n \nSET @g = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POLYGON((1 1,1 5,4 9,6 9,9 3,7\n2,1 1))\');\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_geomfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_geomfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (36,3,'ST_LineFromText','Syntax\n------ \nST_LineFromText(wkt[,srid])\nST_LineStringFromText(wkt[,srid])\nLineFromText(wkt[,srid])\nLineStringFromText(wkt[,srid])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConstructs a LINESTRING value using its WKT representation\nand SRID.\n \nST_LineFromText(), ST_LineStringFromText(),\nST_LineFromText() and ST_LineStringFromText() are all\nsynonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE gis_line (g LINESTRING);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_line;\n \nINSERT INTO gis_line VALUES\n (LineFromText(\'LINESTRING(0 0,0 10,10 0)\')),\n (LineStringFromText(\'LINESTRING(10 10,20 10,20 20,10 20,10\n10)\')),\n (LineStringFromWKB(AsWKB(LineString(Point(10, 10),\nPoint(40, 10)))));\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_linefromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_linefromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (37,3,'ST_LineStringFromText','A synonym for ST_LineFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_linestringfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_linestringfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (38,3,'ST_PointFromText','Syntax\n------ \nST_PointFromText(wkt[,srid])\nPointFromText(wkt[,srid])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConstructs a POINT value using its WKT representation and\nSRID.\n \nST_PointFromText() and PointFromText() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE gis_point (g POINT);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_point;\n \nINSERT INTO gis_point VALUES\n (PointFromText(\'POINT(10 10)\')),\n (PointFromText(\'POINT(20 10)\')),\n (PointFromText(\'POINT(20 20)\')),\n (PointFromWKB(AsWKB(PointFromText(\'POINT(10 20)\'))));\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_pointfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_pointfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (39,3,'ST_PolyFromText','Syntax\n------ \nST_PolyFromText(wkt[,srid])\nST_PolygonFromText(wkt[,srid])\nPolyFromText(wkt[,srid])\nPolygonFromText(wkt[,srid])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConstructs a POLYGON value using its WKT representation and\nSRID.\n \nST_PolyFromText(), ST_PolygonFromText(), PolyFromText() and\nST_PolygonFromText() are all synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE gis_polygon (g POLYGON);\nINSERT INTO gis_polygon VALUES\n (PolygonFromText(\'POLYGON((10 10,20 10,20 20,10 20,10\n10))\')),\n (PolyFromText(\'POLYGON((0 0,50 0,50 50,0 50,0 0), (10\n10,20 10,20 20,10 20,10 10))\'));\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_polyfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_polyfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (40,3,'ST_PolygonFromText','A synonym for ST_PolyFromText.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_polygonfromtext/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_polygonfromtext/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (41,4,'Addition Operator (+)','Syntax\n------ \n+\n \nDescription\n----------- \nAddition.\n \nIf both operands are integers, the result is calculated with\nBIGINT precision. If either integer is unsigned, the result\nis also an unsigned integer.\n \nFor real or string operands, the operand with the highest\nprecision determines the result precision.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 3+5;\n \n+-----+\n| 3+5 |\n+-----+\n| 8 |\n+-----+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/addition-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/addition-operator/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (42,4,'Subtraction Operator (-)','Syntax\n------ \n-\n \nDescription\n----------- \nSubtraction. The operator is also used as the unary minus\nfor changing sign.\n \nIf both operands are integers, the result is calculated with\nBIGINT precision. If either integer is unsigned, the result\nis also an unsigned integer, unless the\nNO_UNSIGNED_SUBTRACTION SQL_MODE is enabled, in which case\nthe result is always signed.\n \nFor real or string operands, the operand with the highest\nprecision determines the result precision.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 96-9;\n \n+------+\n| 96-9 |\n+------+\n| 87 |\n+------+\n \nSELECT 15-17;\n \n+-------+\n| 15-17 |\n+-------+\n| -2 |\n+-------+\n \nSELECT 3.66 + 1.333;\n \n+--------------+\n| 3.66 + 1.333 |\n+--------------+\n| 4.993 |\n+--------------+\n \nUnary minus:\n \n SELECT - (3+5);\n+---------+\n| - (3+5) |\n+---------+\n| -8 |\n+---------+\n \n\n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/subtraction-operator-/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/subtraction-operator-/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (43,4,'Division Operator (/)','Syntax\n------ \n/\n \nDescription\n----------- \nDivision operator. Dividing by zero will return NULL. By\ndefault, returns four digits after the decimal. This is\ndetermined by the server system variable\ndiv_precision_increment which by default is four. It can be\nset from 0 to 30.\n \nDividing by zero returns NULL. If the\nERROR_ON_DIVISION_BY_ZERO SQL_MODE is used (the default\nsince MariaDB 10.2.4), a division by zero also produces a\nwarning.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 4/5;\n \n+--------+\n| 4/5 |\n+--------+\n| 0.8000 |\n+--------+\n \nSELECT 300/(2-2);\n+-----------+\n| 300/(2-2) |\n+-----------+\n| NULL |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT 300/7;\n \n+---------+\n| 300/7 |\n+---------+\n| 42.8571 |\n+---------+\n \nChanging div_precision_increment for the session from the\ndefault of four to six:\n \nSET div_precision_increment = 6;\n \nSELECT 300/7;\n \n+-----------+\n| 300/7 |\n+-----------+\n| 42.857143 |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT 300/7;\n \n+-----------+\n| 300/7 |\n+-----------+\n| 42.857143 |\n+-----------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/division-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/division-operator/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (44,4,'Multiplication Operator (*)','Syntax\n------ \n*\n \nDescription\n----------- \nMultiplication operator.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 7*6;\n \n+-----+\n| 7*6 |\n+-----+\n| 42 |\n+-----+\n \nSELECT 1234567890*9876543210;\n \n+-----------------------+\n| 1234567890*9876543210 |\n+-----------------------+\n| -6253480962446024716 |\n+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT 18014398509481984*18014398509481984.0;\n \n+---------------------------------------+\n| 18014398509481984*18014398509481984.0 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n| 324518553658426726783156020576256.0 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT 18014398509481984*18014398509481984;\n \n+-------------------------------------+\n| 18014398509481984*18014398509481984 |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| 0 |\n+-------------------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/multiplication-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/multiplication-operator/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (45,4,'Modulo Operator (%)','Syntax\n------ \nN % M\n \nDescription\n----------- \nModulo operator. Returns the remainder of N divided by M.\nSee also MOD.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 1042 % 50;\n \n+-----------+\n| 1042 % 50 |\n+-----------+\n| 42 |\n+-----------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/modulo-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/modulo-operator/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (46,4,'DIV','Syntax\n------ \nDIV\n \nDescription\n----------- \nInteger division. Similar to FLOOR(), but is safe with\nBIGINT values.\nIncorrect results may occur for non-integer operands that\nexceed BIGINT range.\n \nIf the ERROR_ON_DIVISION_BY_ZERO SQL_MODE is used, a\ndivision by zero produces an error. Otherwise, it returns\nNULL.\n \nThe remainder of a division can be obtained using the MOD\noperator.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 300 DIV 7;\n \n+-----------+\n| 300 DIV 7 |\n+-----------+\n| 42 |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT 300 DIV 0;\n \n+-----------+\n| 300 DIV 0 |\n+-----------+\n| NULL |\n+-----------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/div/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/div/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (47,4,'ABS','Syntax\n------ \nABS(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the absolute (non-negative) value of X. If X is not\na number, it is converted to a numeric type.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT ABS(42);\n+---------+\n| ABS(42) |\n+---------+\n| 42 |\n+---------+\n \nSELECT ABS(-42);\n+----------+\n| ABS(-42) |\n+----------+\n| 42 |\n+----------+\n \nSELECT ABS(DATE \'1994-01-01\');\n+------------------------+\n| ABS(DATE \'1994-01-01\') |\n+------------------------+\n| 19940101 |\n+------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/abs/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/abs/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (48,4,'ACOS','Syntax\n------ \nACOS(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the arc cosine of X, that is, the value whose cosine\nis X.\nReturns NULL if X is not in the range -1 to 1.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT ACOS(1);\n+---------+\n| ACOS(1) |\n+---------+\n| 0 |\n+---------+\n \nSELECT ACOS(1.0001);\n+--------------+\n| ACOS(1.0001) |\n+--------------+\n| NULL |\n+--------------+\n \nSELECT ACOS(0);\n+-----------------+\n| ACOS(0) |\n+-----------------+\n| 1.5707963267949 |\n+-----------------+\n \nSELECT ACOS(0.234);\n+------------------+\n| ACOS(0.234) |\n+------------------+\n| 1.33460644244679 |\n+------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/acos/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/acos/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (49,4,'ASIN','Syntax\n------ \nASIN(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the arc sine of X, that is, the value whose sine is\nX. Returns\nNULL if X is not in the range -1 to 1.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT ASIN(0.2);\n+--------------------+\n| ASIN(0.2) |\n+--------------------+\n| 0.2013579207903308 |\n+--------------------+\n \nSELECT ASIN(\'foo\');\n+-------------+\n| ASIN(\'foo\') |\n+-------------+\n| 0 |\n+-------------+\n \nSHOW WARNINGS;\n \n+---------+------+-----------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message |\n+---------+------+-----------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: \'foo\'\n|\n+---------+------+-----------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/asin/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/asin/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (50,4,'ATAN','Syntax\n------ \nATAN(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the arc tangent of X, that is, the value whose\ntangent is X.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT ATAN(2);\n+--------------------+\n| ATAN(2) |\n+--------------------+\n| 1.1071487177940904 |\n+--------------------+\n \nSELECT ATAN(-2);\n+---------------------+\n| ATAN(-2) |\n+---------------------+\n| -1.1071487177940904 |\n+---------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/atan/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/atan/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (51,4,'ATAN2','Syntax\n------ \nATAN(Y,X), ATAN2(Y,X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the arc tangent of the two variables X and Y. It is\nsimilar to\ncalculating the arc tangent of Y / X, except that the signs\nof both\narguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT ATAN(-2,2);\n+---------------------+\n| ATAN(-2,2) |\n+---------------------+\n| -0.7853981633974483 |\n+---------------------+\n \nSELECT ATAN2(PI(),0);\n+--------------------+\n| ATAN2(PI(),0) |\n+--------------------+\n| 1.5707963267948966 |\n+--------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/atan2/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/atan2/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (52,4,'CEIL','Syntax\n------ \nCEIL(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nCEIL() is a synonym for CEILING().\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/ceil/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/ceil/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (53,4,'CEILING','Syntax\n------ \nCEILING(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the smallest integer value not less than X.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT CEILING(1.23);\n+---------------+\n| CEILING(1.23) |\n+---------------+\n| 2 |\n+---------------+\n \nSELECT CEILING(-1.23);\n+----------------+\n| CEILING(-1.23) |\n+----------------+\n| -1 |\n+----------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/ceiling/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/ceiling/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (54,4,'CONV','Syntax\n------ \nCONV(N,from_base,to_base)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nConverts numbers between different number bases. Returns a\nstring\nrepresentation of the number N, converted from base\nfrom_base\nto base to_base.\n \nReturns NULL if any argument is NULL, or if the second or\nthird argument are not in the allowed range.\n \nThe argument N is interpreted as an integer, but may be\nspecified as an\ninteger or a string. The minimum base is 2 and the maximum\nbase is 36. If\nto_base is a negative number, N is regarded as a signed\nnumber.\nOtherwise, N is treated as unsigned. CONV() works with\n64-bit\nprecision.\n \nSome shortcuts for this function are also available: BIN(),\nOCT(), HEX(), UNHEX(). Also, MariaDB allows binary literal\nvalues and hexadecimal literal values.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT CONV(\'a\',16,2);\n+----------------+\n| CONV(\'a\',16,2) |\n+----------------+\n| 1010 |\n+----------------+\n \nSELECT CONV(\'6E\',18,8);\n+-----------------+\n| CONV(\'6E\',18,8) |\n+-----------------+\n| 172 |\n+-----------------+\n \nSELECT CONV(-17,10,-18);\n+------------------+\n| CONV(-17,10,-18) |\n+------------------+\n| -H |\n+------------------+\n \nSELECT CONV(12+\'10\'+\'10\'+0xa,10,10);\n+------------------------------+\n| CONV(12+\'10\'+\'10\'+0xa,10,10) |\n+------------------------------+\n| 42 |\n+------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/conv/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/conv/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (55,4,'COS','Syntax\n------ \nCOS(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the cosine of X, where X is given in radians.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT COS(PI());\n+-----------+\n| COS(PI()) |\n+-----------+\n| -1 |\n+-----------\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/cos/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/cos/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (56,4,'COT','Syntax\n------ \nCOT(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the cotangent of X.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT COT(42);\n+--------------------+\n| COT(42) |\n+--------------------+\n| 0.4364167060752729 |\n+--------------------+\n \nSELECT COT(12);\n+---------------------+\n| COT(12) |\n+---------------------+\n| -1.5726734063976893 |\n+---------------------+\n \nSELECT COT(0);\nERROR 1690 (22003): DOUBLE value is out of range in\n\'cot(0)\'\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/cot/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/cot/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (57,4,'CRC32','Syntax\n------ \nCRC32(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nComputes a cyclic redundancy check value and returns a\n32-bit unsigned\nvalue. The result is NULL if the argument is NULL. The\nargument is\nexpected to be a string and (if possible) is treated as one\nif it is\nnot.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT CRC32(\'MariaDB\');\n+------------------+\n| CRC32(\'MariaDB\') |\n+------------------+\n| 4227209140 |\n+------------------+\n \nSELECT CRC32(\'mariadb\');\n+------------------+\n| CRC32(\'mariadb\') |\n+------------------+\n| 2594253378 |\n+------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/crc32/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/crc32/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (58,4,'DEGREES','Syntax\n------ \nDEGREES(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the argument X, converted from radians to degrees.\n \nThis is the converse of the RADIANS() function.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT DEGREES(PI());\n+---------------+\n| DEGREES(PI()) |\n+---------------+\n| 180 |\n+---------------+\n \nSELECT DEGREES(PI() / 2);\n+-------------------+\n| DEGREES(PI() / 2) |\n+-------------------+\n| 90 |\n+-------------------+\n \nSELECT DEGREES(45);\n+-----------------+\n| DEGREES(45) |\n+-----------------+\n| 2578.3100780887 |\n+-----------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/degrees/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/degrees/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (59,4,'EXP','Syntax\n------ \nEXP(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the value of e (the base of natural logarithms)\nraised to the\npower of X. The inverse of this function is LOG() (using a\nsingle\nargument only) or LN().\n \nIf X is NULL, this function returns NULL.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT EXP(2);\n+------------------+\n| EXP(2) |\n+------------------+\n| 7.38905609893065 |\n+------------------+\n \nSELECT EXP(-2);\n+--------------------+\n| EXP(-2) |\n+--------------------+\n| 0.1353352832366127 |\n+--------------------+\n \nSELECT EXP(0);\n+--------+\n| EXP(0) |\n+--------+\n| 1 |\n+--------+\n \nSELECT EXP(NULL);\n+-----------+\n| EXP(NULL) |\n+-----------+\n| NULL |\n+-----------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/exp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/exp/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (60,4,'FLOOR','Syntax\n------ \nFLOOR(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the largest integer value not greater than X.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT FLOOR(1.23);\n+-------------+\n| FLOOR(1.23) |\n+-------------+\n| 1 |\n+-------------+\n \nSELECT FLOOR(-1.23);\n+--------------+\n| FLOOR(-1.23) |\n+--------------+\n| -2 |\n+--------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/floor/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/floor/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (61,4,'LN','Syntax\n------ \nLN(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the natural logarithm of X; that is, the base-e\nlogarithm of X.\nIf X is less than or equal to 0, or NULL, then NULL is\nreturned.\n \nThe inverse of this function is EXP().\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT LN(2);\n+-------------------+\n| LN(2) |\n+-------------------+\n| 0.693147180559945 |\n+-------------------+\n \nSELECT LN(-2);\n+--------+\n| LN(-2) |\n+--------+\n| NULL |\n+--------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/ln/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/ln/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (62,4,'LOG','Syntax\n------ \nLOG(X), LOG(B,X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nIf called with one parameter, this function returns the\nnatural\nlogarithm of X. If X is less than or equal to 0, then NULL\nis\nreturned.\n \nIf called with two parameters, it returns the logarithm of X\nto the base B. If B is \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/log/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/log/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (63,4,'LOG10','Syntax\n------ \nLOG10(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the base-10 logarithm of X.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT LOG10(2);\n+-------------------+\n| LOG10(2) |\n+-------------------+\n| 0.301029995663981 |\n+-------------------+\n \nSELECT LOG10(100);\n+------------+\n| LOG10(100) |\n+------------+\n| 2 |\n+------------+\n \nSELECT LOG10(-100);\n+-------------+\n| LOG10(-100) |\n+-------------+\n| NULL |\n+-------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/log10/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/log10/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (64,4,'LOG2','Syntax\n------ \nLOG2(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the base-2 logarithm of X.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT LOG2(4398046511104);\n+---------------------+\n| LOG2(4398046511104) |\n+---------------------+\n| 42 |\n+---------------------+\n \nSELECT LOG2(65536);\n+-------------+\n| LOG2(65536) |\n+-------------+\n| 16 |\n+-------------+\n \nSELECT LOG2(-100);\n+------------+\n| LOG2(-100) |\n+------------+\n| NULL |\n+------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/log2/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/log2/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (65,4,'MOD','Syntax\n------ \nMOD(N,M), N % M, N MOD M\n \nDescription\n----------- \nModulo operation. Returns the remainder of N divided by M.\nSee also Modulo Operator.\n \nIf the ERROR_ON_DIVISION_BY_ZERO SQL_MODE is used, any\nnumber modulus zero produces an error. Otherwise, it returns\nNULL.\n \nThe integer part of a division can be obtained using DIV.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 1042 % 50;\n \n+-----------+\n| 1042 % 50 |\n+-----------+\n| 42 |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT MOD(234, 10);\n+--------------+\n| MOD(234, 10) |\n+--------------+\n| 4 |\n+--------------+\n \nSELECT 253 % 7;\n \n+---------+\n| 253 % 7 |\n+---------+\n| 1 |\n+---------+\n \nSELECT MOD(29,9);\n+-----------+\n| MOD(29,9) |\n+-----------+\n| 2 |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT 29 MOD 9;\n \n+----------+\n| 29 MOD 9 |\n+----------+\n| 2 |\n+----------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mod/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mod/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (66,4,'OCT','Syntax\n------ \nOCT(N)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns a string representation of the octal value of N,\nwhere N is a longlong (BIGINT) number. This is equivalent to\nCONV(N,10,8). Returns NULL if N is NULL.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT OCT(34);\n+---------+\n| OCT(34) |\n+---------+\n| 42 |\n+---------+\n \nSELECT OCT(12);\n+---------+\n| OCT(12) |\n+---------+\n| 14 |\n+---------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/oct/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/oct/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (67,4,'PI','Syntax\n------ \nPI()\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the value of π (pi). The default number of decimal\nplaces\ndisplayed is six, but MariaDB uses the full double-precision\nvalue\ninternally.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT PI();\n+----------+\n| PI() |\n+----------+\n| 3.141593 |\n+----------+\n \nSELECT PI()+0.0000000000000000000000;\n \n+-------------------------------+\n| PI()+0.0000000000000000000000 |\n+-------------------------------+\n| 3.1415926535897931159980 |\n+-------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/pi/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/pi/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (68,4,'POW','Syntax\n------ \nPOW(X,Y)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the value of X raised to the power of Y.\n \nPOWER() is a synonym.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT POW(2,3);\n+----------+\n| POW(2,3) |\n+----------+\n| 8 |\n+----------+\n \nSELECT POW(2,-2);\n+-----------+\n| POW(2,-2) |\n+-----------+\n| 0.25 |\n+-----------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/pow/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/pow/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (69,4,'POWER','Syntax\n------ \nPOWER(X,Y)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis is a synonym for POW(), which returns the value of X\nraised to the power of Y.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/power/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/power/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (70,4,'RADIANS','Syntax\n------ \nRADIANS(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the argument X, converted from degrees to radians.\nNote that\nπ radians equals 180 degrees. \n \nThis is the converse of the DEGREES() function.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT RADIANS(45);\n+-------------------+\n| RADIANS(45) |\n+-------------------+\n| 0.785398163397448 |\n+-------------------+\n \nSELECT RADIANS(90);\n+-----------------+\n| RADIANS(90) |\n+-----------------+\n| 1.5707963267949 |\n+-----------------+\n \nSELECT RADIANS(PI());\n+--------------------+\n| RADIANS(PI()) |\n+--------------------+\n| 0.0548311355616075 |\n+--------------------+\n \nSELECT RADIANS(180);\n+------------------+\n| RADIANS(180) |\n+------------------+\n| 3.14159265358979 |\n+------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/radians/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/radians/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (71,4,'RAND','Syntax\n------ \nRAND(), RAND(N)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns a random DOUBLE precision floating point value v in\nthe range 0 \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/rand/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/rand/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (72,4,'ROUND','Syntax\n------ \nROUND(X), ROUND(X,D)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nRounds the argument X to D decimal places. The rounding\nalgorithm\ndepends on the data type of X. D defaults to 0 if not\nspecified.\nD can be negative to cause D digits left of the decimal\npoint of the\nvalue X to become zero.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT ROUND(-1.23);\n+--------------+\n| ROUND(-1.23) |\n+--------------+\n| -1 |\n+--------------+\n \nSELECT ROUND(-1.58);\n+--------------+\n| ROUND(-1.58) |\n+--------------+\n| -2 |\n+--------------+\n \nSELECT ROUND(1.58); \n+-------------+\n| ROUND(1.58) |\n+-------------+\n| 2 |\n+-------------+\n \nSELECT ROUND(1.298, 1);\n+-----------------+\n| ROUND(1.298, 1) |\n+-----------------+\n| 1.3 |\n+-----------------+\n \nSELECT ROUND(1.298, 0);\n+-----------------+\n| ROUND(1.298, 0) |\n+-----------------+\n| 1 |\n+-----------------+\n \nSELECT ROUND(23.298, -1);\n+-------------------+\n| ROUND(23.298, -1) |\n+-------------------+\n| 20 |\n+-------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/round/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/round/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (73,4,'SIGN','Syntax\n------ \nSIGN(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the sign of the argument as -1, 0, or 1, depending\non whether\nX is negative, zero, or positive.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT SIGN(-32);\n+-----------+\n| SIGN(-32) |\n+-----------+\n| -1 |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT SIGN(0);\n+---------+\n| SIGN(0) |\n+---------+\n| 0 |\n+---------+\n \nSELECT SIGN(234);\n+-----------+\n| SIGN(234) |\n+-----------+\n| 1 |\n+-----------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sign/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sign/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (74,4,'SIN','Syntax\n------ \nSIN(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the sine of X, where X is given in radians.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT SIN(1.5707963267948966);\n+-------------------------+\n| SIN(1.5707963267948966) |\n+-------------------------+\n| 1 |\n+-------------------------+\n \nSELECT SIN(PI());\n+----------------------+\n| SIN(PI()) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1.22460635382238e-16 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT ROUND(SIN(PI()));\n+------------------+\n| ROUND(SIN(PI())) |\n+------------------+\n| 0 |\n+------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sin/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sin/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (75,4,'SQRT','Syntax\n------ \nSQRT(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the square root of X. If X is negative, NULL is\nreturned.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT SQRT(4);\n+---------+\n| SQRT(4) |\n+---------+\n| 2 |\n+---------+\n \nSELECT SQRT(20);\n+------------------+\n| SQRT(20) |\n+------------------+\n| 4.47213595499958 |\n+------------------+\n \nSELECT SQRT(-16);\n+-----------+\n| SQRT(-16) |\n+-----------+\n| NULL |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT SQRT(1764);\n+------------+\n| SQRT(1764) |\n+------------+\n| 42 |\n+------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sqrt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sqrt/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (76,4,'TAN','Syntax\n------ \nTAN(X)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the tangent of X, where X is given in radians.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT TAN(0.7853981633974483);\n+-------------------------+\n| TAN(0.7853981633974483) |\n+-------------------------+\n| 0.9999999999999999 |\n+-------------------------+\n \nSELECT TAN(PI());\n+-----------------------+\n| TAN(PI()) |\n+-----------------------+\n| -1.22460635382238e-16 |\n+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT TAN(PI()+1);\n+-----------------+\n| TAN(PI()+1) |\n+-----------------+\n| 1.5574077246549 |\n+-----------------+\n \nSELECT TAN(RADIANS(PI()));\n+--------------------+\n| TAN(RADIANS(PI())) |\n+--------------------+\n| 0.0548861508080033 |\n+--------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/tan/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/tan/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (77,4,'TRUNCATE','This page documents the TRUNCATE function. See TRUNCATE\nTABLE for the DDL statement.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nTRUNCATE(X,D)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the number X, truncated to D decimal places. If D is\n0, the\nresult has no decimal point or fractional part. D can be\nnegative to\ncause D digits left of the decimal point of the value X to\nbecome\nzero.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT TRUNCATE(1.223,1);\n+-------------------+\n| TRUNCATE(1.223,1) |\n+-------------------+\n| 1.2 |\n+-------------------+\n \nSELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,1);\n+-------------------+\n| TRUNCATE(1.999,1) |\n+-------------------+\n| 1.9 |\n+-------------------+\n \nSELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,0); \n+-------------------+\n| TRUNCATE(1.999,0) |\n+-------------------+\n| 1 |\n+-------------------+\n \nSELECT TRUNCATE(-1.999,1);\n+--------------------+\n| TRUNCATE(-1.999,1) |\n+--------------------+\n| -1.9 |\n+--------------------+\n \nSELECT TRUNCATE(122,-2);\n+------------------+\n| TRUNCATE(122,-2) |\n+------------------+\n| 100 |\n+------------------+\n \nSELECT TRUNCATE(10.28*100,0);\n+-----------------------+\n| TRUNCATE(10.28*100,0) |\n+-----------------------+\n| 1028 |\n+-----------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/truncate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/truncate/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (78,5,'Plugin Overview','Plugins are server components that enhance MariaDB in some\nway. These can be anything from new storage engines, plugins\nfor enhancing full-text parsing, or even small enhancements,\nsuch as a plugin to get a timestamp as an integer.\n \nQuerying Plugin Information\n \nThere are a number of ways to see which plugins are\ncurrently active.\n \nA server almost always has a large number of active plugins,\nbecause the server contains a large number of built-in\nplugins, which are active by default and cannot be\nuninstalled.\n \nQuerying Plugin Information with SHOW PLUGINS\n \nThe SHOW PLUGINS statement can be used to query information\nabout all active plugins.\n \nFor example:\n \nSHOW PLUGINS;\n \n+----------------------------+----------+--------------------+---------+---------+\n| Name | Status | Type | Library | License |\n+----------------------------+----------+--------------------+---------+---------+\n...\n| mysql_native_password | ACTIVE | AUTHENTICATION | NULL |\nGPL |\n| mysql_old_password | ACTIVE | AUTHENTICATION | NULL | GPL\n|\n| MRG_MyISAM | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL |\n...\n+----------------------------+----------+--------------------+---------+---------+\n \nIf a plugin\'s Library column has the NULL value, then the\nplugin is built-in, and it cannot be uninstalled.\n \nQuerying Plugin Information with information_schema.PLUGINS\n \nThe information_schema.PLUGINS table can be queried to get\nmore detailed information about plugins.\n \nFor example:\n \nSELECT * FROM information_schema.PLUGINS\\G\n...\n*************************** 6. row\n***************************\n PLUGIN_NAME: CSV\n PLUGIN_VERSION: 1.0\n PLUGIN_STATUS: ACTIVE\n PLUGIN_TYPE: STORAGE ENGINE\n PLUGIN_TYPE_VERSION: 100003.0\n PLUGIN_LIBRARY: NULL\nPLUGIN_LIBRARY_VERSION: NULL\n PLUGIN_AUTHOR: Brian Aker, MySQL AB\n PLUGIN_DESCRIPTION: CSV storage engine\n PLUGIN_LICENSE: GPL\n LOAD_OPTION: FORCE\n PLUGIN_MATURITY: Stable\n PLUGIN_AUTH_VERSION: 1.0\n*************************** 7. row\n***************************\n PLUGIN_NAME: MEMORY\n PLUGIN_VERSION: 1.0\n PLUGIN_STATUS: ACTIVE\n PLUGIN_TYPE: STORAGE ENGINE\n PLUGIN_TYPE_VERSION: 100003.0\n PLUGIN_LIBRARY: NULL\nPLUGIN_LIBRARY_VERSION: NULL\n PLUGIN_AUTHOR: MySQL AB\n PLUGIN_DESCRIPTION: Hash based, stored in memory, useful\nfor temporary tables\n PLUGIN_LICENSE: GPL\n LOAD_OPTION: FORCE\n PLUGIN_MATURITY: Stable\n PLUGIN_AUTH_VERSION: 1.0\n...\n \nIf a plugin\'s PLUGIN_LIBRARY column has the NULL value,\nthen the plugin is built-in, and it cannot be uninstalled.\n \nQuerying Plugin Information with mysql.plugin\n \nThe mysql.plugin table can be queried to get information\nabout installed plugins.\n \nThis table only contains information about plugins that have\nbeen installed via the following methods:\nThe INSTALL SONAME statement.\nThe INSTALL PLUGIN statement.\nThe mysql_plugin utility.\n \nThis table does not contain information about:\nBuilt-in plugins.\nPlugins loaded with the --plugin-load-add option.\nPlugins loaded with the --plugin-load option.\n \nThis table only contains enough information to reload the\nplugin when the server is restarted, which means it only\ncontains the plugin name and the plugin library.\n \nFor example:\n \nSELECT * FROM mysql.plugin;\n \n+------+------------+\n| name | dl |\n+------+------------+\n| PBXT | libpbxt.so |\n+------+------------+\n \nInstalling a Plugin\n \nThere are three primary ways to install a plugin:\nA plugin can be installed dynamically with an SQL statement.\nA plugin can be installed with a mysqld option, but it\nrequires a server restart.\nA plugin can be installed with the mysql_plugin utility,\nwhile the server is completely offline.\n \nWhen you are installing a plugin, you also have to ensure\nthat:\nThe server\'s plugin directory is properly configured, and\nthe plugin\'s library is in the plugin directory.\nThe server\'s minimum plugin maturity is properly\nconfigured, and the plugin is mature enough to be installed.\n \nInstalling a Plugin Dynamically\n \nA plugin can be installed dynamically by executing either\nthe INSTALL SONAME or the INSTALL PLUGIN statement.\n \nIf a plugin is installed with one of these statements, then\na record will be added to the mysql.plugins table for the\nplugin. This means that the plugin will automatically be\nloaded every time the server restarts, unless specifically\nuninstalled or deactivated.\n \nInstalling a Plugin with INSTALL SONAME\n \nYou can install a plugin dynamically by executing the\nINSTALL SONAME statement. INSTALL SONAME installs all\nplugins from the given plugin library. This could be\nrequired for some plugin libraries.\n \nFor example, to install all plugins in the server_audit\nplugin library (which is currently only the server_audit\naudit plugin), you could execute the following:\n \nINSTALL SONAME \'server_audit\';\n \nInstalling a Plugin with INSTALL PLUGIN\n \nYou can install a plugin dynamically by executing the\nINSTALL PLUGIN statement. INSTALL PLUGIN installs a single\nplugin from the given plugin library.\n \nFor example, to install the server_audit audit plugin from\nthe server_audit plugin library, you could execute the\nfollowing:\n \nINSTALL PLUGIN server_audit SONAME \'server_audit\';\n \nInstalling a Plugin with Plugin Load Options\n \nA plugin can be installed with a mysqld option by providing\neither the --plugin-load-add or the --plugin-load option.\n \nIf a plugin is installed with one of these options, then a\nrecord will not be added to the mysql.plugins table for the\nplugin. This means that if the server is restarted without\nthe same option set, then the plugin will not automatically\nbe loaded.\n \nInstalling a Plugin with --plugin-load-add\n \nYou can install a plugin with the --plugin-load-add option\nby specifying the option as a command-line argument to\nmysqld or by specifying the option in a relevant server\noption group in an option file.\n \nThe --plugin-load-add option uses the following format:\nPlugins can be specified in the format name=library, where\nname is the plugin name and library is the plugin library.\nThis format installs a single plugin from the given plugin\nlibrary.\nPlugins can also be specified in the format library, where\nlibrary is the plugin library. This format installs all\nplugins from the given plugin library.\nMultiple plugins can be specified by separating them with\nsemicolons.\n \nFor example, to install all plugins in the server_audit\nplugin library (which is currently only the server_audit\naudit plugin) and also the ed25519 authentication plugin\nfrom the auth_ed25519 plugin library, you could set the\noption to the following values on the command-line:\n \n$ mysqld --user=mysql --plugin-load-add=\'server_audit\'\n--plugin-load-add=\'ed25519=auth_ed25519\'\n \nYou could also set the option to the same values in an\noption file:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nplugin_load_add = server_audit\nplugin_load_add = ed25519=auth_ed25519\n \nSpecial care must be taken when specifying both the\n--plugin-load option and the --plugin-load-add option\ntogether. The --plugin-load option resets the plugin load\nlist, and this can cause unexpected problems if you are not\naware. The --plugin-load-add option does not reset the\nplugin load list, so it is much safer to use. See Specifying\nMultiple Plugin Load Options for more information.\n \nInstalling a Plugin with --plugin-load\n \nYou can install a plugin with the --plugin-load option by\nspecifying the option as a command-line argument to mysqld\nor by specifying the option in a relevant server option\ngroup in an option file.\n \nThe --plugin-load option uses the following format:\nPlugins can be specified in the format name=library, where\nname is the plugin name and library is the plugin library.\nThis format installs a single plugin from the given plugin\nlibrary.\nPlugins can also be specified in the format library, where\nlibrary is the plugin library. This format installs all\nplugins from the given plugin library.\nMultiple plugins can be specified by separating them with\nsemicolons.\n \nFor example, to install all plugins in the server_audit\nplugin library (which is currently only the server_audit\naudit plugin) and also the ed25519 authentication plugin\nfrom the auth_ed25519 plugin library, you could set the\noption to the following values on the command-line:\n \n$ mysqld --user=mysql\n--plugin-load=\'server_audit;ed25519=auth_ed25519\'\n \nYou could also set the option to the same values in an\noption file:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nplugin_load = server_audit;ed25519=auth_ed25519\n \nSpecial care must be taken when specifying the --plugin-load\noption multiple times, or when specifying both the\n--plugin-load option and the --plugin-load-add option\ntogether. The --plugin-load option resets the plugin load\nlist, and this can cause unexpected problems if you are not\naware. The --plugin-load-add option does not reset the\nplugin load list, so it is much safer to use. See Specifying\nMultiple Plugin Load Options for more information.\n \nSpecifying Multiple Plugin Load Options\n \nSpecial care must be taken when specifying the --plugin-load\noption multiple times, or when specifying both the\n--plugin-load option and the --plugin-load-add option. The\n--plugin-load option resets the plugin load list, and this\ncan cause unexpected problems if you are not aware. The\n--plugin-load-add option does not reset the plugin load\nlist, so it is much safer to use.\n \nThis can have the following consequences:\nIf the --plugin-load option is specified multiple times,\nthen only the last instance will have any effect. For\nexample, in the following case, the first instance of the\noption is reset:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nplugin_load = server_audit\nplugin_load = ed25519=auth_ed25519\nIf the --plugin-load option is specified after the\n--plugin-load-add option, then it will also reset the\nchanges made by that option. For example, in the following\ncase, the --plugin-load-add option does not do anything,\nbecause the subsequent --plugin-load option resets the\nplugin load list:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nplugin_load_add = server_audit\nplugin_load = ed25519=auth_ed25519\nIn contrast, if the --plugin-load option is specified before\nthe --plugin-load-add option, then it will work fine,\nbecause the --plugin-load-add option does not reset the\nplugin load list. For example, in the following case, both\nplugins are properly loaded:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nplugin_load = server_audit\nplugin_load_add = ed25519=auth_ed25519\n \nInstalling a Plugin with mysql_plugin\n \nA plugin can be installed with the mysql_plugin utility if\nthe server is completely offline. \n \nThe syntax is:\n \nmysql_plugin [options] \n ENABLE|DISABLE\n \nFor example, to install the server_audit audit plugin, you\ncould execute the following:\n \nmysql_plugin server_audit ENABLE\n \nIf a plugin is installed with this utility, then a record\nwill be added to the mysql.plugins table for the plugin.\nThis means that the plugin will automatically be loaded\nevery time the server restarts, unless specifically\nuninstalled or deactivated.\n \nConfiguring the Plugin Directory\n \nWhen a plugin is being installed, the server looks for the\nplugin\'s library in the server\'s plugin directory. This\ndirectory is configured by the plugin_dir system variable.\nThis can be specified as a command-line argument to mysqld\nor it can be specified in a relevant server option group in\nan option file. For example:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nplugin_dir = /usr/lib64/mysql/plugin\n \nConfiguring the Minimum Plugin Maturity\n \nWhen a plugin is being installed, the server compares the\nplugin\'s maturity level against the server\'s minimum\nallowed plugin maturity. This can help prevent users from\nusing unstable plugins on production servers. This minimum\nplugin maturity is configured by the plugin_maturity system\nvariable. This can be specified as a command-line argument\nto mysqld or it can be specified in a relevant server option\ngroup in an option file. For example:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nplugin_maturity = stable\n \nConfiguring Plugin Activation at Server Startup\n \nA plugin will be loaded by default when the server starts\nif:\nThe plugin was installed with the INSTALL SONAME statement.\nThe plugin was installed with the INSTALL PLUGIN statement.\nThe plugin was installed with the mysql_plugin utility.\nThe server is configured to load the plugin with the\n--plugin-load-add option.\nThe server is configured to load the plugin with the\n--plugin-load option.\n \nThis behavior can be changed with special options that take\nthe form --plugin-name. For example, for the server_audit\naudit plugin, the special option is called --server-audit.\n \nThe possible values for these special options are:\n \nOption Value | Description | \n \nOFF | Disables the plugin without removing it from the\nmysql.plugins table. | \n \nON | Enables the plugin. If the plugin cannot be\ninitialized, then the server will still continue starting\nup, but the plugin will be disabled. | \n \nFORCE | Enables the plugin. If the plugin cannot be\ninitialized, then the server will fail to start with an\nerror. | \n \nFORCE_PLUS_PERMANENT | Enables the plugin. If the plugin\ncannot be initialized, then the server will fail to start\nwith an error. In addition, the plugin cannot be uninstalled\nwith UNINSTALL SONAME or UNINSTALL PLUGIN while the server\nis running. | \n \nA plugin\'s status can be found by looking at the\nPLUGIN_STATUS column of the information_schema.PLUGINS\ntable.\n \nUninstalling Plugins\n \nPlugins that are found in the mysql.plugin table, that is\nthose that were installed with INSTALL SONAME, INSTALL\nPLUGIN or mysql_plugin can be uninstalled in one of two\nways:\nThe UNINSTALL SONAME or the UNINSTALL PLUGIN statement while\nthe server is running\nWith mysql_plugin while the server is offline.\n \nPlugins that were enabled as a --plugin-load option do not\nneed to be uninstalled. If --plugin-load is omitted the next\ntime the server starts, or the plugin is not listed as one\nof the --plugin-load entries, the plugin will not be loaded.\n \nUNINSTALL PLUGIN uninstalls a single installed plugin, while\nUNINSTALL SONAME uninstalls all plugins belonging to a given\nlibrary.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/plugin-overview/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/plugin-overview/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (79,5,'INSTALL PLUGIN','Syntax\n------ \nINSTALL PLUGIN [IF NOT EXISTS] plugin_name SONAME\n\'plugin_library\'\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis statement installs an individual plugin from the\nspecified library. To install the whole library (which could\nbe required), use INSTALL SONAME.\n \nplugin_name is the name of the plugin as defined in the\nplugin declaration structure contained in the library file.\nPlugin names are\nnot case sensitive. For maximal compatibility, plugin names\nshould be limited\nto ASCII letters, digits, and underscore, because they are\nused in C source\nfiles, shell command lines, M4 and Bourne shell scripts, and\nSQL environments.\n \nplugin_library is the name of the shared library that\ncontains the plugin code. Before MariaDB 5.5.21, the name\nshould include the file name extension (for\nexample, libmyplugin.so or libmyplugin.dll). Starting from\nMariaDB 5.5.21, the file name extension can be omitted\n(which makes the statement look the same on all\narchitectures).\n \nThe shared library must be located in the plugin directory\n(that is,\nthe directory named by the plugin_dir system variable). The\nlibrary must be in the plugin directory itself, not in a\nsubdirectory. By\ndefault, plugin_dir is plugin directory under the directory\nnamed by\nthe pkglibdir configuration variable, but it can be changed\nby setting\nthe value of plugin_dir at server startup. For example, set\nits value in a my.cnf file:\n \n[mysqld]\nplugin_dir=/path/to/plugin/directory\nIf the value of plugin_dir is a relative path name, it is\ntaken to be relative to the MySQL base directory (the value\nof the basedir\nsystem variable).\n \nINSTALL PLUGIN adds a line to the mysql.plugin table that\ndescribes the plugin. This table contains the plugin name\nand library file\nname.\n \nINSTALL PLUGIN causes the server to read\noption (my.cnf) files just as during server startup. This\nenables the plugin to\npick up any relevant options from those files. It is\npossible to add plugin\noptions to an option file even before loading a plugin (if\nthe loose prefix is\nused). It is also possible to uninstall a plugin, edit\nmy.cnf, and install the\nplugin again. Restarting the plugin this way enables it to\nthe new option\nvalues without a server restart.\n \nBefore MySQL 5.1.33, a plugin was started with each option\nset to its\ndefault value.\n \nINSTALL PLUGIN also loads and initializes the plugin code to\nmake the plugin available for use. A plugin is initialized\nby executing its\ninitialization function, which handles any setup that the\nplugin must perform\nbefore it can be used.\n \nTo use INSTALL PLUGIN, you must have the\nINSERT privilege for the mysql.plugin table.\n \nAt server startup, the server loads and initializes any\nplugin that is\nlisted in the mysql.plugin table. This means that a plugin\nis installed\nwith INSTALL PLUGIN only once, not every time the server\nstarts. Plugin loading at startup does not occur if the\nserver is started with\nthe --skip-grant-tables option.\n \nWhen the server shuts down, it executes the deinitialization\nfunction\nfor each plugin that is loaded so that the plugin has a\nchance to\nperform any final cleanup.\n \nIf you need to load plugins for a single server startup when\nthe\n--skip-grant-tables option is given (which tells the server\nnot to read system tables), use the \n--plugin-load mysqld option.\n \nIF NOT EXISTS\n \nWhen the IF NOT EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a\nnote instead of an error if the specified plugin already\nexists. See SHOW WARNINGS.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nINSTALL PLUGIN sphinx SONAME \'ha_sphinx.so\';\n \nStarting from MariaDB 5.5.21, the extension can be omitted:\n \nINSTALL PLUGIN innodb SONAME \'ha_xtradb\';\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.4.0:\n \nINSTALL PLUGIN IF NOT EXISTS example SONAME \'ha_example\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.104 sec)\n \nINSTALL PLUGIN IF NOT EXISTS example SONAME \'ha_example\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.000 sec)\n \nSHOW WARNINGS;\n \n+-------+------+------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message |\n+-------+------+------------------------------------+\n| Note | 1968 | Plugin \'example\' already installed |\n+-------+------+------------------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/install-plugin/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/install-plugin/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (80,5,'UNINSTALL PLUGIN','Syntax\n------ \nUNINSTALL PLUGIN [IF EXISTS] plugin_name\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis statement removes a single installed plugin. To\nuninstall the whole library which contains the plugin, use\nUNINSTALL SONAME. You cannot uninstall a plugin if any table\nthat uses it is open.\n \nplugin_name must be the name of some plugin that is listed\nin the mysql.plugin table. The server executes the plugin\'s\ndeinitialization\nfunction and removes the row for the plugin from the\nmysql.plugin\ntable, so that subsequent server restarts will not load and\ninitialize\nthe plugin. UNINSTALL PLUGIN does not remove the plugin\'s\nshared library file.\n \nTo use UNINSTALL PLUGIN, you must have the\nDELETE privilege for the mysql.plugin table.\n \nIF EXISTS\n \nIf the IF EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a note\ninstead of an error if the plugin does not exist. See SHOW\nWARNINGS.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nUNINSTALL PLUGIN example;\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.4.0:\n \nUNINSTALL PLUGIN IF EXISTS example;\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.099 sec)\n \nUNINSTALL PLUGIN IF EXISTS example;\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.000 sec)\n \nSHOW WARNINGS;\n \n+-------+------+-------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message |\n+-------+------+-------------------------------+\n| Note | 1305 | PLUGIN example does not exist |\n+-------+------+-------------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uninstall-plugin/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uninstall-plugin/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (81,5,'INSTALL SONAME','INSTALL SONAME has been supported since MariaDB 5.5.21.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nINSTALL SONAME \'plugin_library\'\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis statement is a variant of INSTALL PLUGIN. It installs\nall plugins from a given plugin_library. See INSTALL PLUGIN\nfor details.\n \nplugin_library is the name of the shared library that\ncontains the plugin code. The file name extension (for\nexample, libmyplugin.so or libmyplugin.dll) can be omitted\n(which makes the statement look the same on all\narchitectures).\n \nThe shared library must be located in the plugin directory\n(that is,\nthe directory named by the plugin_dir system variable). The\nlibrary must be in the plugin directory itself, not in a\nsubdirectory. By\ndefault, plugin_dir is plugin directory under the directory\nnamed by\nthe pkglibdir configuration variable, but it can be changed\nby setting\nthe value of plugin_dir at server startup. For example, set\nits value in a my.cnf file:\n \n[mysqld]\nplugin_dir=/path/to/plugin/directory\nIf the value of plugin_dir is a relative path name, it is\ntaken to be relative to the MySQL base directory (the value\nof the basedir\nsystem variable).\n \nINSTALL SONAME adds one or more lines to the mysql.plugin\ntable that\ndescribes the plugin. This table contains the plugin name\nand library file\nname.\n \nINSTALL SONAME causes the server to read\noption (my.cnf) files just as during server startup. This\nenables the plugin to\npick up any relevant options from those files. It is\npossible to add plugin\noptions to an option file even before loading a plugin (if\nthe loose prefix is\nused). It is also possible to uninstall a plugin, edit\nmy.cnf, and install the\nplugin again. Restarting the plugin this way enables it to\nthe new option\nvalues without a server restart.\n \nINSTALL SONAME also loads and initializes the plugin code to\nmake the plugin available for use. A plugin is initialized\nby executing its\ninitialization function, which handles any setup that the\nplugin must perform\nbefore it can be used.\n \nTo use INSTALL SONAME, you must have the\nINSERT privilege for the mysql.plugin table.\n \nAt server startup, the server loads and initializes any\nplugin that is\nlisted in the mysql.plugin table. This means that a plugin\nis installed\nwith INSTALL SONAME only once, not every time the server\nstarts. Plugin loading at startup does not occur if the\nserver is started with\nthe --skip-grant-tables option.\n \nWhen the server shuts down, it executes the deinitialization\nfunction\nfor each plugin that is loaded so that the plugin has a\nchance to\nperform any final cleanup.\n \nIf you need to load plugins for a single server startup when\nthe\n--skip-grant-tables option is given (which tells the server\nnot to read system tables), use the \n--plugin-load mysqld option.\n \nIf you need to install only one plugin from a library, use\nthe INSTALL PLUGIN statement.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nTo load the XtraDB storage engine and all of its\ninformation_schema tables with one statement, use\n \nINSTALL SONAME \'ha_xtradb\';\n \nThis statement can be used instead of INSTALL PLUGIN even\nwhen the library contains only one plugin:\n \nINSTALL SONAME \'ha_sequence\';\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/install-soname/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/install-soname/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (82,5,'UNINSTALL SONAME','UNINSTALL SONAMEhas been supported since MariaDB 5.5.21.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nUNINSTALL SONAME [IF EXISTS] \'plugin_library\'\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis statement is a variant of UNINSTALL PLUGIN statement,\nthat removes all plugins belonging to a specified\nplugin_library. See UNINSTALL PLUGIN for details.\n \nplugin_library is the name of the shared library that\ncontains the plugin code. The file name extension (for\nexample, libmyplugin.so or libmyplugin.dll) can be omitted\n(which makes the statement look the same on all\narchitectures).\n \nTo use UNINSTALL SONAME, you must have the\nDELETE privilege for the mysql.plugin table.\n \nIF EXISTS\n \nIf the IF EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a note\ninstead of an error if the plugin library does not exist.\nSee SHOW WARNINGS.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nTo uninstall the XtraDB plugin and all of its\ninformation_schema tables with one statement, use\n \nUNINSTALL SONAME \'ha_xtradb\';\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.4.0:\n \nUNINSTALL SONAME IF EXISTS \'ha_example\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.099 sec)\n \nUNINSTALL SONAME IF EXISTS \'ha_example\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.000 sec)\n \nSHOW WARNINGS;\n \n+-------+------+-------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message |\n+-------+------+-------------------------------------+\n| Note | 1305 | SONAME ha_example.so does not exist |\n+-------+------+-------------------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uninstall-soname/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uninstall-soname/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (83,6,'MBR Definition','Description\n----------- \nThe MBR (Minimum Bounding Rectangle), or Envelope is the\nbounding\ngeometry, formed by the minimum and maximum (X,Y)\ncoordinates:\n \nExamples\n-------- \n((MINX MINY, MAXX MINY, MAXX MAXY, MINX MAXY, MINX MINY))\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbr-definition/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbr-definition/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (84,6,'MBRContains','Syntax\n------ \nMBRContains(g1,g2)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether the Minimum Bounding\nRectangle of\ng1 contains the Minimum Bounding Rectangle of g2. This tests\nthe\nopposite relationship as MBRWithin().\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\n \nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Point(1 1)\');\n \nSELECT MBRContains(@g1,@g2), MBRContains(@g2,@g1);\n+----------------------+----------------------+\n| MBRContains(@g1,@g2) | MBRContains(@g2,@g1) |\n+----------------------+----------------------+\n| 1 | 0 |\n+----------------------+----------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrcontains/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrcontains/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (85,6,'MBRDisjoint','Syntax\n------ \nMBRDisjoint(g1,g2)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether the Minimum Bounding\nRectangles of the two geometries g1 and g2 are disjoint. Two\ngeometries are disjoint if they do not intersect, that is\ntouch or overlap.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((4 4,4 7,7 7,7 4,4 4))\');\nSELECTmbrdisjoint(@g1,@g2);\n+----------------------+\n| mbrdisjoint(@g1,@g2) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((3 3,3 6,6 6,6 3,3 3))\');\nSELECT mbrdisjoint(@g1,@g2);\n+----------------------+\n| mbrdisjoint(@g1,@g2) |\n+----------------------+\n| 0 |\n+----------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrdisjoint/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrdisjoint/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (86,6,'MBREqual','Syntax\n------ \nMBREqual(g1,g2)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether the Minimum Bounding\nRectangles of\nthe two geometries g1 and g2 are the same.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @g1=GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 2)\');\nSET @g2=GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POLYGON((0 0, 0 2, 1 2, 1 0, 0\n0))\');\nSELECT MbrEqual(@g1,@g2);\n+-------------------+\n| MbrEqual(@g1,@g2) |\n+-------------------+\n| 1 |\n+-------------------+\n \nSET @g1=GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 3)\');\nSET @g2=GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POLYGON((0 0, 0 2, 1 4, 1 0, 0\n0))\');\nSELECT MbrEqual(@g1,@g2);\n+-------------------+\n| MbrEqual(@g1,@g2) |\n+-------------------+\n| 0 |\n+-------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrequal/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrequal/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (87,6,'MBRIntersects','Syntax\n------ \nMBRIntersects(g1,g2)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether the Minimum Bounding\nRectangles of the two geometries g1 and g2 intersect.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((3 3,3 6,6 6,6 3,3 3))\');\nSELECT mbrintersects(@g1,@g2);\n+------------------------+\n| mbrintersects(@g1,@g2) |\n+------------------------+\n| 1 |\n+------------------------+\n \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((4 4,4 7,7 7,7 4,4 4))\');\nSELECT mbrintersects(@g1,@g2);\n+------------------------+\n| mbrintersects(@g1,@g2) |\n+------------------------+\n| 0 |\n+------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrintersects/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrintersects/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (88,6,'MBROverlaps','Syntax\n------ \nMBROverlaps(g1,g2)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether the Minimum Bounding\nRectangles of\nthe two geometries g1 and g2 overlap. The term spatially\noverlaps is\nused if two geometries intersect and their intersection\nresults in a\ngeometry of the same dimension but not equal to either of\nthe given\ngeometries.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((4 4,4 7,7 7,7 4,4 4))\');\nSELECT mbroverlaps(@g1,@g2);\n+----------------------+\n| mbroverlaps(@g1,@g2) |\n+----------------------+\n| 0 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((3 3,3 6,6 6,6 3,3 3))\');\nSELECT mbroverlaps(@g1,@g2);\n+----------------------+\n| mbroverlaps(@g1,@g2) |\n+----------------------+\n| 0 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 4,4 4,4 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((3 3,3 6,6 6,6 3,3 3))\');\nSELECT mbroverlaps(@g1,@g2);\n+----------------------+\n| mbroverlaps(@g1,@g2) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbroverlaps/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbroverlaps/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (89,6,'MBRTouches','Syntax\n------ \nMBRTouches(g1,g2)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether the Minimum Bounding\nRectangles of\nthe two geometries g1 and g2 touch. Two geometries spatially\ntouch if\nthe interiors of the geometries do not intersect, but the\nboundary of\none of the geometries intersects either the boundary or the\ninterior\nof the other.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((4 4,4 7,7 7,7 4,4 4))\');\nSELECT mbrtouches(@g1,@g2);\n+---------------------+\n| mbrtouches(@g1,@g2) |\n+---------------------+\n| 0 |\n+---------------------+\n \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((3 3,3 6,6 6,6 3,3 3))\');\nSELECT mbrtouches(@g1,@g2);\n+---------------------+\n| mbrtouches(@g1,@g2) |\n+---------------------+\n| 1 |\n+---------------------+\n \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 4,4 4,4 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((3 3,3 6,6 6,6 3,3 3))\');\nSELECT mbrtouches(@g1,@g2);\n+---------------------+\n| mbrtouches(@g1,@g2) |\n+---------------------+\n| 0 |\n+---------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrtouches/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrtouches/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (90,6,'MBRWithin','Syntax\n------ \nMBRWithin(g1,g2)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether the Minimum Bounding\nRectangle of\ng1 is within the Minimum Bounding Rectangle of g2. This\ntests the\nopposite relationship as MBRContains().\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @g1 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 3,3 3,3 0,0 0))\');\nSET @g2 = GeomFromText(\'Polygon((0 0,0 5,5 5,5 0,0 0))\');\nSELECT MBRWithin(@g1,@g2), MBRWithin(@g2,@g1);\n+--------------------+--------------------+\n| MBRWithin(@g1,@g2) | MBRWithin(@g2,@g1) |\n+--------------------+--------------------+\n| 1 | 0 |\n+--------------------+--------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrwithin/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mbrwithin/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (91,7,'CASE OPERATOR','Syntax\n------ \nCASE value WHEN [compare_value] THEN result [WHEN\n[compare_value] THEN\nresult ...] [ELSE result] END\n \nCASE WHEN [condition] THEN result [WHEN [condition] THEN\nresult ...]\n[ELSE result] END\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe first version returns the result where\nvalue=compare_value. The\nsecond version returns the result for the first condition\nthat is\ntrue. If there was no matching result value, the result\nafter ELSE is\nreturned, or NULL if there is no ELSE part.\n \nThere is also a CASE statement, which differs from the CASE\noperator described here.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT CASE 1 WHEN 1 THEN \'one\' WHEN 2 THEN \'two\' ELSE\n\'more\' END;\n \n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| CASE 1 WHEN 1 THEN \'one\' WHEN 2 THEN \'two\' ELSE\n\'more\' END |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| one |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT CASE WHEN 1>0 THEN \'true\' ELSE \'false\' END;\n \n+--------------------------------------------+\n| CASE WHEN 1>0 THEN \'true\' ELSE \'false\' END |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| true |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT CASE BINARY \'B\' WHEN \'a\' THEN 1 WHEN \'b\' THEN 2\nEND;\n \n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| CASE BINARY \'B\' WHEN \'a\' THEN 1 WHEN \'b\' THEN 2 END\n|\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| NULL |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/case-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/case-operator/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (92,7,'IF Function','Syntax\n------ \nIF(expr1,expr2,expr3)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nIf expr1 is TRUE (expr1  0 and expr1  NULL) then IF()\nreturns expr2; otherwise it returns expr3. IF() returns a\nnumeric\nor string value, depending on the context in which it is\nused.\n \nNote: There is also an IF statement which differs from the\nIF() function described here.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT IF(1>2,2,3);\n+-------------+\n| IF(1>2,2,3) |\n+-------------+\n| 3 |\n+-------------+\n \nSELECT IF(1\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/if-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/if-function/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (93,7,'IFNULL','Syntax\n------ \nIFNULL(expr1,expr2)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nIf expr1 is not NULL, IFNULL() returns expr1; otherwise it\nreturns\nexpr2. IFNULL() returns a numeric or string value, depending\non the\ncontext in which it is used.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT IFNULL(1,0); \n+-------------+\n| IFNULL(1,0) |\n+-------------+\n| 1 |\n+-------------+\n \nSELECT IFNULL(NULL,10);\n+-----------------+\n| IFNULL(NULL,10) |\n+-----------------+\n| 10 |\n+-----------------+\n \nSELECT IFNULL(1/0,10);\n+----------------+\n| IFNULL(1/0,10) |\n+----------------+\n| 10.0000 |\n+----------------+\n \nSELECT IFNULL(1/0,\'yes\');\n+-------------------+\n| IFNULL(1/0,\'yes\') |\n+-------------------+\n| yes |\n+-------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/ifnull/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/ifnull/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (94,7,'NULLIF','Syntax\n------ \nNULLIF(expr1,expr2)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns NULL if expr1 = expr2 is true, otherwise returns\nexpr1. This is\nthe same as CASE WHEN expr1 = expr2 THEN NULL ELSE expr1\nEND.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT NULLIF(1,1);\n+-------------+\n| NULLIF(1,1) |\n+-------------+\n| NULL |\n+-------------+\n \nSELECT NULLIF(1,2);\n+-------------+\n| NULLIF(1,2) |\n+-------------+\n| 1 |\n+-------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/nullif/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/nullif/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (95,8,'CHANGE MASTER TO','Syntax\n------ \nCHANGE MASTER [\'connection_name\'] TO master_def [,\nmaster_def] ...\n \nmaster_def:\n MASTER_BIND = \'interface_name\'\n | MASTER_HOST = \'host_name\'[\n | MASTER_USER = \'user_name\'\n | MASTER_PASSWORD = \'password\'\n | MASTER_PORT = port_num\n | MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY = interval\n | MASTER_HEARTBEAT_PERIOD = interval\n | MASTER_LOG_FILE = \'master_log_name\'\n | MASTER_LOG_POS = master_log_pos\n | RELAY_LOG_FILE = \'relay_log_name\'\n | RELAY_LOG_POS = relay_log_pos\n | MASTER_DELAY = interval\n | MASTER_SSL = {0|1}\n | MASTER_SSL_CA = \'ca_file_name\'\n | MASTER_SSL_CAPATH = \'ca_directory_name\'\n | MASTER_SSL_CERT = \'cert_file_name\'\n | MASTER_SSL_CRL = \'crl_file_name\'\n | MASTER_SSL_CRLPATH = \'crl_directory_name\'\n | MASTER_SSL_KEY = \'key_file_name\'\n | MASTER_SSL_CIPHER = \'cipher_list\'\n | MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT = {0|1}\n | MASTER_USE_GTID = {current_pos|slave_pos|no}\n | IGNORE_SERVER_IDS = (server_id_list)\n | DO_DOMAIN_IDS = ([N,..])\n | IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS = ([N,..])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe CHANGE MASTER statement sets the options that a\nreplication slave uses to connect to and replicate from a\nreplication master. \n \nMariaDB until 10.0.7\n \nIn MariaDB 10.0.7 and before, the relay_log_purge system\nvariable was silently set to 0 when CHANGE MASTER was\nexecuted.\n \nMulti-Source Replication\n \nMulti-source replication was added in MariaDB 10.0.1.\n \nIf you are using multi-source replication, then you need to\nspecify a connection name when you execute CHANGE MASTER.\nThere are two ways to do this:\nSetting the default_master_connection system variable prior\nto executing CHANGE MASTER.\nSetting the connection_name parameter when executing CHANGE\nMASTER.\n \ndefault_master_connection\n \nSET default_master_connection = \'gandalf\';\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n MASTER_PASSWORD=\'new3cret\';\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nconnection_name\n \nSTOP SLAVE \'gandalf\';\n \nCHANGE MASTER \'gandalf\' TO \n MASTER_PASSWORD=\'new3cret\';\n \nSTART SLAVE \'gandalf\';\n \nOptions\n \nConnection Options\n \nMASTER_USER\n \nThe MASTER_USER option for CHANGE MASTER defines the user\naccount that the replication slave will use to connect to\nthe replication master.\n \nThis user account will need the REPLICATION SLAVE privilege\non the master.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_USER=\'repl\',\n MASTER_PASSWORD=\'new3cret\';\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nMASTER_PASSWORD\n \nThe MASTER_USER option for CHANGE MASTER defines the\npassword that the replication slave will use to connect to\nthe replication master as the user account defined by the\nMASTER_USER option.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n MASTER_PASSWORD=\'new3cret\';\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nMASTER_HOST\n \nThe MASTER_HOST option for CHANGE MASTER defines the\nhostname or IP address of the replication master.\n \nIf you set the value of the MASTER_HOST option to the empty\nstring, then that is not the same as not setting the\noption\'s value at all. In MariaDB 5.5 and later, if you set\nthe value of the MASTER_HOST option to the empty string,\nthen the CHANGE MASTER command will fail with an error. In\nMariaDB 5.3 and before, if you set the value of the\nMASTER_HOST option to the empty string, then the CHANGE\nMASTER command would succeed, but the subsequent START SLAVE\ncommand would fail.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_HOST=\'dbserver1.example.com\',\n MASTER_USER=\'repl\',\n MASTER_PASSWORD=\'new3cret\',\n MASTER_USE_GTID=slave_pos;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nIf you set the value of the MASTER_HOST option in a CHANGE\nMASTER command, then the slave assumes that the master is\ndifferent from before, even if you set the value of this\noption to the same value it had previously. In this\nscenario, the slave will consider the old values for the\nmaster\'s binary\nlog file name and position to be invalid for the new master.\nAs a side effect, if you do not explicitly set the values of\nthe MASTER_LOG_FILE and MASTER_LOG_POS options in the\nstatement, then the statement will be implicitly appended\nwith MASTER_LOG_FILE=\'\' and MASTER_LOG_POS=4. However, if\nyou enable GTID mode for replication by setting the\nMASTER_USE_GTID option to some value other than no in the\nstatement, then these values will effectively be ignored\nanyway.\n \nReplication slaves cannot connect to replication masters\nusing Unix socket files or Windows named pipes. The\nreplication slave must connect to the replication master\nusing TCP/IP.\n \nMASTER_PORT\n \nThe MASTER_PORT option for CHANGE MASTER defines the TCP/IP\nport of the replication master.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_HOST=\'dbserver1.example.com\',\n MASTER_PORT=3307,\n MASTER_USER=\'repl\',\n MASTER_PASSWORD=\'new3cret\',\n MASTER_USE_GTID=slave_pos;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nIf you set the value of the MASTER_PORT option in a CHANGE\nMASTER command, then the slave assumes that the master is\ndifferent from before, even if you set the value of this\noption to the same value it had previously. In this\nscenario, the slave will consider the old values for the\nmaster\'s binary\nlog file name and position to be invalid for the new master.\nAs a side effect, if you do not explicitly set the values of\nthe MASTER_LOG_FILE and MASTER_LOG_POS options in the\nstatement, then the statement will be implicitly appended\nwith MASTER_LOG_FILE=\'\' and MASTER_LOG_POS=4. However, if\nyou enable GTID mode for replication by setting the\nMASTER_USE_GTID option to some value other than no in the\nstatement, then these values will effectively be ignored\nanyway.\n \nReplication slaves cannot connect to replication masters\nusing Unix socket files or Windows named pipes. The\nreplication slave must connect to the replication master\nusing TCP/IP.\n \nMASTER_CONNECT_RETRY\n \nThe MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY option for CHANGE MASTER defines\nhow many seconds that the slave will wait between connection\nretries. The default is 60.\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY=20;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nThe number of connection attempts is limited by the\nmaster_retry_count option. It can be set either on the\ncommand-line or in a server option group in an option file\nprior to starting up the server. For example:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nmaster_retry_count=4294967295\n \nMASTER_BIND\n \nThe MASTER_BIND option for CHANGE MASTER is only supported\nby MySQL 5.6.2 and later and by MySQL NDB Cluster 7.3.1 and\nlater. This option is not yet supported by MariaDB. See\nMDEV-19248 for more information.\n \nThe MASTER_BIND option for CHANGE MASTER can be used on\nreplication slaves that have multiple network interfaces to\nchoose which network interface the slave will use to connect\nto the master.\n \nMASTER_HEARTBEAT_PERIOD\n \nThe MASTER_HEARTBEAT_PERIOD option for CHANGE MASTER can be\nused to set the interval in seconds between replication\nheartbeats. Whenever the master\'s binary log is updated\nwith an event, the waiting period for the next heartbeat is\nreset.\n \nThis option\'s interval argument has the following\ncharacteristics:\nIt is a decimal value with a range of 0 to 4294967 seconds.\nIt has a resolution of hundredths of a second.\nIts smallest valid non-zero value is 0.001.\nIts default value is the value of the slave_net_timeout\nsystem variable divided by 2.\nIf it\'s set to 0, then heartbeats are disabled.\n \nHeartbeats are sent by the master only if there are no\nunsent events in the binary log file for a period longer\nthan the interval.\n \nIf the RESET SLAVE statement is executed, then the heartbeat\ninterval is reset to the default.\n \nIf the slave_net_timeout system variable is set to a value\nthat is lower than the current heartbeat interval, then a\nwarning will be issued.\n \nTLS Options\n \nThe TLS options are used for providing information about\nTLS. The options can be set even on slaves that are compiled\nwithout TLS support. The TLS options are saved to either the\ndefault master.info file or the file that is configured by\nthe master_info_file option, but these TLS options are\nignored unless the slave supports TLS.\n \nSee Replication with Secure Connections for more\ninformation.\n \nMASTER_SSL\n \nThe MASTER_SSL option for CHANGE MASTER tells the slave\nwhether to force TLS for the connection. The valid values\nare 0 or 1.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_SSL=1;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nMASTER_SSL_CA\n \nThe MASTER_SSL_CA option for CHANGE MASTER defines a path to\na PEM file that should contain one or more X509 certificates\nfor trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs) to use for TLS.\nThis option requires that you use the absolute path, not a\nrelative path. This option implies the MASTER_SSL option.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_SSL_CERT=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-cert.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_KEY=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-key.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_CA=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/ca.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT=1;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nSee Secure Connections Overview: Certificate Authorities\n(CAs) for more information.\n \nMASTER_SSL_CAPATH\n \nThe MASTER_SSL_CAPATH option for CHANGE MASTER defines a\npath to a directory that contains one or more PEM files that\nshould each contain one X509 certificate for a trusted\nCertificate Authority (CA) to use for TLS. This option\nrequires that you use the absolute path, not a relative\npath. The directory specified by this option needs to be run\nthrough the openssl rehash command. This option implies the\nMASTER_SSL option.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_SSL_CERT=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-cert.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_KEY=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-key.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_CAPATH=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/ca/\',\n MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT=1;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nSee Secure Connections Overview: Certificate Authorities\n(CAs) for more information.\n \nMASTER_SSL_CERT\n \nThe MASTER_SSL_CERT option for CHANGE MASTER defines a path\nto the X509 certificate file to use for TLS. This option\nrequires that you use the absolute path, not a relative\npath. This option implies the MASTER_SSL option.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_SSL_CERT=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-cert.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_KEY=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-key.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_CA=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/ca.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT=1;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nMASTER_SSL_CRL\n \nThe MASTER_SSL_CRL option for CHANGE MASTER defines a path\nto a PEM file that should contain one or more revoked X509\ncertificates to use for TLS. This option requires that you\nuse the absolute path, not a relative path.\n \nThis option is only supported if the server was built with\nOpenSSL. If the server was built with yaSSL, then this\noption is not supported. See TLS and Cryptography Libraries\nUsed by MariaDB for more information about which libraries\nare used on which platforms.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_SSL_CERT=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-cert.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_KEY=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-key.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_CA=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/ca.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT=1,\n MASTER_SSL_CRL=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/crl.pem\';\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nSee Secure Connections Overview: Certificate Revocation\nLists (CRLs) for more information.\n \nMASTER_SSL_CRLPATH\n \nThe MASTER_SSL_CRLPATH option for CHANGE MASTER defines a\npath to a directory that contains one or more PEM files that\nshould each contain one revoked X509 certificate to use for\nTLS. This option requires that you use the absolute path,\nnot a relative path. The directory specified by this\nvariable needs to be run through the openssl rehash command.\n \nThis option is only supported if the server was built with\nOpenSSL. If the server was built with yaSSL, then this\noption is not supported. See TLS and Cryptography Libraries\nUsed by MariaDB for more information about which libraries\nare used on which platforms.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_SSL_CERT=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-cert.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_KEY=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-key.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_CA=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/ca.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT=1,\n MASTER_SSL_CRLPATH=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/crl/\';\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nSee Secure Connections Overview: Certificate Revocation\nLists (CRLs) for more information.\n \nMASTER_SSL_KEY\n \nThe MASTER_SSL_KEY option for CHANGE MASTER defines a path\nto a private key file to use for TLS. This option requires\nthat you use the absolute path, not a relative path. This\noption implies the MASTER_SSL option.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_SSL_CERT=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-cert.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_KEY=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-key.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_CA=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/ca.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT=1;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nMASTER_SSL_CIPHER\n \nThe MASTER_SSL_CIPHER option for CHANGE MASTER defines the\nlist of permitted ciphers or cipher suites to use for TLS.\nBesides cipher names, if MariaDB was compiled with OpenSSL,\nthis option could be set to \"SSLv3\" or \"TLSv1.2\" to\nallow all SSLv3 or all TLSv1.2 ciphers. Note that the\nTLSv1.3 ciphers cannot be excluded when using OpenSSL, even\nby using this option. See Using TLSv1.3 for details. This\noption implies the MASTER_SSL option.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_SSL_CERT=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-cert.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_KEY=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-key.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_CA=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/ca.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT=1,\n MASTER_SSL_CIPHER=\'TLSv1.2\';\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nMASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT\n \nThe MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT option for CHANGE MASTER\nenables server certificate verification. This option is\ndisabled by default.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_SSL_CERT=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-cert.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_KEY=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/server-key.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_CA=\'/etc/my.cnf.d/certificates/ca.pem\',\n MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT=1;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nSee Secure Connections Overview: Server Certificate\nVerification for more information.\n \nBinary Log Options\n \nThese options are related to the binary log position on the\nmaster.\n \nMASTER_LOG_FILE\n \nThe MASTER_LOG_FILE option for CHANGE MASTER can be used\nalong with MASTER_LOG_POS to specify the coordinates at\nwhich the slave\'s I/O thread should begin reading from the\nmaster\'s binary logs the next time the thread starts.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_LOG_FILE=\'master2-bin.001\',\n MASTER_LOG_POS=4;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nThe MASTER_LOG_FILE and MASTER_LOG_POS options cannot be\nspecified if the RELAY_LOG_FILE and RELAY_LOG_POS options\nwere also specified.\n \nThe MASTER_LOG_FILE and MASTER_LOG_POS options are\neffectively ignored if you enable GTID mode for replication\nby setting the MASTER_USE_GTID option to some value other\nthan no in the statement.\n \nMASTER_LOG_POS\n \nThe MASTER_LOG_POS option for CHANGE MASTER can be used\nalong with MASTER_LOG_FILE to specify the coordinates at\nwhich the slave\'s I/O thread should begin reading from the\nmaster\'s binary logs the next time the thread starts.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_LOG_FILE=\'master2-bin.001\',\n MASTER_LOG_POS=4;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nThe MASTER_LOG_FILE and MASTER_LOG_POS options cannot be\nspecified if the RELAY_LOG_FILE and RELAY_LOG_POS options\nwere also specified.\n \nThe MASTER_LOG_FILE and MASTER_LOG_POS options are\neffectively ignored if you enable GTID mode for replication\nby setting the MASTER_USE_GTID option to some value other\nthan no in the statement.\n \nRelay Log Options\n \nThese options are related to the relay log position on the\nslave.\n \nRELAY_LOG_FILE\n \nThe RELAY_LOG_FILE option for CHANGE MASTER can be used\nalong with the RELAY_LOG_POS option to specify the\ncoordinates at which the slave\'s SQL thread should begin\nreading from the relay log the next time the thread starts.\n \nThe CHANGE MASTER statement usually deletes all relay log\nfiles. However, if the RELAY_LOG_FILE and/or RELAY_LOG_POS\noptions are specified, then existing relay log files are\nkept.\n \nWhen you want to change the relay log position, you only\nneed to stop the slave\'s SQL thread. The slave\'s I/O\nthread can continue running. The STOP SLAVE and START SLAVE\nstatements support the SQL_THREAD option for this scenario.\nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE SQL_THREAD;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n RELAY_LOG_FILE=\'slave-relay-bin.006\',\n RELAY_LOG_POS=4025;\n \nSTART SLAVE SQL_THREAD;\n \nWhen the value of this option is changed, the metadata about\nthe slave\'s SQL thread\'s position in the relay logs will\nalso be changed in the relay-log.info file or the file that\nis configured by the relay_log_info_file system variable.\n \nThe RELAY_LOG_FILE and RELAY_LOG_POS options cannot be\nspecified if the MASTER_LOG_FILE and MASTER_LOG_POS options\nwere also specified.\n \nRELAY_LOG_POS\n \nThe RELAY_LOG_POS option for CHANGE MASTER can be used along\nwith the RELAY_LOG_FILE option to specify the coordinates at\nwhich the slave\'s SQL thread should begin reading from the\nrelay log the next time the thread starts.\n \nThe CHANGE MASTER statement usually deletes all relay log\nfiles. However, if the RELAY_LOG_FILE and/or RELAY_LOG_POS\noptions are specified, then existing relay log files are\nkept.\n \nWhen you want to change the relay log position, you only\nneed to stop the slave\'s SQL thread. The slave\'s I/O\nthread can continue running. The STOP SLAVE and START SLAVE\nstatements support the SQL_THREAD option for this scenario.\nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE SQL_THREAD;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n RELAY_LOG_FILE=\'slave-relay-bin.006\',\n RELAY_LOG_POS=4025;\n \nSTART SLAVE SQL_THREAD;\n \nWhen the value of this option is changed, the metadata about\nthe slave\'s SQL thread\'s position in the relay logs will\nalso be changed in the relay-log.info file or the file that\nis configured by the relay_log_info_file system variable.\n \nThe RELAY_LOG_FILE and RELAY_LOG_POS options cannot be\nspecified if the MASTER_LOG_FILE and MASTER_LOG_POS options\nwere also specified.\n \nGTID Options\n \nMASTER_USE_GTID\n \nThe MASTER_USE_GTID option for CHANGE MASTER was first added\nin MariaDB 10.0.2 to enable replication with Global\nTransaction IDs (GTIDs).\n \nThe MASTER_USE_GTID option for CHANGE MASTER can be used to\nconfigure the slave to use the global transaction ID (GTID)\nwhen connecting to a master. The possible values are:\ncurrent_pos - Replicate in GTID mode and use\ngtid_current_pos as the position to start downloading\ntransactions from the master.\nslave_pos - Replicate in GTID mode and use gtid_slave_pos as\nthe position to start downloading transactions from the\nmaster.\nno - Don\'t replicate in GTID mode.\n \nFor example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_USE_GTID = current_pos;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nOr:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nSET GLOBAL gtid_slave_pos=\'0-1-153\';\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_USE_GTID = slave','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/change-master-to/');
update help_topic set description = CONCAT(description, '_pos;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nReplication Filter Options\n \nIGNORE_SERVER_IDS\n \nThe IGNORE_SERVER_IDS option for CHANGE MASTER can be used\nto configure a replication slave to ignore binary log events\nthat originated from certain servers. Filtered binary log\nevents will not get logged to the slave’s relay log, and\nthey will not be applied by the slave.\n \nThe option\'s value can be specified by providing a\ncomma-separated list of server_id values. For example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n IGNORE_SERVER_IDS = (3,5);\nSTART SLAVE;\n \nIf you would like to clear a previously set list, then you\ncan set the value to an empty list. For example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n IGNORE_SERVER_IDS = ();\nSTART SLAVE;\n \nDO_DOMAIN_IDS\n \nThe DO_DOMAIN_IDS option for CHANGE MASTER was first added\nin MariaDB 10.1.2.\n \nThe DO_DOMAIN_IDS option for CHANGE MASTER can be used to\nconfigure a replication slave to only apply binary log\nevents if the transaction\'s GTID is in a specific\ngtid_domain_id value. Filtered binary log events will not\nget logged to the slave’s relay log, and they will not be\napplied by the slave.\n \nThe option\'s value can be specified by providing a\ncomma-separated list of gtid_domain_id values. Duplicate\nvalues are automatically ignored. For example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n DO_DOMAIN_IDS = (1,2);\nSTART SLAVE;\n \nIf you would like to clear a previously set list, then you\ncan set the value to an empty list. For example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n DO_DOMAIN_IDS = ();\nSTART SLAVE;\n \nThe DO_DOMAIN_IDS option and the IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS option\ncannot both be set to non-empty values at the same time. If\nyou want to set the DO_DOMAIN_IDS option, and the\nIGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS option was previously set, then you need\nto clear the value of the IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS option. For\nexample:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS = (), \n DO_DOMAIN_IDS = (1,2);\nSTART SLAVE;\n \nThe DO_DOMAIN_IDS option can only be specified if the slave\nis replicating in GTID mode. Therefore, the MASTER_USE_GTID\noption must also be set to some value other than no in order\nto use this option.\n \nIGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS\n \nThe IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS option for CHANGE MASTER was first\nadded in MariaDB 10.1.2.\n \nThe IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS option for CHANGE MASTER can be used\nto configure a replication slave to ignore binary log events\nif the transaction\'s GTID is in a specific gtid_domain_id\nvalue. Filtered binary log events will not get logged to the\nslave’s relay log, and they will not be applied by the\nslave.\n \nThe option\'s value can be specified by providing a\ncomma-separated list of gtid_domain_id values. Duplicate\nvalues are automatically ignored. For example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS = (1,2);\nSTART SLAVE;\n \nIf you would like to clear a previously set list, then you\ncan set the value to an empty list. For example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS = ();\nSTART SLAVE;\n \nThe DO_DOMAIN_IDS option and the IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS option\ncannot both be set to non-empty values at the same time. If\nyou want to set the IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS option, and the\nDO_DOMAIN_IDS option was previously set, then you need to\nclear the value of the DO_DOMAIN_IDS option. For example:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n DO_DOMAIN_IDS = (), \n IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS = (1,2);\nSTART SLAVE;\n \nThe IGNORE_DOMAIN_IDS option can only be specified if the\nslave is replicating in GTID mode. Therefore, the\nMASTER_USE_GTID option must also be set to some value other\nthan no in order to use this option.\n \nDelayed Replication Options\n \nMASTER_DELAY\n \nThe MASTER_DELAY option for CHANGE MASTER was first added in\nMariaDB 10.2.3 to enable delayed replication.\n \nThe MASTER_DELAY option for CHANGE MASTER can be used to\nenable delayed replication. This option specifies the time\nin seconds (at least) that a replication slave should lag\nbehind the master. Before executing an event, the slave will\nfirst wait, if necessary, until the given time has passed\nsince the event was created on the master. The result is\nthat the slave will reflect the state of the master some\ntime back in the past. The default is zero, no delay.\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n MASTER_DELAY=3600;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nChanging Option Values\n \nIf you don\'t specify a given option when executing the\nCHANGE MASTER statement, then the option keeps its old value\nin most cases. Most of the time, there is no need to specify\nthe options that do not need to change. For example, if the\npassword for the user account that the slave uses to connect\nto its master has changed, but no other options need to\nchange, then you can just change the MASTER_PASSWORD option\nby executing the following commands:\n \nSTOP SLAVE;\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO \n MASTER_PASSWORD=\'new3cret\';\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nThere are some cases where options are implicitly reset,\nsuch as when the MASTER_HOST and MASTER_PORT options are\nchanged.\n \nOption Persistence\n \nThe values of the MASTER_LOG_FILE and MASTER_LOG_POS options\n(i.e. the binary log position on the master) and most other\noptions are written to either the default master.info file\nor the file that is configured by the master_info_file\noption. The slave\'s I/O thread keeps this binary log\nposition updated as it downloads events only when\nMASTER_USE_GTID option\n is set to NO. Otherwise the file is not updated on a per\nevent basis.\n \nThe master_info_file option can be set either on the\ncommand-line or in a server option group in an option file\nprior to starting up the server. For example:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nmaster_info_file=/mariadb/myserver1-master.info\n \nThe values of the RELAY_LOG_FILE and RELAY_LOG_POS options\n(i.e. the relay log position) are written to either the\ndefault relay-log.info file or the file that is configured\nby the relay_log_info_file system variable. The slave\'s SQL\nthread keeps this relay log position updated as it applies\nevents.\n \nThe relay_log_info_file system variable can be set either on\nthe command-line or in a server option group in an option\nfile prior to starting up the server. For example:\n \n[mariadb]\n...\nrelay_log_info_file=/mariadb/myserver1-relay-log.info\n \nGTID Persistence\n \nIf the slave is replicating binary log events that contain\nGTIDs, then the slave\'s SQL thread will write every GTID\nthat it applies to the mysql.gtid_slave_pos table. This GTID\ncan be inspected and modified through the gtid_slave_pos\nsystem variable.\n \nIf the slave has the log_slave_updates system variable\nenabled and if the slave has the binary log enabled, then\nevery write by the slave\'s SQL thread will also go into the\nslave\'s binary log. This means that GTIDs of replicated\ntransactions would be reflected in the value of the\ngtid_binlog_pos system variable.\n \nCreating a Slave from a Backup\n \nThe CHANGE MASTER statement is useful for setting up a slave\nwhen you have a backup of the master and you also have the\nbinary log position or GTID position corresponding to the\nbackup.\n \nAfter restoring the backup on the slave, you could execute\nsomething like this to use the binary log position:\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_LOG_FILE=\'master2-bin.001\',\n MASTER_LOG_POS=4;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nOr you could execute something like this to use the GTID\nposition:\n \nSET GLOBAL gtid_slave_pos=\'0-1-153\';\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_USE_GTID=slave_pos;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \nSee Setting up a Replication Slave with Mariabackup for more\ninformation on how to do this with Mariabackup.\n \nExample\n \nThe following example changes the master and master\'s\nbinary log coordinates.\nThis is used when you want to set up the slave to replicate\nthe master:\n \nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_HOST=\'master2.mycompany.com\',\n MASTER_USER=\'replication\',\n MASTER_PASSWORD=\'bigs3cret\',\n MASTER_PORT=3306,\n MASTER_LOG_FILE=\'master2-bin.001\',\n MASTER_LOG_POS=4,\n MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY=10;\n \nSTART SLAVE;\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/change-master-to/') WHERE help_topic_id = 95;
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (96,8,'COMMIT','The COMMIT statement ends a transaction, saving any changes\nto the data so that they become visible to subsequent\ntransactions. Also, unlocks metadata changed by current\ntransaction. If autocommit is set to 1, an implicit commit\nis performed after each statement. Otherwise, all\ntransactions which don\'t end with an explicit COMMIT are\nimplicitly rollbacked and the changes are lost. The ROLLBACK\nstatement can be used to do this explicitly.\n \nThe required syntax for the COMMIT statement is as follows:\n \nCOMMIT [WORK] [AND [NO] CHAIN] [[NO] RELEASE]\n \nCOMMIT is the more important transaction terminator, as well\nas the more interesting one. The basic form of the COMMIT\nstatement is simply the keyword COMMIT (the keyword WORK is\nsimply noise and can be omitted without changing the\neffect).\n \nThe optional AND CHAIN clause is a convenience for\ninitiating a new transaction as soon as the old transaction\nterminates. If AND CHAIN is specified, then there is\neffectively nothing between the old and new transactions,\nalthough they remain separate. The characteristics of the\nnew transaction will be the same as the characteristics of\nthe old one — that is, the new transaction will have the\nsame access mode, isolation level and diagnostics area size\n(we\'ll discuss all of these shortly) as the transaction\njust terminated. \n \nRELEASE tells the server to disconnect the client\nimmediately after the current transaction.\n \nThere are NO RELEASE and AND NO CHAIN options. By default,\ncommits do not RELEASE or CHAIN, but it\'s possible to\nchange this default behavior with the completion_type server\nsystem variable. In this case, the AND NO CHAIN and NO\nRELEASE options override the server default.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/commit/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/commit/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (97,8,'DEALLOCATE / DROP PREPARE','Syntax\n------ \n{DEALLOCATE | DROP} PREPARE stmt_name\n \nDescription\n----------- \nTo deallocate a prepared statement produced with PREPARE,\nuse a\nDEALLOCATE PREPARE statement that refers to the prepared\nstatement\nname.\n \nA prepared statement is implicitly deallocated when a new\nPREPARE command is issued. In that case, there is no need to\nuse DEALLOCATE.\n \nAttempting to execute a prepared statement after\ndeallocating it\nresults in an error, as if it was not prepared at all:\n \nERROR 1243 (HY000): Unknown prepared statement handler\n(stmt_name) given to EXECUTE\n \nIf the specified statement has not been PREPAREd, an error\nsimilar to the following will be produced:\n \nERROR 1243 (HY000): Unknown prepared statement handler\n(stmt_name) given to DEALLOCATE PREPARE\n \nExample\n \nSee example in PREPARE.\n \n\n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/deallocate-drop-prepared-statement/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/deallocate-drop-prepared-statement/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (98,8,'EXECUTE Statement','Syntax\n------ \nEXECUTE stmt_name\n [USING expression[, expression] ...]\n \nEXECUTE with expression as parameters was introduced in\nMariaDB 10.2.3. Before that one could only use variables\n(@var_name) as parameters.\n \nDescription\n----------- \nAfter preparing a statement with PREPARE, you execute it\nwith an\nEXECUTE statement that refers to the prepared statement\nname. If the\nprepared statement contains any parameter markers, you must\nsupply a\nUSING clause that lists user variables containing the values\nto be\nbound to the parameters. Parameter values can be supplied\nonly by user\nvariables, and the USING clause must name exactly as many\nvariables as\nthe number of parameter markers in the statement.\n \nYou can execute a given prepared statement multiple times,\npassing\ndifferent variables to it or setting the variables to\ndifferent values\nbefore each execution.\n \nIf the specified statement has not been PREPAREd, an error\nsimilar to the following is produced:\n \nERROR 1243 (HY000): Unknown prepared statement handler\n(stmt_name) given to EXECUTE\n \nExample\n \nSee example in PREPARE.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/execute-statement/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/execute-statement/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (99,8,'EXECUTE IMMEDIATE','EXECUTE IMMEDIATE was introduced in MariaDB 10.2.3.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement\n \nDescription\n----------- \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE executes a dynamic SQL statement created\non the fly, which can reduce performance overhead.\n \nFor example:\n \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT 1\' \n \nwhich is shorthand for:\n \nprepare stmt from \"select 1\";\n \nexecute stmt;\n \ndeallocate prepare stmt;\n \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE supports complex expressions as prepare\nsource and parameters:\n \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE CONCAT(\'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM \', \'t1\',\n\' WHERE a=?\') USING 5+5;\n \nLimitations: subselects and stored function calls are not\nsupported as a prepare source.\n \nThe following examples return an error:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS VARCHAR(64) RETURN\n\'SELECT * FROM t1\';\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE f1();\nERROR 1970 (42000): EXECUTE IMMEDIATE does not support\nsubqueries or stored functions\n \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE (SELECT \'SELECT * FROM t1\');\nERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax;\ncheck the manual that \n corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right\nsyntax to use near \n \'SELECT \'SELECT * FROM t1\')\' at line 1\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS INT RETURN 10;\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=?\' USING f1();\nERROR 1970 (42000): EXECUTE..USING does not support\nsubqueries or stored functions\n \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=?\' USING\n(SELECT 10);\nERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax;\ncheck the manual that \n corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right\nsyntax to use near \n \'SELECT 10)\' at line 1\n \nOne can use a user or an SP variable as a workaround:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS VARCHAR(64) RETURN\n\'SELECT * FROM t1\';\nSET @stmt=f1();\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE @stmt;\n \nSET @stmt=(SELECT \'SELECT 1\');\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE @stmt;\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS INT RETURN 10;\nSET @param=f1();\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=?\' USING\n@param;\n \nSET @param=(SELECT 10);\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=?\' USING\n@param;\n \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE supports user variables and SP variables\nas OUT parameters\n \nDELIMITER $$\nCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p1(OUT a INT)\nBEGIN\n SET a:= 10;\nEND;\n$$\nDELIMITER ;\nSET @a=2;\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'CALL p1(?)\' USING @a;\nSELECT @a;\n+------+\n| @a |\n+------+\n| 10 |\n+------+\n \nSimilar to PREPARE, EXECUTE IMMEDIATE is allowed in stored\nprocedures but is not allowed in stored functions.\n \nThis example uses EXECUTE IMMEDIATE inside a stored\nprocedure:\n \nDELIMITER $$\nCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p1()\nBEGIN\n EXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT 1\';\nEND;\n$$\nDELIMITER ;\nCALL p1;\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n \nThis script returns an error:\n \nDELIMITER $$\nCREATE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS INT\nBEGIN\n EXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'DO 1\';\n RETURN 1;\nEND;\n$$\nERROR 1336 (0A000): Dynamic SQL is not allowed in stored\nfunction or trigger\n \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE can use DEFAULT and IGNORE indicators as\nbind parameters:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1 (a INT DEFAULT 10);\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (?)\' USING\nDEFAULT;\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+------+\n| a |\n+------+\n| 10 |\n+------+\n \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE increments the Com_execute_immediate\nstatus variable, as well as the Com_stmt_prepare,\nCom_stmt_execute and Com_stmt_close status variables.\n \nNote, EXECUTE IMMEDIATE does not increment the\nCom_execute_sql status variable. Com_execute_sql is used\nonly for PREPARE..EXECUTE.\n \nThis session screenshot demonstrates how EXECUTE IMMEDIATE\naffects status variables:\n \nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SESSION_STATUS WHERE\nVARIABLE_NAME RLIKE \n (\'COM_(EXECUTE|STMT_PREPARE|STMT_EXECUTE|STMT_CLOSE)\');\n \n+-----------------------+----------------+\n| VARIABLE_NAME | VARIABLE_VALUE |\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n| COM_EXECUTE_IMMEDIATE | 0 |\n| COM_EXECUTE_SQL | 0 |\n| COM_STMT_CLOSE | 0 |\n| COM_STMT_EXECUTE | 0 |\n| COM_STMT_PREPARE | 0 |\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n \nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT 1\';\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n \nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SESSION_STATUS WHERE\nVARIABLE_NAME RLIKE \n (\'COM_(EXECUTE|STMT_PREPARE|STMT_EXECUTE|STMT_CLOSE)\');\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n| VARIABLE_NAME | VARIABLE_VALUE |\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n| COM_EXECUTE_IMMEDIATE | 1 |\n| COM_EXECUTE_SQL | 0 |\n| COM_STMT_CLOSE | 1 |\n| COM_STMT_EXECUTE | 1 |\n| COM_STMT_PREPARE | 1 |\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/execute-immediate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/execute-immediate/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (100,8,'LOCK TABLES','Syntax\n------ \nLOCK TABLE[S]\n tbl_name [[AS] alias] lock_type\n [, tbl_name [[AS] alias] lock_type] ...\n [WAIT n|NOWAIT]\n \nlock_type:\n READ [LOCAL]\n | [LOW_PRIORITY] WRITE\n | WRITE CONCURRENT\n \nUNLOCK TABLES\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe lock_type can be one of:\n \nOption | Description | \n \nREAD | Read lock, no writes allowed | \n \nREAD LOCAL | Read lock, but allow concurrent inserts | \n \nWRITE | Exclusive write lock. No other connections can read\nor write to this table | \n \nLOW_PRIORITY WRITE | Exclusive write lock, but allow new\nread locks on the table until we get the write lock. | \n \nWRITE CONCURRENT | Exclusive write lock, but allow READ\nLOCAL locks to the table. | \n \nMariaDB enables client sessions to acquire table locks\nexplicitly for the\npurpose of cooperating with other sessions for access to\ntables, or to\nprevent other sessions from modifying tables during periods\nwhen a\nsession requires exclusive access to them. A session can\nacquire or\nrelease locks only for itself. One session cannot acquire\nlocks for\nanother session or release locks held by another session.\n \nLocks may be used to emulate transactions or to get more\nspeed when\nupdating tables.\n \nLOCK TABLES explicitly acquires table locks for the current\nclient session.\nTable locks can be acquired for base tables or views. To use\nLOCK TABLES,\nyou must have the LOCK TABLES privilege, and the SELECT\nprivilege for\neach object to be locked. See GRANT\n \nFor view locking, LOCK TABLES adds all base tables used in\nthe view to the\nset of tables to be locked and locks them automatically. If\nyou lock a table\nexplicitly with LOCK TABLES, any tables used in triggers are\nalso locked\nimplicitly, as described in Triggers and Implicit Locks.\n \nUNLOCK TABLES explicitly releases any table locks held by\nthe\ncurrent session.\n \nWAIT/NOWAIT\n \nSet the lock wait timeout. See WAIT and NOWAIT.\n \nLimitations\n \nLOCK TABLES doesn\'t work when using Galera cluster. You may\nexperience crashes or locks when used with Galera.\n \nLOCK TABLES works on XtraDB/InnoDB tables only if the\ninnodb_table_locks system variable is set to 1 (the default)\nand autocommit is set to 0 (1 is default). Please note that\nno error message will be returned on LOCK TABLES with\ninnodb_table_locks = 0.\n \nLOCK TABLES implicitly commits the active transaction, if\nany. Also, starting a transaction always releases all table\nlocks acquired with LOCK TABLES. This means that there is no\nway to have table locks and an active transaction at the\nsame time. The only exceptions are the transactions in\nautocommit mode. To preserve the data integrity between\ntransactional and non-transactional tables, the GET_LOCK()\nfunction can be used.\n \nWhile a connection holds an explicit read lock on a table,\nit cannot modify it. If you try, the following error will be\nproduced:\n \nERROR 1099 (HY000): Table \'tab_name\' was locked with a\nREAD lock and can\'t be updated\n \nWhile a connection holds an explicit lock on a table, it\ncannot access a non-locked table. If you try, the following\nerror will be produced:\n \nERROR 1100 (HY000): Table \'tab_name\' was not locked with\nLOCK TABLES\n \nWhile a connection holds an explicit lock on a table, it\ncannot issue the following: INSERT DELAYED, CREATE TABLE,\nCREATE TABLE ... LIKE, and DDL statements involving stored\nprograms and views (except for triggers). If you try, the\nfollowing error will be produced:\n \nERROR 1192 (HY000): Can\'t execute the given command because\nyou have active locked tables or an active transaction\n \nLOCK TABLES can not be used in stored routines - if you try,\nthe following error will be produced on creation:\n \nERROR 1314 (0A000): LOCK is not allowed in stored procedures\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/lock-tables/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/lock-tables/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (101,8,'ROLLBACK','The ROLLBACK statement rolls back (ends) a transaction,\ndestroying any changes to SQL-data so that they never become\nvisible to subsequent transactions. The required syntax for\nthe ROLLBACK statement is as follows. \n \nROLLBACK [ WORK ] [ AND [ NO ] CHAIN ] \n[ TO [ SAVEPOINT ] { | } ]\n \nThe ROLLBACK statement will either end a transaction,\ndestroying all data changes that happened during any of the\ntransaction, or it will just destroy any data changes that\nhappened since you established a savepoint. The basic form\nof the ROLLBACK statement is just the keyword ROLLBACK (the\nkeyword WORK is simply noise and can be omitted without\nchanging the effect). \n \nThe optional AND CHAIN clause is a convenience for\ninitiating a new transaction as soon as the old transaction\nterminates. If AND CHAIN is specified, then there is\neffectively nothing between the old and new transactions,\nalthough they remain separate. The characteristics of the\nnew transaction will be the same as the characteristics of\nthe old one — that is, the new transaction will have the\nsame access mode, isolation level and diagnostics area size\n(we\'ll discuss all of these shortly) as the transaction\njust terminated. The AND NO CHAIN option just tells your\nDBMS to end the transaction — that is, these four SQL\nstatements are equivalent: \n \nROLLBACK;\n \nROLLBACK WORK;\n \nROLLBACK AND NO CHAIN;\n \nROLLBACK WORK AND NO CHAIN;\n \nAll of them end a transaction without saving any transaction\ncharacteristics. The only other options, the equivalent\nstatements: \n \nROLLBACK AND CHAIN;\n \nROLLBACK WORK AND CHAIN;\n \nboth tell your DBMS to end a transaction, but to save that\ntransaction\'s characteristics for the next transaction. \n \nROLLBACK is much simpler than COMMIT: it may involve no more\nthan a few deletions (of Cursors, locks, prepared SQL\nstatements and log-file entries). It\'s usually assumed that\nROLLBACK can\'t fail, although such a thing is conceivable\n(for example, an encompassing transaction might reject an\nattempt to ROLLBACK because it\'s lining up for a COMMIT). \n \nROLLBACK cancels all effects of a transaction. It does not\ncancel effects on objects outside the DBMS\'s control (for\nexample the values in host program variables or the settings\nmade by some SQL/CLI function calls). But in general, it is\na convenient statement for those situations when you say\n\"oops, this isn\'t working\" or when you simply don\'t care\nwhether your temporary work becomes permanent or not.\n \nHere is a moot question. If all you\'ve been doing is\nSELECTs, so that there have been no data changes, should you\nend the transaction with ROLLBACK or COMMIT? It shouldn\'t\nreally matter because both ROLLBACK and COMMIT do the same\ntransaction-terminating job. However, the popular conception\nis that ROLLBACK implies failure, so after a successful\nseries of SELECT statements the convention is to end the\ntransaction with COMMIT rather than ROLLBACK.\n \nMariaDB (and most other DBMSs) supports rollback of SQL-data\nchange statements, but not of SQL-Schema statements. This\nmeans that if you use any of CREATE, ALTER, DROP, GRANT,\nREVOKE, you are implicitly committing at execution time.\n \nINSERT INTO Table_2 VALUES(5); \nDROP TABLE Table_3 CASCADE;\n \nROLLBACK;\n \nThe result will be that both the INSERT and the DROP will go\nthrough as separate transactions so the ROLLBACK will have\nno effect. \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/rollback/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/rollback/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (102,8,'SAVEPOINT','Syntax\n------ \nSAVEPOINT identifier\nROLLBACK [WORK] TO [SAVEPOINT] identifier\nRELEASE SAVEPOINT identifier\n \nDescription\n----------- \nInnoDB supports the SQL statements SAVEPOINT,\nROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, RELEASE SAVEPOINT\nand the optional WORK keyword for\nROLLBACK.\n \nEach savepoint must have a legal MariaDB identifier. A\nsavepoint is a named sub-transaction.\n \nNormally ROLLBACK undoes the changes performed by the whole\ntransaction. When used with the TO clause, it undoes the\nchanges performed after the specified savepoint, and erases\nall subsequent savepoints. However, all locks that have been\nacquired after the save point will survive. RELEASE\nSAVEPOINT does not rollback or commit any changes, but\nremoves the specified savepoint.\n \nWhen the execution of a trigger or a stored function begins,\nit is not possible to use statements which reference a\nsavepoint which was defined from out of that stored program.\n \nWhen a COMMIT (including implicit commits) or a ROLLBACK\nstatement (with no TO clause) is performed, they act on the\nwhole transaction, and all savepoints are removed.\n \nErrors\n \nIf COMMIT or ROLLBACK is issued and no transaction was\nstarted, no error is reported.\n \nIf SAVEPOINT is issued and no transaction was started, no\nerror is reported but no savepoint is created. When ROLLBACK\nTO SAVEPOINT or RELEASE SAVEPOINT is called for a savepoint\nthat does not exist, an error like this is issued:\n \nERROR 1305 (42000): SAVEPOINT svp_name does not exist\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/savepoint/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/savepoint/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (103,8,'Metadata Locking','Metadata locking has been supported since MariaDB 5.5. This\nmeans that when a transaction (including XA transactions)\nuses a table, it locks its metadata until the end of\ntransaction. Non-transactional tables are also locked, as\nwell as views and objects which are related to locked\ntables/views (stored functions, triggers, etc). When a\nconnection tries to use a DDL statement (like an ALTER\nTABLE) which modifies a table that is locked, that\nconnection is queued, and has to wait until it\'s unlocked.\nUsing savepoints and performing a partial rollback does not\nrelease metadata locks.\n \nLOCK TABLES ... WRITE are also queued. Some wrong statements\nwhich produce an error may not need to wait for the lock to\nbe freed.\n \nMetadata lock\'s timeout is determined by the value of the\nlock_wait_timeout server system variable (in seconds).\nHowever, note that its default value is 31536000 (1 year).\nIf this timeout exceeds, the following error is returned:\n \nERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded;\n try restarting transaction\n \nIf the metadata_lock_info plugin is installed, the\nInformation Schema metadata_lock_info table stores\ninformation about existing metadata locks.\n \nExample\n \nLet\'s use the following MEMORY (non-transactional) table:\n \nCREATE TABLE t (a INT) ENGINE = MEMORY;\n \nConnection 1 starts a transaction, and INSERTs a row into t:\n \nSTART TRANSACTION;\n \nINSERT INTO t SET a=1;\n \nt\'s metadata is now locked by connection 1. Connection 2\ntries to alter t, but has to wait:\n \nALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN b INT;\n \nConnection 2\'s prompt is blocked now.\n \nNow connection 1 ends the transaction:\n \nCOMMIT;\n \n...and connection 2 finally gets the output of its command:\n \nQuery OK, 1 row affected (35.23 sec)\nRecords: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/metadata-locking/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/metadata-locking/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (104,8,'PREPARE Statement','Syntax\n------ \nPREPARE stmt_name FROM preparable_stmt\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe PREPARE statement prepares a statement and assigns it a\nname,\nstmt_name, by which to refer to the statement later.\nStatement names\nare not case sensitive. preparable_stmt is either a string\nliteral or a user variable (not a local variable, an SQL\nexpression or a subquery) that contains the text of the\nstatement. The text must \nrepresent a single SQL statement, not multiple statements.\nWithin the\nstatement, \"?\" characters can be used as parameter markers\nto indicate\nwhere data values are to be bound to the query later when\nyou execute\nit. The \"?\" characters should not be enclosed within\nquotes, even if\nyou intend to bind them to string values. Parameter markers\ncan be used\nonly where data values should appear, not for SQL keywords,\nidentifiers, and so forth.\n \nThe scope of a prepared statement is the session within\nwhich it is\ncreated. Other sessions cannot see it.\n \nIf a prepared statement with the given name already exists,\nit is\ndeallocated implicitly before the new statement is prepared.\nThis means\nthat if the new statement contains an error and cannot be\nprepared, an\nerror is returned and no statement with the given name\nexists.\n \nPrepared statements can be PREPAREd and EXECUTEd in a stored\nprocedure, but not in a stored function or trigger. Also,\neven if the statement is PREPAREd in a procedure, it will\nnot be deallocated when the procedure execution ends.\n \nA prepared statement can access user-defined variables, but\nnot local variables or procedure\'s parameters.\n \nIf the prepared statement contains a syntax error, PREPARE\nwill fail. As a side effect, stored procedures can use it to\ncheck if a statement is valid. For example:\n \nCREATE PROCEDURE `test_stmt`(IN sql_text TEXT)\nBEGIN\n DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION\n BEGIN\n SELECT CONCAT(sql_text, \' is not valid\');\n END;\n SET @SQL := sql_text;\n PREPARE stmt FROM @SQL;\n DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;\nEND;\n \nThe FOUND_ROWS() and ROW_COUNT() functions, if called\nimmediatly after EXECUTE, return the number of rows read or\naffected by the prepared statements; however, if they are\ncalled after DEALLOCATE PREPARE, they provide information\nabout this statement. If the prepared statement produces\nerrors or warnings, GET DIAGNOSTICS return information about\nthem. DEALLOCATE PREPARE shouldn\'t clear the diagnostics\narea, unless it produces an error.\n \nA prepared statement is executed with EXECUTE and released \nwith DEALLOCATE PREPARE.\n \nThe max_prepared_stmt_count server system variable\ndetermines the number of allowed prepared statements that\ncan be prepared on the server. If it is set to 0, prepared\nstatements are not allowed. If the limit is reached, an\nerror similar to the following will be produced:\n \nERROR 1461 (42000): Can\'t create more than\nmax_prepared_stmt_count statements \n (current value: 0)\n \nOracle Mode\n \nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3, PREPARE stmt FROM \'SELECT\n:1, :2\' is used, instead of ?.\n \nPermitted Statements\n \nNot all statements can be prepared. Only the following SQL\ncommands are permitted:\nALTER TABLE\nANALYZE TABLE\nBINLOG\nCACHE INDEX\nCALL\nCHANGE MASTER\nCHECKSUM {TABLE | TABLES}\nCOMMIT\n{CREATE | DROP} DATABASE\n{CREATE | DROP} INDEX\n{CREATE | RENAME | DROP} TABLE\n{CREATE | RENAME | DROP} USER\n{CREATE | DROP} VIEW\nDELETE\nDESCRIBE\nDO\nEXPLAIN\nFLUSH {TABLE | TABLES | TABLES WITH READ LOCK | HOSTS |\nPRIVILEGES | LOGS | STATUS | \n MASTER | SLAVE | DES_KEY_FILE | USER_RESOURCES | QUERY\nCACHE | TABLE_STATISTICS | \n INDEX_STATISTICS | USER_STATISTICS | CLIENT_STATISTICS}\nGRANT\nINSERT\nINSTALL {PLUGIN | SONAME}\nHANDLER READ\nKILL\nLOAD INDEX INTO CACHE\nOPTIMIZE TABLE\nREPAIR TABLE\nREPLACE\nRESET {MASTER | SLAVE | QUERY CACHE}\nREVOKE\nROLLBACK\nSELECT\nSET\nSET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER\nSET ROLE\nSET SQL_LOG_BIN\nSET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL\nSHOW EXPLAIN\nSHOW {DATABASES | TABLES | OPEN TABLES | TABLE STATUS |\nCOLUMNS | INDEX | TRIGGERS | \n EVENTS | GRANTS | CHARACTER SET | COLLATION | ENGINES |\nPLUGINS [SONAME] | PRIVILEGES | \n PROCESSLIST | PROFILE | PROFILES | VARIABLES | STATUS |\nWARNINGS | ERRORS | \n TABLE_STATISTICS | INDEX_STATISTICS | USER_STATISTICS |\nCLIENT_STATISTICS | AUTHORS | \n CONTRIBUTORS}\nSHOW CREATE {DATABASE | TABLE | VIEW | PROCEDURE | FUNCTION\n| TRIGGER | EVENT}\nSHOW {FUNCTION | PROCEDURE} CODE\nSHOW BINLOG EVENTS\nSHOW SLAVE HOSTS\nSHOW {MASTER | BINARY} LOGS\nSHOW {MASTER | SLAVE | TABLES | INNODB | FUNCTION |\nPROCEDURE} STATUS\nSLAVE {START | STOP}\nTRUNCATE TABLE\nSHUTDOWN\nUNINSTALL {PLUGIN | SONAME}\nUPDATE\n \nSynonyms are not listed here, but can be used. For example,\nDESC can be used instead of DESCRIBE.\n \nCompound statements can be prepared too.\n \nNote that if a statement can be run in a stored routine, it\nwill work even if it is called by a prepared statement. For\nexample, SIGNAL can\'t be directly prepared. However, it is\nallowed in stored routines. If the x() procedure contains\nSIGNAL, you can still prepare and execute the \'CALL x();\'\nprepared statement.\n \nPREPARE now supports most kinds of expressions as well, for\nexample:\n \nPREPARE stmt FROM CONCAT(\'SELECT * FROM \', table_name);\n \nWhen PREPARE is used with a statement which is not\nsupported, the following error is produced:\n \nERROR 1295 (HY000): This command is not supported in the\nprepared statement protocol yet\n \nExample\n \ncreate table t1 (a int,b char(10));\ninsert into t1 values (1,\"one\"),(2,\n\"two\"),(3,\"three\");\nprepare test from \"select * from t1 where a=?\";\nset @param=2;\nexecute test using @param;\n+------+------+\n| a | b |\n+------+------+\n| 2 | two |\n+------+------+\nset @param=3;\nexecute test using @param;\n+------+-------+\n| a | b |\n+------+-------+\n| 3 | three |\n+------+-------+\ndeallocate prepare test;\n \nSince identifiers are not permitted as prepared statements\nparameters, sometimes it is necessary to dynamically compose\nan SQL statement. This technique is called dynamic SQL). The\nfollowing example shows how to use dynamic SQL:\n \nCREATE PROCEDURE test.stmt_test(IN tab_name VARCHAR(64))\nBEGIN\n SET @sql = CONCAT(\'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM \', tab_name);\n PREPARE stmt FROM @sql;\n EXECUTE stmt;\n DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;\nEND;\n \nCALL test.stmt_test(\'mysql.user\');\n+----------+\n| COUNT(*) |\n+----------+\n| 4 |\n+----------+\n \nUse of variables in prepared statements:\n \nPREPARE stmt FROM \'SELECT @x;\';\n \nSET @x = 1;\n \nEXECUTE stmt;\n+------+\n| @x |\n+------+\n| 1 |\n+------+\n \nSET @x = 0;\n \nEXECUTE stmt;\n+------+\n| @x |\n+------+\n| 0 |\n+------+\n \nDEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/prepare-statement/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/prepare-statement/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (105,8,'PURGE BINARY LOGS','Syntax\n------ \nPURGE { BINARY | MASTER } LOGS\n { TO \'log_name\' | BEFORE datetime_expr }\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe PURGE BINARY LOGS statement deletes all the binary log\nfiles listed in the log index file prior to the specified\nlog file name or\ndate. BINARY and MASTER are synonyms.\nDeleted log files also are removed from the list recorded in\nthe index file, so\nthat the given log file becomes the first in the list.\n \nThe datetime expression is in the format \'YYYY-MM-DD\nhh:mm:ss\'. \n \nIf a slave is active but has yet to read from a binary log\nfile you attempt to delete, the statement will fail with an\nerror. However, if the slave is not connected and has yet to\nread from a log file you delete, the file will be deleted,\nbut the slave will be unable to continue replicating once it\nconnects again.\n \nThis statement has no effect if the server was not started\nwith the\n--log-bin option to enable binary logging.\n \nTo list the binary log files on the server, use SHOW BINARY\nLOGS. To see which files they are reading, use SHOW SLAVE\nSTATUS. You can only delete the files that are older than\nthe oldest file that is used by the slaves.\n \nTo delete all binary log files, use RESET MASTER.\nTo move to a new log file (for example if you want to remove\nthe current log file), use FLUSH LOGS before you execute\nPURGE LOGS.\n \nIf the expire_logs_days server system variable is not set to\n0, the server automatically deletes binary log files after\nthe given number of days.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nPURGE BINARY LOGS TO \'mariadb-bin.000063\';\n \nPURGE BINARY LOGS BEFORE \'2013-04-21\';\n \nPURGE BINARY LOGS BEFORE \'2013-04-22 09:55:22\';\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/purge-binary-logs/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/purge-binary-logs/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (106,8,'RESET MASTER','RESET MASTER [TO #]\n \nDeletes all binary log files listed in the index file,\nresets the\nbinary log index file to be empty, and creates a new binary\nlog file with a suffix of .000001.\n \nIf TO # is given, then the first new binary log file will\nstart from number #.\n \nThis statement is for use only when the master is started\nfor the first time, and should never be used if any slaves\nare actively replicating from the binary log.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/reset-master/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/reset-master/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (107,8,'RESET SLAVE','RESET SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [ALL] \n \nRESET SLAVE makes the slave forget its replication position\nin the\nmaster\'s binary log. This statement is meant to be used for\na clean\nstart. It deletes the master.info and relay-log.info files,\nall the\nrelay log files, and starts a new relay log file. To use\nRESET SLAVE,\nthe slave replication threads must be stopped (use STOP\nSLAVE if\nnecessary).\n \nNote: All relay log files are deleted, even if they have not\nbeen\ncompletely executed by the slave SQL thread. (This is a\ncondition\nlikely to exist on a replication slave if you have issued a\nSTOP SLAVE\nstatement or if the slave is highly loaded.)\n \nConnection information stored in the master.info file is\nimmediately\nreset using any values specified in the corresponding\nstartup options.\nThis information includes values such as master host, master\nport,\nmaster user, and master password. If the slave SQL thread\nwas in the\nmiddle of replicating temporary tables when it was stopped,\nand RESET\nSLAVE is issued, these replicated temporary tables are\ndeleted on the\nslave.\n \nThe ALL also resets the PORT, HOST, USER and PASSWORD\nparameters for the slave. If you are using a connection\nname, it will permanently delete it and it will not show up\nanymore in SHOW ALL SLAVES STATUS.\n \nconnection_name\n \nThe connection_name option was added as part of multi-source\nreplication added in MariaDB 10.0\n \nIf there is only one nameless master, or the default master\n(as specified by the default_master_connection system\nvariable) is intended, connection_name can be omitted. If\nprovided, the RESET SLAVE statement will apply to the\nspecified master. connection_name is case-insensitive.\n \n\n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/reset-slave-connection_name/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/reset-slave-connection_name/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (108,8,'SET TRANSACTION','Syntax\n------ \nSET [GLOBAL | SESSION] TRANSACTION\n transaction_property [, transaction_property] ...\n \ntransaction_property:\n ISOLATION LEVEL level\n | READ WRITE\n | READ ONLY\n \nlevel:\n REPEATABLE READ\n | READ COMMITTED\n | READ UNCOMMITTED\n | SERIALIZABLE\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis statement sets the transaction isolation level or the\ntransaction access mode globally, for the current session,\nor for the next transaction:\nWith the GLOBAL keyword, the statement sets the default\n transaction level globally for all subsequent sessions.\nExisting sessions are\n unaffected.\nWith the SESSION keyword, the statement sets the default\n transaction level for all subsequent transactions performed\nwithin the\n current session.\nWithout any SESSION or GLOBAL keyword,\n the statement sets the isolation level for the next (not\nstarted) transaction\n performed within the current session.\n \nA change to the global default isolation level requires the \nSUPER privilege. Any session is free to change its\nsession isolation level (even in the middle of a\ntransaction), or the isolation\nlevel for its next transaction.\n \nIsolation Level\n \nTo set the global default isolation level at server startup,\nuse the\n--transaction-isolation=level option on the command line or\nin an option file. Values of level for this option use\ndashes\nrather than spaces, so the allowable values are\nREAD-UNCOMMITTED,\nREAD-COMMITTED, REPEATABLE-READ, or\nSERIALIZABLE. For example, to set the default isolation\nlevel to REPEATABLE READ, use these lines in the [mysqld]\nsection of an option file:\n \n[mysqld]\ntransaction-isolation = REPEATABLE-READ\nTo determine the global and session transaction isolation\nlevels at\nruntime, check the value of the tx_isolation system\nvariable:\n \nSELECT @@GLOBAL.tx_isolation, @@tx_isolation;\n \nInnoDB supports each of the translation isolation levels\ndescribed here\nusing different locking strategies. The default level is \nREPEATABLE READ. For additional information about InnoDB\nrecord-level locks and how it uses them to execute various\ntypes of statements,\nsee XtraDB/InnoDB Lock Modes,\nand\nhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/innodb-locks-set.html.\n \nIsolation Levels\n \nThe following sections describe how MariaDB supports the\ndifferent transaction levels.\n \nREAD UNCOMMITTED\n \nSELECT statements are performed in a non-locking fashion,\nbut a possible earlier version of a row might be used. Thus,\nusing this\nisolation level, such reads are not consistent. This is also\ncalled a \"dirty\nread.\" Otherwise, this isolation level works like \nREAD COMMITTED.\n \nREAD COMMITTED\n \nA somewhat Oracle-like isolation level with respect to\nconsistent\n(non-locking) reads: Each consistent read, even within the\nsame\ntransaction, sets and reads its own fresh snapshot. See\nhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/innodb-consistent-read.html.\n \nFor locking reads (SELECT with FOR UPDATE\nor LOCK IN SHARE MODE), InnoDB locks only index records, not\nthe gaps before them, and thus allows the free insertion of\nnew records next to\nlocked records. For UPDATE and DELETE\nstatements, locking depends on whether the statement uses a\nunique index with a\nunique search condition (such as WHERE id = 100), or a\nrange-type search condition (such as WHERE id > 100). For a\nunique index with a unique search condition, InnoDB locks\nonly the index record\nfound, not the gap before it. For range-type searches,\nInnoDB locks the index\nrange scanned, using gap locks or next-key (gap plus\nindex-record) locks to\nblock insertions by other sessions into the gaps covered by\nthe range. This is\nnecessary because \"phantom rows\" must be blocked for MySQL\nreplication and\nrecovery to work.\n \nNote: Since MariaDB 5.1, if the READ COMMITTED isolation\nlevel is used or the innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog system\nvariable is enabled,\nthere is no InnoDB gap locking except for foreign-key\nconstraint checking and\nduplicate-key checking. Also, record locks for non-matching\nrows are released\nafter MariaDB has evaluated the WHERE condition. As of\nMariaDB/MySQL\n5.1, if you use READ COMMITTED or enable\ninnodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog, you must use row-based\nbinary logging.\n \nREPEATABLE READ\n \nThis is the default isolation level for InnoDB. For\nconsistent reads,\nthere is an important difference from the READ COMMITTED\nisolation level: All consistent reads within the same\ntransaction read the\nsnapshot established by the first read. This convention\nmeans that if you issue\nseveral plain (non-locking) SELECT statements within the\nsame transaction, these SELECT statements are consistent\nalso with respect to each other. See\nhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/innodb-consistent-read.html.\n \nFor locking reads (SELECT with FOR UPDATE or LOCK IN SHARE\nMODE),\nUPDATE, and DELETE statements, locking depends on whether\nthe\nstatement uses a unique index with a unique search\ncondition, or a\nrange-type search condition. For a unique index with a\nunique search\ncondition, InnoDB locks only the index record found, not the\ngap\nbefore it. For other search conditions, InnoDB locks the\nindex range\nscanned, using gap locks or next-key (gap plus index-record)\nlocks to\nblock insertions by other sessions into the gaps covered by\nthe range.\n \nThis is the minimum isolation level for non-distributed XA\ntransactions.\n \nSERIALIZABLE\n \nThis level is like REPEATABLE READ, but InnoDB implicitly\nconverts all\nplain SELECT statements to SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE if\nautocommit\nis disabled. If autocommit is enabled, the SELECT is its own\ntransaction. It therefore is known to be read only and can\nbe\nserialized if performed as a consistent (non-locking) read\nand need\nnot block for other transactions. (This means that to force\na plain\nSELECT to block if other transactions have modified the\nselected rows,\nyou should disable autocommit.)\n \nDistributed XA transactions should always use this isolation\nlevel.\n \nAccess Mode\n \nThese clauses appeared in MariaDB 10.0.\n \nThe access mode specifies whether the transaction is allowed\nto write data or not. By default, transactions are in READ\nWRITE mode (see the tx_read_only system variable). READ ONLY\nmode allows the storage engine to apply optimizations that\ncannot be used for transactions which write data. The only\nexception to this rule is that read only transactions can\nperform DDL statements on temporary tables.\n \nIt is not permitted to specify both READ WRITE and READ ONLY\nin the same statement.\n \nREAD WRITE and READ ONLY can also be specified in the START\nTRANSACTION statement, in which case the specified mode is\nonly valid for one transaction.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET GLOBAL TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\n \nAttempting to set the isolation level within an existing\ntransaction without specifying GLOBAL or SESSION.\n \nSTART TRANSACTION;\n \nSET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nERROR 1568 (25001): Transaction characteristics can\'t be\nchanged while a transaction is in progress\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/set-transaction/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/set-transaction/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (109,8,'START SLAVE','Syntax\n------ \nSTART SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [thread_type [,\nthread_type] ... ]\nSTART SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [SQL_THREAD] UNTIL \n MASTER_LOG_FILE = \'log_name\', MASTER_LOG_POS = log_pos\nSTART SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [SQL_THREAD] UNTIL\n RELAY_LOG_FILE = \'log_name\', RELAY_LOG_POS = log_pos\nSTART SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [SQL_THREAD] UNTIL\n MASTER_GTID_POS = \nSTART ALL SLAVES [thread_type [, thread_type]]\nthread_type: IO_THREAD | SQL_THREAD\n \nDescription\n----------- \nSTART SLAVE with no thread_type options starts both of the\nslave\nthreads (see replication). The I/O thread reads events from\nthe master server and stores\nthem in the relay log. The SQL thread reads events from the\nrelay log\nand executes them. START SLAVE requires the SUPER privilege.\n \nIf START SLAVE succeeds in starting the slave threads, it\nreturns\nwithout any error. However, even in that case, it might be\nthat the\nslave threads start and then later stop (for example,\nbecause they do\nnot manage to connect to the master or read its binary log,\nor some\nother problem). START SLAVE does not warn you about this.\nYou must\ncheck the slave\'s error log for error messages generated by\nthe slave\nthreads, or check that they are running satisfactorily with\nSHOW SLAVE\nSTATUS.\n \nSTART SLAVE UNTIL\n \nSTART SLAVE UNTIL refers to the SQL_THREAD slave position at\nwhich the SQL_THREAD replication will halt. If SQL_THREAD\nisn\'t specified both threads are started.\n \nSince version 10.0.2, START SLAVE UNTIL master_gtid_pos=xxx\nhas also been supported. See Global Transaction ID/START\nSLAVE UNTIL master_gtid_pos=xxx for more details.\n \nconnection_name\n \nThe connection_name option was added as part of multi-source\nreplication added in MariaDB 10.0\n \nIf there is only one nameless master, or the default master\n(as specified by the default_master_connection system\nvariable) is intended, connection_name can be omitted. If\nprovided, the START SLAVE statement will apply to the\nspecified master. connection_name is case-insensitive.\n \nSTART ALL SLAVES\n \nSTART ALL SLAVES starts all configured slaves (slaves with\nmaster_host not empty) that were not started before. It will\ngive a note for all started connections. You can check the\nnotes with SHOW WARNINGS.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/start-slave/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/start-slave/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (110,8,'START TRANSACTION','Syntax\n------ \nSTART TRANSACTION [transaction_property [,\ntransaction_property] ...] | BEGIN [WORK]\nCOMMIT [WORK] [AND [NO] CHAIN] [[NO] RELEASE]\nROLLBACK [WORK] [AND [NO] CHAIN] [[NO] RELEASE]\nSET autocommit = {0 | 1}\n \ntransaction_property:\n WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT\n | READ WRITE\n | READ ONLY\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe START TRANSACTION or BEGIN statement\nbegins a new transaction. COMMIT commits the current\ntransaction, making its changes permanent. ROLLBACK rolls\nback the current transaction, canceling its changes. The SET\nautocommit statement disables or enables the default\nautocommit mode for the current session.\n \nSTART TRANSACTION and SET autocommit = 1 implicitly commit\nthe current transaction, if any.\n \nThe optional WORK keyword is supported for\nCOMMIT and ROLLBACK, as are the\nCHAIN and RELEASE clauses.\nCHAIN and RELEASE can be used for\nadditional control over transaction completion. The value of\nthe\ncompletion_type system variable determines the default\ncompletion behavior.\n \nThe AND CHAIN clause causes a new transaction to begin as\nsoon as the current one ends, and the new transaction has\nthe same isolation\nlevel as the just-terminated transaction. The RELEASE clause\ncauses the server to disconnect the current client session\nafter terminating\nthe current transaction. Including the NO keyword suppresses\nCHAIN or RELEASE completion, which can be\nuseful if the completion_type system variable is set to\ncause chaining or release completion by default.\n \nAccess Mode\n \nThese clauses appeared in MariaDB 10.0.\n \nThe access mode specifies whether the transaction is allowed\nto write data or not. By default, transactions are in READ\nWRITE mode (see the tx_read_only system variable). READ ONLY\nmode allows the storage engine to apply optimizations that\ncannot be used for transactions which write data. The only\nexception to this rule is that read only transactions can\nperform DDL statements on temporary tables.\n \nIt is not permitted to specify both READ WRITE and READ ONLY\nin the same statement.\n \nREAD WRITE and READ ONLY can also be specified in the SET\nTRANSACTION statement, in which case the specified mode is\nvalid for all sessions, or for all subsequent transaction\nused by the current session.\n \nautocommit\n \nBy default, MariaDB runs with autocommit mode enabled. This\nmeans that as soon as you execute a statement that updates\n(modifies) a table, MariaDB stores the update on disk to\nmake it permanent. To disable autocommit mode, use the\nfollowing statement:\n \nSET autocommit=0;\n \nAfter disabling autocommit mode by setting the autocommit\nvariable to zero, changes to transaction-safe tables (such\nas those for InnoDB or\nNDBCLUSTER) are not made permanent immediately. You must use\nCOMMIT to store your changes to disk or ROLLBACK to ignore\nthe changes.\n \nTo disable autocommit mode for a single series of\nstatements, use the START TRANSACTION statement.\n \nDDL Statements\n \nDDL statements (CREATE, ALTER, DROP) and administrative\nstatements (FLUSH, RESET, OPTIMIZE, ANALYZE, CHECK, REPAIR,\nCACHE INDEX), and LOAD DATA INFILE, cause an implicit COMMIT\nand start a new transaction. An exception to this rule are\nthe DDL that operate on temporary tables: you can CREATE,\nALTER and DROP them without causing any COMMIT, but those\nactions cannot be rolled back. This means that if you call\nROLLBACK, the temporary tables you created in the\ntransaction will remain, while the rest of the transaction\nwill be rolled back.\n \nTransactions cannot be used in Stored Functions or Triggers.\nIn Stored Procedures and Events BEGIN is not allowed, so you\nshould use START TRANSACTION instead.\n \nA transaction acquires a metadata lock on every table it\naccesses to prevent other connections from altering their\nstructure. The lock is released at the end of the\ntransaction. This happens even with non-transactional\nstorage engines (like MEMORY or CONNECT), so it makes sense\nto use transactions with non-transactional tables.\n \nin_transaction\n \nThe in_transaction system variable appeared in MariaDB 5.3.\n \nIt is a session-only, read-only variable that returns 1\ninside a transaction, and 0 if not in a transaction.\n \nWITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT\n \nThe WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT option starts a consistent read\nfor storage engines such as XtraDB and InnoDB that can do\nso, the same as if a START TRANSACTION followed by a SELECT\nfrom any InnoDB table was issued. \n \nMariaDB 5.3 introduced enhancements to this feature. See\nEnhancements for START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSTART TRANSACTION;\n \nSELECT @A:=SUM(salary) FROM table1 WHERE type=1;\n \nUPDATE table2 SET summary=@A WHERE type=1;\n \nCOMMIT;\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/start-transaction/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/start-transaction/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (111,8,'STOP SLAVE','Syntax\n------ \nSTOP SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [thread_type [,\nthread_type] ... ]\n \nSTOP ALL SLAVES [thread_type [, thread_type]]\n \nthread_type: IO_THREAD | SQL_THREAD\n \nDescription\n----------- \nStops the slave threads. STOP SLAVE requires the SUPER\nprivilege.\n \nLike START SLAVE, this statement may be used with the\nIO_THREAD and\nSQL_THREAD options to name the thread or threads to be\nstopped. In almost all cases, one never need to use the\nthread_type options.\n \nSTOP SLAVE waits until any current replication event group\naffecting\none or more non-transactional tables has finished executing\n(if there\nis any such replication group), or until the user issues a\nKILL QUERY or KILL CONNECTION statement.\n \nNote that STOP SLAVE doesn\'t delete the connection\npermanently. Next time you execute START SLAVE or the\nMariaDB server restarts, the slave connection is restored\nwith it\'s original arguments. If you want to delete a\nconnection, you should execute RESET SLAVE.\n \nSTOP ALL SLAVES\n \nSTOP ALL SLAVES stops all your running slaves. It will give\nyou a note for every stopped connection. You can check the\nnotes with SHOW WARNINGS.\n \nconnection_name\n \nThe connection_name option was added as part of multi-source\nreplication added in MariaDB 10.0\n \nIf there is only one nameless master, or the default master\n(as specified by the default_master_connection system\nvariable) is intended, connection_name can be omitted. If\nprovided, the STOP SLAVE statement will apply to the\nspecified master. connection_name is case-insensitive.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stop-slave/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stop-slave/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (112,8,'Transaction Timeouts','MariaDB has always had the wait_timeout and\ninteractive_timeout settings, which close connections after\na certain period of inactivity.\n \nHowever, these are by default set to a long wait period. In\nsituations where transactions may be started, but not\ncommitted or rolled back, more granular control and a\nshorter timeout may be desirable so as to avoid locks being\nheld for too long.\n \nMariaDB 10.3 introduced three new variables to handle this\nsituation.\nidle_transaction_timeout (all transactions)\nidle_write_transaction_timeout (write transactions - called\nidle_readwrite_transaction_timeout until MariaDB 10.3.2)\nidle_readonly_transaction_timeout (read transactions)\n \nThese accept a time in seconds to time out, by closing the\nconnection, transactions that are idle for longer than this\nperiod. By default all are set to zero, or no timeout.\n \nidle_transaction_timeout affects all transactions,\nidle_write_transaction_timeout affects write transactions\nonly and idle_readonly_transaction_timeout affects read\ntransactions only. The latter two variables work\nindependently. However, if either is set along with\nidle_transaction_timeout, the settings for\nidle_write_transaction_timeout or\nidle_readonly_transaction_timeout will take precedence.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET SESSION idle_transaction_timeout=2;\n \nBEGIN;\n \nSELECT * FROM t;\n \nEmpty set (0.000 sec)\n## wait 3 seconds\nSELECT * FROM t;\n \nERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away\n \nSET SESSION idle_write_transaction_timeout=2;\n \nBEGIN;\n \nSELECT * FROM t;\n \nEmpty set (0.000 sec)\n## wait 3 seconds\nSELECT * FROM t;\n \nEmpty set (0.000 sec)\nINSERT INTO t VALUES(1);\n## wait 3 seconds\nSELECT * FROM t;\n \nERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away\n \nSET SESSION idle_transaction_timeout=2, SESSION\nidle_readonly_transaction_timeout=10;\n \nBEGIN;\n \nSELECT * FROM t;\n \nEmpty set (0.000 sec)\n ## wait 3 seconds\nSELECT * FROM t;\n \nEmpty set (0.000 sec)\n## wait 11 seconds\nSELECT * FROM t;\n \nERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/transaction-timeouts/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/transaction-timeouts/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (113,8,'UNLOCK TABLES','Syntax\n------ \nUNLOCK TABLES\n \nDescription\n----------- \nUNLOCK TABLES explicitly releases any table locks held by\nthe\ncurrent session. See LOCK TABLES for more information.\n \nIn addition to releasing table locks acquired by the LOCK\nTABLES statement, the UNLOCK TABLES statement also releases\nthe global read lock acquired by the FLUSH TABLES WITH READ\nLOCK statement. The FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK statement is\nvery useful for performing backups. See FLUSH for more\ninformation about FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/transactions-unlock-tables/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/transactions-unlock-tables/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (114,8,'WAIT and NOWAIT','MariaDB 10.3.0 introduced extended syntax so that it is\npossible to set innodb_lock_wait_timeout and\nlock_wait_timeout for the following statements:\n \nSyntax\n------ \nALTER TABLE tbl_name [WAIT n|NOWAIT] ...\nCREATE ... INDEX ON tbl_name (index_col_name, ...) [WAIT\nn|NOWAIT] ...\nDROP INDEX ... [WAIT n|NOWAIT]\nDROP TABLE tbl_name [WAIT n|NOWAIT] ...\nLOCK TABLE ... [WAIT n|NOWAIT]\nOPTIMIZE TABLE tbl_name [WAIT n|NOWAIT]\nRENAME TABLE tbl_name [WAIT n|NOWAIT] ...\nSELECT ... FOR UPDATE [WAIT n|NOWAIT]\nSELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE [WAIT n|NOWAIT]\nTRUNCATE TABLE tbl_name [WAIT n|NOWAIT]\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe lock wait timeout can be explicitly set in the statement\nby using either WAIT n (to set the wait in seconds) or\nNOWAIT, in which case the statement will immediately fail if\nthe lock cannot be obtained. WAIT 0 is equivalent to NOWAIT.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wait-and-nowait/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/wait-and-nowait/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (115,8,'XA Transactions','Overview\n \nThe MariaDB XA implementation is based on the X/Open CAE\ndocument Distributed Transaction Processing: The XA\nSpecification. This document is published by The Open Group\nand available at\nhttp://www.opengroup.org/public/pubs/catalog/c193.htm.\n \nXA transactions are designed to allow distributed\ntransactions, where a transaction manager (the application)\ncontrols a transaction which involves multiple resources.\nSuch resources are usually DBMSs, but could be resources of\nany type. The whole set of required transactional operations\nis called a global transaction. Each subset of operations\nwhich involve a single resource is called a local\ntransaction. XA used a 2-phases commit (2PC). With the first\ncommit, the transaction manager tells each resource to\nprepare an effective commit, and waits for a confirm\nmessage. The changes are not still made effective at this\npoint. If any of the resources encountered an error, the\ntransaction manager will rollback the global transaction. If\nall resources communicate that the first commit is\nsuccessful, the transaction manager can require a second\ncommit, which makes the changes effective.\n \nIn MariaDB, XA transactions can only be used with storage\nengines that support them. At least InnoDB, TokuDB, SPIDER\nand MyRocks support them. For InnoDB, XA transactions can be\ndisabled by setting the innodb_support_xa server system\nvariable to 0. \n \nLike regular transactions, XA transactions create metadata\nlocks on accessed tables.\n \nXA transactions require REPEATABLE READ as a minimum\nisolation level. However, distributed transactions should\nalways use SERIALIZABLE.\n \nTrying to start more than one XA transaction at the same\ntime produces a 1400 error (SQLSTATE \'XAE09\'). The same\nerror is produced when attempting to start an XA transaction\nwhile a regular transaction is in effect. Trying to start a\nregular transaction while an XA transaction is in effect\nproduces a 1399 error (SQLSTATE \'XAE07\').\n \nThe statements that cause an implicit COMMIT for regular\ntransactions produce a 1400 error (SQLSTATE \'XAE09\') if a\nXA transaction is in effect.\n \nInternal XA vs External XA\n \nXA transactions are an overloaded term in MariaDB. If a\nstorage engine is XA-capable, it can mean one or both of\nthese:\nIt supports MariaDB\'s internal two-phase commit API. This\nis transparent to the user. Sometimes this is called\n\"internal XA\", since MariaDB\'s internal transaction\ncoordinator log can handle coordinating these transactions.\n \nIt supports XA transactions, with the XA START, XA PREPARE,\nXA COMMIT, etc. statements. Sometimes this is called\n\"external XA\", since it requires the use of an external\ntransaction coordinator to use this feature properly.\n \nTransaction Coordinator Log\n \nIf you have two or more XA-capable storage engines enabled,\nthen a transaction coordinator log must be available.\n \nThere are currently two implementations of the transaction\ncoordinator log:\nBinary log-based transaction coordinator log\nMemory-mapped file-based transaction coordinator log\n \nIf the binary log is enabled on a server, then the server\nwill use the binary log-based transaction coordinator log.\nOtherwise, it will use the memory-mapped file-based\ntransaction coordinator log.\n \nSee Transaction Coordinator Log for more information.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nXA {START|BEGIN} xid [JOIN|RESUME]\n \nXA END xid [SUSPEND [FOR MIGRATE]]\n \nXA PREPARE xid\n \nXA COMMIT xid [ONE PHASE]\n \nXA ROLLBACK xid\n \nXA RECOVER [FORMAT=[\'RAW\'|\'SQL\']]\n \nxid: gtrid [, bqual [, formatID ]]\n \nThe interface to XA transactions is a set of SQL statements\nstarting with XA. Each statement changes a transaction\'s\nstate, determining which actions it can perform. A\ntransaction which does not exist is in the NON-EXISTING\nstate.\n \nXA START (or BEGIN) starts a transaction and defines its xid\n(a transaction identifier). The JOIN or RESUME keywords have\nno effect. The new transaction will be in ACTIVE state.\n \nThe xid can have 3 components, though only the first one is\nmandatory. gtrid is a quoted string representing a global\ntransaction identifier. bqual is a quoted string\nrepresenting a local transaction identifier. formatID is an\nunsigned integer indicating the format used for the first\ntwo components; if not specified, defaults to 1. MariaDB\ndoes not interpret in any way these components, and only\nuses them to identify a transaction. xids of transactions in\neffect must be unique.\n \nXA END declares that the specified ACTIVE transaction is\nfinished and it changes its state to IDLE. SUSPEND [FOR\nMIGRATE] has no effect.\n \nXA PREPARE prepares an IDLE transaction for commit, changing\nits state to PREPARED. This is the first commit.\n \nXA COMMIT definitely commits and terminates a transaction\nwhich has already been PREPARED. If the ONE PHASE clause is\nspecified, this statements performs a 1-phase commit on an\nIDLE transaction.\n \nXA ROLLBACK rolls back and terminates an IDLE or PREPARED\ntransaction.\n \nXA RECOVER shows information about all PREPARED\ntransactions.\n \nWhen trying to execute an operation which is not allowed for\nthe transaction\'s current state, an error is produced:\n \nXA COMMIT \'test\' ONE PHASE;\n \nERROR 1399 (XAE07): XAER_RMFAIL: The command cannot be\nexecuted when global transaction is in the ACTIVE state\n \nXA COMMIT \'test2\';\n \nERROR 1399 (XAE07): XAER_RMFAIL: The command cannot be\nexecuted when global transaction is in the NON-EXISTING\nstate\n \nXA RECOVER\n \nThe XA RECOVER statement shows information about all\ntransactions which are in the PREPARED state. It does not\nmatter which connection created the transaction: if it has\nbeen PREPARED, it appears. But this does not mean that a\nconnection can commit or rollback a transaction which was\nstarted by another connection. Note that transactions using\na 1-phase commit are never in the PREPARED state, so they\ncannot be shown by XA RECOVER.\n \nXA RECOVER produces four columns:\n \nXA RECOVER;\n \n+----------+--------------+--------------+------+\n| formatID | gtrid_length | bqual_length | data |\n+----------+--------------+--------------+------+\n| 1 | 4 | 0 | test |\n+----------+--------------+--------------+------+\n \nYou can use XA RECOVER FORMAT=\'SQL\' to get the data in a\nhuman readable\nform that can be directly copy-pasted into XA COMMIT or XA\nROLLBACK. This is particularly useful for binary xid\ngenerated by some transaction coordinators.\n \nformatID is the formatID part of xid.\n \ndata are the gtrid and bqual parts of xid, concatenated.\n \ngtrid_length and bqual_length are the lengths of gtrid and\nbqual, respectevely.\n \nExamples\n-------- \n2-phases commit:\n \nXA START \'test\';\n \nINSERT INTO t VALUES (1,2);\n \nXA END \'test\';\n \nXA PREPARE \'test\';\n \nXA COMMIT \'test\';\n \n1-phase commit:\n \nXA START \'test\';\n \nINSERT INTO t VALUES (1,2);\n \nXA END \'test\';\n \nXA COMMIT \'test\' ONE PHASE;\n \nHuman-readable:\n \nxa start \'12\\r34\\t67\\v78\', \'abc\\ndef\', 3;\n \ninsert t1 values (40);\n \nxa end \'12\\r34\\t67\\v78\', \'abc\\ndef\', 3;\n \nxa prepare \'12\\r34\\t67\\v78\', \'abc\\ndef\', 3;\n \nxa recover format=\'RAW\';\n \n+----------+--------------+--------------+--------------------+\n| formatID | gtrid_length | bqual_length | data |\n+----------+--------------+--------------+--------------------+\n34 67v78abc 11 | 7 | 12\ndef |\n+----------+--------------+--------------+--------------------+\n \nxa recover format=\'SQL\';\n \n+----------+--------------+--------------+-----------------------------------------------+\n| formatID | gtrid_length | bqual_length | data |\n+----------+--------------+--------------+-----------------------------------------------+\n| 3 | 11 | 7 |\nX\'31320d3334093637763738\',X\'6162630a646566\',3 |\n+----------+--------------+--------------+-----------------------------------------------+\n \nxa rollback\nX\'31320d3334093637763738\',X\'6162630a646566\',3;\n \nKnown Issues\n \nMariaDB Galera Cluster\n \nMariaDB Galera Cluster does not support XA transactions. See\nMDEV-10532 for more information on that. The request to\nimplement that feature is being tracked at MDEV-17099.\n \nHowever, MariaDB Galera Cluster builds include a built-in\nplugin called wsrep. Prior to MariaDB 10.4.3, this plugin\nwas internally considered an XA-capable storage engine.\nConsequently, these MariaDB Galera Cluster builds have\nmultiple XA-capable storage engines by default, even if the\nonly \"real\" storage engine that supports external XA\ntransactions enabled on these builds by default is InnoDB.\nTherefore, when using one these builds MariaDB would be\nforced to use a transaction coordinator log by default,\nwhich could have performance implications.\n \nSee Transaction Coordinator Log Overview: MariaDB Galera\nCluster for more information.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/xa-transactions/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/xa-transactions/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (116,10,'Account Locking','Account locking was introduced in MariaDB 10.4.2.\n \nDescription\n----------- \nAccount locking permits privileged administrators to\nlock/unlock user accounts. No new client connections will be\npermitted if an account is locked (existing connections are\nnot affected).\n \nUser accounts can be locked at creation, with the CREATE\nUSER statement, or modified after creation with the ALTER\nUSER statement. For example:\n \nCREATE USER \'lorin\'@\'localhost\' ACCOUNT LOCK;\n \nor\n \nALTER USER \'marijn\'@\'localhost\' ACCOUNT LOCK;\n \nThe server will return an ER_ACCOUNT_HAS_BEEN_LOCKED error\nwhen locked users attempt to connect:\n \nmysql -ulorin\n ERROR 4151 (HY000): Access denied, this account is locked\n \nThe ALTER USER statement is also used to unlock a user:\n \nALTER USER \'lorin\'@\'localhost\' ACCOUNT UNLOCK;\n \nThe SHOW CREATE USER statement will show whether the account\nis locked:\n \nSHOW CREATE USER \'marijn\'@\'localhost\';\n \n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| CREATE USER for marijn@localhost |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| CREATE USER \'marijn\'@\'localhost\' ACCOUNT LOCK |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n \nas well as querying the mysql.global_priv table:\n \nSELECT CONCAT(user, \'@\', host, \' => \',\nJSON_DETAILED(priv)) FROM mysql.global_priv \n WHERE user=\'marijn\';\n+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| CONCAT(user, \'@\', host, \' => \', JSON_DETAILED(priv)) |\n+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| marijn@localhost => {\n \"access\": 0,\n \"plugin\": \"mysql_native_password\",\n \"authentication_string\": \"\",\n \"account_locked\": true,\n \"password_last_changed\": 1558017158\n} |\n+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/account-locking/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/account-locking/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (117,10,'Authentication from MariaDB 10.4','MariaDB 10.4 introduces a number of changes to the\nauthentication process, intended to make things easier and\nmore intuitive.\n \nOverview\n \nThere are four main changes relating to authentication:\nIt is possible to use more than one authentication plugin\nfor each user account. For example, this can be useful to\nslowly migrate users to the more secure ed25519\nauthentication plugin over time, while allowing the old\nmysql_native_password authentication plugin as an\nalternative for the transitional period.\nThe root@localhost user account created by mysql_install_db\nis created with the ability to use two authentication\nplugins.\nFirst, it is configured to try to use the unix_socket\nauthentication plugin. This allows the the root@localhost\nuser to login without a password via the local Unix socket\nfile defined by the socket system variable, as long as the\nlogin is attempted from a process owned by the operating\nsystem root user account.\nSecond, if authentication fails with the unix_socket\nauthentication plugin, then it is configured to try to use\nthe mysql_native_password authentication plugin. However, an\ninvalid password is initially set, so in order to\nauthenticate this way, a password must be set with SET\nPASSWORD.\nHowever, just using the unix_socket authentication plugin\nmay be fine for many users, and it is very secure. You may\nwant to try going without password authentication to see how\nwell it works for you. Remember, the best way to keep your\npassword safe is not to have one!\n \nAll user accounts, passwords, and global privileges are now\nstored in the mysql.global_priv table. The mysql.user table\nstill exists and has exactly the same set of columns as\nbefore, but it’s now a view that references the\nmysql.global_priv table. Tools that analyze the mysql.user\ntable should continue to workas before.\nMariaDB 10.4 supports User Password Expiry, which is not\nactive by default.\n \nDescription\n----------- \nAs a result of the above changes, the open-for-everyone\nall-powerful root account is finally gone. And installation\nscripts will no longer demand that you “PLEASE REMEMBER TO\nSET A PASSWORD FOR THE MariaDB root USER !”, because the\nroot account is securely created automatically.\n \nTwo all-powerful accounts are created by default — root\nand the OS user that owns the data directory, typically\nmysql. They are created as:\n \nCREATE USER root@localhost IDENTIFIED VIA unix_socket OR\nmysql_native_password USING \'invalid\'\nCREATE USER mysql@localhost IDENTIFIED VIA unix_socket OR\nmysql_native_password USING \'invalid\'\n \nUsing unix_socket means that if you are the system root\nuser, you can login as root@locahost without a password.\nThis technique was pioneered by Otto Kekäläinen in Debian\nMariaDB packages and has been successfully used in Debian\nsince as early as MariaDB 10.0. \n \nIt is based on a simple fact that asking the system root for\na password adds no extra security — root has full access\nto all the data files and all process memory anyway. But not\nasking for a password means, there is no root password to\nforget (no need for the numerous tutorials on “how to\nreset MariaDB root password”). And if you want to script\nsome tedious database work, there is no need to store the\nroot password in plain text for the scipt to use (no need\nfor debian-sys-maint user).\n \nStill, some users may wish to log in as MariaDB root without\nusing sudo. Hence the old authentication method —\nconventional MariaDB password — is still available. By\ndefault it is disabled (“invalid” is not a valid\npassword hash), but one can set the password with a usual\nSET PASSWORD statement. And still retain the password-less\naccess via sudo.\n \nIf you install MariaDB locally (say from a tarball, you\nwould not want to use sudo to be able to login. This is why\nMariaDB creates a second all-powerful user with the same\nname as a system user that owns the data directory. In local\n(not system-wide) installations, this will be the user who\ninstalled MariaDB — they automatically get convenient\npassword-less root-like access, because they can access all\nthe data files anyway.\n \nEven if MariaDB is installed system-wide, you may not want\nto run your database maintenance scripts as system root —\nnow you can run them as system mysql user. And you will know\nthat they will never destroy your entire system, even if you\nmake a typo in a shell script.\n \nHowever, seasoned MariaDB DBAs who are used to the old ways\ndo need to makes some changes. See the examples below for\ncommon tasks. \n \nCookbook\n \nAfter installing MariaDB system-wide the first thing\nyou’ve got used to doing is logging in into the\nunprotected root account and protecting it, that is, setting\nthe root password:\n \n$ sudo dnf install MariaDB-server\n$ mysql -uroot\n...\nMariaDB> set password = password(\"XH4VmT3_jt\");\n \nThis is not only unnecessary now, it will simply not work\n— there is no unprotected root account. To login as root\nuse\n \n$ sudo dnf install MariaDB-server\n$ sudo mysql\n \nNote that it implies you are connecting via the unix socket,\nnot tcp. If you happen to have protocol=tcp in a system-wide\n/etc/my.cnf file, use sudo mysql --protocol=socket.\n \nAfter installing MariaDB locally you’ve also used to\nconnect to the unprotected root account using mysql -uroot.\nThis will not work either, simply use mysql without\nspecifying a username.\n \nIf you\'ve forgotten your root password, no problem — you\ncan still connect using sudo and change the password. And if\nyou\'ve also removed unix_socket authentication, to restore\naccess do as follows:\nrestart MariaDB with --skip-grant-tables\nlogin into the unprotected server\nrun FLUSH PRIVILEGES (note, before 10.4 this would’ve been\nthe last step, not anymore). This disables\n--skip-grant-tables and allows you to change the stored\nauthentication method.\nrun SET PASSWORD FOR root@localhost to change the root\npassword\n \nTo view inside privilege tables, the old mysql.user table\nstill exists. You can select from it as before, although you\ncannot update it anymore. It doesn’t show alternative\nauthentication plugins and this was one of the reasons for\nswitching to the mysql.global_priv table — complex\nauthentication rules did not fit into rigid structure of a\nrelational table. You can select from the new table, for\nexample: \n \nselect concat(user, \'@\', host, \' => \',\njson_detailed(priv)) from mysql.global_priv;\n \nReverting to the Previous Authentication Method for\nroot@localhost\n \nIf you don\'t want the root@localhost user account created\nby mysql_install_db to use unix_socket authentication by\ndefault, then there are a few ways to revert to the previous\nmysql_native_password authentication method for this user\naccount.\n \nConfiguring mysql_install_db to Revert to the Previous\nAuthentication Method\n \nOne way to revert to the previous mysql_native_password\nauthentication method for the root@localhost user account is\nto execute mysql_install_db with a special option. If\nmysql_install_db is executed while\n--auth-root-authentication-method=normal is specified, then\nit will create the default user accounts using the default\nbehavior of MariaDB 10.3 and before.\n \nThis means that the root@localhost user account will use\nmysql_native_password authentication by default. There are\nsome other differences as well. See mysql_install_db: User\nAccounts Created by Default for more information.\n \nFor example, the option can be set on the command-line while\nrunning mysql_install_db:\n \nmysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/var/lib/mysql\n--auth-root-authentication-method=normal\n \nThe option can also be set in an option file in an option\ngroup supported by mysql_install_db. For example:\n \n[mysql_install_db]\nauth_root_authentication_method=normal\n \nIf the option is set in an option file and if\nmysql_install_db is executed, then mysql_install_db will\nread this option from the option file, and it will\nautomatically set this option.\n \nAltering the User Account to Revert to the Previous\nAuthentication Method\n \nIf you have already installed MariaDB, and if the\nroot@localhost user account is already using unix_socket\nauthentication, then you can revert to the old\nmysql_native_password authentication method for the user\naccount by executing the following:\n \nALTER USER root@localhost IDENTIFIED VIA\nmysql_native_password USING PASSWORD(\"verysecret\")\n \n\n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/authentication-from-mariadb-104/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/authentication-from-mariadb-104/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (118,10,'CREATE USER','Syntax\n------ \nCREATE [OR REPLACE] USER [IF NOT EXISTS] \n user_specification [,user_specification ...] \n [REQUIRE {NONE | tls_option [[AND] tls_option ...] }]\n [WITH resource_option [resource_option ...] ]\n [password_option | lock_option] \n \nuser_specification:\n username [authentication_option]\n \nauthentication_option:\n IDENTIFIED BY \'password\' \n | IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD \'password_hash\'\n | IDENTIFIED {VIA|WITH} authentication_rule [OR\nauthentication_rule ...]\n \nauthentication_rule:\n authentication_plugin\n | authentication_plugin {USING|AS}\n\'authentication_string\'\n | authentication_plugin {USING|AS} PASSWORD(\'password\')\n \ntls_option:\n SSL \n | X509\n | CIPHER \'cipher\'\n | ISSUER \'issuer\'\n | SUBJECT \'subject\'\n \nresource_option:\n MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR count\n | MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR count\n | MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR count\n | MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS count\n | MAX_STATEMENT_TIME time\n \npassword_option:\n PASSWORD EXPIRE\n | PASSWORD EXPIRE DEFAULT\n | PASSWORD EXPIRE NEVER\n | PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL N DAY\n \nlock_option:\n ACCOUNT LOCK\n | ACCOUNT UNLOCK\n}\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe CREATE USER statement creates new MariaDB accounts. To\nuse it, you must have the global CREATE USER privilege or\nthe INSERT privilege for the mysql database. For each\naccount, CREATE USER creates a new row in\nthe mysql.user table that has no privileges.\n \nIf any of the specified accounts, or any permissions for the\nspecified accounts, already exist, then the server returns\nERROR 1396 (HY000). If an error occurs, CREATE USER will\nstill create the accounts that do not result in an error.\nOnly one error is produced for all users which have not been\ncreated:\n \nERROR 1396 (HY000): \n Operation CREATE USER failed for \'u1\'@\'%\',\'u2\'@\'%\'\n \nCREATE USER, DROP USER, CREATE ROLE, and DROP ROLE all\nproduce the\nsame error code when they fail.\n \nSee Account Names below for details on how account names are\nspecified. \n \nOR REPLACE\n \nIf the optional OR REPLACE clause is used, it is basically a\nshortcut for:\n \nDROP USER IF EXISTS name;\n \nCREATE USER name ...;\n \nFor example:\n \nCREATE USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY \'password\';\n \nERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation CREATE USER failed for\n\'foo2\'@\'test\'\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY \'password\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n \nIF NOT EXISTS\n \nWhen the IF NOT EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a\nwarning instead of an error if the specified user already\nexists.\n \nFor example:\n \nCREATE USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY \'password\';\n \nERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation CREATE USER failed for\n\'foo2\'@\'test\'\n \nCREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY\n\'password\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n \nSHOW WARNINGS;\n \n+-------+------+----------------------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message |\n+-------+------+----------------------------------------------------+\n| Note | 1973 | Can\'t create user \'foo2\'@\'test\';\n it already exists |\n+-------+------+----------------------------------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.00 sec\n \nAuthentication Options\n \nIDENTIFIED BY \'password\'\n \nThe optional IDENTIFIED BY clause can be used to provide an\naccount with a password. The password should be specified in\nplain text. It will be hashed by the PASSWORD function prior\nto being stored to the mysql.user table.\n \nFor example, if our password is mariadb, then we can create\nthe user with:\n \nCREATE USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY \'mariadb\';\n \nIf you do not specify a password with the IDENTIFIED BY\nclause, the user\nwill be able to connect without a password. A blank password\nis not a wildcard\nto match any password. The user must connect without\nproviding a password if no\npassword is set.\n \nThe only authentication plugins that this clause supports\nare mysql_native_password and mysql_old_password.\n \nIDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD \'password_hash\'\n \nThe optional IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD clause can be used to\nprovide an account with a password that has already been\nhashed. The password should be specified as a hash that was\nprovided by the PASSWORD function. It will be stored to the\nmysql.user table as-is.\n \nFor example, if our password is mariadb, then we can find\nthe hash with:\n \nSELECT PASSWORD(\'mariadb\');\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| PASSWORD(\'mariadb\') |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| *54958E764CE10E50764C2EECBB71D01F08549980 |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n \nAnd then we can create a user with the hash:\n \nCREATE USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD\n\'*54958E764CE10E50764C2EECBB71D01F08549980\';\n \nIf you do not specify a password with the IDENTIFIED BY\nclause, the user\nwill be able to connect without a password. A blank password\nis not a wildcard\nto match any password. The user must connect without\nproviding a password if no\npassword is set.\n \nThe only authentication plugins that this clause supports\nare mysql_native_password and mysql_old_password.\n \nIDENTIFIED {VIA|WITH} authentication_plugin\n \nThe optional IDENTIFIED VIA authentication_plugin allows you\nto specify that the account should be authenticated by a\nspecific authentication plugin. The plugin name must be an\nactive authentication plugin as per SHOW PLUGINS. If it\ndoesn\'t show up in that output, then you will need to\ninstall it with INSTALL PLUGIN or INSTALL SONAME.\n \nFor example, this could be used with the PAM authentication\nplugin:\n \nCREATE USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED VIA pam;\n \nSome authentication plugins allow additional arguments to be\nspecified after a USING or AS keyword. For example, the PAM\nauthentication plugin accepts a service name:\n \nCREATE USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED VIA pam USING \'mariadb\';\n \nThe exact meaning of the additional argument would depend on\nthe specific authentication plugin.\n \nThe USING or AS keyword can also be used to provide a\nplain-text password to a plugin if it\'s provided as an\nargument to the PASSWORD() function. This is only valid for\nauthentication plugins that have implemented a hook for the\nPASSWORD() function. For example, the ed25519 authentication\nplugin supports this:\n \nCREATE USER safe@\'%\' IDENTIFIED VIA ed25519 USING\nPASSWORD(\'secret\');\n \nOne can specify many authentication plugins, they all works\nas alternatives ways of authenticating a user:\n \nCREATE USER safe@\'%\' IDENTIFIED VIA ed25519 USING\nPASSWORD(\'secret\') OR unix_socket;\n \nTLS Options\n \nBy default, MariaDB transmits data between the server and\nclients without encrypting it. This is generally acceptable\nwhen the server and client run on the same host or in\nnetworks where security is guaranteed through other means.\nHowever, in cases where the server and client exist on\nseparate networks or they are in a high-risk network, the\nlack of encryption does introduce security concerns as a\nmalicious actor could potentially eavesdrop on the traffic\nas it is sent over the network between them.\n \nTo mitigate this concern, MariaDB allows you to encrypt data\nin transit between the server and clients using the\nTransport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. TLS was formerly\nknown as Secure Socket Layer (SSL), but strictly speaking\nthe SSL protocol is a predecessor to TLS and, that version\nof the protocol is now considered insecure. The\ndocumentation still uses the term SSL often and for\ncompatibility reasons TLS-related server system and status\nvariables still use the prefix ssl_, but internally, MariaDB\nonly supports its secure successors.\n \nSee Secure Connections Overview for more information about\nhow to determine whether your MariaDB server has TLS\nsupport.\n \nYou can set certain TLS-related restrictions for specific\nuser accounts. For instance, you might use this with user\naccounts that require access to sensitive data while sending\nit across networks that you do not control. These\nrestrictions can be enabled for a user account with the\nCREATE USER, ALTER USER, or GRANT statements. The following\noptions are available:\n \nOption | Description | \n \nREQUIRE NONE | TLS is not required for this account, but can\nstill be used. | \n \nREQUIRE SSL | The account must use TLS, but no valid X509\ncertificate is required. This option cannot be combined with\nother TLS options. | \n \nREQUIRE X509 | The account must use TLS and must have a\nvalid X509 certificate. This option implies REQUIRE SSL.\nThis option cannot be combined with other TLS options. | \n \nREQUIRE ISSUER \'issuer\' | The account must use TLS and\nmust have a valid X509 certificate. Also, the Certificate\nAuthority must be the one specified via the string issuer.\nThis option implies REQUIRE X509. This option can be\ncombined with the SUBJECT, and CIPHER options in any order.\n| \n \nREQUIRE SUBJECT \'subject\' | The account must use TLS and\nmust have a valid X509 certificate. Also, the certificate\'s\nSubject must be the one specified via the string subject.\nThis option implies REQUIRE X509. This option can be\ncombined with the ISSUER, and CIPHER options in any order. |\n\n \nREQUIRE CIPHER \'cipher\' | The account must use TLS, but no\nvalid X509 certificate is required. Also, the encryption\nused for the connection must use one of the methods\nspecified in the string cipher. This option implies REQUIRE\nSSL. This option can be combined with the ISSUER, and\nSUBJECT options in any order. | \n \nThe REQUIRE keyword must be used only once for all specified\noptions, and the AND keyword can be used to separate\nindividual options, but it is not required.\n \nFor example, you can create a user account that requires\nthese TLS options with the following:\n \nCREATE USER \'alice\'@\'%\'\n REQUIRE SUBJECT \'/CN=alice/O=My Dom,\nInc./C=US/ST=Oregon/L=Portland\'\n AND ISSUER \'/C=FI/ST=Somewhere/L=City/ O=Some\nCompany/CN=Peter Parker/emailAddress=p.parker@marvel.com\'\n AND CIPHER \'TLSv1.2\';\n \nIf any of these options are set for a specific user account,\nthen any client who tries to connect with that user account\nwill have to be configured to connect with TLS.\n \nSee Securing Connections for Client and Server for\ninformation on how to enable TLS on the client and server.\n \nResource Limit Options\n \nMariaDB 10.2.0 introduced a number of resource limit\noptions.\n \nIt is possible to set per-account limits for certain server\nresources. The following table shows the values that can be\nset per account:\n \nLimit Type | Decription | \n \nMAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR | Number of statements that the account\ncan issue per hour (including updates) | \n \nMAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR | Number of updates (not queries) that\nthe account can issue per hour | \n \nMAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR | Number of connections that the\naccount can start per hour | \n \nMAX_USER_CONNECTIONS | Number of simultaneous connections\nthat can be accepted from the same account; if it is 0,\nmax_connections will be used instead; if max_connections is\n0, there is no limit for this account\'s simultaneous\nconnections. | \n \nMAX_STATEMENT_TIME | Timeout, in seconds, for statements\nexecuted by the user. See also Aborting Statements that\nExceed a Certain Time to Execute. | \n \nIf any of these limits are set to 0, then there is no limit\nfor that resource for that user.\n \nHere is an example showing how to create a user with\nresource limits:\n \nCREATE USER \'someone\'@\'localhost\' WITH\n MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS 10\n MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 200;\n \nThe resources are tracked per account, which means\n\'user\'@\'server\'; not per user name or per connection.\n \nThe count can be reset for all users using FLUSH\nUSER_RESOURCES, FLUSH PRIVILEGES or mysqladmin reload.\n \nPer account resource limits are stored in the user table, in\nthe mysql database. Columns used for resources limits are\nnamed max_questions, max_updates, max_connections (for\nMAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR), and max_user_connections (for\nMAX_USER_CONNECTIONS).\n \nAccount Names\n \nAccount names have both a user name component and a host\nname component, and are specified as\n\'user_name\'@\'host_name\'.\n \nThe user name and host name may be unquoted, quoted as\nstrings using double quotes (\") or\nsingle quotes (\'), or quoted as identifiers using backticks\n(`). You must use quotes\nwhen using special characters (such as a hyphen) or wildcard\ncharacters. If you quote, you \nmust quote the user name and host name separately (for\nexample \'user_name\'@\'host_name\').\n \nHost Name Component\n \nIf the host name is not provided, it is assumed to be \'%\'.\n \nHost names may contain the wildcard characters % and _. They\nare matched as if by\nthe LIKE clause. If you need to use a wildcard character\nliterally (for example, to\nmatch a domain name with an underscore), prefix the\ncharacter with a backslash. See LIKE\nfor more information on escaping wildcard characters.\n \nHost name matches are case-insensitive. Host names can match\neither domain names or IP\naddresses. Use \'localhost\' as the host name to allow only\nlocal client connections.\n \nYou can use a netmask to match a range of IP addresses using\n\'base_ip/netmask\' as the\nhost name. A user with an IP address ip_addr will be allowed\nto connect if the following\ncondition is true:\n \nip_addr & netmask = base_ip\n \nYou can only use netmasks that specify a multiple of 8 bits\nof the address to match. That is,\nonly the following netmasks are allowed:\n \n255.0.0.0\n255.255.0.0\n255.255.255.0\n255.255.255.255\n \nUsing 255.255.255.255 is equivalent to not using a netmask\nat all.\n \nUser Name Component\n \nUser names must match exactly, including case. A user name\nthat is empty is known as an anonymous account and is\nallowed to match a login attempt with any user name\ncomponent. These are described more in the next section.\n \nFor valid identifiers to use as user names, see Identifier\nNames.\n \nIt is possible for more than one account to match when a\nuser connects. MariaDB selects\nthe first matching account after sorting according to the\nfollowing criteria:\nAccounts with an exact host name are sorted before accounts\nusing a wildcard in the\nhost name. Host names using a netmask are considered to be\nexact for sorting.\nAccounts with a wildcard in the host name are sorted\naccording to the position of\nthe first wildcard character. Those with a wildcard\ncharacter later in the host name\nsort before those with a wildcard character earlier in the\nhost name.\nAccounts with a non-empty user name sort before accounts\nwith an empty user name.\nAccounts with an empty user name are sorted last. As\nmentioned previously, these are known as anonymous accounts.\nThese are described more in the next section.\n \nThe following table shows a list of example account as\nsorted by these criteria:\n \n+---------+-------------+\n| User | Host |\n+---------+-------------+\n| joffrey | 192.168.0.3 |\n| | 192.168.0.% |\n| joffrey | 192.168.% |\n| | 192.168.% |\n+---------+-------------+\n \nOnce connected, you only have the privileges granted to the\naccount that matched,\nnot all accounts that could have matched. For example,\nconsider the following\ncommands:\n \nCREATE USER \'joffrey\'@\'192.168.0.3\';\n \nCREATE USER \'joffrey\'@\'%\';\n \nGRANT SELECT ON test.t1 to \'joffrey\'@\'192.168.0.3\';\n \nGRANT SELECT ON test.t2 to \'joffrey\'@\'%\';\n \nIf you connect as joffrey from 192.168.0.3, you will have\nthe SELECT\nprivilege on the table test.t1, but not on the table\ntest.t2. If you connect as joffrey from any other IP\naddress, you will have the SELECT privilege on the table\ntest.t2, but not\non the table test.t1.\n \nBeginning with MariaDB 5.5.31, usernames can be up to 80\ncharacters long. From MariaDB 10.0 the system tables are all\nby default this length. However, in order to enable this\nfeature in MariaDB 5.5, the following schema changes must be\nmade:\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.user MODIFY User CHAR(80) BINARY NOT NULL\nDEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.db MODIFY User CHAR(80) BINARY NOT NULL\nDEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.tables_priv MODIFY User CHAR(80) BINARY\nNOT NULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.columns_priv MODIFY User CHAR(80) BINARY\nNOT NULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.procs_priv MODIFY User CHAR(80) BINARY NOT\nNULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.proc MODIFY definer CHAR(141) COLLATE\nutf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.event MODIFY definer CHAR(141) COLLATE\nutf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.proxies_priv MODIFY User CHAR(80) COLLATE\nutf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.proxies_priv MODIFY Proxied_user CHAR(80)\nCOLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.proxies_priv MODIFY Grantor CHAR(141)\nCOLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.servers MODIFY Username CHAR(80) NOT NULL\nDEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.procs_priv MODIFY Grantor CHAR(141)\nCOLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nALTER TABLE mysql.tables_priv MODIFY Grantor CHAR(141)\nCOLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT \'\';\n \nFLUSH PRIVILEGES;\n \nAnonymous Accounts\n \nAnonymous accounts are accounts where the user name portion\nof the account name is empty. These accounts act as special\ncatch-all accounts. If a user attempts to log into the\nsystem from a host, and an anonymous account exists with a\nhost name portion that matches the user\'s host, then the\nuser will log in as the anonymous account if there is no\nmore specific account match for the user name that the user\nentered.\n \nFor example, here are some anonymous accounts:\n \nCREATE USER \'\'@\'localhost\';\n \nCREATE USER \'\'@\'192.168.0.3\';\n \nFixing a Legacy Default Anonymous Account\n \nOn some systems, the mysql.db table has some entries for the\n\'\'@\'%\' anonymous account by default. Unfortunately,\nthere is no matching entry in the mysql.user table, which\nmeans that this anonymous account doesn\'t exactly exist,\nbut it does have privileges--usually on the default test\ndatabase created by mysql_install_db. These account-less\nprivileges are a legacy that is leftover from a time when\nMySQL\'s privilege system was less advanced.\n \nThis situation means that you will run into errors if you\ntry to create a \'\'@\'%\' account. For example:\n \nCREATE USER \'\'@\'%\';\n \nERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation CREATE USER failed for\n\'\'@\'%\'\n \nThe fix is to DELETE the row in the mysql.db table and then\nexecute FLUSH PRIVILEGES:\n \nDELETE FROM mysql.db WHERE User=\'\' AND Host=\'%\';\n \nFLUSH PRIVILEGES;\n \nAnd then the account can be created:\n \nCREATE USER \'\'@\'%\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)\n \nSee MDEV-13486 for more information.\n \nPassword Expiry\n \nBesides automatic password expiry, as determined by\ndefault_password_lifetime, password expiry times can be set\non an individual user basis, overriding the global setting,\nfor example:\n \nCREATE USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL\n120 DAY;\n \nSee User Password Expiry for more details.\n \nAccount Locking\n \nAccount locking permits privileged administrators to\nlock/unlock user accounts. No new client connections will be\npermitted if an account is locked (existing connections are\nnot affected). For example:\n \nCREATE USER \'marijn\'@\'localhost\' ACCOUNT LOCK;\n \nSee Account Locking','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/create-user/');
update help_topic set description = CONCAT(description, ' for more details.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/create-user/') WHERE help_topic_id = 118;
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (119,10,'ALTER USER','The ALTER USER statement was introduced in MariaDB 10.2.0.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nALTER USER [IF EXISTS] \n user_specification [,user_specification] ...\n [REQUIRE {NONE | tls_option [[AND] tls_option] ...}]\n [WITH resource_option [resource_option] ...]\n [password_option | lock_option] \n \nuser_specification:\n username [authentication_option]\n \nauthentication_option:\n IDENTIFIED BY \'password\' \n | IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD \'password_hash\'\n | IDENTIFIED {VIA|WITH} authentication_plugin\n | IDENTIFIED {VIA|WITH} authentication_plugin {USING|AS}\n\'authentication_string\'\n | IDENTIFIED {VIA|WITH} authentication_plugin {USING|AS}\nPASSWORD(\'password\')\n \ntls_option\n SSL \n | X509\n | CIPHER \'cipher\'\n | ISSUER \'issuer\'\n | SUBJECT \'subject\'\n \nresource_option\n MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR count\n | MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR count\n | MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR count\n | MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS count\n | MAX_STATEMENT_TIME time\n \npassword_option:\n PASSWORD EXPIRE\n | PASSWORD EXPIRE DEFAULT\n | PASSWORD EXPIRE NEVER\n | PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL N DAY\n \nlock_option:\n ACCOUNT LOCK\n | ACCOUNT UNLOCK\n}\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe ALTER USER statement modifies existing MariaDB accounts.\nTo use it, you must have the global CREATE USER privilege or\nthe UPDATE privilege for the mysql database. The global\nSUPER privilege is also required if the read_only system\nvariable is enabled.\n \nIf any of the specified user accounts do not yet exist, an\nerror results. If an error occurs, ALTER USER will still\nmodify the accounts that do not result in an error. Only one\nerror is produced for all users which have not been\nmodified.\n \nIF EXISTS\n \nWhen the IF EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a\nwarning instead of an error for each specified user that\ndoes not exist.\n \nAccount Names\n \nFor ALTER USER statements, account names are specified as\nthe username argument in the same way as they are for CREATE\nUSER statements. See account names from the CREATE USER page\nfor details on how account names are specified.\n \nCURRENT_USER or CURRENT_USER() can also be used to alter the\naccount logged into the current session. For example, to\nchange the current user\'s password to mariadb:\n \nALTER USER CURRENT_USER() IDENTIFIED BY \'mariadb\';\n \nAuthentication Options\n \nIDENTIFIED BY \'password\'\n \nThe optional IDENTIFIED BY clause can be used to provide an\naccount with a password. The password should be specified in\nplain text. It will be hashed by the PASSWORD function prior\nto being stored to the mysql.user table.\n \nFor example, if our password is mariadb, then we can set the\naccount\'s password with:\n \nALTER USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY \'mariadb\';\n \nIf you do not specify a password with the IDENTIFIED BY\nclause, the user\nwill be able to connect without a password. A blank password\nis not a wildcard\nto match any password. The user must connect without\nproviding a password if no\npassword is set.\n \nThe only authentication plugins that this clause supports\nare mysql_native_password and mysql_old_password.\n \nIDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD \'password_hash\'\n \nThe optional IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD clause can be used to\nprovide an account with a password that has already been\nhashed. The password should be specified as a hash that was\nprovided by the PASSWORD function. It will be stored to the\nmysql.user table as-is.\n \nFor example, if our password is mariadb, then we can find\nthe hash with:\n \nSELECT PASSWORD(\'mariadb\');\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| PASSWORD(\'mariadb\') |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| *54958E764CE10E50764C2EECBB71D01F08549980 |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n \nAnd then we can set an account\'s password with the hash:\n \nALTER USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD\n\'*54958E764CE10E50764C2EECBB71D01F08549980\';\n \nIf you do not specify a password with the IDENTIFIED BY\nclause, the user\nwill be able to connect without a password. A blank password\nis not a wildcard\nto match any password. The user must connect without\nproviding a password if no\npassword is set.\n \nThe only authentication plugins that this clause supports\nare mysql_native_password and mysql_old_password.\n \nIDENTIFIED {VIA|WITH} authentication_plugin\n \nThe optional IDENTIFIED VIA authentication_plugin allows you\nto specify that the account should be authenticated by a\nspecific authentication plugin. The plugin name must be an\nactive authentication plugin as per SHOW PLUGINS. If it\ndoesn\'t show up in that output, then you will need to\ninstall it with INSTALL PLUGIN or INSTALL SONAME.\n \nFor example, this could be used with the PAM authentication\nplugin:\n \nALTER USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED VIA pam;\n \nSome authentication plugins allow additional arguments to be\nspecified after a USING or AS keyword. For example, the PAM\nauthentication plugin accepts a service name:\n \nALTER USER foo2@test IDENTIFIED VIA pam USING \'mariadb\';\n \nThe exact meaning of the additional argument would depend on\nthe specific authentication plugin.\n \nIn MariaDB 10.4 and later, the USING or AS keyword can also\nbe used to provide a plain-text password to a plugin if\nit\'s provided as an argument to the PASSWORD() function.\nThis is only valid for authentication plugins that have\nimplemented a hook for the PASSWORD() function. For example,\nthe ed25519 authentication plugin supports this:\n \nALTER USER safe@\'%\' IDENTIFIED VIA ed25519 USING\nPASSWORD(\'secret\');\n \nTLS Options\n \nBy default, MariaDB transmits data between the server and\nclients without encrypting it. This is generally acceptable\nwhen the server and client run on the same host or in\nnetworks where security is guaranteed through other means.\nHowever, in cases where the server and client exist on\nseparate networks or they are in a high-risk network, the\nlack of encryption does introduce security concerns as a\nmalicious actor could potentially eavesdrop on the traffic\nas it is sent over the network between them.\n \nTo mitigate this concern, MariaDB allows you to encrypt data\nin transit between the server and clients using the\nTransport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. TLS was formerly\nknown as Secure Socket Layer (SSL), but strictly speaking\nthe SSL protocol is a predecessor to TLS and, that version\nof the protocol is now considered insecure. The\ndocumentation still uses the term SSL often and for\ncompatibility reasons TLS-related server system and status\nvariables still use the prefix ssl_, but internally, MariaDB\nonly supports its secure successors.\n \nSee Secure Connections Overview for more information about\nhow to determine whether your MariaDB server has TLS\nsupport.\n \nYou can set certain TLS-related restrictions for specific\nuser accounts. For instance, you might use this with user\naccounts that require access to sensitive data while sending\nit across networks that you do not control. These\nrestrictions can be enabled for a user account with the\nCREATE USER, ALTER USER, or GRANT statements. The following\noptions are available:\n \nOption | Description | \n \nREQUIRE NONE | TLS is not required for this account, but can\nstill be used. | \n \nREQUIRE SSL | The account must use TLS, but no valid X509\ncertificate is required. This option cannot be combined with\nother TLS options. | \n \nREQUIRE X509 | The account must use TLS and must have a\nvalid X509 certificate. This option implies REQUIRE SSL.\nThis option cannot be combined with other TLS options. | \n \nREQUIRE ISSUER \'issuer\' | The account must use TLS and\nmust have a valid X509 certificate. Also, the Certificate\nAuthority must be the one specified via the string issuer.\nThis option implies REQUIRE X509. This option can be\ncombined with the SUBJECT, and CIPHER options in any order.\n| \n \nREQUIRE SUBJECT \'subject\' | The account must use TLS and\nmust have a valid X509 certificate. Also, the certificate\'s\nSubject must be the one specified via the string subject.\nThis option implies REQUIRE X509. This option can be\ncombined with the ISSUER, and CIPHER options in any order. |\n\n \nREQUIRE CIPHER \'cipher\' | The account must use TLS, but no\nvalid X509 certificate is required. Also, the encryption\nused for the connection must use one of the methods\nspecified in the string cipher. This option implies REQUIRE\nSSL. This option can be combined with the ISSUER, and\nSUBJECT options in any order. | \n \nThe REQUIRE keyword must be used only once for all specified\noptions, and the AND keyword can be used to separate\nindividual options, but it is not required.\n \nFor example, you can alter a user account to require these\nTLS options with the following:\n \nALTER USER \'alice\'@\'%\'\n REQUIRE SUBJECT \'/CN=alice/O=My Dom,\nInc./C=US/ST=Oregon/L=Portland\'\n AND ISSUER \'/C=FI/ST=Somewhere/L=City/ O=Some\nCompany/CN=Peter Parker/emailAddress=p.parker@marvel.com\'\n AND CIPHER \'TLSv1.2\';\n \nIf any of these options are set for a specific user account,\nthen any client who tries to connect with that user account\nwill have to be configured to connect with TLS.\n \nSee Securing Connections for Client and Server for\ninformation on how to enable TLS on the client and server.\n \nResource Limit Options\n \nMariaDB 10.2.0 introduced a number of resource limit\noptions.\n \nIt is possible to set per-account limits for certain server\nresources. The following table shows the values that can be\nset per account:\n \nLimit Type | Decription | \n \nMAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR | Number of statements that the account\ncan issue per hour (including updates) | \n \nMAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR | Number of updates (not queries) that\nthe account can issue per hour | \n \nMAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR | Number of connections that the\naccount can start per hour | \n \nMAX_USER_CONNECTIONS | Number of simultaneous connections\nthat can be accepted from the same account; if it is 0,\nmax_connections will be used instead; if max_connections is\n0, there is no limit for this account\'s simultaneous\nconnections. | \n \nMAX_STATEMENT_TIME | Timeout, in seconds, for statements\nexecuted by the user. See also Aborting Statements that\nExceed a Certain Time to Execute. | \n \nIf any of these limits are set to 0, then there is no limit\nfor that resource for that user.\n \nHere is an example showing how to set an account\'s resource\nlimits:\n \nALTER USER \'someone\'@\'localhost\' WITH\n MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS 10\n MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 200;\n \nThe resources are tracked per account, which means\n\'user\'@\'server\'; not per user name or per connection.\n \nThe count can be reset for all users using FLUSH\nUSER_RESOURCES, FLUSH PRIVILEGES or mysqladmin reload.\n \nPer account resource limits are stored in the user table, in\nthe mysql database. Columns used for resources limits are\nnamed max_questions, max_updates, max_connections (for\nMAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR), and max_user_connections (for\nMAX_USER_CONNECTIONS).\n \nPassword Expiry\n \nBesides automatic password expiry, as determined by\ndefault_password_lifetime, password expiry times can be set\non an individual user basis, overriding the global setting,\nfor example:\n \nALTER USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL\n120 DAY;\n \nALTER USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE NEVER;\n \nALTER USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE DEFAULT;\n \nSee User Password Expiry for more details.\n \nAccount Locking\n \nAccount locking permits privileged administrators to\nlock/unlock user accounts. No new client connections will be\npermitted if an account is locked (existing connections are\nnot affected). For example:\n \nALTER USER \'marijn\'@\'localhost\' ACCOUNT LOCK;\n \nSee Account Locking for more details.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/alter-user/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/alter-user/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (120,10,'DROP USER','Syntax\n------ \nDROP USER [IF EXISTS] user_name [, user_name] ...\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe DROP USER statement removes one or more MariaDB\naccounts. It removes\nprivilege rows for the account from all grant tables. To use\nthis statement,\nyou must have the global CREATE USER privilege\nor the DELETE privilege for the mysql database.\nEach account is named using the same format as for the\nCREATE USER\nstatement; for example, \'jeffrey\'@\'localhost\'. If you\nspecify\nonly the user name part of the account name, a host name\npart of \'%\' is\nused. For additional information about specifying account\nnames, see\nCREATE USER.\n \nNote that, if you specify an account that is currently\nconnected, it will not\nbe deleted until the connection is closed. The connection\nwill not be\nautomatically closed.\n \nIf any of the specified user accounts do not exist, ERROR\n1396 (HY000)\nresults. If an error occurs, DROP USER will still drop the\naccounts that do\nnot result in an error. Only one error is produced for all\nusers which have not\nbeen dropped:\n \nERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation DROP USER failed for\n\'u1\'@\'%\',\'u2\'@\'%\'\n \nFailed CREATE or DROP operations, for both users and roles,\nproduce the\nsame error code.\n \nIF EXISTS\n \nThe IF EXISTS clause was added in MariaDB 10.1.3\n \nIf the IF EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a note\ninstead of an error if the user does not exist.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nDROP USER bob;\n \nIF EXISTS:\n \nDROP USER bob;\n \nERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation DROP USER failed for\n\'bob\'@\'%\'\n \nDROP USER IF EXISTS bob;\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n \nSHOW WARNINGS;\n \n+-------+------+---------------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message |\n+-------+------+---------------------------------------------+\n| Note | 1974 | Can\'t drop user \'bob\'@\'%\'; it doesn\'t\nexist |\n+-------+------+---------------------------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/drop-user/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/drop-user/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (121,10,'GRANT','Syntax\n------ \nGRANT\n priv_type [(column_list)]\n [, priv_type [(column_list)]] ...\n ON [object_type] priv_level\n TO user_specification [ user_options ...]\n \nuser_specification:\n username [authentication_option]\n \nauthentication_option:\n IDENTIFIED BY \'password\' \n | IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD \'password_hash\'\n | IDENTIFIED {VIA|WITH} authentication_rule [OR\nauthentication_rule ...]\n \nauthentication_rule:\n authentication_plugin\n | authentication_plugin {USING|AS}\n\'authentication_string\'\n | authentication_plugin {USING|AS} PASSWORD(\'password\')\n \nGRANT PROXY ON username\n TO username [, username] ...\n [WITH GRANT OPTION]\n \nuser_options:\n [REQUIRE {NONE | tls_option [[AND] tls_option] ...}]\n [WITH with_option [with_option] ...]\n \nobject_type:\n TABLE\n | FUNCTION\n | PROCEDURE\n \npriv_level:\n *\n | *.*\n | db_name.*\n | db_name.tbl_name\n | tbl_name\n | db_name.routine_name\n \nwith_option:\n GRANT OPTION\n | resource_option\n \nresource_option:\n MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR count\n | MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR count\n | MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR count\n | MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS count\n | MAX_STATEMENT_TIME time\n \ntls_option:\n SSL \n | X509\n | CIPHER \'cipher\'\n | ISSUER \'issuer\'\n | SUBJECT \'subject\'\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe GRANT statement allows you to grant privileges or roles\nto accounts. To use GRANT, you must have the GRANT OPTION\nprivilege, and you must have the privileges that you are\ngranting.\n \nUse the REVOKE statement to revoke privileges granted with\nthe GRANT statement.\n \nUse the SHOW GRANTS statement to determine what privileges\nan account has.\n \nAccount Names\n \nFor GRANT statements, account names are specified as the\nusername argument in the same way as they are for CREATE\nUSER statements. See account names from the CREATE USER page\nfor details on how account names are specified.\n \nImplicit Account Creation\n \nThe GRANT statement also allows you to implicitly create\naccounts in some cases.\n \nIf the account does not yet exist, then GRANT can implicitly\ncreate it. To implicitly create an account with GRANT, a\nuser is required to have the same privileges that would be\nrequired to explicitly create the account with the CREATE\nUSER statement.\n \nIf the NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER SQL_MODE is set, then accounts\ncan only be created if authentication information is\nspecified, or with a CREATE USER statement. If no\nauthentication information is provided, GRANT will produce\nan error when the specified account does not exist, for\nexample:\n \nshow variables like \'%sql_mode%\' ;\n+---------------+--------------------------------------------+\n| Variable_name | Value |\n+---------------+--------------------------------------------+\n| sql_mode | NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |\n+---------------+--------------------------------------------+\n \nGRANT USAGE ON *.* TO \'user123\'@\'%\' IDENTIFIED BY \'\';\nERROR 1133 (28000): Can\'t find any matching row in the user\ntable\n \nGRANT USAGE ON *.* TO \'user123\'@\'%\' IDENTIFIED VIA PAM\nusing \'mariadb\' require ssl ;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n \nselect host, user from mysql.user where user=\'user123\' ;\n \n+------+----------+\n| host | user |\n+------+----------+\n| % | user123 |\n+------+----------+\n \nPrivilege Levels\n \nPrivileges can be set globally, for an entire database, for\na table or routine,\nor for individual columns in a table. Certain privileges can\nonly be set at\ncertain levels.\nGlobal privileges are granted using *.* for\npriv_level. Global privileges include privileges to\nadminister the database\nand manage user accounts, as well as privileges for all\ntables, functions, and\nprocedures. Global privileges are stored in the mysql.user\ntable.\nDatabase privileges are granted using db_name.*\nfor priv_level, or using just * to use default database.\nDatabase\nprivileges include privileges to create tables and\nfunctions, as well as\nprivileges for all tables, functions, and procedures in the\ndatabase. Database privileges are stored in the mysql.db\ntable.\nTable privileges are granted using db_name.tbl_name\nfor priv_level, or using just tbl_name to specify a table in\nthe default\ndatabase. The TABLE keyword is optional. Table privileges\ninclude the\nability to select and change data in the table. Certain\ntable privileges can\nbe granted for individual columns.\nColumn privileges are granted by specifying a table for\npriv_level and providing a column list after the privilege\ntype. They allow\nyou to control exactly which columns in a table users can\nselect and change.\nFunction privileges are granted using FUNCTION\ndb_name.routine_name\nfor priv_level, or using just FUNCTION routine_name to\nspecify a function\nin the default database.\nProcedure privileges are granted using PROCEDURE\ndb_name.routine_name\nfor priv_level, or using just PROCEDURE routine_name to\nspecify a procedure\nin the default database.\n \nThe USAGE Privilege\n \nThe USAGE privilege grants no real privileges. The SHOW\nGRANTS\nstatement will show a global USAGE privilege for a\nnewly-created user. You\ncan use USAGE with the GRANT statement to change options\nlike GRANT OPTION\nand MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS without changing any account\nprivileges.\n \nThe ALL PRIVILEGES Privilege\n \nThe ALL PRIVILEGES privilege grants all available\nprivileges. Granting all\nprivileges only affects the given privilege level. For\nexample, granting all\nprivileges on a table does not grant any privileges on the\ndatabase or globally.\n \nUsing ALL PRIVILEGES does not grant the special GRANT OPTION\nprivilege.\n \nYou can use ALL instead of ALL PRIVILEGES.\n \nThe GRANT OPTION Privilege\n \nUse the WITH GRANT OPTION clause to give users the ability\nto grant privileges\nto other users at the given privilege level. Users with the\nGRANT OPTION privilege can\nonly grant privileges they have. They cannot grant\nprivileges at a higher privilege level than\nthey have the GRANT OPTION privilege.\n \nThe GRANT OPTION privilege cannot be set for individual\ncolumns.\nIf you use WITH GRANT OPTION when specifying column\nprivileges,\nthe GRANT OPTION privilege will be granted for the entire\ntable.\n \nUsing the WITH GRANT OPTION clause is equivalent to listing\nGRANT OPTION\nas a privilege.\n \nGlobal Privileges\n \nThe following table lists the privileges that can be granted\nglobally. You can\nalso grant all database, table, and function privileges\nglobally. When granted\nglobally, these privileges apply to all databases, tables,\nor functions,\nincluding those created later.\n \nTo set a global privilege, use *.* for priv_level.\n \nPrivilege | Description | \n \nCREATE USER | Create a user using the CREATE USER statement,\nor implicitly create a user with the GRANT statement. | \n \nFILE | Read and write files on the server, using statements\nlike LOAD DATA INFILE or functions like LOAD_FILE(). Also\nneeded to create CONNECT outward tables. MariaDB server must\nhave the permissions to access those files. | \n \nGRANT OPTION | Grant global privileges. You can only grant\nprivileges that you have. | \n \nPROCESS | Show information about the active processes, via\nSHOW PROCESSLIST or mysqladmin processlist. | \n \nRELOAD | Execute FLUSH statements or equivalent mysqladmin\ncommands. | \n \nREPLICATION CLIENT | Execute SHOW MASTER STATUS and SHOW\nSLAVE STATUS informative statements. | \n \nREPLICATION SLAVE | Accounts used by slave servers on the\nmaster need this privilege. This is needed to get the\nupdates made on the master. | \n \nSHOW DATABASES | List all databases using the SHOW DATABASES\nstatement. Without the SHOW DATABASES privilege, you can\nstill issue the SHOW DATABASES statement, but it will only\nlist databases containing tables on which you have\nprivileges. | \n \nSHUTDOWN | Shut down the server using SHUTDOWN or the\nmysqladmin shutdown command. | \n \nSUPER | Execute superuser statements: CHANGE MASTER TO, KILL\n(users who do not have this privilege can only KILL their\nown threads), PURGE LOGS, SET global system variables, or\nthe mysqladmin debug command. Also, this permission allows\nthe user to write data even if the read_only startup option\nis set, enable or disable logging, enable or disable\nreplication on slaves, specify a DEFINER for statements that\nsupport that clause, connect once after reaching the\nMAX_CONNECTIONS. If a statement has been specified for the\ninit-connect mysqld option, that command will not be\nexecuted when a user with SUPER privileges connects to the\nserver. | \n \nDatabase Privileges\n \nThe following table lists the privileges that can be granted\nat the database\nlevel. You can also grant all table and function privileges\nat the database\nlevel. Table and function privileges on a database apply to\nall tables or\nfunctions in that database, including those created later.\n \nTo set a privilege for a database, specify the database\nusing\ndb_name.* for priv_level, or just use *\nto specify the default database.\n \nPrivilege | Description | \n \nCREATE | Create a database using the CREATE DATABASE\nstatement, when the privilege is granted for a database. You\ncan grant the CREATE privilege on databases that do not yet\nexist. This also grants the CREATE privilege on all tables\nin the database. | \n \nCREATE ROUTINE | Create Stored Programs using the CREATE\nPROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION statements. | \n \nCREATE TEMPORARY TABLES | Create temporary tables with the\nCREATE TEMPORARY TABLE statement. This privilege enable\nwriting and dropping those temporary tables | \n \nDROP | Drop a database using the DROP DATABASE statement,\nwhen the privilege is granted for a database. This also\ngrants the DROP privilege on all tables in the database. | \n \nEVENT | Create, drop and alter EVENTs. Added in MySQL 5.1.6.\n| \n \nGRANT OPTION | Grant database privileges. You can only grant\nprivileges that you have. | \n \nLOCK TABLES | Acquire explicit locks using the LOCK TABLES\nstatement; you also need to have the SELECT privilege on a\ntable, in order to lock it. | \n \nTable Privileges\n \nPrivilege | Description | \n \nALTER | Change the structure of an existing table using the\nALTER TABLE statement. | \n \nCREATE | Create a table using the CREATE TABLE statement.\nYou can grant the CREATE privilege on tables that do not yet\nexist. | \n \nCREATE VIEW | Create a view using the CREATE_VIEW statement.\n| \n \nDELETE | Remove rows from a table using the DELETE\nstatement. | \n \nDELETE HISTORY | Remove historical rows from a table using\nthe DELETE HISTORY statement. Displays as DELETE VERSIONING\nROWS when running SHOW GRANTS (MDEV-17655). From MariaDB\n10.3.4. From MariaDB 10.3.5, if a user has the SUPER\nprivilege but not this privilege, running mysql_upgrade will\ngrant this privilege as well. | \n \nDROP | Drop a table using the DROP TABLE statement or a view\nusing the DROP VIEW statement. Also required to execute the\nTRUNCATE TABLE statement. | \n \nGRANT OPTION | Grant table privileges. You can only grant\nprivileges that you have. | \n \nINDEX | Create an index on a table using the CREATE INDEX\nstatement. Without the INDEX privilege, you can still create\nindexes when creating a table using the CREATE TABLE\nstatement if the you have the CREATE privilege, and you can\ncreate indexes using the ALTER TABLE statement if you have\nthe ALTER privilege. | \n \nINSERT | Add rows to a table using the INSERT statement. The\nINSERT privilege can also be set on individual columns; see\nColumn Privileges below for details. | \n \nREFERENCES | Unused. | \n \nSELECT | Read data from a table using the SELECT statement.\nThe SELECT privilege can also be set on individual columns;\nsee Column Privileges below for details. | \n \nSHOW VIEW | Show the CREATE VIEW statement to create a view\nusing the SHOW CREATE VIEW statement. | \n \nTRIGGER | Execute triggers associated to tables you update,\nexecute the CREATE TRIGGER and DROP TRIGGER statements. You\nwill still be able to see triggers. | \n \nUPDATE | Update existing rows in a table using the UPDATE\nstatement. UPDATE statements usually include a WHERE clause\nto update only certain rows. You must have SELECT privileges\non the table or the appropriate columns for the WHERE\nclause. The UPDATE privilege can also be set on individual\ncolumns; see Column Privileges below for details. | \n \nColumn Privileges\n \nSome table privileges can be set for individual columns of a\ntable. To use\ncolumn privileges, specify the table explicitly and provide\na list of column\nnames after the privilege type. For example, the following\nstatement would allow\nthe user to read the names and positions of employees, but\nnot other information\nfrom the same table, such as salaries.\n \nGRANT SELECT (name, position) on Employee to\n\'jeffrey\'@\'localhost\';\n \nPrivilege | Description | \n \nINSERT (column_list) | Add rows specifying values in columns\nusing the INSERT statement. If you only have column-level\nINSERT privileges, you must specify the columns you are\nsetting in the INSERT statement. All other columns will be\nset to their default values, or NULL. | \n \nREFERENCES (column_list) | Unused. | \n \nSELECT (column_list) | Read values in columns using the\nSELECT statement. You cannot access or query any columns for\nwhich you do not have SELECT privileges, including in WHERE,\nON, GROUP BY, and ORDER BY clauses. | \n \nUPDATE (column_list) | Update values in columns of existing\nrows using the UPDATE statement. UPDATE statements usually\ninclude a WHERE clause to update only certain rows. You must\nhave SELECT privileges on the table or the appropriate\ncolumns for the WHERE clause. | \n \nFunction Privileges\n \nPrivilege | Description | \n \nALTER ROUTINE | Change the characteristics of a stored\nfunction using the ALTER FUNCTION statement. | \n \nEXECUTE | Use a stored function. You need SELECT privileges\nfor any tables or columns accessed by the function. | \n \nGRANT OPTION | Grant function privileges. You can only grant\nprivileges that you have. | \n \nProcedure Privileges\n \nPrivilege | Description | \n \nALTER ROUTINE | Change the characteristics of a stored\nprocedure using the ALTER PROCEDURE statement. | \n \nEXECUTE | Execute a stored procedure using the CALL\nstatement. The privilege to call a procedure may allow you\nto perform actions you wouldn\'t otherwise be able to do,\nsuch as insert rows into a table. | \n \nGRANT OPTION | Grant procedure privileges. You can only\ngrant privileges that you have. | \n \nProxy Privileges\n \nPrivilege | Description | \n \nPROXY | Permits one user to be a proxy for another. | \n \nThe PROXY privilege allows one user to proxy as another\nuser, which means their privileges change to that of the\nproxy user, and the CURRENT_USER() function returns the user\nname of the proxy user.\n \nThe PROXY privilege only works with authentication plugins\nthat support it. The default mysql_native_password\nauthentication plugin does not support proxy users.\n \nThe pam authentication plugin is the only plugin included\nwith MariaDB that currently supports proxy users. The PROXY\nprivilege is commonly used with the pam authentication\nplugin to enable user and group mapping with PAM.\n \nFor example, to grant the PROXY privilege to an anonymous\naccount that authenticates with the pam authentication\nplugin, you could execute the following:\n \nCREATE USER \'dba\'@\'%\' IDENTIFIED BY \'strongpassword\';\n \nGRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO \'dba\'@\'%\' ;\n \nCREATE USER \'\'@\'%\' IDENTIFIED VIA pam USING \'mariadb\';\n \nGRANT PROXY ON \'dba\'@\'%\' TO \'\'@\'%\';\n \nA user account can only grant the PROXY privilege for a\nspecific user account if the granter also has the PROXY\nprivilege for that specific user account, and if that\nprivilege is defined WITH GRANT OPTION. For example, the\nfollowing example fails because the granter does not have\nthe PROXY privilege for that specific user account at all:\n \nSELECT USER(), CURRENT_USER();\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n| USER() | CURRENT_USER() |\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n| alice@localhost | alice@localhost |\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n \nSHOW GRANTS;\n \n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Grants for alice@localhost |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO \'alice\'@\'localhost\'\nIDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD\n\'*2470C0C06DEE42FD1618BB99005ADCA2EC9D1E19\' |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n \nGRANT PROXY ON \'dba\'@\'localhost\' TO\n\'bob\'@\'localhost\';\n \nERROR 1698 (28000): Access denied for user\n\'alice\'@\'localhost\'\n \nAnd the following example fails because the granter does\nhave the PROXY privilege for that specific user account, but\nit is not defined WITH GRANT OPTION:\n \nSELECT USER(), CURRENT_USER();\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n| USER() | CURRENT_USER() |\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n| alice@localhost | alice@localhost |\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n \nSHOW GRANTS;\n \n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Grants for alice@localhost |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO \'alice\'@\'localhost\'\nIDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD\n\'*2470C0C06DEE42FD1618BB99005ADCA2EC9D1E19\' |\n| GRANT PROXY ON \'dba\'@\'localhost\' TO\n\'alice\'@\'localhost\' |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n \nMariaDB [(none)]> GRANT PROXY ON \'dba\'@\'localhost\' TO\n\'bob\'@\'localhost\';\n \nERROR 1698 (28000): Access denied for user\n\'alice\'@\'localhost\'\n \nBut the following example succeeds because the granter does\nhave the PROXY privilege for that specific user account, and\nit is defined WITH GRANT OPTION:\n \nSELECT USER(), CURRENT_USER();\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n| USER() | CURRENT_USER() |\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n| alice@localhost | alice@localhost |\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n \nSHOW GRANTS;\n \n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Grants for alice@localhost |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO \'alice\'@\'localhost\'\nIDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD\n\'*2470C0C06DEE42FD1618BB99005ADCA2EC9D1E19\' WITH GRANT\nOPTION |\n| GRANT PROXY ON \'dba\'@\'localhost\' TO\n\'alice\'@\'localhost\' WITH GRANT OPTION |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n \nGRANT PROXY ON \'dba\'@\'localhost\' TO\n\'bob\'@\'localhost\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.004 sec)\n \nA user account can grant the PROXY privilege for any other\nuser account if the granter has the PROXY privilege for the\n\'\'@\'%\' anonymous user account, like this:\n \nGR','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/grant/');
update help_topic set description = CONCAT(description, 'ANT PROXY ON \'\'@\'%\' TO \'dba\'@\'localhost\' WITH\nGRANT OPTION;\n \nFor example, the following example succeeds because the user\ncan grant the PROXY privilege for any other user account:\n \nSELECT USER(), CURRENT_USER();\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n| USER() | CURRENT_USER() |\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n| alice@localhost | alice@localhost |\n+-----------------+-----------------+\n \nSHOW GRANTS;\n \n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Grants for alice@localhost |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO \'alice\'@\'localhost\'\nIDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD\n\'*2470C0C06DEE42FD1618BB99005ADCA2EC9D1E19\' WITH GRANT\nOPTION |\n| GRANT PROXY ON \'\'@\'%\' TO \'alice\'@\'localhost\' WITH\nGRANT OPTION |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n \nGRANT PROXY ON \'app1_dba\'@\'localhost\' TO\n\'bob\'@\'localhost\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.004 sec)\n \nGRANT PROXY ON \'app2_dba\'@\'localhost\' TO\n\'carol\'@\'localhost\';\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.004 sec)\n \nThe default root user accounts created by mysql_install_db\nhave this privilege. For example:\n \nGRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO \'root\'@\'localhost\' WITH\nGRANT OPTION;\n \nGRANT PROXY ON \'\'@\'%\' TO \'root\'@\'localhost\' WITH\nGRANT OPTION;\n \nThis allows the default root user accounts to grant the\nPROXY privilege for any other user account, and it also\nallows the default root user accounts to grant others the\nprivilege to do the same.\n \nAuthentication Options\n \nThe authentication options for the GRANT statement are the\nsame as those for the CREATE USER statement.\n \nIDENTIFIED BY \'password\'\n \nThe optional IDENTIFIED BY clause can be used to provide an\naccount with a password. The password should be specified in\nplain text. It will be hashed by the PASSWORD function prior\nto being stored to the mysql.user table.\n \nFor example, if our password is mariadb, then we can create\nthe user with:\n \nGRANT USAGE ON *.* TO foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY \'mariadb\';\n \nIf you do not specify a password with the IDENTIFIED BY\nclause, the user\nwill be able to connect without a password. A blank password\nis not a wildcard\nto match any password. The user must connect without\nproviding a password if no\npassword is set.\n \nIf the user account already exists and if you provide the\nIDENTIFIED BY clause, then the user\'s password will be\nchanged. You must have the privileges needed for the SET\nPASSWORD\nstatement to change a user\'s password with GRANT.\n \nThe only authentication plugins that this clause supports\nare mysql_native_password and mysql_old_password.\n \nIDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD \'password_hash\'\n \nThe optional IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD clause can be used to\nprovide an account with a password that has already been\nhashed. The password should be specified as a hash that was\nprovided by the PASSWORD function. It will be stored to the\nmysql.user table as-is.\n \nFor example, if our password is mariadb, then we can find\nthe hash with:\n \nSELECT PASSWORD(\'mariadb\');\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| PASSWORD(\'mariadb\') |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| *54958E764CE10E50764C2EECBB71D01F08549980 |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n \nAnd then we can create a user with the hash:\n \nGRANT USAGE ON *.* TO foo2@test IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD\n\'*54958E764CE10E50764C2EECBB71D01F08549980\';\n \nIf you do not specify a password with the IDENTIFIED BY\nclause, the user\nwill be able to connect without a password. A blank password\nis not a wildcard\nto match any password. The user must connect without\nproviding a password if no\npassword is set.\n \nIf the user account already exists and if you provide the\nIDENTIFIED BY clause, then the user\'s password will be\nchanged. You must have the privileges needed for the SET\nPASSWORD\nstatement to change a user\'s password with GRANT.\n \nThe only authentication plugins that this clause supports\nare mysql_native_password and mysql_old_password.\n \nIDENTIFIED {VIA|WITH} authentication_plugin\n \nThe optional IDENTIFIED VIA authentication_plugin allows you\nto specify that the account should be authenticated by a\nspecific authentication plugin. The plugin name must be an\nactive authentication plugin as per SHOW PLUGINS. If it\ndoesn\'t show up in that output, then you will need to\ninstall it with INSTALL PLUGIN or INSTALL SONAME.\n \nFor example, this could be used with the PAM authentication\nplugin:\n \nGRANT USAGE ON *.* TO foo2@test IDENTIFIED VIA pam;\n \nSome authentication plugins allow additional arguments to be\nspecified after a USING or AS keyword. For example, the PAM\nauthentication plugin accepts a service name:\n \nGRANT USAGE ON *.* TO foo2@test IDENTIFIED VIA pam USING\n\'mariadb\';\n \nThe exact meaning of the additional argument would depend on\nthe specific authentication plugin.\n \nThe USING or AS keyword can also be used to provide a\nplain-text password to a plugin if it\'s provided as an\nargument to the PASSWORD() function. This is only valid for\nauthentication plugins that have implemented a hook for the\nPASSWORD() function. For example, the ed25519 authentication\nplugin supports this:\n \nCREATE USER safe@\'%\' IDENTIFIED VIA ed25519 USING\nPASSWORD(\'secret\');\n \nOne can specify many authentication plugins, they all works\nas alternatives ways of authenticating a user:\n \nCREATE USER safe@\'%\' IDENTIFIED VIA ed25519 USING\nPASSWORD(\'secret\') OR unix_socket;\n \nResource Limit Options\n \nMariaDB 10.2.0 introduced a number of resource limit\noptions.\n \nIt is possible to set per-account limits for certain server\nresources. The following table shows the values that can be\nset per account:\n \nLimit Type | Decription | \n \nMAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR | Number of statements that the account\ncan issue per hour (including updates) | \n \nMAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR | Number of updates (not queries) that\nthe account can issue per hour | \n \nMAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR | Number of connections that the\naccount can start per hour | \n \nMAX_USER_CONNECTIONS | Number of simultaneous connections\nthat can be accepted from the same account; if it is 0,\nmax_connections will be used instead; if max_connections is\n0, there is no limit for this account\'s simultaneous\nconnections. | \n \nMAX_STATEMENT_TIME | Timeout, in seconds, for statements\nexecuted by the user. See also Aborting Statements that\nExceed a Certain Time to Execute. | \n \nIf any of these limits are set to 0, then there is no limit\nfor that resource for that user.\n \nTo set resource limits for an account, if you do not want to\nchange that account\'s privileges, you can issue a GRANT\nstatement with the USAGE privilege, which has no meaning.\nThe statement can name some or all limit types, in any\norder.\n \nHere is an example showing how to set resource limits:\n \nGRANT USAGE ON *.* TO \'someone\'@\'localhost\' WITH\n MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS 0\n MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 200;\n \nThe resources are tracked per account, which means\n\'user\'@\'server\'; not per user name or per connection.\n \nThe count can be reset for all users using FLUSH\nUSER_RESOURCES, FLUSH PRIVILEGES or mysqladmin reload.\n \nPer account resource limits are stored in the user table, in\nthe mysql database. Columns used for resources limits are\nnamed max_questions, max_updates, max_connections (for\nMAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR), and max_user_connections (for\nMAX_USER_CONNECTIONS).\n \nTLS Options\n \nBy default, MariaDB transmits data between the server and\nclients without encrypting it. This is generally acceptable\nwhen the server and client run on the same host or in\nnetworks where security is guaranteed through other means.\nHowever, in cases where the server and client exist on\nseparate networks or they are in a high-risk network, the\nlack of encryption does introduce security concerns as a\nmalicious actor could potentially eavesdrop on the traffic\nas it is sent over the network between them.\n \nTo mitigate this concern, MariaDB allows you to encrypt data\nin transit between the server and clients using the\nTransport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. TLS was formerly\nknown as Secure Socket Layer (SSL), but strictly speaking\nthe SSL protocol is a predecessor to TLS and, that version\nof the protocol is now considered insecure. The\ndocumentation still uses the term SSL often and for\ncompatibility reasons TLS-related server system and status\nvariables still use the prefix ssl_, but internally, MariaDB\nonly supports its secure successors.\n \nSee Secure Connections Overview for more information about\nhow to determine whether your MariaDB server has TLS\nsupport.\n \nYou can set certain TLS-related restrictions for specific\nuser accounts. For instance, you might use this with user\naccounts that require access to sensitive data while sending\nit across networks that you do not control. These\nrestrictions can be enabled for a user account with the\nCREATE USER, ALTER USER, or GRANT statements. The following\noptions are available:\n \nOption | Description | \n \nREQUIRE NONE | TLS is not required for this account, but can\nstill be used. | \n \nREQUIRE SSL | The account must use TLS, but no valid X509\ncertificate is required. This option cannot be combined with\nother TLS options. | \n \nREQUIRE X509 | The account must use TLS and must have a\nvalid X509 certificate. This option implies REQUIRE SSL.\nThis option cannot be combined with other TLS options. | \n \nREQUIRE ISSUER \'issuer\' | The account must use TLS and\nmust have a valid X509 certificate. Also, the Certificate\nAuthority must be the one specified via the string issuer.\nThis option implies REQUIRE X509. This option can be\ncombined with the SUBJECT, and CIPHER options in any order.\n| \n \nREQUIRE SUBJECT \'subject\' | The account must use TLS and\nmust have a valid X509 certificate. Also, the certificate\'s\nSubject must be the one specified via the string subject.\nThis option implies REQUIRE X509. This option can be\ncombined with the ISSUER, and CIPHER options in any order. |\n\n \nREQUIRE CIPHER \'cipher\' | The account must use TLS, but no\nvalid X509 certificate is required. Also, the encryption\nused for the connection must use one of the methods\nspecified in the string cipher. This option implies REQUIRE\nSSL. This option can be combined with the ISSUER, and\nSUBJECT options in any order. | \n \nThe REQUIRE keyword must be used only once for all specified\noptions, and the AND keyword can be used to separate\nindividual options, but it is not required.\n \nFor example, you can create a user account that requires\nthese TLS options with the following:\n \nGRANT USAGE ON *.* TO \'alice\'@\'%\'\n REQUIRE SUBJECT \'/CN=alice/O=My Dom,\nInc./C=US/ST=Oregon/L=Portland\'\n AND ISSUER \'/C=FI/ST=Somewhere/L=City/ O=Some\nCompany/CN=Peter Parker/emailAddress=p.parker@marvel.com\'\n AND CIPHER \'TLSv1.2\';\n \nIf any of these options are set for a specific user account,\nthen any client who tries to connect with that user account\nwill have to be configured to connect with TLS.\n \nSee Securing Connections for Client and Server for\ninformation on how to enable TLS on the client and server.\n \nRoles\n \nRoles were introduced in MariaDB 10.0.5.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nGRANT role TO grantee [, grantee2 ... ]\n[ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]\n \nThe GRANT statement is also used to grant the use a role to\none or more users or other roles. In order to be able to\ngrant a role, the grantor doing so must have permission to\ndo so (see WITH ADMIN in the CREATE ROLE article).\n \nSpecifying the WITH ADMIN OPTION permits the grantee to in\nturn grant the role to another.\n \nFor example, the following commands show how to grant the\nsame role to a couple different users.\n \nGRANT journalist TO hulda;\n \nGRANT journalist TO berengar WITH ADMIN OPTION;\n \nIf a user has been granted a role, they do not automatically\nobtain all permissions associated with that role. These\npermissions are only in use when the user activates the role\nwith the SET ROLE statement.\n \nGrant Examples\n \nGranting Root-like Privileges\n \nYou can create a user that has privileges similar to the\ndefault root accounts by executing the following:\n \nCREATE USER \'alexander\'@\'localhost\';\n \nGRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* to \'alexander\'@\'localhost\'\nWITH GRANT OPTION;\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/grant/') WHERE help_topic_id = 121;
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (122,10,'User Password Expiry','User password expiry was introduced in MariaDB 10.4.3.\n \nPassword expiry permits administrators to expire user\npasswords, either manually or automatically. \n \nSystem Variables\n \nThere are two system variables which affect password expiry:\ndefault_password_lifetime, which determines the amount of\ntime between requiring the user to change their password. 0,\nthe default, means automatic password expiry is not active.\n \nThe second variable, disconnect_on_expired_password\ndetermines whether a client is permitted to connect if their\npassword has expired, or whether they are permitted to\nconnect in sandbox mode, able to perform a limited subset of\nqueries related to resetting the password, in particular SET\nPASSWORD and SET.\n \nSetting a Password Expiry Limit for a User\n \nBesides automatic password expiry, as determined by\ndefault_password_lifetime, password expiry times can be set\non an individual user basis, overriding the global using the\nCREATE USER or ALTER USER statements, for example:\n \nCREATE USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL\n120 DAY;\n \nALTER USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL\n120 DAY;\n \nLimits can be disabled by use of the NEVER keyword, for\nexample:\n \nCREATE USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE NEVER;\n \nALTER USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE NEVER;\n \nA manually set limit can be restored the system default by\nuse of DEFAULT, for example:\n \nCREATE USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE DEFAULT;\n \nALTER USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE DEFAULT;\n \nSHOW CREATE USER\n \nThe SHOW CREATE USER statement will display information\nabout the password expiry status of the user. Unlike MySQL,\nit will not display if the user is unlocked, or if the\npassword expiry is set to default.\n \nCREATE USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL\n120 DAY;\n \nCREATE USER \'konstantin\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE\nNEVER;\n \nCREATE USER \'amse\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE DEFAULT;\n \nSHOW CREATE USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\';\n \n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| CREATE USER for monty@localhost |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| CREATE USER \'monty\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE\nINTERVAL 120 DAY |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n \nSHOW CREATE USER \'konstantin\'@\'localhost\';\n \n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| CREATE USER for konstantin@localhost |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| CREATE USER \'konstantin\'@\'localhost\' PASSWORD EXPIRE\nNEVER |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n \nSHOW CREATE USER \'amse\'@\'localhost\';\n \n+--------------------------------+\n| CREATE USER for amse@localhost |\n+--------------------------------+\n| CREATE USER \'amse\'@\'localhost\' |\n+--------------------------------+\n \n--connect-expired-password Client Option\n \nThe mysql client --connect-expired-password option notifies\nthe server that the client is prepared to handle expired\npassword sandbox mode (even if the --batch option was\nspecified).\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/user-password-expiry/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/user-password-expiry/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (123,10,'RENAME USER','Syntax\n------ \nRENAME USER old_user TO new_user\n [, old_user TO new_user] ...\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe RENAME USER statement renames existing MariaDB accounts.\nTo use it,\nyou must have the global CREATE USER privilege\nor the UPDATE privilege for the mysql database.\nEach account is named using the same format as for the\nCREATE USER\nstatement; for example, \'jeffrey\'@\'localhost\'.\nIf you specify only the user name part of the account name,\na host\nname part of \'%\' is used.\n \nIf any of the old user accounts do not exist or any of the\nnew user accounts already\nexist, ERROR 1396 (HY000) results. If an error occurs,\nRENAME USER\nwill still rename the accounts that do not result in an\nerror.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE USER \'donald\', \'mickey\';\n \nRENAME USER \'donald\' TO \'duck\'@\'localhost\', \'mickey\'\nTO \'mouse\'@\'localhost\';\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/rename-user/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/rename-user/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (124,10,'REVOKE','Privileges\n \nSyntax\n------ \nREVOKE \n priv_type [(column_list)]\n [, priv_type [(column_list)]] ...\n ON [object_type] priv_level\n FROM user [, user] ...\n \nREVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION\n FROM user [, user] ...\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe REVOKE statement enables system administrators to revoke\nprivileges (or roles - see section below) from MariaDB\naccounts. Each account is named using the same format\nas for the GRANT statement; for example,\n\'jeffrey\'@\'localhost\'. If you specify only the user name\npart\nof the account name, a host name part of \'%\' is used. For\ndetails on the levels at which privileges exist, the\nallowable\npriv_type and priv_level values, and the\nsyntax for specifying users and passwords, see GRANT.\n \nTo use the first REVOKE syntax, you must have the\nGRANT OPTION privilege, and you must have the privileges\nthat\nyou are revoking.\n \nTo revoke all privileges, use the second syntax, which drops\nall\nglobal, database, table, column, and routine privileges for\nthe named\nuser or users:\n \nREVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION FROM user [, user] ...\n \nTo use this REVOKE syntax, you must have the global\nCREATE USER privilege or the\nUPDATE privilege for the mysql database. See\nGRANT.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nREVOKE SUPER ON *.* FROM \'alexander\'@\'localhost\';\n \nRoles\n \nRoles were introduced in MariaDB 10.0.5.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nREVOKE role [, role ...]\n FROM grantee [, grantee2 ... ]\n \nDescription\n----------- \nREVOKE is also used to remove a role from a user or another\nrole that it\'s previously been assigned to. If a role has\npreviously been set as a default role, REVOKE does not\nremove the record of the default role from the mysql.user\ntable. If the role is subsequently granted again, it will\nagain be the user\'s default. Use SET DEFAULT ROLE NONE to\nexplicitly remove this.\n \nBefore MariaDB 10.1.13, the REVOKE role statement was not\npermitted in prepared statements.\n \nExample\n \nREVOKE journalist FROM hulda\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/revoke/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/revoke/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (125,10,'SET PASSWORD','Syntax\n------ \nSET PASSWORD [FOR user] =\n {\n PASSWORD(\'some password\')\n | OLD_PASSWORD(\'some password\')\n | \'encrypted password\'\n }\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe SET PASSWORD statement assigns a password to an existing\nMariaDB user\naccount.\n \nIf the password is specified using the PASSWORD() or\nOLD_PASSWORD()\nfunction, the literal text of the password should be given.\nIf the\npassword is specified without using either function, the\npassword\nshould be the already-encrypted password value as returned\nby\nPASSWORD().\n \nOLD_PASSWORD() should only be used if your MariaDB/MySQL\nclients are very old (< 4.0.0).\n \nWith no FOR clause, this statement sets the password for the\ncurrent\nuser. Any client that has connected to the server using a\nnon-anonymous\naccount can change the password for that account.\n \nWith a FOR clause, this statement sets the password for a\nspecific\naccount on the current server host. Only clients that have\nthe UPDATE\nprivilege for the mysql database can do this. The user value\nshould be\ngiven in user_name@host_name format, where user_name and\nhost_name are\nexactly as they are listed in the User and Host columns of\nthe\nmysql.user table entry. \n \nThe argument to PASSWORD() and the password given to MariaDB\nclients can be of arbitrary length.\n \nAuthentication Plugin Support\n \nIn MariaDB 10.4 and later, SET PASSWORD (with or without\nPASSWORD()) works for accounts authenticated via any\nauthentication plugin that supports passwords stored in the\nmysql.global_priv table.\n \nThe ed25519, mysql_native_password, and mysql_old_password\nauthentication plugins store passwords in the\nmysql.global_priv table.\n \nIf you run SET PASSWORD on an account that authenticates\nwith one of these authentication plugins that stores\npasswords in the mysql.global_priv table, then the\nPASSWORD() function is evaluated by the specific\nauthentication plugin used by the account. The\nauthentication plugin hashes the password with a method that\nis compatible with that specific authentication plugin.\n \nThe unix_socket, named_pipe, gssapi, and pam authentication\nplugins do not store passwords in the mysql.global_priv\ntable. These authentication plugins rely on other methods to\nauthenticate the user.\n \nIf you attempt to run SET PASSWORD on an account that\nauthenticates with one of these authentication plugins that\ndoesn\'t store a password in the mysql.global_priv table,\nthen MariaDB Server will raise a warning like the following:\n \nSET PASSWORD is ignored for users authenticating via\nunix_socket plugin\n \nSee Authentication from MariaDB 10.4 for an overview of\nauthentication changes in MariaDB 10.4.\n \nMariaDB until 10.3\n \nIn MariaDB 10.3 and before, SET PASSWORD (with or without\nPASSWORD()) only works for accounts authenticated via\nmysql_native_password or mysql_old_password authentication\nplugins\n \nPasswordless User Accounts\n \nUser accounts do not always require passwords to login.\n \nThe unix_socket and named_pipe authentication plugins do not\nrequire a password to authenticate the user.\n \nThe gssapi and pam authentication plugins may or may not\nrequire a password to authenticate the user, depending on\nthe specific configuration.\n \nThe mysql_native_password and mysql_old_password\nauthentication plugins require passwords for authentication,\nbut the password can be blank. In that case, no password is\nrequired.\n \nIf you provide a password while attempting to log into the\nserver as an account that doesn\'t require a password, then\nMariaDB server will simply ignore the password.\n \nIn MariaDB 10.4 and later, a user account can be defined to\nuse multiple authentication plugins in a specific order of\npreference. This specific scenario may be more noticeable in\nthese versions, since an account could be associated with\nsome authentication plugins that require a password, and\nsome that do not.\n \nExample\n \nFor example, if you had an entry with User and\nHost column values of \'bob\' and \n\'%.loc.gov\', you would write the\nstatement like this:\n \nSET PASSWORD FOR \'bob\'@\'%.loc.gov\' =\nPASSWORD(\'newpass\');\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/set-password/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/set-password/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (126,10,'Roles Overview','Roles were introduced in MariaDB 10.0.5.\n \nDescription\n----------- \nA role bundles a number of privileges together. It assists\nlarger organizations where, typically, a number of users\nwould have the same privileges, and, previously, the only\nway to change the privileges for a group of users was by\nchanging each user\'s privileges individually. \n \nAlternatively, multiple external users could have been\nassigned the same user, and there would have been no way to\nsee which actual user was responsible for which action.\n \nWith roles, managing this is easy. For example, there could\nbe a number of users assigned to a journalist role, with\nidentical privileges. Changing the privileges for all the\njournalists is a matter of simply changing the role\'s\nprivileges, while the individual user is still linked with\nany changes that take place.\n \nRoles are created with the CREATE ROLE statement, and\ndropped with the DROP ROLE statement. Roles are then\nassigned to a user with an extension to the GRANT statement,\nwhile privileges are assigned to a role in the regular way\nwith GRANT. Similarly, the REVOKE statement can be used to\nboth revoke a role from a user, or revoke a privilege from a\nrole.\n \nOnce a user has connected, he can obtain all privileges\nassociated with a role by setting a role with the SET ROLE\nstatement. The CURRENT_ROLE function returns the currently\nset role for the session, if any.\n \nOnly roles granted directly to a user can be set, roles\ngranted to other roles cannot. Instead the privileges\ngranted to a role, which is, in turn, granted to another\nrole (grantee), will be immediately available to any user\nwho sets this second grantee role.\n \nRoles were implemented as a GSoC 2013 project by Vicentiu\nCiorbaru. \n \nThe SET DEFAULT ROLE statement allows one to set a default\nrole for a user. A default role is automatically enabled\nwhen a user connects (an implicit SET ROLE statement is\nexecuted immediately after a connection is established).\n \nSystem Tables\n \nInformation about roles and who they\'ve been granted to can\nbe found in the Information Schema APPLICABLE_ROLES table as\nwell as the mysql.ROLES_MAPPING table.\n \nThe Information Schema ENABLED_ROLES table shows the enabled\nroles for the current session.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCreating a role and granting a privilege:\n \nCREATE ROLE journalist;\n \nGRANT SHOW DATABASES ON *.* TO journalist;\n \nGRANT journalist to hulda;\n \nNote, that hulda has no SHOW DATABASES privilege, even\nthough she was granted the journalist role. She needs to set\nthe role first:\n \nSHOW DATABASES;\n \n+--------------------+\n| Database |\n+--------------------+\n| information_schema |\n+--------------------+\n \nSELECT CURRENT_ROLE;\n \n+--------------+\n| CURRENT_ROLE |\n+--------------+\n| NULL |\n+--------------+\n \nSET ROLE journalist;\n \nSELECT CURRENT_ROLE;\n \n+--------------+\n| CURRENT_ROLE |\n+--------------+\n| journalist |\n+--------------+\n \nSHOW DATABASES;\n \n+--------------------+\n| Database |\n+--------------------+\n| ... |\n| information_schema |\n| mysql |\n| performance_schema |\n| test |\n| ... |\n+--------------------+\n \nSET ROLE NONE;\n \nRoles can be granted to roles:\n \nCREATE ROLE writer;\n \nGRANT SELECT ON data.* TO writer;\n \nGRANT writer TO journalist;\n \nBut one does not need to set a role granted to a role. For\nexample, hulda will automatically get all writer privileges\nwhen she sets the journalist role:\n \nSELECT CURRENT_ROLE;\n \n+--------------+\n| CURRENT_ROLE |\n+--------------+\n| NULL |\n+--------------+\n \nSHOW TABLES FROM data;\n \nEmpty set (0.01 sec)\n \nSET ROLE journalist;\n \nSELECT CURRENT_ROLE;\n \n+--------------+\n| CURRENT_ROLE |\n+--------------+\n| journalist |\n+--------------+\n \nSHOW TABLES FROM data;\n \n+------------------------------+\n| Tables_in_data |\n+------------------------------+\n| set1 |\n| ... |\n+------------------------------+\n \nRoles and Views (and Stored Routines)\n \nWhen a user sets a role, he, in a sense, has two identities\nwith two associated sets of privileges.\nBut a view (or a stored routine) can have only one definer.\nSo, when a view (or a stored routine) is created with the\nSQL SECURITY DEFINER, one can specify whether the definer\nshould be CURRENT_USER (and the view will have none of the\nprivileges of the user\'s role) or CURRENT_ROLE (in this\ncase, the view will use role\'s privileges, but none of the\nuser\'s privileges). As a result, sometimes one can create a\nview that is impossible to use.\n \nCREATE ROLE r1;\n \nGRANT ALL ON db1.* TO r1;\n \nGRANT r1 TO foo@localhost;\n \nGRANT ALL ON db.* TO foo@localhost;\n \nSELECT CURRENT_USER\n+---------------+\n| current_user |\n+---------------+\n| foo@localhost |\n+---------------+\n \nSET ROLE r1;\n \nCREATE TABLE db1.t1 (i int);\n \nCREATE VIEW db.v1 AS SELECT * FROM db1.t1;\n \nSHOW CREATE VIEW db.v1;\n \n+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n| View | Create View | character_set_client |\ncollation_connection |\n+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n| v1 | CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`foo`@`localhost`\nSQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `db`.`v1` AS SELECT `db1`.`t1`.`i`\nAS `i` from `db1`.`t1` | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |\n+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n \nCREATE DEFINER=CURRENT_ROLE VIEW db.v2 AS SELECT * FROM\ndb1.t1;\n \nSHOW CREATE VIEW db.b2;\n \n+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n| View | Create View | character_set_client |\ncollation_connection |\n+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n| v2 | CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`r1` SQL SECURITY\nDEFINER VIEW `db`.`v2` AS select `db1`.`t1`.`a` AS `a` from\n`db1`.`t1` | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |\n+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+\n \nOther Resources\n \nRoles Review by Peter Gulutzan\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/roles_overview/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/roles_overview/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (127,10,'CREATE ROLE','Roles were introduced in MariaDB 10.0.5.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nCREATE [OR REPLACE] ROLE [IF NOT EXISTS] role \n [WITH ADMIN \n {CURRENT_USER | CURRENT_ROLE | user | role}]\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe CREATE ROLE statement creates one or more MariaDB roles.\nTo\nuse it, you must have the global CREATE USER\nprivilege or the INSERT privilege for the mysql\ndatabase. For each account, CREATE ROLE creates a new row in\nthe\nmysql.user table that has no privileges, and with the\ncorresponding is_role field set to Y. It also creates a\nrecord in the\nmysql.roles_mapping table.\n \nIf any of the specified roles already exist, ERROR 1396\n(HY000) results. If\nan error occurs, CREATE ROLE will still create the roles\nthat do not result\nin an error. The maximum length for a role is 128\ncharacters. Role names can be\nquoted, as explained in the Identifier names page. Only\none error is produced for all roles which have not been\ncreated:\n \nERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation CREATE ROLE failed for\n\'a\',\'b\',\'c\'\n \nFailed CREATE or DROP operations, for both users and roles,\nproduce the\nsame error code.\n \nPUBLIC and NONE are reserved, and cannot be used as role\nnames.\n \nBefore MariaDB 10.1.13, the CREATE ROLE statement was not\npermitted in prepared statements.\n \nFor valid identifiers to use as role names, see Identifier\nNames.\n \nWITH ADMIN\n \nThe optional WITH ADMIN clause determines whether the\ncurrent user, the\ncurrent role or another user or role has use of the newly\ncreated role. If the\nclause is omitted, WITH ADMIN CURRENT_USER is treated as the\ndefault, which\nmeans that the current user will be able to GRANT this role\nto\nusers.\n \nOR REPLACE\n \nThe OR REPLACE clause was added in MariaDB 10.1.3\n \nIf the optional OR REPLACE clause is used, it acts as a\nshortcut for:\n \nDROP ROLE IF EXISTS name;\n \nCREATE ROLE name ...;\n \nIF NOT EXISTS\n \nThe IF NOT EXISTS clause was added in MariaDB 10.1.3\n \nWhen the IF NOT EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a\nwarning instead of an error if the specified role already\nexists. Cannot be used together with the OR REPLACE clause.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE ROLE journalist;\n \nCREATE ROLE developer WITH ADMIN lorinda;\n \nThe OR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS clauses:\n \nCREATE ROLE journalist;\nERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation CREATE ROLE failed for\n\'journalist\'\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE ROLE journalist;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n \nCREATE ROLE IF NOT EXISTS journalist;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n \nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message |\n+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------+\n| Note | 1975 | Can\'t create role \'journalist\'; it\nalready exists |\n+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/create-role/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/create-role/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (128,10,'DROP ROLE','Roles were introduced in MariaDB 10.0.5.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nDROP ROLE [IF EXISTS] role_name [,role_name ...]\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe DROP ROLE statement removes one or more MariaDB roles.\nTo use this\nstatement, you must have the global CREATE USER privilege or\nthe DELETE privilege for the mysql database.\n \nDROP ROLE does not disable roles for connections which\nselected them with SET ROLE. If a role has previously been\nset as a default role, DROP ROLE does not remove the record\nof the default role from the mysql.user table. If the role\nis subsequently recreated and granted, it will again be the\nuser\'s default. Use SET DEFAULT ROLE NONE to explicitly\nremove this.\n \nIf any of the specified user accounts do not exist, ERROR\n1396 (HY000)\nresults. If an error occurs, DROP ROLE will still drop the\nroles that\ndo not result in an error. Only one error is produced for\nall roles which have not been dropped:\n \nERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation DROP ROLE failed for\n\'a\',\'b\',\'c\'\n \nFailed CREATE or DROP operations, for both users and roles,\nproduce the same error code.\n \nBefore MariaDB 10.1.13, the DROP ROLE statement was not\npermitted in prepared statements.\n \nIF EXISTS\n \nThe IF EXISTS clause was added in MariaDB 10.1.3\n \nIf the IF EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a\nwarning instead of an error if the role does not exist.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nDROP ROLE journalist;\n \nThe same thing using the optional IF EXISTS clause:\n \nDROP ROLE journalist;\n \nERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation DROP ROLE failed for\n\'journalist\'\n \nDROP ROLE IF EXISTS journalist;\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n \nNote (Code 1975): Can\'t drop role \'journalist\'; it\ndoesn\'t exist\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/drop-role/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/drop-role/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (129,10,'SET ROLE','Roles were introduced in MariaDB 10.0.5.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nSET ROLE { role | NONE }\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe SET ROLE statement enables a role, along with all of its\nassociated permissions, for the current session. To unset a\nrole, use NONE .\n \nIf a role that doesn\'t exist, or to which the user has not\nbeen assigned, is specified, an ERROR 1959 (OP000): Invalid\nrole specification error occurs.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.1.1, an automatic SET ROLE is implicitly\nperformed when a user connects if that user has been\nassigned a default role. See SET DEFAULT ROLE.\n \nExample\n \nSELECT CURRENT_ROLE;\n \n+--------------+\n| CURRENT_ROLE |\n+--------------+\n| NULL |\n+--------------+\n \nSET ROLE staff;\n \nSELECT CURRENT_ROLE;\n \n+--------------+\n| CURRENT_ROLE |\n+--------------+\n| staff |\n+--------------+\n \nSET ROLE NONE;\n \nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n \nSELECT CURRENT_ROLE();\n+----------------+\n| CURRENT_ROLE() |\n+----------------+\n| NULL |\n+----------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/set-role/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/set-role/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (130,10,'SET DEFAULT ROLE','Default roles were implemented in MariaDB 10.1.1.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nSET DEFAULT ROLE { role | NONE } [ FOR user@host ]\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe SET DEFAULT ROLE statement sets a default role for a\nspecified (or current) user. A default role is automatically\nenabled when a user connects (an implicit SET ROLE statement\nis executed immediately after a connection is established).\n \nTo be able to set a role as a default, one needs the\nprivileges to enable this role (if you cannot do SET ROLE X,\nyou won\'t be able to do SET DEFAULT ROLE X). To set a\ndefault role for another user one needs to have write access\nto the mysql database.\n \nTo remove a user\'s default role, use SET DEFAULT ROLE NONE\n[ FOR user@host ]. The record of the default role is not\nremoved if the role is dropped or revoked, so if the role is\nsubsequently re-created or granted, it will again be the\nuser\'s default role.\n \nThe default role is stored in a new column in the mysql.user\ntable, and currently viewing this table is the only way to\nsee which role has been assigned to a user as the default. \n \nExamples\n-------- \nSetting a default role for the current user:\n \nSET DEFAULT ROLE journalist;\n \nRemoving a default role from the current user:\n \nSET DEFAULT ROLE NONE;\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/set-default-role/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/set-default-role/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (131,11,'ST_X','Syntax\n------ \nST_X(p)\nX(p)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the X-coordinate value for the point p as a\ndouble-precision number.\n \nST_X() and X() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @pt = \'Point(56.7 53.34)\';\n \nSELECT X(GeomFromText(@pt));\n+----------------------+\n| X(GeomFromText(@pt)) |\n+----------------------+\n| 56.7 |\n+----------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_x/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_x/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (132,11,'ST_Y','Syntax\n------ \nST_Y(p)\nY(p)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the Y-coordinate value for the point p as a\ndouble-precision number.\n \nST_Y() and Y() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @pt = \'Point(56.7 53.34)\';\n \nSELECT Y(GeomFromText(@pt));\n+----------------------+\n| Y(GeomFromText(@pt)) |\n+----------------------+\n| 53.34 |\n+----------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_y/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_y/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (133,11,'X','A synonym for ST_X.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/point-properties-x/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/point-properties-x/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (134,11,'Y','A synonym for ST_Y.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/point-properties-y/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/point-properties-y/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (135,12,'AES_DECRYPT','Syntax\n------ \nAES_DECRYPT(crypt_str,key_str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis function allows decryption of data using the official\nAES\n(Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm. For more\ninformation, see\nthe description of AES_ENCRYPT().\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/aes_decrypt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/aes_decrypt/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (136,12,'AES_ENCRYPT','Syntax\n------ \nAES_ENCRYPT(str,key_str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nAES_ENCRYPT() and AES_DECRYPT() allow encryption and\ndecryption of\ndata using the official AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)\nalgorithm,\npreviously known as \"Rijndael.\" Encoding with a 128-bit\nkey length is\nused, but you can extend it up to 256 bits by modifying the\nsource. We\nchose 128 bits because it is much faster and it is secure\nenough for\nmost purposes.\n \nAES_ENCRYPT() encrypts a string str using the key key_str,\nand returns a binary string.\n \nAES_DECRYPT() decrypts the encrypted string and returns the\noriginal\nstring.\n \nThe input arguments may be any length. If either argument is\nNULL, the result of this function is also NULL.\n \nBecause AES is a block-level algorithm, padding is used to\nencode\nuneven length strings and so the result string length may be\ncalculated using this formula:\n \n16 x (trunc(string_length / 16) + 1)\n \nIf AES_DECRYPT() detects invalid data or incorrect padding,\nit returns\nNULL. However, it is possible for AES_DECRYPT() to return a\nnon-NULL\nvalue (possibly garbage) if the input data or the key is\ninvalid.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nINSERT INTO t VALUES\n(AES_ENCRYPT(\'text\',SHA2(\'password\',512)));\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/aes_encrypt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/aes_encrypt/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (137,12,'COMPRESS','Syntax\n------ \nCOMPRESS(string_to_compress)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nCompresses a string and returns the result as a binary\nstring. This\nfunction requires MariaDB to have been compiled with a\ncompression\nlibrary such as zlib. Otherwise, the return value is always\nNULL. The\ncompressed string can be uncompressed with UNCOMPRESS().\n \nThe have_compress server system variable indicates whether a\ncompression library is present. \n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',1000)));\n+------------------------------------+\n| LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',1000))) |\n+------------------------------------+\n| 21 |\n+------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT LENGTH(COMPRESS(\'\'));\n+----------------------+\n| LENGTH(COMPRESS(\'\')) |\n+----------------------+\n| 0 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT LENGTH(COMPRESS(\'a\'));\n+-----------------------+\n| LENGTH(COMPRESS(\'a\')) |\n+-----------------------+\n| 13 |\n+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',16)));\n+----------------------------------+\n| LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',16))) |\n+----------------------------------+\n| 15 |\n+----------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/compress/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/compress/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (138,12,'DECODE','Syntax\n------ \nDECODE(crypt_str,pass_str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nDecrypts the encrypted string crypt_str using pass_str as\nthe\npassword. crypt_str should be a string returned from\nENCODE(). The resulting string will be the original string\nonly if pass_str is the same.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/decode/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/decode/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (139,12,'DES_DECRYPT','Syntax\n------ \nDES_DECRYPT(crypt_str[,key_str])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nDecrypts a string encrypted with DES_ENCRYPT(). If an error\noccurs,\nthis function returns NULL.\n \nThis function works only if MariaDB has been configured with\nTLS\nsupport.\n \nIf no key_str argument is given, DES_DECRYPT() examines the\nfirst byte\nof the encrypted string to determine the DES key number that\nwas used\nto encrypt the original string, and then reads the key from\nthe DES\nkey file to decrypt the message. For this to work, the user\nmust have\nthe SUPER privilege. The key file can be specified with the\n--des-key-file server option.\n \nIf you pass this function a key_str argument, that string is\nused as\nthe key for decrypting the message.\n \nIf the crypt_str argument does not appear to be an encrypted\nstring,\nMariaDB returns the given crypt_str.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/des_decrypt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/des_decrypt/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (140,12,'DES_ENCRYPT','Syntax\n------ \nDES_ENCRYPT(str[,{key_num|key_str}])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nEncrypts the string with the given key using the Triple-DES\nalgorithm.\n \nThis function works only if MariaDB has been configured with\nTLS support.\n \nThe encryption key to use is chosen based on the second\nargument to\nDES_ENCRYPT(), if one was given. With no argument, the first\nkey from\nthe DES key file is used. With a key_num argument, the given\nkey \nnumber (0-9) from the DES key file is used. With a key_str\nargument,\nthe given key string is used to encrypt str. \n \nThe key file can be specified with the --des-key-file server\noption.\n \nThe return string is a binary string where the first\ncharacter is \nCHAR(128 | key_num). If an error occurs, DES_ENCRYPT()\nreturns NULL.\n \nThe 128 is added to make it easier to recognize an encrypted\nkey. If\nyou use a string key, key_num is 127.\n \nThe string length for the result is given by this formula:\n \nnew_len = orig_len + (8 - (orig_len % 8)) + 1\n \nEach line in the DES key file has the following format:\n \nkey_num des_key_str\n \nEach key_num value must be a number in the range from 0 to\n9. Lines in\nthe file may be in any order. des_key_str is the string that\nis used\nto encrypt the message. There should be at least one space\nbetween the\nnumber and the key. The first key is the default key that is\nused if\nyou do not specify any key argument to DES_ENCRYPT().\n \nYou can tell MariaDB to read new key values from the key\nfile with the\nFLUSH DES_KEY_FILE statement. This requires the RELOAD\nprivilege.\n \nOne benefit of having a set of default keys is that it gives\napplications a way to check for the existence of encrypted\ncolumn\nvalues, without giving the end user the right to decrypt\nthose values.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT customer_address FROM customer_table \n WHERE crypted_credit_card =\nDES_ENCRYPT(\'credit_card_number\');\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/des_encrypt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/des_encrypt/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (141,12,'ENCODE','Syntax\n------ \nENCODE(str,pass_str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nENCODE is not considered cryptographically secure, and\nshould not be used for password encryption.\n \nEncrypt str using pass_str as the password. To decrypt the\nresult, use\nDECODE().\n \nThe result is a binary string of the same length as str.\n \nThe strength of the encryption is based on how good the\nrandom generator is. \n \nIt is not recommended to rely on the encryption performed by\nthe ENCODE function. Using a salt value (changed when a\npassword is updated) will improve matters somewhat, but for\nstoring passwords, consider a more cryptographically secure\nfunction, such as SHA2().\n \nExamples\n-------- \nENCODE(\'not so secret text\',\nCONCAT(\'random_salt\',\'password\'))\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/encode/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/encode/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (142,12,'ENCRYPT','Syntax\n------ \nENCRYPT(str[,salt])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nEncrypts a string using the Unix crypt() system call,\nreturning an encrypted binary string. The salt argument\nshould be a string with at least two characters or the\nreturned result will be NULL. If no salt argument is given,\na random value of sufficient length is used.\n \nIt is not recommended to use ENCRYPT() with utf16, utf32 or\nucs2 multi-byte character sets because the crypt() system\ncall expects a string terminated with a zero byte.\n \nNote that the underlying crypt() system call may have some\nlimitations, such as ignoring all but the first eight\ncharacters.\n \nIf the have_crypt system variable is set to NO (because the\ncrypt() system call is not available), the ENCRYPT function\nwill always return NULL.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT ENCRYPT(\'encrypt me\');\n+-----------------------+\n| ENCRYPT(\'encrypt me\') |\n+-----------------------+\n| 4I5BsEx0lqTDk |\n+-----------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/encrypt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/encrypt/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (143,12,'MD5','Syntax\n------ \nMD5(str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nCalculates an MD5 128-bit checksum for the string. \n \nThe return value is a 32-hex digit string, and as of MariaDB\n5.5, is a nonbinary string in the connection character set\nand collation, determined by the values of the\ncharacter_set_connection and collation_connection system\nvariables. Before 5.5, the return value was a binary string.\n \nNULL is returned if the argument was NULL. \n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT MD5(\'testing\');\n+----------------------------------+\n| MD5(\'testing\') |\n+----------------------------------+\n| ae2b1fca515949e5d54fb22b8ed95575 |\n+----------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/md5/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/md5/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (144,12,'OLD_PASSWORD','Syntax\n------ \nOLD_PASSWORD(str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nOLD_PASSWORD() was added to MySQL when the implementation of\n\nPASSWORD() was changed to improve security. OLD_PASSWORD()\nreturns the\nvalue of the old (pre-MySQL 4.1) implementation of\nPASSWORD() as a\nstring, and is intended to permit you to reset passwords for\nany\npre-4.1 clients that need to connect to a more recent MySQL\nserver version, or any version of MariaDB,\nwithout locking them out.\n \nAs of MariaDB 5.5, the return value is a nonbinary string in\nthe connection character set and collation, determined by\nthe values of the character_set_connection and\ncollation_connection system variables. Before 5.5, the\nreturn value was a binary string.\n \nThe return value is 16 bytes in length, or NULL if the\nargument was NULL.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/old_password/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/old_password/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (145,12,'PASSWORD','Syntax\n------ \nPASSWORD(str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe PASSWORD() function is used for hashing passwords for\nuse in authentication by the MariaDB server. It is not\nintended for use in other applications.\n \nCalculates and returns a hashed password string from the\nplaintext password str. Returns an empty string (>= MariaDB\n10.0.4) or NULL (\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/password/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/password/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (146,12,'SHA1','Syntax\n------ \nSHA1(str), SHA(str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nCalculates an SHA-1 160-bit checksum for the string str, as\ndescribed in\nRFC 3174 (Secure Hash Algorithm).\n \nThe value is returned as a string of 40 hex digits, or NULL\nif the argument was NULL. As of MariaDB 5.5, the return\nvalue is a nonbinary string in the connection character set\nand collation, determined by the values of the\ncharacter_set_connection and collation_connection system\nvariables. Before 5.5, the return value was a binary string.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT SHA1(\'some boring text\');\n+------------------------------------------+\n| SHA1(\'some boring text\') |\n+------------------------------------------+\n| af969fc2085b1bb6d31e517d5c456def5cdd7093 |\n+------------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sha1/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sha1/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (147,12,'SHA2','SHA2() was introduced in MariaDB 5.5\n \nSyntax\n------ \nSHA2(str,hash_len)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nGiven a string str, calculates an SHA-2 checksum, which is\nconsidered more cryptographically secure than its SHA-1\nequivalent. The SHA-2 family includes SHA-224, SHA-256,\nSHA-384, and SHA-512, and the hash_len must correspond to\none of these, i.e. 224, 256, 384 or 512. 0 is equivalent to\n256.\n \nThe return value is a nonbinary string in the connection\ncharacter set and collation, determined by the values of the\ncharacter_set_connection and collation_connection system\nvariables. \n \nNULL is returned if the hash length is not valid, or the\nstring str is NULL.\n \nSHA2 will only work if MariaDB was has been configured with\nTLS support. \n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT SHA2(\'Maria\',224);\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| SHA2(\'Maria\',224) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| 6cc67add32286412efcab9d0e1675a43a5c2ef3cec8879f81516ff83 |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT SHA2(\'Maria\',256);\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| SHA2(\'Maria\',256) |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n|\n9ff18ebe7449349f358e3af0b57cf7a032c1c6b2272cb2656ff85eb112232f16\n|\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT SHA2(\'Maria\',0);\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| SHA2(\'Maria\',0) |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n|\n9ff18ebe7449349f358e3af0b57cf7a032c1c6b2272cb2656ff85eb112232f16\n|\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sha2/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sha2/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (148,12,'UNCOMPRESS','Syntax\n------ \nUNCOMPRESS(string_to_uncompress)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nUncompresses a string compressed by the COMPRESS() function.\nIf the\nargument is not a compressed value, the result is NULL. This\nfunction\nrequires MariaDB to have been compiled with a compression\nlibrary such\nas zlib. Otherwise, the return value is always NULL. The\nhave_compress server system variable indicates whether a\ncompression library is present. \n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT UNCOMPRESS(COMPRESS(\'a string\'));\n+----------------------------------+\n| UNCOMPRESS(COMPRESS(\'a string\')) |\n+----------------------------------+\n| a string |\n+----------------------------------+\n \nSELECT UNCOMPRESS(\'a string\');\n+------------------------+\n| UNCOMPRESS(\'a string\') |\n+------------------------+\n| NULL |\n+------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uncompress/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uncompress/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (149,12,'UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH','Syntax\n------ \nUNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(compressed_string)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the length that the compressed string had before\nbeing\ncompressed with COMPRESS().\n \nUNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH() returns NULL or an incorrect result if\nthe string is not compressed.\n \nUntil MariaDB 10.3.1, returns MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG, or\nbigint(10), in all cases. From MariaDB 10.3.1, returns\nMYSQL_TYPE_LONG, or int(10), when the result would fit\nwithin 32-bits.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',30)));\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',30))) |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| 30 |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uncompressed_length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uncompressed_length/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (150,13,'ENDPOINT','A synonym for ST_ENDPOINT.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestring-properties-endpoint/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestring-properties-endpoint/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (151,13,'GLENGTH','Syntax\n------ \nGLength(ls)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns as a double-precision number the length of the\nLineString value ls in its associated spatial reference.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @ls = \'LineString(1 1,2 2,3 3)\';\n \nSELECT GLength(GeomFromText(@ls));\n+----------------------------+\n| GLength(GeomFromText(@ls)) |\n+----------------------------+\n| 2.82842712474619 |\n+----------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/glength/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/glength/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (152,13,'NumPoints','A synonym for ST_NumPoints.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestring-properties-numpoints/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestring-properties-numpoints/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (153,13,'PointN','A synonym for ST_PointN.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestring-properties-pointn/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestring-properties-pointn/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (154,13,'STARTPOINT','A synonym for ST_STARTPOINT.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestring-properties-startpoint/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/linestring-properties-startpoint/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (155,13,'ST_ENDPOINT','Syntax\n------ \nST_EndPoint(ls)\nEndPoint(ls)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the Point that is the endpoint of the\nLineString value ls.\n \nST_EndPoint() and EndPoint() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @ls = \'LineString(1 1,2 2,3 3)\';\n \nSELECT AsText(EndPoint(GeomFromText(@ls)));\n+-------------------------------------+\n| AsText(EndPoint(GeomFromText(@ls))) |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| POINT(3 3) |\n+-------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_endpoint/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_endpoint/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (156,13,'ST_NUMPOINTS','Syntax\n------ \nST_NumPoints(ls)\nNumPoints(ls)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the number of Point objects in the LineString\nvalue ls.\n \nST_NumPoints() and NumPoints() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @ls = \'LineString(1 1,2 2,3 3)\';\n \nSELECT NumPoints(GeomFromText(@ls));\n+------------------------------+\n| NumPoints(GeomFromText(@ls)) |\n+------------------------------+\n| 3 |\n+------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_numpoints/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_numpoints/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (157,13,'ST_POINTN','Syntax\n------ \nST_PointN(ls,N)\nPointN(ls,N)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the N-th Point in the LineString value ls.\nPoints are numbered beginning with 1.\n \nST_PointN() and PointN() are synonyms.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSET @ls = \'LineString(1 1,2 2,3 3)\';\n \nSELECT AsText(PointN(GeomFromText(@ls),2));\n+-------------------------------------+\n| AsText(PointN(GeomFromText(@ls),2)) |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| POINT(2 2) |\n+-------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_pointn/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/st_pointn/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (158,14,'GET_LOCK','Syntax\n------ \nGET_LOCK(str,timeout)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nTries to obtain a lock with a name given by the string str,\nusing a timeout of timeout seconds. Returns 1 if the lock\nwas obtained successfully, 0 if the attempt timed out (for\nexample, because another client has previously locked the\nname), or NULL if an error occurred (such as running out of\nmemory or the thread was killed with mysqladmin kill).\n \nA lock is released with RELEASE_LOCK(), when the connection\nterminates (either normally or abnormally), or before\nMariaDB 10.0.2, when the connection executes another\nGET_LOCK statement. From MariaDB 10.0.2, a connection can\nhold multiple locks at the same time, so a lock that is no\nlonger needed needs to be explicitly released.\n \nThe IS_FREE_LOCK function returns whether a specified lock a\nfree or not, and the IS_USED_LOCK whether the function is in\nuse or not.\n \nLocks obtained with GET_LOCK() do not interact with\ntransactions. That is, committing a transaction does not\nrelease any such locks obtained during the transaction.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.0.2, it is also possible to recursively set\nthe same lock. If a lock with the same name is set n times,\nit needs to be released n times as well. \n \nstr is case insensitive for GET_LOCK() and related\nfunctions. If str is an empty string or NULL, GET_LOCK()\nreturns NULL and does nothing. From MariaDB 10.2.2, timeout\nsupports microseconds. Before then, it was rounded to the\nclosest integer.\n \nIf the metadata_lock_info plugin is installed, locks\nacquired with this function are visible in the Information\nSchema METADATA_LOCK_INFO table.\n \nThis function can be used to implement application locks or\nto simulate record locks. Names are locked on a server-wide\nbasis. If a name has been locked by one client, GET_LOCK()\nblocks any request by another client for a lock with the\nsame name. This allows clients that agree on a given lock\nname to use the name to perform cooperative advisory\nlocking. But be aware that it also allows a client that is\nnot among the set of cooperating clients to lock a name,\neither inadvertently or deliberately, and thus prevent any\nof the cooperating clients from locking that name. One way\nto reduce the likelihood of this is to use lock names that\nare database-specific or application-specific. For example,\nuse lock names of the form db_name.str or app_name.str.\n \nStatements using the GET_LOCK() function are not safe for\nreplication.\n \nThe patch to permit multiple locks was contributed by\nKonstantin \"Kostja\" Osipov (MDEV-3917).\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock1\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock1\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock1\'), IS_USED_LOCK(\'lock1\');\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock1\') | IS_USED_LOCK(\'lock1\') |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| 0 | 46 |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock2\'), IS_USED_LOCK(\'lock2\');\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock2\') | IS_USED_LOCK(\'lock2\') |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| 1 | NULL |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.0.2, multiple locks can be held:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock2\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock2\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock1\'), IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock2\');\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock1\') | IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock2\') |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| 0 | 0 |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock1\'), RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock2\');\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock1\') | RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock2\') |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| 1 | 1 |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n \nBefore MariaDB 10.0.2, a connection could only hold a single\nlock:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock2\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock2\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock1\'), IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock2\');\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock1\') | IS_FREE_LOCK(\'lock2\') |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| 1 | 0 |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock1\'), RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock2\');\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock1\') | RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock2\') |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| NULL | 1 |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.0.2, it is possible to hold the same lock\nrecursively. This example is viewed using the\nmetadata_lock_info plugin:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock3\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock3\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock3\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock3\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.METADATA_LOCK_INFO;\n \n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n| THREAD_ID | LOCK_MODE | LOCK_DURATION | LOCK_TYPE |\nTABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME |\n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n| 46 | MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE | NULL | User lock | lock3 | |\n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n \nSELECT RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\');\n+-----------------------+\n| RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\') |\n+-----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.METADATA_LOCK_INFO;\n \n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n| THREAD_ID | LOCK_MODE | LOCK_DURATION | LOCK_TYPE |\nTABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME |\n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n| 46 | MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE | NULL | User lock | lock3 | |\n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n \nSELECT RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\');\n+-----------------------+\n| RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\') |\n+-----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.METADATA_LOCK_INFO;\n \nEmpty set (0.000 sec)\n \nTimeout example: Connection 1:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock4\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock4\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nConnection 2:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock4\',10);\n \nAfter 10 seconds...\n \n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock4\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 0 |\n+----------------------+\n \nDeadlocks are automatically detected and resolved.\nConnection 1:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock5\',10); \n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock5\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nConnection 2:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock6\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock6\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nConnection 1:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock6\',10); \n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock6\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 0 |\n+----------------------+\n \nConnection 2:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock5\',10);\nERROR 1213 (40001): Deadlock found when trying to get lock;\n try restarting transaction\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/get_lock/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/get_lock/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (159,14,'INET6_ATON','INET6_ATON() has been available since MariaDB 10.0.12.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nINET6_ATON(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nGiven an IPv6 or IPv4 network address as a string, returns a\nbinary string that represents the numeric value of the\naddress.\n \nNo trailing zone ID\'s or traling network masks are\npermitted. For IPv4 addresses, or IPv6 addresses with IPv4\naddress parts, no classful addresses or trailing port\nnumbers are permitted and octal numbers are not supported.\n \nThe returned binary string will be VARBINARY(16) or\nVARBINARY(4) for IPv6 and IPv4 addresses respectively.\n \nReturns NULL if the argument is not understood.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT HEX(INET6_ATON(\'10.0.1.1\'));\n+-----------------------------+\n| HEX(INET6_ATON(\'10.0.1.1\')) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| 0A000101 |\n+-----------------------------+\n \nSELECT HEX(INET6_ATON(\'48f3::d432:1431:ba23:846f\'));\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| HEX(INET6_ATON(\'48f3::d432:1431:ba23:846f\')) |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| 48F3000000000000D4321431BA23846F |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/inet6_aton/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/inet6_aton/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (160,14,'INET6_NTOA','INET6_NTOA() has been available from MariaDB 10.0.12.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nINET6_NTOA(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nGiven an IPv6 or IPv4 network address as a numeric binary\nstring, returns the address as a nonbinary string in the\nconnection character set.\n \nThe return string is lowercase, and is platform independent,\nsince it does not use functions specific to the operating\nsystem. It has a maximum length of 39 characters.\n \nReturns NULL if the argument is not understood.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT INET6_NTOA(UNHEX(\'0A000101\'));\n+-------------------------------+\n| INET6_NTOA(UNHEX(\'0A000101\')) |\n+-------------------------------+\n| 10.0.1.1 |\n+-------------------------------+\n \nSELECT\nINET6_NTOA(UNHEX(\'48F3000000000000D4321431BA23846F\'));\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| INET6_NTOA(UNHEX(\'48F3000000000000D4321431BA23846F\')) |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| 48f3::d432:1431:ba23:846f |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/inet6_ntoa/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/inet6_ntoa/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (161,14,'INET_ATON','Syntax\n------ \nINET_ATON(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nGiven the dotted-quad representation of an IPv4 network\naddress as a string,\nreturns an integer that represents the numeric value of the\naddress.\nAddresses may be 4- or 8-byte addresses.\n \nReturns NULL if the argument is not understood.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT INET_ATON(\'192.168.1.1\');\n+--------------------------+\n| INET_ATON(\'192.168.1.1\') |\n+--------------------------+\n| 3232235777 |\n+--------------------------+\n \nThis is calculated as follows: 192 x 2563 + 168 x 256 2 + 1\nx 256 + 1\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/inet_aton/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/inet_aton/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (162,14,'INET_NTOA','Syntax\n------ \nINET_NTOA(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nGiven a numeric IPv4 network address in network byte order\n(4 or 8 byte),\nreturns the dotted-quad representation of the address as a\nstring.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT INET_NTOA(3232235777);\n+-----------------------+\n| INET_NTOA(3232235777) |\n+-----------------------+\n| 192.168.1.1 |\n+-----------------------+\n \n192.168.1.1 corresponds to 3232235777 since 192 x 2563 + 168\nx 256 2 + 1 x 256 + 1 = 3232235777\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/inet_ntoa/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/inet_ntoa/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (163,14,'IS_FREE_LOCK','Syntax\n------ \nIS_FREE_LOCK(str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nChecks whether the lock named str is free to use (that is,\nnot locked).\nReturns 1 if the lock is free (no one is using the lock),\n 0 if the lock is in use, and NULL if an\nerror occurs (such as an incorrect argument, like an empty\nstring or NULL). str is case insensitive.\n \nIf the metadata_lock_info plugin is installed, the\nInformation Schema metadata_lock_info table contains\ninformation about locks of this kind (as well as metadata\nlocks).\n \nStatements using the IS_FREE_LOCK() function are not safe\nfor replication.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_free_lock/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_free_lock/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (164,14,'IS_IPV4','IS_IPV4() has been available since MariaDB 10.0.12.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nIS_IPV4(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nIf the expression is a valid IPv4 address, returns 1,\notherwise returns 0.\n \nIS_IPV4() is stricter than INET_ATON(), but as strict as\nINET6_ATON(), in determining the validity of an IPv4\naddress. This implies that if IS_IPV4 returns 1, the same\nexpression will always return a non-NULL result when passed\nto INET_ATON(), but that the reverse may not apply.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT IS_IPV4(\'1110.0.1.1\');\n+-----------------------+\n| IS_IPV4(\'1110.0.1.1\') |\n+-----------------------+\n| 0 |\n+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT IS_IPV4(\'48f3::d432:1431:ba23:846f\');\n+--------------------------------------+\n| IS_IPV4(\'48f3::d432:1431:ba23:846f\') |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| 0 |\n+--------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_ipv4/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_ipv4/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (165,14,'IS_IPV4_COMPAT','IS_IPV4_COMPAT() has been available since MariaDB 10.0.12.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nIS_IPV4_COMPAT(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 if a given numeric binary string IPv6 address,\nsuch as returned by INET6_ATON(), is IPv4-compatible,\notherwise returns 0. \n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT IS_IPV4_COMPAT(INET6_ATON(\'::10.0.1.1\'));\n+------------------------------------------+\n| IS_IPV4_COMPAT(INET6_ATON(\'::10.0.1.1\')) |\n+------------------------------------------+\n| 1 |\n+------------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT\nIS_IPV4_COMPAT(INET6_ATON(\'::48f3::d432:1431:ba23:846f\'));\n+-----------------------------------------------------------+\n|\nIS_IPV4_COMPAT(INET6_ATON(\'::48f3::d432:1431:ba23:846f\'))\n|\n+-----------------------------------------------------------+\n| 0 |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_ipv4_compat/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_ipv4_compat/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (166,14,'IS_IPV4_MAPPED','IS_IPV4_MAPPED() has been available since MariaDB 10.0.12.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nIS_IPV4_MAPPED(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 if a given a numeric binary string IPv6 address,\nsuch as returned by INET6_ATON(), is a valid IPv4-mapped\naddress, otherwise returns 0.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT IS_IPV4_MAPPED(INET6_ATON(\'::10.0.1.1\'));\n+------------------------------------------+\n| IS_IPV4_MAPPED(INET6_ATON(\'::10.0.1.1\')) |\n+------------------------------------------+\n| 0 |\n+------------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT IS_IPV4_MAPPED(INET6_ATON(\'::ffff:10.0.1.1\'));\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| IS_IPV4_MAPPED(INET6_ATON(\'::ffff:10.0.1.1\')) |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| 1 |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_ipv4_mapped/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_ipv4_mapped/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (167,14,'IS_IPV6','IS_IPV6() has been available since MariaDB 10.0.12.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nIS_IPV6(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns 1 if the expression is a valid IPv6 address\nspecified as a string, otherwise returns 0. Does not\nconsider IPv4 addresses to be valid IPv6 addresses.\n \nExamples\n-------- \n SELECT IS_IPV6(\'48f3::d432:1431:ba23:846f\');\n+--------------------------------------+\n| IS_IPV6(\'48f3::d432:1431:ba23:846f\') |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| 1 |\n+--------------------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.02 sec)\n \nSELECT IS_IPV6(\'10.0.1.1\');\n+---------------------+\n| IS_IPV6(\'10.0.1.1\') |\n+---------------------+\n| 0 |\n+---------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_ipv6/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_ipv6/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (168,14,'IS_USED_LOCK','Syntax\n------ \nIS_USED_LOCK(str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nChecks whether the lock named str is in use (that is,\nlocked). If so,\nit returns the connection identifier of the client that\nholds the\nlock. Otherwise, it returns NULL. str is case insensitive.\n \nIf the metadata_lock_info plugin is installed, the\nInformation Schema metadata_lock_info table contains\ninformation about locks of this kind (as well as metadata\nlocks).\n \nStatements using the IS_USED_LOCK() function are not safe\nfor replication.\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_used_lock/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/is_used_lock/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (169,14,'MASTER_GTID_WAIT','MASTER_GTID_WAIT() was included in MariaDB 10.0.9.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nMASTER_GTID_WAIT(gtid-list[, timeout)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis function takes a string containing a comma-separated\nlist of global transaction id\'s\n(similar to the value of, for example, gtid_binlog_pos). It\nwaits until the value of gtid_slave_pos has the same or\nhigher seq_no within all replication domains specified in\nthe gtid-list; in other words, it waits until the slave has\nreached the specified GTID position.\n \nAn optional second argument gives a timeout in seconds. If\nthe timeout\nexpires before the specified GTID position is reached, then\nthe function\nreturns -1. Passing NULL or a negative number for the\ntimeout means no timeout, and the function will wait\nindefinitely.\n \n If the wait completes without a timeout, 0 is returned.\nPassing NULL for the\n gtid-list makes the function return NULL immediately,\nwithout waiting.\n \nThe gtid-list may be the empty string, in which case\nMASTER_GTID_WAIT()\nreturns immediately. If the gtid-list contains fewer domains\nthan\ngtid_slave_pos, then only those domains are waited upon. If\ngtid-list\ncontains a domain that is not present in @@gtid_slave_pos,\nthen\nMASTER_GTID_WAIT() will wait until an event containing such\ndomain_id arrives\non the slave (or until timed out or killed).\n \nMASTER_GTID_WAIT() can be useful to ensure that a slave has\ncaught up to\na master. Simply take the value of gtid_binlog_pos on the\nmaster, and use it in a MASTER_GTID_WAIT() call on the\nslave; when the call completes, the slave\nwill have caught up with that master position.\n \nMASTER_GTID_WAIT() can also be used in client applications\ntogether with the\nlast_gtid session variable. This is useful in a\nread-scaleout replication setup, where the application\nwrites to a single master but divides the\nreads out to a number of slaves to distribute the load. In\nsuch a setup, there\nis a risk that an application could first do an update on\nthe master, and then\na bit later do a read on a slave, and if the slave is not\nfast enough, the\ndata read from the slave might not include the update just\nmade, possibly\nconfusing the application and/or the end-user. One way to\navoid this is to\nrequest the value of last_gtid on the master just after the\nupdate. Then\nbefore doing the read on the slave, do a MASTER_GTID_WAIT()\non the value\nobtained from the master; this will ensure that the read is\nnot performed\nuntil the slave has replicated sufficiently far for the\nupdate to have become\nvisible.\n \nNote that MASTER_GTID_WAIT() can be used even if the slave\nis configured not\nto use GTID for connections (CHANGE MASTER TO\nmaster_use_gtid=no). This is\nbecause from MariaDB 10, GTIDs are always logged on the\nmaster server, and\nalways recorded on the slave servers.\n \nDifferences to MASTER_POS_WAIT()\n \nMASTER_GTID_WAIT() is global; it waits for any master\nconnection to reach\n the specified GTID position. MASTER_POS_WAIT() works only\nagainst a\n specific connection. This also means that while\nMASTER_POS_WAIT() aborts if\n its master connection is terminated with STOP SLAVE or due\nto an error,\n MASTER_GTID_WAIT() continues to wait while slaves are\nstopped.\n \nMASTER_GTID_WAIT() can take its timeout as a floating-point\nvalue, so a\n timeout in fractional seconds is supported, eg.\nMASTER_GTID_WAIT(\"0-1-100\",\n 0.5). (The minimum wait is one microsecond, 0.000001\nseconds).\n \nMASTER_GTID_WAIT() allows one to specify a timeout of zero\nin order to do a\n non-blocking check to see if the slaves have progressed to\na specific GTID position\n (MASTER_POS_WAIT() takes a zero timeout as meaning an\ninfinite wait). To do\n an infinite MASTER_GTID_WAIT(), specify a negative timeout,\nor omit the\n timeout argument.\n \nMASTER_GTID_WAIT() does not return the number of events\nexecuted since the\n wait started, nor does it return NULL if a slave thread is\nstopped. It\n always returns either 0 for successful wait completed, or\n-1 for timeout\n reached (or NULL if the specified gtid-pos is NULL).\n \nSince MASTER_GTID_WAIT() looks only at the seq_no part of\nthe GTIDs, not the\nserver_id, care is needed if a slave becomes diverged from\nanother server so\nthat two different GTIDs with the same seq_no (in the same\ndomain) arrive at\nthe same server. This situation is in any case best avoided;\nsetting\ngtid_strict_mode is recommended, as this will prevent any\nsuch out-of-order sequence numbers from ever being\nreplicated on a slave.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/master_gtid_wait/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/master_gtid_wait/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (170,14,'MASTER_POS_WAIT','MASTER_POS_WAIT was introduced in MariaDB 10.0.9.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nMASTER_POS_WAIT(log_name,log_pos[,timeout,[\"connection_name\"]])\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis function is useful in replication for controlling\nmaster/slave synchronization. It blocks until the slave has\nread and applied all updates up to the specified position\n(log_name,log_pos) in the master log. The return value is\nthe number of log events the slave had to wait for to\nadvance to the specified position. The function returns NULL\nif\nthe slave SQL thread is not started, the slave\'s master\ninformation is not\ninitialized, the arguments are incorrect, or an error\noccurs. It returns -1 if\nthe timeout has been exceeded. If the slave SQL thread stops\nwhile\n MASTER_POS_WAIT() is waiting, the function returns NULL. If\nthe slave is past the specified position, the function\nreturns immediately.\n \nIf a timeout value is specified, MASTER_POS_WAIT() stops\nwaiting when timeout seconds have elapsed. timeout must be\ngreater than 0; a\nzero or negative timeout means no timeout.\n \nThe connection_name is used when you are using\nmulti-source-replication. If you don\'t specify it, it\'s\nset to the value of the default_master_connection system\nvariable.\n \nStatements using the MASTER_POS_WAIT() function are not safe\nfor replication.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/master_pos_wait/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/master_pos_wait/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (171,14,'NAME_CONST','Syntax\n------ \nNAME_CONST(name,value)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the given value. When used to produce a result set\ncolumn,\n NAME_CONST() causes the column to have the given name. The\narguments should be constants.\n \nThis function is used internally when replicating stored\nprocedures. It makes little sense to use it explicitly in\nSQL statements, and it was not supposed to be used like\nthat.\n \nSELECT NAME_CONST(\'myname\', 14);\n+--------+\n| myname |\n+--------+\n| 14 |\n+--------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/name_const/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/name_const/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (172,14,'RELEASE_LOCK','Syntax\n------ \nRELEASE_LOCK(str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReleases the lock named by the string str that was obtained\nwith GET_LOCK(). Returns 1 if the lock was released, 0 if\nthe lock was not established by this thread (in which case\nthe lock is not\nreleased), and NULL if the named lock did not exist. The\nlock does not exist if it was never obtained by a call to\nGET_LOCK() or if it has previously been released.\n \nMariaDB until 10.0.1\n \nBefore 10.0.2, GET_LOCK() released the existing lock, if\nany. Since 10.0.2 this does not happen, because multiple\nlocks are allowed.\n \nstr is case insensitive. If str is an empty string or NULL,\nRELEASE_LOCK() returns NULL and does nothing.\n \nStatements using the RELEASE_LOCK() function are not safe\nfor replication.\n \nThe DO statement is convenient to use with RELEASE_LOCK().\n \nExamples\n-------- \nConnection1:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock1\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock1\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nConnection 2:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock2\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock2\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nConnection 1:\n \nSELECT RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock1\'), RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock2\'),\nRELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\');\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock1\') | RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock2\') |\nRELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\') |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n| 1 | 0 | NULL |\n+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.0.2, it is possible to hold the same lock\nrecursively. This example is viewed using the\nmetadata_lock_info plugin:\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock3\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock3\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT GET_LOCK(\'lock3\',10);\n+----------------------+\n| GET_LOCK(\'lock3\',10) |\n+----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.METADATA_LOCK_INFO;\n \n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n| THREAD_ID | LOCK_MODE | LOCK_DURATION | LOCK_TYPE |\nTABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME |\n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n| 46 | MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE | NULL | User lock | lock3 | |\n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n \nSELECT RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\');\n+-----------------------+\n| RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\') |\n+-----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.METADATA_LOCK_INFO;\n \n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n| THREAD_ID | LOCK_MODE | LOCK_DURATION | LOCK_TYPE |\nTABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME |\n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n| 46 | MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE | NULL | User lock | lock3 | |\n+-----------+---------------------+---------------+-----------+--------------+------------+\n \nSELECT RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\');\n+-----------------------+\n| RELEASE_LOCK(\'lock3\') |\n+-----------------------+\n| 1 |\n+-----------------------+\n \nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.METADATA_LOCK_INFO;\n \nEmpty set (0.000 sec)\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/release_lock/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/release_lock/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (173,14,'SLEEP','Syntax\n------ \nSLEEP(duration)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nSleeps (pauses) for the number of seconds given by the\nduration argument, then\nreturns 0. If SLEEP() is interrupted, it\nreturns 1. The duration may have a fractional part given in\nmicroseconds.\n \nStatements using the SLEEP() function are not safe for\nreplication.\n \nExample\n \nSELECT SLEEP(5.5);\n+------------+\n| SLEEP(5.5) |\n+------------+\n| 0 |\n+------------+\n1 row in set (5.50 sec)\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sleep/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sleep/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (174,14,'UUID','Syntax\n------ \nUUID()\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns a Universal Unique Identifier (UUID) generated\naccording to \"DCE 1.1:\nRemote Procedure Call\" (Appendix A) CAE (Common\nApplications Environment)\nSpecifications published by The Open Group in October\n1997 \n(Document Number C706).\n \nA UUID is designed as a number that is globally unique in\nspace and time. Two\ncalls to UUID() are expected to generate two different\nvalues, even if these calls are performed on two separate\ncomputers that are\nnot connected to each other.\n \nA UUID is a 128-bit number represented by a utf8 string of\nfive\nhexadecimal numbers in aaaaaaaa-bbbb-cccc-dddd-eeeeeeeeeeee\nformat:\nThe first three numbers are generated from a timestamp.\nThe fourth number preserves temporal uniqueness in case the\ntimestamp value\n loses monotonicity (for example, due to daylight saving\ntime).\nThe fifth number is an IEEE 802 node number that provides\nspatial uniqueness.\n A random number is substituted if the latter is not\navailable (for example,\n because the host computer has no Ethernet card, or we do\nnot know how to find\n the hardware address of an interface on your operating\nsystem). In this case,\n spatial uniqueness cannot be guaranteed. Nevertheless, a\ncollision should\n have very low probability.\n \nCurrently, the MAC address of an interface is taken into\naccount only on FreeBSD and Linux. On other operating\nsystems, MariaDB uses a randomly generated 48-bit number.\n \nStatements using the UUID() function are not safe for\nreplication.\n \nUUID() results are intended to be unique, but cannot always\nbe relied upon to unpredictable and unguessable, so should\nnot be relied upon for these purposes.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT UUID();\n+--------------------------------------+\n| UUID() |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| cd41294a-afb0-11df-bc9b-00241dd75637 |\n+--------------------------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uuid/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uuid/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (175,14,'UUID_SHORT','Syntax\n------ \nUUID_SHORT()\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns a \"short\" universal identifier as a 64-bit\nunsigned integer (rather\nthan a string-form 128-bit identifier as returned by the\nUUID() function).\n \nThe value of UUID_SHORT() is guaranteed to be unique if the\nfollowing conditions hold:\nThe server_id of the current host is unique among your set\nof master and\n slave servers\nserver_id is between 0 and 255\nYou don\'t set back your system time for your server between\nmysqld restarts\nYou do not invoke UUID_SHORT() on average more than 16\n million times per second between mysqld restarts\n \nThe UUID_SHORT() return value is constructed this way:\n \n (server_id & 255) \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uuid_short/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/uuid_short/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (176,14,'VALUES / VALUE','Syntax\n------ \nVALUE(col_name) \n \nMariaDB until 10.3.2\n \nVALUES(col_name) \n \nDescription\n----------- \nIn an INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement, you can\nuse the VALUES(col_name) function in the UPDATE clause to\nrefer to column values from the INSERT portion of the\nstatement. In other words, VALUES(col_name) in the UPDATE\nclause refers to the value of col_name that would be\ninserted, had no duplicate-key conflict occurred. This\nfunction is especially useful in multiple-row inserts.\n \nThe VALUES() function is meaningful only in INSERT ... ON\nDUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statements and returns NULL otherwise.\n \nIn MariaDB 10.3.3 this function was renamed to VALUE(),\nbecause it\'s incompatible with the standard Table Value\nConstructors syntax, implemented in MariaDB 10.3.3.\n \nThe VALUES() function can still be used even from MariaDB\n10.3.3, but only in INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\nstatements; it\'s a syntax error otherwise.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nINSERT INTO t (a,b,c) VALUES (1,2,3),(4,5,6)\n ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE c=VALUE(a)+VALUE(b);\n \nMariaDB until 10.3.2\n \nINSERT INTO t (a,b,c) VALUES (1,2,3),(4,5,6)\n ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE c=VALUES(a)+VALUES(b);\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/values-value/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/values-value/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (177,15,'!','Syntax\n------ \nNOT, !\n \nDescription\n----------- \nLogical NOT. Evaluates to 1 if the operand is 0, to 0 if the\noperand\nis non-zero, and NOT NULL returns NULL.\n \nBy default, the ! operator has a higher precedence. If the\nHIGH_NOT_PRECEDENCE SQL_MODE flag is set, NOT and ! have the\nsame precedence.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT NOT 10;\n \n+--------+\n| NOT 10 |\n+--------+\n| 0 |\n+--------+\n \nSELECT NOT 0;\n \n+-------+\n| NOT 0 |\n+-------+\n| 1 |\n+-------+\n \nSELECT NOT NULL;\n \n+----------+\n| NOT NULL |\n+----------+\n| NULL |\n+----------+\n \nSELECT ! (1+1);\n+---------+\n| ! (1+1) |\n+---------+\n| 0 |\n+---------+\n \nSELECT ! 1+1;\n \n+-------+\n| ! 1+1 |\n+-------+\n| 1 |\n+-------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/not/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/not/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (178,15,'&amp;&amp;','Syntax\n------ \nAND, &&\n \nDescription\n----------- \nLogical AND. Evaluates to 1 if all operands are non-zero and\nnot NULL,\nto 0 if one or more operands are 0, otherwise NULL is\nreturned.\n \nFor this operator, short-circuit evaluation can be used.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 1 && 1;\n \n+--------+\n| 1 && 1 |\n+--------+\n| 1 |\n+--------+\n \nSELECT 1 && 0;\n \n+--------+\n| 1 && 0 |\n+--------+\n| 0 |\n+--------+\n \nSELECT 1 && NULL;\n \n+-----------+\n| 1 && NULL |\n+-----------+\n| NULL |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT 0 && NULL;\n \n+-----------+\n| 0 && NULL |\n+-----------+\n| 0 |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT NULL && 0;\n \n+-----------+\n| NULL && 0 |\n+-----------+\n| 0 |\n+-----------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/and/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/and/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (179,15,'||','Syntax\n------ \nOR, ||\n \nDescription\n----------- \nLogical OR. When both operands are non-NULL, the result is 1\nif any\noperand is non-zero, and 0 otherwise. With a NULL operand,\nthe result\nis 1 if the other operand is non-zero, and NULL otherwise.\nIf both\noperands are NULL, the result is NULL.\n \nFor this operator, short-circuit evaluation can be used.\n \nNote that, if the PIPES_AS_CONCAT SQL_MODE is set, || is\nused as a string concatenation operator. This means that a\n|| b is the same as CONCAT(a,b). See CONCAT() for details.\n \nOracle Mode\n \nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3, || ignores NULL.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 1 || 1;\n \n+--------+\n| 1 || 1 |\n+--------+\n| 1 |\n+--------+\n \nSELECT 1 || 0;\n \n+--------+\n| 1 || 0 |\n+--------+\n| 1 |\n+--------+\n \nSELECT 0 || 0;\n \n+--------+\n| 0 || 0 |\n+--------+\n| 0 |\n+--------+\n \nSELECT 0 || NULL;\n \n+-----------+\n| 0 || NULL |\n+-----------+\n| NULL |\n+-----------+\n \nSELECT 1 || NULL;\n \n+-----------+\n| 1 || NULL |\n+-----------+\n| 1 |\n+-----------+\n \nIn Oracle mode, from MariaDB 10.3:\n \nSELECT 0 || NULL;\n \n+-----------+\n| 0 || NULL |\n+-----------+\n| 0 |\n+-----------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/or/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/or/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (180,15,'XOR','Syntax\n------ \nXOR\n \nDescription\n----------- \nXOR stands for eXclusive OR. Returns NULL if either operand\nis NULL. For non-NULL\noperands, evaluates to 1 if an odd number of operands is\nnon-zero,\notherwise 0 is returned.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT 1 XOR 1;\n \n+---------+\n| 1 XOR 1 |\n+---------+\n| 0 |\n+---------+\n \nSELECT 1 XOR 0;\n \n+---------+\n| 1 XOR 0 |\n+---------+\n| 1 |\n+---------+\n \nSELECT 1 XOR NULL;\n \n+------------+\n| 1 XOR NULL |\n+------------+\n| NULL |\n+------------+\n \nIn the following example, the right 1 XOR 1 is evaluated\nfirst, and returns 0. Then, 1 XOR 0 is evaluated, and 1 is\nreturned.\n \nSELECT 1 XOR 1 XOR 1;\n \n+---------------+\n| 1 XOR 1 XOR 1 |\n+---------------+\n| 1 |\n+---------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/xor/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/xor/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (181,15,'Assignment Operator (=)','Syntax\n------ \nidentifier = expr\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe equal sign is used as both an assignment operator in\ncertain contexts, and as a comparison operator. When used as\nassignment operator, the value on the right is assigned to\nthe variable (or column, in some contexts) on the left.\n \nSince its use can be ambiguous, unlike the := assignment\noperator, the = assignment operator cannot be used in all\ncontexts, and is only valid as part of a SET statement, or\nthe SET clause of an UPDATE statement\n \nThis operator works with both user-defined variables and\nlocal variables.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nUPDATE table_name SET x = 2 WHERE x > 100;\n \nSET @x = 1, @y := 2;\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/assignment-operators-assignment-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/assignment-operators-assignment-operator/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (182,15,'Assignment Operator (:=)','Syntax\n------ \nvar_name := expr\n \nDescription\n----------- \nAssignment operator for assigning a value. The value on the\nright is assigned to the variable on left.\n \nUnlike the = operator, := can always be used to assign a\nvalue to a variable.\n \nThis operator works with both user-defined variables and\nlocal variables.\n \nWhen assigning the same value to several variables,\nLAST_VALUE() can be useful.\n \nExamples\n-------- \n SELECT @x := 10;\n \n+----------+\n| @x := 10 |\n+----------+\n| 10 |\n+----------+\n \nSELECT @x, @y := @x;\n \n+------+----------+\n| @x | @y := @x |\n+------+----------+\n| 10 | 10 |\n+------+----------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/assignment-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/assignment-operator/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (183,16,'Stored Aggregate Functions','The ability to create stored aggregate functions was added\nin MariaDB 10.3.3.\n \nAggregate functions are functions that are computed over a\nsequence of rows and return one result for the sequence of\nrows.\n \nCreating a custom aggregate function is done using the\nCREATE FUNCTION statement with two main differences:\nThe addition of the AGGREGATE keyword, so CREATE AGGREGATE\nFUNCTION\nThe FETCH GROUP NEXT ROW instruction inside the loop\nOracle PL/SQL compatibility using SQL/PL is provided\n \nStandard Syntax\n \nCREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION function_name (parameters) RETURNS\nreturn_type\nBEGIN\n All types of declarations\n DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND RETURN return_val;\n LOOP\n FETCH GROUP NEXT ROW; // fetches next row from table\n other instructions\n END LOOP;\nEND\n \nStored aggregate functions were a 2016 Google Summer of Code\nproject by Varun Gupta.\n \nUsing SQL/PL\n \nSET sql_mode=Oracle;\nDELIMITER //\n \nCREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION function_name (parameters) RETURN\nreturn_type\n declarations\nBEGIN\n LOOP\n FETCH GROUP NEXT ROW; -- fetches next row from table\n -- other instructions\n \n END LOOP;\nEXCEPTION\n WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN\n RETURN return_val;\nEND //\n \nDELIMITER ;\n \nExamples\n-------- \nFirst a simplified example:\n \nCREATE TABLE marks(stud_id INT, grade_count INT);\n \nINSERT INTO marks VALUES (1,6), (2,4), (3,7), (4,5), (5,8);\n \nSELECT * FROM marks;\n \n+---------+-------------+\n| stud_id | grade_count |\n+---------+-------------+\n| 1 | 6 |\n| 2 | 4 |\n| 3 | 7 |\n| 4 | 5 |\n| 5 | 8 |\n+---------+-------------+\n \nDELIMITER //\nCREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION IF NOT EXISTS aggregate_count(x\nINT) RETURNS INT\nBEGIN\n DECLARE count_students INT DEFAULT 0;\n \n DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND\n RETURN count_students;\n \n LOOP\n FETCH GROUP NEXT ROW;\n \n IF x THEN\n SET count_students = count_students+1;\n \n END IF;\n \n END LOOP;\n \nEND //\nDELIMITER ;\n \nA non-trivial example that cannot easily be rewritten using\nexisting functions:\n \nDELIMITER //\nCREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION medi_int(x INT) RETURNS DOUBLE\nBEGIN\n DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND\n BEGIN\n DECLARE res DOUBLE;\n \n DECLARE cnt INT DEFAULT (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tt);\n DECLARE lim INT DEFAULT (cnt-1) DIV 2;\n \n IF cnt % 2 = 0 THEN\n SET res = (SELECT AVG(a) FROM (SELECT a FROM tt ORDER BY a\nLIMIT lim,2) ttt);\n ELSE\n SET res = (SELECT a FROM tt ORDER BY a LIMIT lim,1);\n END IF;\n \n DROP TEMPORARY TABLE tt;\n \n RETURN res;\n \n END;\n \n CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tt (a INT);\n LOOP\n FETCH GROUP NEXT ROW;\n \n INSERT INTO tt VALUES (x);\n END LOOP;\n \nEND //\nDELIMITER ;\n \nSQL/PL Example\n \nThis uses the same marks table as created above.\n \nSET sql_mode=Oracle;\n \nDELIMITER //\n \nCREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION aggregate_count(x INT) RETURN INT\nAS count_students INT DEFAULT 0;\n \nBEGIN\n LOOP\n FETCH GROUP NEXT ROW;\n \n IF x THEN\n SET count_students := count_students+1;\n \n END IF;\n \n END LOOP;\n \nEXCEPTION\n WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN\n RETURN count_students;\n \nEND aggregate_count //\nDELIMITER ;\n \nSELECT aggregate_count(stud_id) FROM marks;\n \n\n\nURL:\nhttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stored-aggregate-functions/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stored-aggregate-functions/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (184,16,'AVG','Syntax\n------ \nAVG([DISTINCT] expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the average value of expr. The DISTINCT option can\nbe used to return the average of the distinct values of\nexpr. NULL values are ignored. It is an aggregate function,\nand so can be used with the GROUP BY clause.\n \nAVG() returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.0, AVG() can be used as a window function.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE sales (sales_value INT);\n \nINSERT INTO sales VALUES(10),(20),(20),(40);\n \nSELECT AVG(sales_value) FROM sales;\n \n+------------------+\n| AVG(sales_value) |\n+------------------+\n| 22.5000 |\n+------------------+\n \nSELECT AVG(DISTINCT(sales_value)) FROM sales;\n \n+----------------------------+\n| AVG(DISTINCT(sales_value)) |\n+----------------------------+\n| 23.3333 |\n+----------------------------+\n \nCommonly, AVG() is used with a GROUP BY clause:\n \nCREATE TABLE student (name CHAR(10), test CHAR(10), score\nTINYINT); \n \nINSERT INTO student VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87), (\'Tatiana\', \'Tuning\', 83);\n \nSELECT name, AVG(score) FROM student GROUP BY name;\n \n+---------+------------+\n| name | AVG(score) |\n+---------+------------+\n| Chun | 74.0000 |\n| Esben | 37.0000 |\n| Kaolin | 72.0000 |\n| Tatiana | 85.0000 |\n+---------+------------+\n \nBe careful to avoid this common mistake, not grouping\ncorrectly and returning mismatched data: \n \nSELECT name,test,AVG(score) FROM student;\n \n+------+------+------------+\n| name | test | MIN(score) |\n+------+------+------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 31 |\n+------+------+------------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test CHAR(10),\nscore TINYINT); \n \nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87), (\'Tatiana\', \'Tuning\', 83);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, AVG(score) OVER (PARTITION BY\ntest) \n AS average_by_test FROM student_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+-----------------+\n| name | test | score | average_by_test |\n+---------+--------+-------+-----------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 65.2500 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 68.7500 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 65.2500 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 68.7500 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 65.2500 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 68.7500 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 65.2500 |\n| Tatiana | Tuning | 83 | 68.7500 |\n+---------+--------+-------+-----------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/avg/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/avg/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (185,16,'BIT_AND','Syntax\n------ \nBIT_AND(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the bitwise AND of all bits in expr. The calculation\nis performed with 64-bit (BIGINT) precision. It is an\naggregate function, and so can be used with the GROUP BY\nclause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.0, BIT_AND() can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE vals (x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO vals VALUES(111),(110),(100);\n \nSELECT BIT_AND(x), BIT_OR(x), BIT_XOR(x) FROM vals;\n \n+------------+-----------+------------+\n| BIT_AND(x) | BIT_OR(x) | BIT_XOR(x) |\n+------------+-----------+------------+\n| 100 | 111 | 101 |\n+------------+-----------+------------+\n \nAs an aggregate function:\n \nCREATE TABLE vals2 (category VARCHAR(1), x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO vals2 VALUES\n (\'a\',111),(\'a\',110),(\'a\',100),\n (\'b\',\'000\'),(\'b\',001),(\'b\',011);\n \nSELECT category, BIT_AND(x), BIT_OR(x), BIT_XOR(x) \n FROM vals GROUP BY category;\n \n+----------+------------+-----------+------------+\n| category | BIT_AND(x) | BIT_OR(x) | BIT_XOR(x) |\n+----------+------------+-----------+------------+\n| a | 100 | 111 | 101 |\n| b | 0 | 11 | 10 |\n+----------+------------+-----------+------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/bit_and/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/bit_and/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (186,16,'BIT_OR','Syntax\n------ \nBIT_OR(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the bitwise OR of all bits in expr. The calculation\nis performed with 64-bit (BIGINT) precision. It is an\naggregate function, and so can be used with the GROUP BY\nclause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.0, BIT_OR can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE vals (x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO vals VALUES(111),(110),(100);\n \nSELECT BIT_AND(x), BIT_OR(x), BIT_XOR(x) FROM vals;\n \n+------------+-----------+------------+\n| BIT_AND(x) | BIT_OR(x) | BIT_XOR(x) |\n+------------+-----------+------------+\n| 100 | 111 | 101 |\n+------------+-----------+------------+\n \nAs an aggregate function:\n \nCREATE TABLE vals2 (category VARCHAR(1), x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO vals2 VALUES\n (\'a\',111),(\'a\',110),(\'a\',100),\n (\'b\',\'000\'),(\'b\',001),(\'b\',011);\n \nSELECT category, BIT_AND(x), BIT_OR(x), BIT_XOR(x) \n FROM vals GROUP BY category;\n \n+----------+------------+-----------+------------+\n| category | BIT_AND(x) | BIT_OR(x) | BIT_XOR(x) |\n+----------+------------+-----------+------------+\n| a | 100 | 111 | 101 |\n| b | 0 | 11 | 10 |\n+----------+------------+-----------+------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/bit_or/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/bit_or/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (187,16,'BIT_XOR','Syntax\n------ \nBIT_XOR(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the bitwise XOR of all bits in expr. The calculation\nis performed with 64-bit (BIGINT) precision. It is an\naggregate function, and so can be used with the GROUP BY\nclause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.0, BIT_XOR() can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE vals (x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO vals VALUES(111),(110),(100);\n \nSELECT BIT_AND(x), BIT_OR(x), BIT_XOR(x) FROM vals;\n \n+------------+-----------+------------+\n| BIT_AND(x) | BIT_OR(x) | BIT_XOR(x) |\n+------------+-----------+------------+\n| 100 | 111 | 101 |\n+------------+-----------+------------+\n \nAs an aggregate function:\n \nCREATE TABLE vals2 (category VARCHAR(1), x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO vals2 VALUES\n (\'a\',111),(\'a\',110),(\'a\',100),\n (\'b\',\'000\'),(\'b\',001),(\'b\',011);\n \nSELECT category, BIT_AND(x), BIT_OR(x), BIT_XOR(x) \n FROM vals GROUP BY category;\n \n+----------+------------+-----------+------------+\n| category | BIT_AND(x) | BIT_OR(x) | BIT_XOR(x) |\n+----------+------------+-----------+------------+\n| a | 100 | 111 | 101 |\n| b | 0 | 11 | 10 |\n+----------+------------+-----------+------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/bit_xor/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/bit_xor/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (188,16,'COUNT','Syntax\n------ \nCOUNT(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns a count of the number of non-NULL values of expr in\nthe rows retrieved by a SELECT statement. The result is a\nBIGINT value. It is an aggregate function, and so can be\nused with the GROUP BY clause.\n \nCOUNT(*) counts the total number of rows in a table.\n \nCOUNT() returns 0 if there were no matching rows.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.0, COUNT() can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE student (name CHAR(10), test CHAR(10), score\nTINYINT); \n \nINSERT INTO student VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87), (\'Tatiana\', \'Tuning\', 83);\n \nSELECT COUNT(*) FROM student;\n \n+----------+\n| COUNT(*) |\n+----------+\n| 8 |\n+----------+\n \nCOUNT(DISTINCT) example:\n \nSELECT COUNT(DISTINCT (name)) FROM student;\n \n+------------------------+\n| COUNT(DISTINCT (name)) |\n+------------------------+\n| 4 |\n+------------------------+\n \nAs a window function\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\n \nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, COUNT(score) OVER (PARTITION BY\nname) \n AS tests_written FROM student_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+---------------+\n| name | test | score | tests_written |\n+---------+--------+-------+---------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 2 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 2 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 2 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 2 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 2 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 2 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 1 |\n+---------+--------+-------+---------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/count/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/count/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (189,16,'GROUP_CONCAT','Syntax\n------ \nGROUP_CONCAT(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThis function returns a string result with the concatenated\nnon-NULL\nvalues from a group. It returns NULL if there are no\nnon-NULL values.\n \nThe maximum returned length in bytes is determined by the\ngroup_concat_max_len server system variable, which defaults\nto 1M (>= MariaDB 10.2.4) or 1K (\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/group_concat/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/group_concat/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (190,16,'MAX','Syntax\n------ \nMAX([DISTINCT] expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the largest, or maximum, value of expr. MAX() can\nalso take a string\nargument in which case it returns the maximum string value.\nThe DISTINCT\nkeyword can be used to find the maximum of the distinct\nvalues of expr,\nhowever, this produces the same result as omitting DISTINCT.\n \nNote that SET and ENUM fields are currently compared by\ntheir string value rather than their relative position in\nthe set, so MAX() may produce a different highest result\nthan ORDER BY DESC.\n \nIt is an aggregate function, and so can be used with the\nGROUP BY clause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2, MAX() can be used as a window function.\n \nMAX() returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE student (name CHAR(10), test CHAR(10), score\nTINYINT); \n \nINSERT INTO student VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87), (\'Tatiana\', \'Tuning\', 83);\n \nSELECT name, MAX(score) FROM student GROUP BY name;\n \n+---------+------------+\n| name | MAX(score) |\n+---------+------------+\n| Chun | 75 |\n| Esben | 43 |\n| Kaolin | 88 |\n| Tatiana | 87 |\n+---------+------------+\n \nMAX string:\n \nSELECT MAX(name) FROM student;\n \n+-----------+\n| MAX(name) |\n+-----------+\n| Tatiana |\n+-----------+\n \nBe careful to avoid this common mistake, not grouping\ncorrectly and returning mismatched data: \n \nSELECT name,test,MAX(SCORE) FROM student;\n \n+------+------+------------+\n| name | test | MAX(SCORE) |\n+------+------+------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 88 |\n+------+------+------------+\n \nDifference between ORDER BY DESC and MAX():\n \nCREATE TABLE student2(name CHAR(10),grade\nENUM(\'b\',\'c\',\'a\'));\n \nINSERT INTO student2\nVALUES(\'Chun\',\'b\'),(\'Esben\',\'c\'),(\'Kaolin\',\'a\');\n \nSELECT MAX(grade) FROM student2;\n \n+------------+\n| MAX(grade) |\n+------------+\n| c |\n+------------+\n \nSELECT grade FROM student2 ORDER BY grade DESC LIMIT 1;\n \n+-------+\n| grade |\n+-------+\n| a |\n+-------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, MAX(score) \n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS highest_score FROM\nstudent_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+---------------+\n| name | test | score | highest_score |\n+---------+--------+-------+---------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 75 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 75 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 43 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 43 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 88 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 88 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 87 |\n+---------+--------+-------+---------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/max/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/max/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (191,16,'MIN','Syntax\n------ \nMIN([DISTINCT] expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the minimum value of expr. MIN() may take a string\nargument, in which case it returns the minimum string value.\nThe DISTINCT\nkeyword can be used to find the minimum of the distinct\nvalues of expr,\nhowever, this produces the same result as omitting DISTINCT.\n \nNote that SET and ENUM fields are currently compared by\ntheir string value rather than their relative position in\nthe set, so MIN() may produce a different lowest result than\nORDER BY ASC.\n \nIt is an aggregate function, and so can be used with the\nGROUP BY clause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2, MIN() can be used as a window function.\n \nMIN() returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE student (name CHAR(10), test CHAR(10), score\nTINYINT); \n \nINSERT INTO student VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87), (\'Tatiana\', \'Tuning\', 83);\n \nSELECT name, MIN(score) FROM student GROUP BY name;\n \n+---------+------------+\n| name | MIN(score) |\n+---------+------------+\n| Chun | 73 |\n| Esben | 31 |\n| Kaolin | 56 |\n| Tatiana | 83 |\n+---------+------------+\n \nMIN() with a string:\n \nSELECT MIN(name) FROM student;\n \n+-----------+\n| MIN(name) |\n+-----------+\n| Chun |\n+-----------+\n \nBe careful to avoid this common mistake, not grouping\ncorrectly and returning mismatched data: \n \nSELECT name,test,MIN(score) FROM student;\n \n+------+------+------------+\n| name | test | MIN(score) |\n+------+------+------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 31 |\n+------+------+------------+\n \nDifference between ORDER BY ASC and MIN():\n \nCREATE TABLE student2(name CHAR(10),grade\nENUM(\'b\',\'c\',\'a\'));\n \nINSERT INTO student2\nVALUES(\'Chun\',\'b\'),(\'Esben\',\'c\'),(\'Kaolin\',\'a\');\n \nSELECT MIN(grade) FROM student2;\n \n+------------+\n| MIN(grade) |\n+------------+\n| a |\n+------------+\n \nSELECT grade FROM student2 ORDER BY grade ASC LIMIT 1;\n \n+-------+\n| grade |\n+-------+\n| b |\n+-------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, MIN(score) \n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS lowest_score FROM student_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+--------------+\n| name | test | score | lowest_score |\n+---------+--------+-------+--------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 73 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 73 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 31 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 31 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 56 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 56 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 87 |\n+---------+--------+-------+--------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/min/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/min/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (192,16,'STD','Syntax\n------ \nSTD(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the population standard deviation of expr. This is\nan extension\nto standard SQL. The standard SQL function STDDEV_POP() can\nbe used instead. \n \nIt is an aggregate function, and so can be used with the\nGROUP BY clause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2, STD() can be used as a window function.\n \nThis function returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nAs an aggregate function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE stats (category VARCHAR(2), x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO stats VALUES \n (\'a\',1),(\'a\',2),(\'a\',3),\n (\'b\',11),(\'b\',12),(\'b\',20),(\'b\',30),(\'b\',60);\n \nSELECT category, STDDEV_POP(x), STDDEV_SAMP(x), VAR_POP(x) \n FROM stats GROUP BY category;\n \n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| category | STDDEV_POP(x) | STDDEV_SAMP(x) | VAR_POP(x) |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| a | 0.8165 | 1.0000 | 0.6667 |\n| b | 18.0400 | 20.1693 | 325.4400 |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\n \nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, STDDEV_POP(score) \n OVER (PARTITION BY test) AS stddev_results FROM\nstudent_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+----------------+\n| name | test | score | stddev_results |\n+---------+--------+-------+----------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 16.9466 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 24.1247 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 16.9466 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 24.1247 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 16.9466 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 24.1247 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 16.9466 |\n+---------+--------+-------+----------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/std/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/std/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (193,16,'STDDEV','Syntax\n------ \nSTDDEV(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the population standard deviation of expr. This\nfunction is\nprovided for compatibility with Oracle. The standard SQL\nfunction\nSTDDEV_POP() can be used instead.\n \nIt is an aggregate function, and so can be used with the\nGROUP BY clause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2, STDDEV() can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nThis function returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nAs an aggregate function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE stats (category VARCHAR(2), x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO stats VALUES \n (\'a\',1),(\'a\',2),(\'a\',3),\n (\'b\',11),(\'b\',12),(\'b\',20),(\'b\',30),(\'b\',60);\n \nSELECT category, STDDEV_POP(x), STDDEV_SAMP(x), VAR_POP(x) \n FROM stats GROUP BY category;\n \n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| category | STDDEV_POP(x) | STDDEV_SAMP(x) | VAR_POP(x) |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| a | 0.8165 | 1.0000 | 0.6667 |\n| b | 18.0400 | 20.1693 | 325.4400 |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\n \nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, STDDEV_POP(score) \n OVER (PARTITION BY test) AS stddev_results FROM\nstudent_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+----------------+\n| name | test | score | stddev_results |\n+---------+--------+-------+----------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 16.9466 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 24.1247 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 16.9466 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 24.1247 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 16.9466 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 24.1247 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 16.9466 |\n+---------+--------+-------+----------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stddev/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stddev/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (194,16,'STDDEV_POP','Syntax\n------ \nSTDDEV_POP(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the population standard deviation of expr (the\nsquare root of\nVAR_POP()). You can also use STD() or\nSTDDEV(), which are equivalent but not standard SQL.\n \nIt is an aggregate function, and so can be used with the\nGROUP BY clause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2, STDDEV_POP() can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nSTDDEV_POP() returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nAs an aggregate function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE stats (category VARCHAR(2), x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO stats VALUES \n (\'a\',1),(\'a\',2),(\'a\',3),\n (\'b\',11),(\'b\',12),(\'b\',20),(\'b\',30),(\'b\',60);\n \nSELECT category, STDDEV_POP(x), STDDEV_SAMP(x), VAR_POP(x) \n FROM stats GROUP BY category;\n \n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| category | STDDEV_POP(x) | STDDEV_SAMP(x) | VAR_POP(x) |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| a | 0.8165 | 1.0000 | 0.6667 |\n| b | 18.0400 | 20.1693 | 325.4400 |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\n \nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, STDDEV_POP(score) \n OVER (PARTITION BY test) AS stddev_results FROM\nstudent_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+----------------+\n| name | test | score | stddev_results |\n+---------+--------+-------+----------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 16.9466 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 24.1247 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 16.9466 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 24.1247 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 16.9466 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 24.1247 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 16.9466 |\n+---------+--------+-------+----------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stddev_pop/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stddev_pop/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (195,16,'STDDEV_SAMP','Syntax\n------ \nSTDDEV_SAMP(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the sample standard deviation of expr (the square\nroot of VAR_SAMP()).\n \nIt is an aggregate function, and so can be used with the\nGROUP BY clause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2, STDDEV_SAMP() can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nSTDDEV_SAMP() returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stddev_samp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stddev_samp/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (196,16,'SUM','Syntax\n------ \nSUM([DISTINCT] expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the sum of expr. If the return set has no rows,\nSUM() returns\nNULL. The DISTINCT keyword can be used to sum only the\ndistinct values\nof expr.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.0, SUM() can be used as a window function,\nalthough not with the DISTINCT specifier.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE sales (sales_value INT);\nINSERT INTO sales VALUES(10),(20),(20),(40);\n \nSELECT SUM(sales_value) FROM sales;\n \n+------------------+\n| SUM(sales_value) |\n+------------------+\n| 90 |\n+------------------+\n \nSELECT SUM(DISTINCT(sales_value)) FROM sales;\n \n+----------------------------+\n| SUM(DISTINCT(sales_value)) |\n+----------------------------+\n| 70 |\n+----------------------------+\n \nCommonly, SUM is used with a GROUP BY clause:\n \nCREATE TABLE sales (name CHAR(10), month CHAR(10), units\nINT);\n \nINSERT INTO sales VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'Jan\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Feb\', 73),\n (\'Esben\', \'Jan\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Feb\', 31),\n (\'Kaolin\', \'Jan\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Feb\', 88),\n (\'Tatiana\', \'Jan\', 87), (\'Tatiana\', \'Feb\', 83);\n \nSELECT name, SUM(units) FROM sales GROUP BY name;\n \n+---------+------------+\n| name | SUM(units) |\n+---------+------------+\n| Chun | 148 |\n| Esben | 74 |\n| Kaolin | 144 |\n| Tatiana | 170 |\n+---------+------------+\n \nThe GROUP BY clause is required when using an aggregate\nfunction along with regular column data, otherwise the\nresult will be a mismatch, as in the following common type\nof mistake:\n \nSELECT name,SUM(units) FROM sales\n;\n+------+------------+\n| name | SUM(units) |\n+------+------------+\n| Chun | 536 |\n+------+------------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, SUM(score) OVER (PARTITION BY\nname) AS total_score FROM student_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| name | test | score | total_score |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 148 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 148 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 74 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 74 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 144 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 144 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 87 |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sum/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/sum/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (197,16,'VARIANCE','Syntax\n------ \nVARIANCE(expr) \n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the population standard variance of expr. This is an\nextension to\nstandard SQL. The standard SQL function VAR_POP() can be\nused\ninstead.\n \nVariance is calculated by\nworking out the mean for the set\nfor each number, subtracting the mean and squaring the\nresult\ncalculate the average of the resulting differences\n \nIt is an aggregate function, and so can be used with the\nGROUP BY clause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2, VARIANCE() can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nVARIANCE() returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE v(i tinyint);\n \nINSERT INTO v VALUES(101),(99);\n \nSELECT VARIANCE(i) FROM v;\n \n+-------------+\n| VARIANCE(i) |\n+-------------+\n| 1.0000 |\n+-------------+\n \nINSERT INTO v VALUES(120),(80);\n \nSELECT VARIANCE(i) FROM v;\n \n+-------------+\n| VARIANCE(i) |\n+-------------+\n| 200.5000 |\n+-------------+\n \nAs an aggregate function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE stats (category VARCHAR(2), x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO stats VALUES \n (\'a\',1),(\'a\',2),(\'a\',3),\n (\'b\',11),(\'b\',12),(\'b\',20),(\'b\',30),(\'b\',60);\n \nSELECT category, STDDEV_POP(x), STDDEV_SAMP(x), VAR_POP(x) \n FROM stats GROUP BY category;\n \n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| category | STDDEV_POP(x) | STDDEV_SAMP(x) | VAR_POP(x) |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| a | 0.8165 | 1.0000 | 0.6667 |\n| b | 18.0400 | 20.1693 | 325.4400 |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\n \nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, VAR_POP(score) \n OVER (PARTITION BY test) AS variance_results FROM\nstudent_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+------------------+\n| name | test | score | variance_results |\n+---------+--------+-------+------------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 287.1875 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 582.0000 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 287.1875 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 582.0000 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 287.1875 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 582.0000 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 287.1875 |\n+---------+--------+-------+------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/variance/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/variance/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (198,16,'VAR_POP','Syntax\n------ \nVAR_POP(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the population standard variance of expr. It\nconsiders rows as\nthe whole population, not as a sample, so it has the number\nof rows as\nthe denominator. You can also use VARIANCE(), which is\nequivalent but\nis not standard SQL.\n \nVariance is calculated by\nworking out the mean for the set\nfor each number, subtracting the mean and squaring the\nresult\ncalculate the average of the resulting differences\n \nIt is an aggregate function, and so can be used with the\nGROUP BY clause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2, VAR_POP() can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nVAR_POP() returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nCREATE TABLE v(i tinyint);\n \nINSERT INTO v VALUES(101),(99);\n \nSELECT VAR_POP(i) FROM v;\n \n+------------+\n| VAR_POP(i) |\n+------------+\n| 1.0000 |\n+------------+\n \nINSERT INTO v VALUES(120),(80);\n \nSELECT VAR_POP(i) FROM v;\n \n+------------+\n| VAR_POP(i) |\n+------------+\n| 200.5000 |\n+------------+\n \nAs an aggregate function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE stats (category VARCHAR(2), x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO stats VALUES \n (\'a\',1),(\'a\',2),(\'a\',3),\n (\'b\',11),(\'b\',12),(\'b\',20),(\'b\',30),(\'b\',60);\n \nSELECT category, STDDEV_POP(x), STDDEV_SAMP(x), VAR_POP(x) \n FROM stats GROUP BY category;\n \n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| category | STDDEV_POP(x) | STDDEV_SAMP(x) | VAR_POP(x) |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| a | 0.8165 | 1.0000 | 0.6667 |\n| b | 18.0400 | 20.1693 | 325.4400 |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\n \nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, VAR_POP(score) \n OVER (PARTITION BY test) AS variance_results FROM\nstudent_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+------------------+\n| name | test | score | variance_results |\n+---------+--------+-------+------------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 287.1875 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 582.0000 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 287.1875 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 582.0000 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 287.1875 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 582.0000 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 287.1875 |\n+---------+--------+-------+------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/var_pop/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/var_pop/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (199,16,'VAR_SAMP','Syntax\n------ \nVAR_SAMP(expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the sample variance of expr. That is, the\ndenominator is the number of rows minus one.\n \nIt is an aggregate function, and so can be used with the\nGROUP BY clause.\n \nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2, VAR_SAMP() can be used as a window\nfunction.\n \nVAR_SAMP() returns NULL if there were no matching rows.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nAs an aggregate function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE stats (category VARCHAR(2), x INT);\n \nINSERT INTO stats VALUES \n (\'a\',1),(\'a\',2),(\'a\',3),\n (\'b\',11),(\'b\',12),(\'b\',20),(\'b\',30),(\'b\',60);\n \nSELECT category, STDDEV_POP(x), STDDEV_SAMP(x), VAR_POP(x) \n FROM stats GROUP BY category;\n \n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| category | STDDEV_POP(x) | STDDEV_SAMP(x) | VAR_POP(x) |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n| a | 0.8165 | 1.0000 | 0.6667 |\n| b | 18.0400 | 20.1693 | 325.4400 |\n+----------+---------------+----------------+------------+\n \nAs a window function:\n \nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE student_test (name CHAR(10), test\nCHAR(10), score TINYINT);\n \nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73), \n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31), \n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88), \n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n \nSELECT name, test, score, VAR_SAMP(score) \n OVER (PARTITION BY test) AS variance_results FROM\nstudent_test;\n \n+---------+--------+-------+------------------+\n| name | test | score | variance_results |\n+---------+--------+-------+------------------+\n| Chun | SQL | 75 | 382.9167 |\n| Chun | Tuning | 73 | 873.0000 |\n| Esben | SQL | 43 | 382.9167 |\n| Esben | Tuning | 31 | 873.0000 |\n| Kaolin | SQL | 56 | 382.9167 |\n| Kaolin | Tuning | 88 | 873.0000 |\n| Tatiana | SQL | 87 | 382.9167 |\n+---------+--------+-------+------------------+\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/var_samp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/var_samp/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (200,17,'BENCHMARK','Syntax\n------ \nBENCHMARK(count,expr)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe BENCHMARK() function executes the expression expr\nrepeatedly count\ntimes. It may be used to time how quickly MariaDB processes\nthe\nexpression. The result value is always 0. The intended use\nis from\nwithin the mysql client, which reports query execution\ntimes.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT BENCHMARK(1000000,ENCODE(\'hello\',\'goodbye\'));\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| BENCHMARK(1000000,ENCODE(\'hello\',\'goodbye\')) |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| 0 |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.21 sec)\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/benchmark/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/benchmark/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (201,17,'BINLOG_GTID_POS','From version 10.0.2, MariaDB supports global transaction IDs\nfor replication.\n \nSyntax\n------ \nBINLOG_GTID_POS(binlog_filename,binlog_offset)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nThe BINLOG_GTID_POS() function takes as input an old-style\nbinary log position in the form of a file name and a file\noffset. It looks up the position in the current binlog, and\nreturns a string representation of the corresponding GTID\nposition. If the position is not found in the current\nbinlog, NULL is returned.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT BINLOG_GTID_POS(\"master-bin.000001\", 600);\n \n\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/binlog_gtid_pos/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/binlog_gtid_pos/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (202,17,'CHARSET','Syntax\n------ \nCHARSET(str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the character set of the string argument. If str is\nnot a string, it is considered as a binary string (so the\nfunction returns \'binary\'). This applies to NULL, too. The\nreturn value is a string in the utf8 character set.\n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT CHARSET(\'abc\');\n+----------------+\n| CHARSET(\'abc\') |\n+----------------+\n| latin1 |\n+----------------+\n \nSELECT CHARSET(CONVERT(\'abc\' USING utf8));\n+------------------------------------+\n| CHARSET(CONVERT(\'abc\' USING utf8)) |\n+------------------------------------+\n| utf8 |\n+------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT CHARSET(USER());\n+-----------------+\n| CHARSET(USER()) |\n+-----------------+\n| utf8 |\n+-----------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/charset/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/charset/');
insert into help_topic (help_topic_id,help_category_id,name,description,example,url) values (203,17,'COERCIBILITY','Syntax\n------ \nCOERCIBILITY(str)\n \nDescription\n----------- \nReturns the collation coercibility value of the string\nargument. Coercibility defines what will be converted to\nwhat in case of collation conflict, with an expression with\nhigher coercibility being converted to the collation of an\nexpression with lower coercibility.\n \nCoercibility | Description | Example | \n \n0 | Explicit | Value using a COLLATE clause | \n \n1 | No collation | Concatenated strings using different\ncollations | \n \n2 | Implicit | Column value | \n \n3 | Constant | USER() return value | \n \n4 | Coercible | Literal string | \n \n5 | Ignorable | NULL or derived from NULL | \n \nExamples\n-------- \nSELECT COERCIBILITY(\'abc\' COLLATE latin1_swedish_ci);\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| COERCIBILITY(\'abc\' COLLATE latin1_swedish_ci) |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| 0 |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n \nSELECT COERCIBILITY(USER());\n+----------------------+\n| COERCIBILITY(USER()) |\n+----------------------+\n| 3 |\n+----------------------+\n \nSELECT COERCIBILITY(\'abc\');\n+---------------------+\n| COERCIBILITY(\'abc\') |\n+---------------------+\n| 4 |\n+---------------------+\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/coercibility/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/coercibility/');
