/*****************************************************************************

Copyright (c) 1995, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (c) 2008, 2009 Google Inc.
Copyright (c) 2009, Percona Inc.

Portions of this file contain modifications contributed and copyrighted by
Google, Inc. Those modifications are gratefully acknowledged and are described
briefly in the InnoDB documentation. The contributions by Google are
incorporated with their permission, and subject to the conditions contained in
the file COPYING.Google.

Portions of this file contain modifications contributed and copyrighted
by Percona Inc.. Those modifications are
gratefully acknowledged and are described briefly in the InnoDB
documentation. The contributions by Percona Inc. are incorporated with
their permission, and subject to the conditions contained in the file
COPYING.Percona.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2.0, as published by the
Free Software Foundation.

This program is also distributed with certain software (including but not
limited to OpenSSL) that is licensed under separate terms, as designated in a
particular file or component or in included license documentation. The authors
of MySQL hereby grant you an additional permission to link the program and
your derivative works with the separately licensed software that they have
included with MySQL.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License, version 2.0,
for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301  USA

*****************************************************************************/

/** @file srv/srv0srv.cc
 The database server main program

 Created 10/8/1995 Heikki Tuuri
 *******************************************************/

#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
#include <mysqld.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <time.h>

#include <chrono>

#include "btr0sea.h"
#include "buf0flu.h"
#include "buf0lru.h"
#include "clone0api.h"
#include "dict0boot.h"
#include "dict0load.h"
#include "dict0stats_bg.h"
#include "fsp0sysspace.h"
#include "ha_prototypes.h"
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */
#include "ibuf0ibuf.h"
#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
#include "lock0lock.h"
#include "log0recv.h"
#include "mem0mem.h"
#include "os0proc.h"
#include "os0thread-create.h"
#include "pars0pars.h"
#include "que0que.h"
#include "row0mysql.h"
#include "sql_thd_internal_api.h"
#include "srv0mon.h"

#include "my_dbug.h"
#include "my_psi_config.h"

#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */
#include "srv0srv.h"
#include "srv0start.h"
#include "sync0sync.h"
#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
#include "trx0i_s.h"
#include "trx0purge.h"
#include "usr0sess.h"
#include "ut0crc32.h"
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */
#include "ut0mem.h"

#ifdef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
#include "page0size.h"
#else
/** Structure with state of srv background threads. */
Srv_threads srv_threads;

/** Structure with cpu usage information. */
Srv_cpu_usage srv_cpu_usage;
#endif /* UNIV_HOTBACKUP */

#ifdef INNODB_DD_TABLE
/* true when upgrading. */
bool srv_is_upgrade_mode = false;
bool srv_downgrade_logs = false;
bool srv_upgrade_old_undo_found = false;
#endif /* INNODB_DD_TABLE */

/* Revert to old partition file name if upgrade fails. */
bool srv_downgrade_partition_files = false;

/* The following is the maximum allowed duration of a lock wait. */
ulong srv_fatal_semaphore_wait_threshold = 600;

/* How much data manipulation language (DML) statements need to be delayed,
in microseconds, in order to reduce the lagging of the purge thread. */
ulint srv_dml_needed_delay = 0;

const char *srv_main_thread_op_info = "";

/* Server parameters which are read from the initfile */

/* The following three are dir paths which are catenated before file
names, where the file name itself may also contain a path */

char *srv_data_home = nullptr;

/** Separate directory for doublewrite files, if it is not NULL */
char *srv_doublewrite_dir = NULL;

/** The innodb_directories variable value. This a list of directories
deliminated by ';', i.e the FIL_PATH_SEPARATOR. */
char *srv_innodb_directories = nullptr;

/** Undo tablespace directories.  This can be multiple paths
separated by ';' and can also be absolute paths. */
char *srv_undo_dir = nullptr;

/** The number of implicit undo tablespaces to use for rollback
segments. */
ulong srv_undo_tablespaces = FSP_IMPLICIT_UNDO_TABLESPACES;

#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
/* The number of rollback segments per tablespace */
ulong srv_rollback_segments = TRX_SYS_N_RSEGS;

/* Used for the deprecated setting innodb_undo_logs. This will still get
put into srv_rollback_segments if it is set to a non-default value. */
ulong srv_undo_logs = 0;
const char *deprecated_undo_logs =
    "The parameter innodb_undo_logs is deprecated"
    " and may be removed in future releases."
    " Please use innodb_rollback_segments instead."
    " See " REFMAN "innodb-undo-logs.html";

/** Rate at which UNDO records should be purged. */
ulong srv_purge_rseg_truncate_frequency =
    static_cast<ulong>(undo::TRUNCATE_FREQUENCY);
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */

/** Enable or Disable Truncate of UNDO tablespace.
Note: If enabled then UNDO tablespace will be selected for truncate.
While Server waits for undo-tablespace to truncate if user disables
it, truncate action is completed but no new tablespace is marked
for truncate (action is never aborted). */
bool srv_undo_log_truncate = FALSE;

/** Enable or disable Encrypt of UNDO tablespace. */
bool srv_undo_log_encrypt = FALSE;

/** Maximum size of undo tablespace. */
unsigned long long srv_max_undo_tablespace_size;

/** Default undo tablespace size in UNIV_PAGEs count (10MB). */
const page_no_t SRV_UNDO_TABLESPACE_SIZE_IN_PAGES =
    ((1024 * 1024) * 10) / UNIV_PAGE_SIZE_DEF;

/** Maximum number of recently truncated undo tablespace IDs for
the same undo number. */
const size_t CONCURRENT_UNDO_TRUNCATE_LIMIT =
    dict_sys_t::undo_space_id_range / 8;

/** Set if InnoDB must operate in read-only mode. We don't do any
recovery and open all tables in RO mode instead of RW mode. We don't
sync the max trx id to disk either. */
bool srv_read_only_mode;

/** store to its own file each table created by an user; data
dictionary tables are in the system tablespace 0 */
bool srv_file_per_table;

/** Sort buffer size in index creation */
ulong srv_sort_buf_size = 1048576;
/** Maximum modification log file size for online index creation */
unsigned long long srv_online_max_size;
/** Set if InnoDB operates in read-only mode or innodb-force-recovery
is greater than SRV_FORCE_NO_TRX_UNDO. */
bool high_level_read_only;

/** Number of threads to use for parallel reads. */
ulong srv_parallel_read_threads;

/** If this flag is true, then we will use the native aio of the
OS (provided we compiled Innobase with it in), otherwise we will
use simulated aio we build below with threads. */
bool srv_use_native_aio = false;

bool srv_numa_interleave = false;

#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG
/** Force all user tables to use page compression. */
ulong srv_debug_compress;
/** Set when InnoDB has invoked exit(). */
bool innodb_calling_exit;
/** Used by SET GLOBAL innodb_master_thread_disabled_debug = X. */
bool srv_master_thread_disabled_debug;
#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
/** Event used to inform that master thread is disabled. */
static os_event_t srv_master_thread_disabled_event;
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */

/*------------------------- LOG FILES ------------------------ */
char *srv_log_group_home_dir = nullptr;

/** Enable or disable Encrypt of REDO tablespace. */
bool srv_redo_log_encrypt = false;

ulong srv_n_log_files = SRV_N_LOG_FILES_MAX;

#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG_DEDICATED
ulong srv_debug_system_mem_size;
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG_DEDICATED */

/** At startup, this is the current redo log file size.
During startup, if this is different from srv_log_file_size_requested
(innodb_log_file_size), the redo log will be rebuilt and this size
will be initialized to srv_log_file_size_requested.
When upgrading from a previous redo log format, this will be set to 0,
and writing to the redo log is not allowed. Expressed in bytes. */
ulonglong srv_log_file_size;

/** The value of the startup parameter innodb_log_file_size. */
ulonglong srv_log_file_size_requested;

/** Space for log buffer, expressed in bytes. Note, that log buffer
will use only the largest power of two, which is not greater than
the assigned space. */
ulong srv_log_buffer_size;

/** Size of block, used for writing ahead to avoid read-on-write. */
ulong srv_log_write_ahead_size;

/** Minimum absolute value of cpu time for which spin-delay is used. */
uint srv_log_spin_cpu_abs_lwm;

/** Maximum percentage of cpu time for which spin-delay is used. */
uint srv_log_spin_cpu_pct_hwm;

/** Maximum value of average log flush time for which spin-delay is used.
When flushing takes longer, user threads no longer spin when waiting for
flushed redo. Expressed in microseconds. */
ulong srv_log_wait_for_flush_spin_hwm;

/* EXPERIMENTAL sys vars below - we need defaults set explicitly here. */

/** When log writer follows links in the log recent written buffer,
it stops when it has reached at least that many bytes to write,
limiting how many bytes can be written in single call. */
ulong srv_log_write_max_size = INNODB_LOG_WRITE_MAX_SIZE_DEFAULT;

/** Number of events used for notifications about redo write. */
ulong srv_log_write_events = INNODB_LOG_EVENTS_DEFAULT;

/** Number of events used for notifications about redo flush. */
ulong srv_log_flush_events = INNODB_LOG_EVENTS_DEFAULT;

/** Number of slots in a small buffer, which is used to allow concurrent
writes to log buffer. The slots are addressed by LSN values modulo number
of the slots. */
ulong srv_log_recent_written_size = INNODB_LOG_RECENT_WRITTEN_SIZE_DEFAULT;

/** Number of slots in a small buffer, which is used to break requirement
for total order of dirty pages, when they are added to flush lists.
The slots are addressed by LSN values modulo number of the slots. */
ulong srv_log_recent_closed_size = INNODB_LOG_RECENT_CLOSED_SIZE_DEFAULT;

/** Number of spin iterations, when spinning and waiting for log buffer
written up to given LSN, before we fallback to loop with sleeps.
This is not used when user thread has to wait for log flushed to disk. */
ulong srv_log_wait_for_write_spin_delay =
    INNODB_LOG_WAIT_FOR_WRITE_SPIN_DELAY_DEFAULT;

/** Timeout used when waiting for redo write (microseconds). */
ulong srv_log_wait_for_write_timeout =
    INNODB_LOG_WAIT_FOR_WRITE_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT;

/** Number of spin iterations, when spinning and waiting for log flushed. */
ulong srv_log_wait_for_flush_spin_delay =
    INNODB_LOG_WAIT_FOR_FLUSH_SPIN_DELAY_DEFAULT;

/** Timeout used when waiting for redo flush (microseconds). */
ulong srv_log_wait_for_flush_timeout =
    INNODB_LOG_WAIT_FOR_FLUSH_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT;

/** Number of spin iterations, for which log writer thread is waiting
for new data to write or flush without sleeping. */
ulong srv_log_writer_spin_delay = INNODB_LOG_WRITER_SPIN_DELAY_DEFAULT;

/** Initial timeout used to wait on writer_event. */
ulong srv_log_writer_timeout = INNODB_LOG_WRITER_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT;

/** Number of milliseconds every which a periodical checkpoint is written
by the log checkpointer thread (unless periodical checkpoints are disabled,
which is a case during initial phase of startup). */
ulong srv_log_checkpoint_every = INNODB_LOG_CHECKPOINT_EVERY_DEFAULT;

/** Number of spin iterations, for which log flusher thread is waiting
for new data to flush, without sleeping. */
ulong srv_log_flusher_spin_delay = INNODB_LOG_FLUSHER_SPIN_DELAY_DEFAULT;

/** Initial timeout used to wait on flusher_event. */
ulong srv_log_flusher_timeout = INNODB_LOG_FLUSHER_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT;

/** Number of spin iterations, for which log write notifier thread is waiting
for advanced flushed_to_disk_lsn without sleeping. */
ulong srv_log_write_notifier_spin_delay =
    INNODB_LOG_WRITE_NOTIFIER_SPIN_DELAY_DEFAULT;

/** Initial timeout used to wait on write_notifier_event. */
ulong srv_log_write_notifier_timeout =
    INNODB_LOG_WRITE_NOTIFIER_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT;

/** Number of spin iterations, for which log flush notifier thread is waiting
for advanced flushed_to_disk_lsn without sleeping. */
ulong srv_log_flush_notifier_spin_delay =
    INNODB_LOG_FLUSH_NOTIFIER_SPIN_DELAY_DEFAULT;

/** Initial timeout used to wait on flush_notifier_event. */
ulong srv_log_flush_notifier_timeout =
    INNODB_LOG_FLUSH_NOTIFIER_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT;

/** Number of spin iterations, for which log closerr thread is waiting
for a reachable untraversed link in recent_closed. */
ulong srv_log_closer_spin_delay = INNODB_LOG_CLOSER_SPIN_DELAY_DEFAULT;

/** Initial sleep used in log closer after spin delay is finished. */
ulong srv_log_closer_timeout = INNODB_LOG_CLOSER_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT;

/* End of EXPERIMENTAL sys vars */

/** Whether to generate and require checksums on the redo log pages. */
bool srv_log_checksums;

#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG

bool srv_checkpoint_disabled = false;

bool srv_inject_too_many_concurrent_trxs = false;

#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */

ulong srv_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1;
uint srv_flush_log_at_timeout = 1;
ulong srv_page_size = UNIV_PAGE_SIZE_DEF;
ulong srv_page_size_shift = UNIV_PAGE_SIZE_SHIFT_DEF;

page_size_t univ_page_size(0, 0, false);

/* Try to flush dirty pages so as to avoid IO bursts at
the checkpoints. */
bool srv_adaptive_flushing = TRUE;

/* Allow IO bursts at the checkpoints ignoring io_capacity setting. */
bool srv_flush_sync = TRUE;

/** Maximum number of times allowed to conditionally acquire
mutex before switching to blocking wait on the mutex */
#define MAX_MUTEX_NOWAIT 20

/** Check whether the number of failed nonblocking mutex
acquisition attempts exceeds maximum allowed value. If so,
srv_printf_innodb_monitor() will request mutex acquisition
with mutex_enter(), which will wait until it gets the mutex. */
#define MUTEX_NOWAIT(mutex_skipped) ((mutex_skipped) < MAX_MUTEX_NOWAIT)

/** Dedicated server setting */
bool srv_dedicated_server = true;
/** Requested size in bytes */
ulint srv_buf_pool_size = ULINT_MAX;
/** Minimum pool size in bytes */
const ulint srv_buf_pool_min_size = 5 * 1024 * 1024;
/** Default pool size in bytes */
const ulint srv_buf_pool_def_size = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
/** Maximum pool size in bytes */
const longlong srv_buf_pool_max_size = LLONG_MAX;
/** Requested buffer pool chunk size. Each buffer pool instance consists
of one or more chunks. */
ulonglong srv_buf_pool_chunk_unit;
/** Minimum buffer pool chunk size. */
const ulonglong srv_buf_pool_chunk_unit_min = (1024 * 1024);
/** The buffer pool chunk size must be a multiple of this number. */
const ulonglong srv_buf_pool_chunk_unit_blk_sz = (1024 * 1024);
/** Maximum buffer pool chunk size. */
const ulonglong srv_buf_pool_chunk_unit_max =
    srv_buf_pool_max_size / MAX_BUFFER_POOLS;
/** Requested number of buffer pool instances */
ulong srv_buf_pool_instances;
/** Default number of buffer pool instances */
const ulong srv_buf_pool_instances_default = 0;
/** Number of locks to protect buf_pool->page_hash */
ulong srv_n_page_hash_locks = 16;
/** Whether to validate InnoDB tablespace paths on startup */
bool srv_validate_tablespace_paths = true;
/** Scan depth for LRU flush batch i.e.: number of blocks scanned*/
ulong srv_LRU_scan_depth = 1024;
/** Whether or not to flush neighbors of a block */
ulong srv_flush_neighbors = 1;
/** Previously requested size. Accesses protected by memory barriers. */
ulint srv_buf_pool_old_size = 0;
/** Current size as scaling factor for the other components */
ulint srv_buf_pool_base_size = 0;
/** Current size in bytes */
long long srv_buf_pool_curr_size = 0;
/** Dump this % of each buffer pool during BP dump */
ulong srv_buf_pool_dump_pct;
/** Lock table size in bytes */
ulint srv_lock_table_size = ULINT_MAX;

const ulong srv_idle_flush_pct_default = 100;
ulong srv_idle_flush_pct = srv_idle_flush_pct_default;

/* This parameter is deprecated. Use srv_n_io_[read|write]_threads
instead. */
ulong srv_n_read_io_threads;
ulong srv_n_write_io_threads;

/* Switch to enable random read ahead. */
bool srv_random_read_ahead = FALSE;
/* User settable value of the number of pages that must be present
in the buffer cache and accessed sequentially for InnoDB to trigger a
readahead request. */
ulong srv_read_ahead_threshold = 56;

/** Maximum on-disk size of change buffer in terms of percentage
of the buffer pool. */
uint srv_change_buffer_max_size = CHANGE_BUFFER_DEFAULT_SIZE;

#ifndef _WIN32
enum srv_unix_flush_t srv_unix_file_flush_method = SRV_UNIX_FSYNC;
#else
enum srv_win_flush_t srv_win_file_flush_method = SRV_WIN_IO_UNBUFFERED;
#endif /* _WIN32 */

ulint srv_max_n_open_files = 300;

/* Number of IO operations per second the server can do */
ulong srv_io_capacity = 200;
ulong srv_max_io_capacity = 400;

/* The number of page cleaner threads to use.*/
ulong srv_n_page_cleaners = 4;

/* The InnoDB main thread tries to keep the ratio of modified pages
in the buffer pool to all database pages in the buffer pool smaller than
the following number. But it is not guaranteed that the value stays below
that during a time of heavy update/insert activity. */

double srv_max_buf_pool_modified_pct = 75.0;
double srv_max_dirty_pages_pct_lwm = 0.0;

/* This is the percentage of log capacity at which adaptive flushing,
if enabled, will kick in. */
ulong srv_adaptive_flushing_lwm = 10;

/* Number of iterations over which adaptive flushing is averaged. */
ulong srv_flushing_avg_loops = 30;

/* The number of purge threads to use.*/
ulong srv_n_purge_threads = 4;

/* the number of pages to purge in one batch */
ulong srv_purge_batch_size = 20;

/* Internal setting for "innodb_stats_method". Decides how InnoDB treats
NULL value when collecting statistics. By default, it is set to
SRV_STATS_NULLS_EQUAL(0), ie. all NULL value are treated equal */
ulong srv_innodb_stats_method = SRV_STATS_NULLS_EQUAL;

#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
srv_stats_t srv_stats;
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */

/* structure to pass status variables to MySQL */
export_var_t export_vars;

/** Normally 0. When nonzero, skip some phases of crash recovery,
starting from SRV_FORCE_IGNORE_CORRUPT, so that data can be recovered
by SELECT or mysqldump. When this is nonzero, we do not allow any user
modifications to the data. */
ulong srv_force_recovery;
#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG
/** Inject a crash at different steps of the recovery process.
This is for testing and debugging only. */
ulong srv_force_recovery_crash;
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */

/** Print all user-level transactions deadlocks to mysqld stderr */
bool srv_print_all_deadlocks = FALSE;

/** Print all DDL logs to mysqld stderr */
bool srv_print_ddl_logs = false;

/** Enable INFORMATION_SCHEMA.innodb_cmp_per_index */
bool srv_cmp_per_index_enabled = FALSE;

/** If innodb redo logging is enabled. */
bool srv_redo_log = true;

/** The value of the configuration parameter innodb_fast_shutdown,
controlling the InnoDB shutdown.

If innodb_fast_shutdown=0, InnoDB shutdown will purge all undo log
records (except XA PREPARE transactions) and complete the merge of the
entire change buffer, and then shut down the redo log.

If innodb_fast_shutdown=1, InnoDB shutdown will only flush the buffer
pool to data files, cleanly shutting down the redo log.

If innodb_fast_shutdown=2, shutdown will effectively 'crash' InnoDB
(but lose no committed transactions). */
ulong srv_fast_shutdown;

/* Generate a innodb_status.<pid> file */
ibool srv_innodb_status = FALSE;

/* When estimating number of different key values in an index, sample
this many index pages, there are 2 ways to calculate statistics:
* persistent stats that are calculated by ANALYZE TABLE and saved
  in the innodb database.
* quick transient stats, that are used if persistent stats for the given
  table/index are not found in the innodb database */
unsigned long long srv_stats_transient_sample_pages = 8;
bool srv_stats_persistent = TRUE;
bool srv_stats_include_delete_marked = FALSE;
unsigned long long srv_stats_persistent_sample_pages = 20;
bool srv_stats_auto_recalc = TRUE;

ulong srv_replication_delay = 0;

bool srv_apply_log_only = false;

bool srv_backup_mode = false;
bool srv_close_files = true;
bool srv_rollback_prepared_trx = false;

/*-------------------------------------------*/
ulong srv_n_spin_wait_rounds = 30;
ulong srv_spin_wait_delay = 6;
ibool srv_priority_boost = TRUE;

#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
static ulint srv_n_rows_inserted_old = 0;
static ulint srv_n_rows_updated_old = 0;
static ulint srv_n_rows_deleted_old = 0;
static ulint srv_n_rows_read_old = 0;

static ulint srv_n_system_rows_inserted_old = 0;
static ulint srv_n_system_rows_updated_old = 0;
static ulint srv_n_system_rows_deleted_old = 0;
static ulint srv_n_system_rows_read_old = 0;
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */

ulint srv_truncated_status_writes = 0;

bool srv_print_innodb_monitor = FALSE;
bool srv_print_innodb_lock_monitor = FALSE;

/* Array of English strings describing the current state of an
i/o handler thread */

const char *srv_io_thread_op_info[SRV_MAX_N_IO_THREADS];
const char *srv_io_thread_function[SRV_MAX_N_IO_THREADS];

#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
static ib_time_monotonic_t srv_last_monitor_time;
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */

static ib_mutex_t srv_innodb_monitor_mutex;

/** Mutex protecting page_zip_stat_per_index */
ib_mutex_t page_zip_stat_per_index_mutex;

/* Mutex for locking srv_monitor_file. Not created if srv_read_only_mode */
ib_mutex_t srv_monitor_file_mutex;

/** Temporary file for innodb monitor output */
FILE *srv_monitor_file;
/** Mutex for locking srv_misc_tmpfile. Not created if srv_read_only_mode.
This mutex has a very low rank; threads reserving it should not
acquire any further latches or sleep before releasing this one. */
ib_mutex_t srv_misc_tmpfile_mutex;
/** Temporary file for miscellanous diagnostic output */
FILE *srv_misc_tmpfile;

#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
static ulint srv_main_thread_process_no = 0;
static os_thread_id_t srv_main_thread_id = 0;

/* The following counts are used by the srv_master_thread. */

/** Iterations of the loop bounded by 'srv_active' label. */
static ulint srv_main_active_loops = 0;
/** Iterations of the loop bounded by the 'srv_idle' label. */
static ulint srv_main_idle_loops = 0;
/** Iterations of the loop bounded by the 'srv_shutdown' label. */
static ulint srv_main_shutdown_loops = 0;
/** Log writes involving flush. */
static ulint srv_log_writes_and_flush = 0;

#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */

/* Interval in seconds at which various tasks are performed by the
master thread when server is active. In order to balance the workload,
we should try to keep intervals such that they are not multiple of
each other. For example, if we have intervals for various tasks
defined as 5, 10, 15, 60 then all tasks will be performed when
current_time % 60 == 0 and no tasks will be performed when
current_time % 5 != 0. */

#define SRV_MASTER_DICT_LRU_INTERVAL (47)

/** Acquire the system_mutex. */
#define srv_sys_mutex_enter()     \
  do {                            \
    mutex_enter(&srv_sys->mutex); \
  } while (0)

/** Test if the system mutex is owned. */
#define srv_sys_mutex_own() (mutex_own(&srv_sys->mutex) && !srv_read_only_mode)

/** Release the system mutex. */
#define srv_sys_mutex_exit()     \
  do {                           \
    mutex_exit(&srv_sys->mutex); \
  } while (0)

#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
/*
        IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SERVER MAIN PROGRAM
        =========================================

There is the following analogue between this database
server and an operating system kernel:

DB concept			equivalent OS concept
----------			---------------------
transaction		--	process;

query thread		--	thread;

lock			--	semaphore;

kernel			--	kernel;

query thread execution:
(a) without lock mutex
reserved		--	process executing in user mode;
(b) with lock mutex reserved
                        --	process executing in kernel mode;

The server has several backgroind threads all running at the same
priority as user threads. It periodically checks if here is anything
happening in the server which requires intervention of the master
thread. Such situations may be, for example, when flushing of dirty
blocks is needed in the buffer pool or old version of database rows
have to be cleaned away (purged). The user can configure a separate
dedicated purge thread(s) too, in which case the master thread does not
do any purging.

The threads which we call user threads serve the queries of the MySQL
server. They run at normal priority.

When there is no activity in the system, also the master thread
suspends itself to wait for an event making the server totally silent.

There is still one complication in our server design. If a
background utility thread obtains a resource (e.g., mutex) needed by a user
thread, and there is also some other user activity in the system,
the user thread may have to wait indefinitely long for the
resource, as the OS does not schedule a background thread if
there is some other runnable user thread. This problem is called
priority inversion in real-time programming.

One solution to the priority inversion problem would be to keep record
of which thread owns which resource and in the above case boost the
priority of the background thread so that it will be scheduled and it
can release the resource.  This solution is called priority inheritance
in real-time programming.  A drawback of this solution is that the overhead
of acquiring a mutex increases slightly, maybe 0.2 microseconds on a 100
MHz Pentium, because the thread has to call os_thread_get_curr_id.  This may
be compared to 0.5 microsecond overhead for a mutex lock-unlock pair. Note
that the thread cannot store the information in the resource , say mutex,
itself, because competing threads could wipe out the information if it is
stored before acquiring the mutex, and if it stored afterwards, the
information is outdated for the time of one machine instruction, at least.
(To be precise, the information could be stored to lock_word in mutex if
the machine supports atomic swap.)

The above solution with priority inheritance may become actual in the
future, currently we do not implement any priority twiddling solution.
Our general aim is to reduce the contention of all mutexes by making
them more fine grained.

The thread table contains information of the current status of each
thread existing in the system, and also the event semaphores used in
suspending the master thread and utility threads when they have nothing
to do.  The thread table can be seen as an analogue to the process table
in a traditional Unix implementation. */

/** The server system struct */
struct srv_sys_t {
  ib_mutex_t tasks_mutex; /*!< variable protecting the
                          tasks queue */
  UT_LIST_BASE_NODE_T(que_thr_t)
  tasks; /*!< task queue */

  ib_mutex_t mutex;    /*!< variable protecting the
                       fields below. */
  ulint n_sys_threads; /*!< size of the sys_threads
                       array */

  srv_slot_t *sys_threads; /*!< server thread table */

  ulint n_threads_active[SRV_MASTER + 1];
  /*!< number of threads active
  in a thread class */

  srv_stats_t::ulint_ctr_1_t activity_count; /*!< For tracking server
                                             activity */
};

static srv_sys_t *srv_sys = nullptr;

/** Event to signal the monitor thread. */
os_event_t srv_monitor_event;

/** Event to signal the error thread */
os_event_t srv_error_event;

/** Event to signal the buffer pool dump/load thread */
os_event_t srv_buf_dump_event;

/** Event to signal the buffer pool resize thread */
os_event_t srv_buf_resize_event;

/** The buffer pool dump/load file name */
char *srv_buf_dump_filename;

/** Boolean config knobs that tell InnoDB to dump the buffer pool at shutdown
and/or load it during startup. */
bool srv_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown = true;
bool srv_buffer_pool_load_at_startup = true;

/** Slot index in the srv_sys->sys_threads array for the purge thread. */
static const ulint SRV_PURGE_SLOT = 1;

/** Slot index in the srv_sys->sys_threads array for the master thread. */
static const ulint SRV_MASTER_SLOT = 0;

#ifdef HAVE_PSI_STAGE_INTERFACE
/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring ALTER TABLE progress
everything after flush log_make_latest_checkpoint(). */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_alter_table_end = {
    0, "alter table (end)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS, PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring ALTER TABLE progress
log_make_latest_checkpoint(). */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_alter_table_flush = {
    0, "alter table (flush)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS, PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring ALTER TABLE progress
row_merge_insert_index_tuples(). */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_alter_table_insert = {
    0, "alter table (insert)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS, PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring ALTER TABLE progress
row_log_apply(). */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_alter_table_log_index = {
    0, "alter table (log apply index)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS,
    PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring ALTER TABLE progress
row_log_table_apply(). */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_alter_table_log_table = {
    0, "alter table (log apply table)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS,
    PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring ALTER TABLE progress
row_merge_sort(). */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_alter_table_merge_sort = {
    0, "alter table (merge sort)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS, PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring ALTER TABLE progress
row_merge_read_clustered_index(). */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_alter_table_read_pk_internal_sort = {
    0, "alter table (read PK and internal sort)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS,
    PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring ALTER TABLESPACE
ENCRYPTION progress. */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_alter_tablespace_encryption = {
    0, "alter tablespace (encryption)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS,
    PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring buffer pool load progress. */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_buffer_pool_load = {
    0, "buffer pool load", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS, PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};
#endif /* HAVE_PSI_STAGE_INTERFACE */

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring clone file copy progress. */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_clone_file_copy = {
    0, "clone (file copy)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS, PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring clone redo copy progress. */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_clone_redo_copy = {
    0, "clone (redo copy)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS, PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Performance schema stage event for monitoring clone page copy progress. */
PSI_stage_info srv_stage_clone_page_copy = {
    0, "clone (page copy)", PSI_FLAG_STAGE_PROGRESS, PSI_DOCUMENT_ME};

/** Prints counters for work done by srv_master_thread. */
static void srv_print_master_thread_info(FILE *file) /* in: output stream */
{
  fprintf(file,
          "srv_master_thread loops: " ULINTPF " srv_active, " ULINTPF
          " srv_shutdown, " ULINTPF " srv_idle\n",
          srv_main_active_loops, srv_main_shutdown_loops, srv_main_idle_loops);
  fprintf(file, "srv_master_thread log flush and writes: " ULINTPF "\n",
          srv_log_writes_and_flush);
}
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */

/** Sets the info describing an i/o thread current state. */
void srv_set_io_thread_op_info(
    ulint i,         /*!< in: the 'segment' of the i/o thread */
    const char *str) /*!< in: constant char string describing the
                     state */
{
  ut_a(i < SRV_MAX_N_IO_THREADS);

  srv_io_thread_op_info[i] = str;
}

/** Resets the info describing an i/o thread current state. */
void srv_reset_io_thread_op_info() {
  for (ulint i = 0; i < UT_ARR_SIZE(srv_io_thread_op_info); ++i) {
    srv_io_thread_op_info[i] = "not started yet";
  }
}

#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG
/** Validates the type of a thread table slot.
 @return true if ok */
static ibool srv_thread_type_validate(
    srv_thread_type type) /*!< in: thread type */
{
  switch (type) {
    case SRV_NONE:
      break;
    case SRV_WORKER:
    case SRV_PURGE:
    case SRV_MASTER:
      return (TRUE);
  }
  ut_error;
}
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */

/** Gets the type of a thread table slot.
 @return thread type */
static srv_thread_type srv_slot_get_type(
    const srv_slot_t *slot) /*!< in: thread slot */
{
  srv_thread_type type = slot->type;
  ut_ad(srv_thread_type_validate(type));
  return (type);
}

/** Reserves a slot in the thread table for the current thread.
 @return reserved slot */
static srv_slot_t *srv_reserve_slot(
    srv_thread_type type) /*!< in: type of the thread */
{
  srv_slot_t *slot = nullptr;

  srv_sys_mutex_enter();

  ut_ad(srv_thread_type_validate(type));

  switch (type) {
    case SRV_MASTER:
      slot = &srv_sys->sys_threads[SRV_MASTER_SLOT];
      break;

    case SRV_PURGE:
      slot = &srv_sys->sys_threads[SRV_PURGE_SLOT];
      break;

    case SRV_WORKER:
      /* Find an empty slot, skip the master and purge slots. */
      for (slot = &srv_sys->sys_threads[2]; slot->in_use; ++slot) {
        ut_a(slot < &srv_sys->sys_threads[srv_sys->n_sys_threads]);
      }
      break;

    case SRV_NONE:
      ut_error;
  }

  ut_a(!slot->in_use);

  slot->in_use = TRUE;
  slot->suspended = FALSE;
  slot->type = type;

  ut_ad(srv_slot_get_type(slot) == type);

  ++srv_sys->n_threads_active[type];

  srv_sys_mutex_exit();

  return (slot);
}

/** Suspends the calling thread to wait for the event in its thread slot.
 @return the current signal count of the event. */
static int64_t srv_suspend_thread_low(
    srv_slot_t *slot) /*!< in/out: thread slot */
{
  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);
  ut_ad(srv_sys_mutex_own());

  ut_ad(slot->in_use);

  srv_thread_type type = srv_slot_get_type(slot);

  switch (type) {
    case SRV_NONE:
      ut_error;

    case SRV_MASTER:
      /* We have only one master thread and it
      should be the first entry always. */
      ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[type] == 1);
      break;

    case SRV_PURGE:
      /* We have only one purge coordinator thread
      and it should be the second entry always. */
      ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[type] == 1);
      break;

    case SRV_WORKER:
      ut_a(srv_n_purge_threads > 1);
      ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[type] > 0);
      break;
  }

  ut_a(!slot->suspended);
  slot->suspended = TRUE;

  ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[type] > 0);

  srv_sys->n_threads_active[type]--;

  return (os_event_reset(slot->event));
}

/** Suspends the calling thread to wait for the event in its thread slot.
 @return the current signal count of the event. */
static int64_t srv_suspend_thread(srv_slot_t *slot) /*!< in/out: thread slot */
{
  srv_sys_mutex_enter();

  int64_t sig_count = srv_suspend_thread_low(slot);

  srv_sys_mutex_exit();

  return (sig_count);
}

/** Releases threads of the type given from suspension in the thread table.
 NOTE! The server mutex has to be reserved by the caller!
 @return number of threads released: this may be less than n if not
         enough threads were suspended at the moment. */
ulint srv_release_threads(srv_thread_type type, /*!< in: thread type */
                          ulint n) /*!< in: number of threads to release */
{
  ulint i;
  ulint count = 0;

  ut_ad(srv_thread_type_validate(type));
  ut_ad(n > 0);

  srv_sys_mutex_enter();

  for (i = 0; i < srv_sys->n_sys_threads; i++) {
    srv_slot_t *slot;

    slot = &srv_sys->sys_threads[i];

    if (slot->in_use && srv_slot_get_type(slot) == type && slot->suspended) {
      switch (type) {
        case SRV_NONE:
          ut_error;

        case SRV_MASTER:
          /* We have only one master thread and it
          should be the first entry always. */
          ut_a(n == 1);
          ut_a(i == SRV_MASTER_SLOT);
          ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[type] == 0);
          break;

        case SRV_PURGE:
          /* We have only one purge coordinator thread
          and it should be the second entry always. */
          ut_a(n == 1);
          ut_a(i == SRV_PURGE_SLOT);
          ut_a(srv_n_purge_threads > 0);
          ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[type] == 0);
          break;

        case SRV_WORKER:
          ut_a(srv_n_purge_threads > 1);
          ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[type] < srv_n_purge_threads - 1);
          break;
      }

      slot->suspended = FALSE;

      ++srv_sys->n_threads_active[type];

      os_event_set(slot->event);

      if (++count == n) {
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  srv_sys_mutex_exit();

  return (count);
}

/** Release a thread's slot. */
static void srv_free_slot(srv_slot_t *slot) /*!< in/out: thread slot */
{
  srv_sys_mutex_enter();

  if (!slot->suspended) {
    /* Mark the thread as inactive. */
    srv_suspend_thread_low(slot);
  }

  /* Free the slot for reuse. */
  ut_ad(slot->in_use);
  slot->in_use = FALSE;

  srv_sys_mutex_exit();
}

/** Initializes the server. */
static void srv_init(void) {
  ulint n_sys_threads = 0;
  ulint srv_sys_sz = sizeof(*srv_sys);

  mutex_create(LATCH_ID_SRV_INNODB_MONITOR, &srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);

  ut_d(srv_threads.m_shutdown_cleanup_dbg = os_event_create());

  srv_threads.m_master_ready_for_dd_shutdown = os_event_create();

  srv_threads.m_purge_coordinator = {};

  srv_threads.m_purge_workers_n = srv_n_purge_threads;

  srv_threads.m_purge_workers =
      UT_NEW_ARRAY_NOKEY(IB_thread, srv_threads.m_purge_workers_n);

  if (!srv_read_only_mode) {
    /* Number of purge threads + master thread */
    n_sys_threads = srv_n_purge_threads + 1;

    srv_sys_sz += n_sys_threads * sizeof(*srv_sys->sys_threads);
  }

  srv_threads.m_page_cleaner_coordinator = {};

  srv_threads.m_page_cleaner_workers_n = srv_n_page_cleaners;

  srv_threads.m_page_cleaner_workers =
      UT_NEW_ARRAY_NOKEY(IB_thread, srv_threads.m_page_cleaner_workers_n);

  srv_sys = static_cast<srv_sys_t *>(ut_zalloc_nokey(srv_sys_sz));

  srv_sys->n_sys_threads = n_sys_threads;

  /* Even in read-only mode we flush pages related to intrinsic table
  and so mutex creation is needed. */
  {
    mutex_create(LATCH_ID_SRV_SYS, &srv_sys->mutex);

    mutex_create(LATCH_ID_SRV_SYS_TASKS, &srv_sys->tasks_mutex);

    srv_sys->sys_threads = (srv_slot_t *)&srv_sys[1];

    for (ulint i = 0; i < srv_sys->n_sys_threads; ++i) {
      srv_slot_t *slot = &srv_sys->sys_threads[i];

      slot->event = os_event_create();

      slot->in_use = false;

      ut_a(slot->event);
    }

    srv_error_event = os_event_create();

    srv_monitor_event = os_event_create();

    srv_buf_dump_event = os_event_create();

    buf_flush_event = os_event_create();

    UT_LIST_INIT(srv_sys->tasks, &que_thr_t::queue);
  }

  srv_buf_resize_event = os_event_create();

  ut_d(srv_master_thread_disabled_event = os_event_create());

  /* page_zip_stat_per_index_mutex is acquired from:
  1. page_zip_compress() (after SYNC_FSP)
  2. page_zip_decompress()
  3. i_s_cmp_per_index_fill_low() (where SYNC_DICT is acquired)
  4. innodb_cmp_per_index_update(), no other latches
  since we do not acquire any other latches while holding this mutex,
  it can have very low level. We pick SYNC_ANY_LATCH for it. */
  mutex_create(LATCH_ID_PAGE_ZIP_STAT_PER_INDEX,
               &page_zip_stat_per_index_mutex);

  /* Create dummy indexes for infimum and supremum records */

  dict_ind_init();

  /* Initialize some INFORMATION SCHEMA internal structures */
  trx_i_s_cache_init(trx_i_s_cache);

  ut_crc32_init();

  dict_mem_init();
}

/** Frees the data structures created in srv_init(). */
void srv_free(void) {
  mutex_free(&srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);
  mutex_free(&page_zip_stat_per_index_mutex);

  {
    mutex_free(&srv_sys->mutex);
    mutex_free(&srv_sys->tasks_mutex);

    for (ulint i = 0; i < srv_sys->n_sys_threads; ++i) {
      srv_slot_t *slot = &srv_sys->sys_threads[i];

      os_event_destroy(slot->event);
    }

    os_event_destroy(srv_error_event);
    os_event_destroy(srv_monitor_event);
    os_event_destroy(srv_buf_dump_event);
    os_event_destroy(buf_flush_event);
  }

  os_event_destroy(srv_buf_resize_event);

#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG
  os_event_destroy(srv_master_thread_disabled_event);
  srv_master_thread_disabled_event = nullptr;
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */

  trx_i_s_cache_free(trx_i_s_cache);

  ut_free(srv_sys);

  srv_sys = nullptr;

  if (srv_threads.m_page_cleaner_workers != nullptr) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < srv_threads.m_page_cleaner_workers_n; ++i) {
      srv_threads.m_page_cleaner_workers[i] = {};
    }
    ut_free(srv_threads.m_page_cleaner_workers);
    srv_threads.m_page_cleaner_workers = nullptr;
  }

  if (srv_threads.m_purge_workers != nullptr) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < srv_threads.m_purge_workers_n; ++i) {
      srv_threads.m_purge_workers[i] = {};
    }
    ut_free(srv_threads.m_purge_workers);
    srv_threads.m_purge_workers = nullptr;
  }

  os_event_destroy(srv_threads.m_master_ready_for_dd_shutdown);

  ut_d(os_event_destroy(srv_threads.m_shutdown_cleanup_dbg));

  srv_threads = {};
}

/** Initializes the synchronization primitives, memory system, and the thread
 local storage. */
void srv_general_init() {
  sync_check_init(srv_max_n_threads);
  /* Reset the system variables in the recovery module. */
  recv_sys_var_init();
  os_thread_open();
  trx_pool_init();
  que_init();
  row_mysql_init();
  undo_spaces_init();
}

/** Boots the InnoDB server. */
void srv_boot(void) {
  /* Initialize synchronization primitives, memory management, and thread
  local storage */

  srv_general_init();

  /* Initialize this module */

  srv_init();
}

/** Refreshes the values used to calculate per-second averages. */
static void srv_refresh_innodb_monitor_stats(void) {
  mutex_enter(&srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);

  srv_last_monitor_time = ut_time_monotonic();

  os_aio_refresh_stats();

  btr_cur_n_sea_old = btr_cur_n_sea;
  btr_cur_n_non_sea_old = btr_cur_n_non_sea;

  log_refresh_stats(*log_sys);

  buf_refresh_io_stats_all();

  srv_n_rows_inserted_old = srv_stats.n_rows_inserted;
  srv_n_rows_updated_old = srv_stats.n_rows_updated;
  srv_n_rows_deleted_old = srv_stats.n_rows_deleted;
  srv_n_rows_read_old = srv_stats.n_rows_read;

  srv_n_system_rows_inserted_old = srv_stats.n_system_rows_inserted;
  srv_n_system_rows_updated_old = srv_stats.n_system_rows_updated;
  srv_n_system_rows_deleted_old = srv_stats.n_system_rows_deleted;
  srv_n_system_rows_read_old = srv_stats.n_system_rows_read;

  mutex_exit(&srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);
}

/**
Prints info summary and info about all transactions to the file, recording the
position where the part about transactions starts.
@param[in]    file            output stream
@param[out]   trx_start_pos   file position of the start of the list of active
                              transactions
*/
static void srv_printf_locks_and_transactions(FILE *file,
                                              ulint *trx_start_pos) {
  ut_ad(locksys::owns_exclusive_global_latch());
  lock_print_info_summary(file);
  if (trx_start_pos) {
    long t = ftell(file);
    if (t < 0) {
      *trx_start_pos = ULINT_UNDEFINED;
    } else {
      *trx_start_pos = (ulint)t;
    }
  }
  lock_print_info_all_transactions(file);
}

bool srv_printf_innodb_monitor(FILE *file, bool nowait, ulint *trx_start_pos,
                               ulint *trx_end) {
  ulint n_reserved;
  ibool ret;

  mutex_enter(&srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);

  const auto current_time = ut_time_monotonic();

  /* We add 0.001 seconds to time_elapsed to prevent division
  by zero if two users happen to call SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS at the
  same time */

  const auto time_elapsed = current_time - srv_last_monitor_time + 0.001;

  srv_last_monitor_time = ut_time_monotonic();

  fputs("\n=====================================\n", file);

  ut_print_timestamp(file);
  fprintf(file,
          " INNODB MONITOR OUTPUT\n"
          "=====================================\n"
          "Per second averages calculated from the last %lu seconds\n",
          (ulong)time_elapsed);

  fputs(
      "-----------------\n"
      "BACKGROUND THREAD\n"
      "-----------------\n",
      file);
  srv_print_master_thread_info(file);

  fputs(
      "----------\n"
      "SEMAPHORES\n"
      "----------\n",
      file);

  sync_print(file);

  /* Conceptually, srv_innodb_monitor_mutex has a very high latching
  order level in sync0sync.h, while dict_foreign_err_mutex has a very
  low level 135. Therefore we can reserve the latter mutex here without
  a danger of a deadlock of threads. */

  mutex_enter(&dict_foreign_err_mutex);

  if (!srv_read_only_mode && ftell(dict_foreign_err_file) != 0L) {
    fputs(
        "------------------------\n"
        "LATEST FOREIGN KEY ERROR\n"
        "------------------------\n",
        file);
    ut_copy_file(file, dict_foreign_err_file);
  }

  mutex_exit(&dict_foreign_err_mutex);

  ret = true;
  if (nowait) {
    locksys::Global_exclusive_try_latch guard{};
    if (guard.owns_lock()) {
      srv_printf_locks_and_transactions(file, trx_start_pos);
    } else {
      fputs("FAIL TO OBTAIN LOCK MUTEX, SKIP LOCK INFO PRINTING\n", file);
      ret = false;
    }
  } else {
    locksys::Global_exclusive_latch_guard guard{};
    srv_printf_locks_and_transactions(file, trx_start_pos);
  }

  if (ret) {
    ut_ad(lock_validate());

    if (trx_end) {
      long t = ftell(file);
      if (t < 0) {
        *trx_end = ULINT_UNDEFINED;
      } else {
        *trx_end = (ulint)t;
      }
    }
  }

  fputs(
      "--------\n"
      "FILE I/O\n"
      "--------\n",
      file);
  os_aio_print(file);

  fputs(
      "-------------------------------------\n"
      "INSERT BUFFER AND ADAPTIVE HASH INDEX\n"
      "-------------------------------------\n",
      file);
  ibuf_print(file);

  for (ulint i = 0; i < btr_ahi_parts; ++i) {
    rw_lock_s_lock(btr_search_latches[i]);
    ha_print_info(file, btr_search_sys->hash_tables[i]);
    rw_lock_s_unlock(btr_search_latches[i]);
  }

  fprintf(file, "%.2f hash searches/s, %.2f non-hash searches/s\n",
          (btr_cur_n_sea - btr_cur_n_sea_old) / time_elapsed,
          (btr_cur_n_non_sea - btr_cur_n_non_sea_old) / time_elapsed);
  btr_cur_n_sea_old = btr_cur_n_sea;
  btr_cur_n_non_sea_old = btr_cur_n_non_sea;

  fputs(
      "---\n"
      "LOG\n"
      "---\n",
      file);
  log_print(*log_sys, file);

  fputs(
      "----------------------\n"
      "BUFFER POOL AND MEMORY\n"
      "----------------------\n",
      file);
  fprintf(file,
          "Total large memory allocated " ULINTPF
          "\n"
          "Dictionary memory allocated " ULINTPF "\n",
          os_total_large_mem_allocated, dict_sys->size);

  buf_print_io(file);

  fputs(
      "--------------\n"
      "ROW OPERATIONS\n"
      "--------------\n",
      file);
  fprintf(file,
          ULINTPF " queries inside InnoDB, " ULINTPF " queries in queue\n",
          srv_conc_get_active_threads(), srv_conc_get_waiting_threads());

  /* This is a dirty read, without holding trx_sys->mutex. */
  fprintf(file, ULINTPF " read views open inside InnoDB\n",
          trx_sys->mvcc->size());

  n_reserved = fil_space_get_n_reserved_extents(0);
  if (n_reserved > 0) {
    fprintf(file,
            ULINTPF
            " tablespace extents now reserved for"
            " B-tree split operations\n",
            n_reserved);
  }

  std::ostringstream msg;

  msg << "Process ID=" << srv_main_thread_process_no
      << ", Main thread ID=" << srv_main_thread_id
      << " , state=" << srv_main_thread_op_info;

  fprintf(file, "%s\n", msg.str().c_str());

  fprintf(file,
          "Number of rows inserted " ULINTPF ", updated " ULINTPF
          ", deleted " ULINTPF ", read " ULINTPF "\n",
          (ulint)srv_stats.n_rows_inserted, (ulint)srv_stats.n_rows_updated,
          (ulint)srv_stats.n_rows_deleted, (ulint)srv_stats.n_rows_read);
  fprintf(
      file,
      "%.2f inserts/s, %.2f updates/s,"
      " %.2f deletes/s, %.2f reads/s\n",
      ((ulint)srv_stats.n_rows_inserted - srv_n_rows_inserted_old) /
          time_elapsed,
      ((ulint)srv_stats.n_rows_updated - srv_n_rows_updated_old) / time_elapsed,
      ((ulint)srv_stats.n_rows_deleted - srv_n_rows_deleted_old) / time_elapsed,
      ((ulint)srv_stats.n_rows_read - srv_n_rows_read_old) / time_elapsed);

  fprintf(file,
          "Number of system rows inserted " ULINTPF ", updated " ULINTPF
          ", deleted " ULINTPF ", read " ULINTPF "\n",
          (ulint)srv_stats.n_system_rows_inserted,
          (ulint)srv_stats.n_system_rows_updated,
          (ulint)srv_stats.n_system_rows_deleted,
          (ulint)srv_stats.n_system_rows_read);
  fprintf(
      file,
      "%.2f inserts/s, %.2f updates/s,"
      " %.2f deletes/s, %.2f reads/s\n",
      ((ulint)srv_stats.n_system_rows_inserted -
       srv_n_system_rows_inserted_old) /
          time_elapsed,
      ((ulint)srv_stats.n_system_rows_updated - srv_n_system_rows_updated_old) /
          time_elapsed,
      ((ulint)srv_stats.n_system_rows_deleted - srv_n_system_rows_deleted_old) /
          time_elapsed,
      ((ulint)srv_stats.n_system_rows_read - srv_n_system_rows_read_old) /
          time_elapsed);

  srv_n_rows_inserted_old = srv_stats.n_rows_inserted;
  srv_n_rows_updated_old = srv_stats.n_rows_updated;
  srv_n_rows_deleted_old = srv_stats.n_rows_deleted;
  srv_n_rows_read_old = srv_stats.n_rows_read;

  srv_n_system_rows_inserted_old = srv_stats.n_system_rows_inserted;
  srv_n_system_rows_updated_old = srv_stats.n_system_rows_updated;
  srv_n_system_rows_deleted_old = srv_stats.n_system_rows_deleted;
  srv_n_system_rows_read_old = srv_stats.n_system_rows_read;

  fputs(
      "----------------------------\n"
      "END OF INNODB MONITOR OUTPUT\n"
      "============================\n",
      file);
  mutex_exit(&srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);
  fflush(file);

  return (ret);
}

/** Function to pass InnoDB status variables to MySQL */
void srv_export_innodb_status(void) {
  buf_pool_stat_t stat;
  buf_pools_list_size_t buf_pools_list_size;
  ulint LRU_len;
  ulint free_len;
  ulint flush_list_len;

  buf_get_total_stat(&stat);
  buf_get_total_list_len(&LRU_len, &free_len, &flush_list_len);
  buf_get_total_list_size_in_bytes(&buf_pools_list_size);

  mutex_enter(&srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);

  export_vars.innodb_data_pending_reads = os_n_pending_reads;

  export_vars.innodb_data_pending_writes = os_n_pending_writes;

  export_vars.innodb_data_pending_fsyncs =
      fil_n_pending_log_flushes + fil_n_pending_tablespace_flushes;

  export_vars.innodb_data_fsyncs = os_n_fsyncs;

  export_vars.innodb_data_read = srv_stats.data_read;

  export_vars.innodb_data_reads = os_n_file_reads;

  export_vars.innodb_data_writes = os_n_file_writes;

  export_vars.innodb_data_written = srv_stats.data_written;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests =
      Counter::total(stat.m_n_page_gets);

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_write_requests =
      srv_stats.buf_pool_write_requests;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_wait_free = srv_stats.buf_pool_wait_free;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_pages_flushed = srv_stats.buf_pool_flushed;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_reads = srv_stats.buf_pool_reads;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead_rnd = stat.n_ra_pages_read_rnd;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead = stat.n_ra_pages_read;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead_evicted = stat.n_ra_pages_evicted;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_pages_data = LRU_len;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_bytes_data =
      buf_pools_list_size.LRU_bytes + buf_pools_list_size.unzip_LRU_bytes;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_pages_dirty = flush_list_len;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_bytes_dirty =
      buf_pools_list_size.flush_list_bytes;

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_pages_free = free_len;

#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG
  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_pages_latched = buf_get_latched_pages_number();
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */
  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_pages_total = buf_pool_get_n_pages();

  export_vars.innodb_buffer_pool_pages_misc =
      buf_pool_get_n_pages() - LRU_len - free_len;

  export_vars.innodb_page_size = UNIV_PAGE_SIZE;

  export_vars.innodb_log_waits = srv_stats.log_waits;

  export_vars.innodb_os_log_written = srv_stats.os_log_written;

  export_vars.innodb_os_log_fsyncs = fil_n_log_flushes;

  export_vars.innodb_os_log_pending_fsyncs = fil_n_pending_log_flushes;

  export_vars.innodb_os_log_pending_writes = srv_stats.os_log_pending_writes;

  export_vars.innodb_log_write_requests = srv_stats.log_write_requests;

  export_vars.innodb_log_writes = srv_stats.log_writes;

  export_vars.innodb_dblwr_pages_written = srv_stats.dblwr_pages_written;

  export_vars.innodb_dblwr_writes = srv_stats.dblwr_writes;

  export_vars.innodb_pages_created = stat.n_pages_created;

  export_vars.innodb_pages_read = stat.n_pages_read;

  export_vars.innodb_pages_written = stat.n_pages_written;

  export_vars.innodb_redo_log_enabled = srv_redo_log;

  export_vars.innodb_row_lock_waits = srv_stats.n_lock_wait_count;

  export_vars.innodb_row_lock_current_waits =
      srv_stats.n_lock_wait_current_count;

  export_vars.innodb_row_lock_time = srv_stats.n_lock_wait_time / 1000;

  if (srv_stats.n_lock_wait_count > 0) {
    export_vars.innodb_row_lock_time_avg = (ulint)(
        srv_stats.n_lock_wait_time / 1000 / srv_stats.n_lock_wait_count);

  } else {
    export_vars.innodb_row_lock_time_avg = 0;
  }

  export_vars.innodb_row_lock_time_max = lock_sys->n_lock_max_wait_time / 1000;

  export_vars.innodb_rows_read = srv_stats.n_rows_read;

  export_vars.innodb_rows_inserted = srv_stats.n_rows_inserted;

  export_vars.innodb_rows_updated = srv_stats.n_rows_updated;

  export_vars.innodb_rows_deleted = srv_stats.n_rows_deleted;

  export_vars.innodb_system_rows_read = srv_stats.n_system_rows_read;

  export_vars.innodb_system_rows_inserted = srv_stats.n_system_rows_inserted;

  export_vars.innodb_system_rows_updated = srv_stats.n_system_rows_updated;

  export_vars.innodb_system_rows_deleted = srv_stats.n_system_rows_deleted;

  export_vars.innodb_sampled_pages_read = srv_stats.n_sampled_pages_read;

  export_vars.innodb_sampled_pages_skipped = srv_stats.n_sampled_pages_skipped;

  export_vars.innodb_num_open_files = fil_n_file_opened;

  export_vars.innodb_truncated_status_writes = srv_truncated_status_writes;

  export_vars.innodb_undo_tablespaces_implicit = FSP_IMPLICIT_UNDO_TABLESPACES;

  undo::spaces->s_lock();

  export_vars.innodb_undo_tablespaces_total = undo::spaces->size();

  export_vars.innodb_undo_tablespaces_explicit =
      export_vars.innodb_undo_tablespaces_total - FSP_IMPLICIT_UNDO_TABLESPACES;

  export_vars.innodb_undo_tablespaces_active = 0;

  for (auto undo_space : undo::spaces->m_spaces) {
    if (undo_space->is_active()) {
      export_vars.innodb_undo_tablespaces_active++;
    }
  }
  undo::spaces->s_unlock();

#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG
  rw_lock_s_lock(&purge_sys->latch);
  trx_id_t done_trx_no = purge_sys->done.trx_no;

  /* Purge always deals with transaction end points represented by
  transaction number. We are allowed to purge transactions with number
  below the low limit. */
  ReadView oldest_view;
  trx_sys->mvcc->clone_oldest_view(&oldest_view);
  trx_id_t low_limit_no = oldest_view.view_low_limit_no();

  rw_lock_s_unlock(&purge_sys->latch);

  mutex_enter(&trx_sys->mutex);
  /* Maximum transaction number added to history list for purge. */
  trx_id_t max_trx_no = trx_sys->rw_max_trx_no;
  mutex_exit(&trx_sys->mutex);

  if (done_trx_no == 0 || max_trx_no < done_trx_no) {
    export_vars.innodb_purge_trx_id_age = 0;
  } else {
    /* Add 1 as done_trx_no always points to the next transaction ID. */
    export_vars.innodb_purge_trx_id_age = (ulint)(max_trx_no - done_trx_no + 1);
  }

  if (low_limit_no == 0 || max_trx_no < low_limit_no) {
    export_vars.innodb_purge_view_trx_id_age = 0;
  } else {
    /* Add 1 as low_limit_no always points to the next transaction ID. */
    export_vars.innodb_purge_view_trx_id_age =
        (ulint)(max_trx_no - low_limit_no + 1);
  }
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */

  mutex_exit(&srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);
}

/** A thread which prints the info output by various InnoDB monitors. */
void srv_monitor_thread() {
  int64_t sig_count;
  ib_time_monotonic_t current_time;
  ib_time_monotonic_t time_elapsed;
  ulint mutex_skipped;
  bool last_srv_print_monitor = srv_print_innodb_monitor;

  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);

  auto last_monitor_time = ut_time_monotonic();
  srv_last_monitor_time = last_monitor_time;

  mutex_skipped = 0;

loop:
  /* Wake up every 5 seconds to see if we need to print
  monitor information or if signaled at shutdown. */

  sig_count = os_event_reset(srv_monitor_event);

  os_event_wait_time_low(srv_monitor_event, 5000000, sig_count);

  current_time = ut_time_monotonic();

  time_elapsed = current_time - last_monitor_time;

  if (time_elapsed > 15) {
    last_monitor_time = ut_time_monotonic();

    if (srv_print_innodb_monitor) {
      /* Reset mutex_skipped counter every time srv_print_innodb_monitor
      changes. This is to ensure we will not be blocked by lock_sys global latch
      for short duration information printing, such as requested by
      sync_array_print_long_waits() */
      if (!last_srv_print_monitor) {
        mutex_skipped = 0;
        last_srv_print_monitor = true;
      }

      if (!srv_printf_innodb_monitor(stderr, MUTEX_NOWAIT(mutex_skipped),
                                     nullptr, nullptr)) {
        mutex_skipped++;
      } else {
        /* Reset the counter */
        mutex_skipped = 0;
      }
    } else {
      last_srv_print_monitor = false;
    }

    /* We don't create the temp files or associated
    mutexes in read-only-mode */

    if (!srv_read_only_mode && srv_innodb_status) {
      mutex_enter(&srv_monitor_file_mutex);
      rewind(srv_monitor_file);
      if (!srv_printf_innodb_monitor(srv_monitor_file,
                                     MUTEX_NOWAIT(mutex_skipped), nullptr,
                                     nullptr)) {
        mutex_skipped++;
      } else {
        mutex_skipped = 0;
      }

      os_file_set_eof(srv_monitor_file);
      mutex_exit(&srv_monitor_file_mutex);
    }
  }

  if (srv_shutdown_state.load() < SRV_SHUTDOWN_CLEANUP) {
    goto loop;
  }
}

/** A thread which prints warnings about semaphore waits which have lasted
too long. These can be used to track bugs which cause hangs. */
void srv_error_monitor_thread() {
  /* number of successive fatal timeouts observed */
  ulint fatal_cnt = 0;
  lsn_t old_lsn;
  lsn_t new_lsn;
  int64_t sig_count;
  /* longest waiting thread for a semaphore */
  os_thread_id_t waiter = os_thread_get_curr_id();
  os_thread_id_t old_waiter = waiter;
  /* the semaphore that is being waited for */
  const void *sema = nullptr;
  const void *old_sema = nullptr;

  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);

  old_lsn = log_get_lsn(*log_sys);

loop:
  /* Try to track a strange bug reported by Harald Fuchs and others,
  where the lsn seems to decrease at times */

  new_lsn = log_get_lsn(*log_sys);

  if (new_lsn < old_lsn) {
    ib::error(ER_IB_MSG_1046, ulonglong{old_lsn}, ulonglong{new_lsn});
    ut_ad(0);
  }

  old_lsn = new_lsn;

  if (ut_difftime(ut_time_monotonic(), srv_last_monitor_time) > 60) {
    /* We referesh InnoDB Monitor values so that averages are
    printed from at most 60 last seconds */

    srv_refresh_innodb_monitor_stats();
  }

  /* Update the statistics collected for deciding LRU
  eviction policy. */
  buf_LRU_stat_update();

  /* In case mutex_exit is not a memory barrier, it is
  theoretically possible some threads are left waiting though
  the semaphore is already released. Wake up those threads: */

  sync_arr_wake_threads_if_sema_free();

  if (sync_array_print_long_waits(&waiter, &sema) && sema == old_sema &&
      os_thread_eq(waiter, old_waiter)) {
    fatal_cnt++;
    if (fatal_cnt > 10) {
      ib::fatal(ER_IB_MSG_1047, ulonglong{srv_fatal_semaphore_wait_threshold});
    }
  } else {
    fatal_cnt = 0;
    old_waiter = waiter;
    old_sema = sema;
  }

  /* Flush stderr so that a database user gets the output
  to possible MySQL error file */

  fflush(stderr);

  sig_count = os_event_reset(srv_error_event);

  os_event_wait_time_low(srv_error_event, 1000000, sig_count);

  if (srv_shutdown_state.load() < SRV_SHUTDOWN_CLEANUP) {
    goto loop;
  }
}

/** Increment the server activity count. */
void srv_inc_activity_count(void) { srv_sys->activity_count.inc(); }

/** Check whether the master thread is active.
This is polled during the final phase of shutdown.
The first phase of server shutdown must have already been executed
(or the server must not have been fully started up).
@see srv_pre_dd_shutdown()
@retval true	if any thread is active
@retval false	if no thread is active */
bool srv_master_thread_is_active() {
  return (srv_thread_is_active(srv_threads.m_master));
}

/** Tells the InnoDB server that there has been activity in the database
 and wakes up the master thread if it is suspended (not sleeping). Used
 in the MySQL interface. Note that there is a small chance that the master
 thread stays suspended (we do not protect our operation with the
 srv_sys_t->mutex, for performance reasons). */
void srv_active_wake_master_thread_low() {
  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);
  ut_ad(!srv_sys_mutex_own());

  srv_inc_activity_count();

  if (srv_sys->n_threads_active[SRV_MASTER] == 0) {
    srv_slot_t *slot;

    srv_sys_mutex_enter();

    slot = &srv_sys->sys_threads[SRV_MASTER_SLOT];

    /* Only if the master thread has been started. */

    if (slot->in_use) {
      ut_a(srv_slot_get_type(slot) == SRV_MASTER);

      if (slot->suspended) {
        slot->suspended = FALSE;

        ++srv_sys->n_threads_active[SRV_MASTER];

        os_event_set(slot->event);
      }
    }

    srv_sys_mutex_exit();
  }
}

/** Tells the purge thread that there has been activity in the database
 and wakes up the purge thread if it is suspended (not sleeping).  Note
 that there is a small chance that the purge thread stays suspended
 (we do not protect our check with the srv_sys_t:mutex and the
 purge_sys->latch, for performance reasons). */
void srv_wake_purge_thread_if_not_active(void) {
  ut_ad(!srv_sys_mutex_own());

  if (purge_sys->state == PURGE_STATE_RUN &&
      srv_sys->n_threads_active[SRV_PURGE] == 0) {
    srv_release_threads(SRV_PURGE, 1);
  }
}

/** Wakes up the master thread if it is suspended or being suspended. */
void srv_wake_master_thread(void) {
  ut_ad(!srv_sys_mutex_own());

  srv_inc_activity_count();

  srv_release_threads(SRV_MASTER, 1);
}

/** Get current server activity count. We don't hold srv_sys::mutex while
 reading this value as it is only used in heuristics.
 @return activity count. */
ulint srv_get_activity_count(void) { return (srv_sys->activity_count); }

/** Check if there has been any activity.
 @return false if no change in activity counter. */
ibool srv_check_activity(
    ulint old_activity_count) /*!< in: old activity count */
{
  return (srv_sys->activity_count != old_activity_count);
}

/** Make room in the table cache by evicting an unused table.
 @return number of tables evicted. */
static ulint srv_master_evict_from_table_cache(
    ulint pct_check) /*!< in: max percent to check */
{
  ulint n_tables_evicted = 0;

  rw_lock_x_lock(dict_operation_lock);

  dict_mutex_enter_for_mysql();

  n_tables_evicted =
      dict_make_room_in_cache(innobase_get_table_cache_size(), pct_check);

  dict_mutex_exit_for_mysql();

  rw_lock_x_unlock(dict_operation_lock);

  return (n_tables_evicted);
}

/** This function prints progress message every 60 seconds during server
 shutdown, for any activities that master thread is pending on. */
static void srv_shutdown_print_master_pending(
    ib_time_monotonic_t *last_print_time, /*!< last time the function
                                          print the message */
    ulint n_tables_to_drop,               /*!< number of tables to
                                          be dropped */
    ulint n_bytes_merged)                 /*!< number of change buffer
                                          just merged */
{
  const auto current_time = ut_time_monotonic();

  const auto time_elapsed = current_time - *last_print_time;

  if (time_elapsed > 60) {
    *last_print_time = ut_time_monotonic();

    if (n_tables_to_drop) {
      ib::info(ER_IB_MSG_1048, ulonglong{n_tables_to_drop});
    }

    /* Check change buffer merge, we only wait for change buffer
    merge if it is a slow shutdown */
    if (!srv_fast_shutdown && n_bytes_merged) {
      ib::info(ER_IB_MSG_1049, ulonglong{n_bytes_merged});
    }
  }
}

#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG
/** Waits in loop as long as master thread is disabled (debug) */
static void srv_master_do_disabled_loop(void) {
  if (!srv_master_thread_disabled_debug) {
    /* We return here to avoid changing op_info. */
    return;
  }

  srv_main_thread_op_info = "disabled";

  while (srv_master_thread_disabled_debug) {
    os_event_set(srv_master_thread_disabled_event);
    if (srv_shutdown_state.load() >=
        SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS) {
      break;
    }
    os_thread_sleep(100000);
  }

  srv_main_thread_op_info = "";
}

/** Disables master thread. It's used by:
        SET GLOBAL innodb_master_thread_disabled_debug = 1 (0).
@param[in]	thd		thread handle
@param[in]	var		pointer to system variable
@param[out]	var_ptr		where the formal string goes
@param[in]	save		immediate result from check function */
void srv_master_thread_disabled_debug_update(THD *thd, SYS_VAR *var,
                                             void *var_ptr, const void *save) {
  /* This method is protected by mutex, as every SET GLOBAL .. */
  ut_ad(srv_master_thread_disabled_event != nullptr);

  const bool disable = *static_cast<const bool *>(save);

  const int64_t sig_count = os_event_reset(srv_master_thread_disabled_event);

  srv_master_thread_disabled_debug = disable;

  if (disable) {
    os_event_wait_low(srv_master_thread_disabled_event, sig_count);
  }
}
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */

/** Calculates difference between two timeval values.
@param[in]	a	later timeval
@param[in]	b	earlier timeval
@return a - b; number of microseconds between b and a */
MY_ATTRIBUTE((unused))
static int64_t timeval_diff_us(timeval a, timeval b) {
  return ((a.tv_sec - b.tv_sec) * 1000000LL + a.tv_usec - b.tv_usec);
}

#ifdef UNIV_LINUX

/** Updates statistics about current CPU usage. */
static void srv_update_cpu_usage() {
  using Clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock;
  using Clock_point = std::chrono::time_point<Clock>;

  static Clock_point last_time = Clock::now();

  static timeval last_cpu_utime;
  static timeval last_cpu_stime;
  static bool last_cpu_times_set = false;

  Clock_point cur_time = Clock::now();

  const auto time_diff = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
                             cur_time - last_time)
                             .count();

  if (time_diff < 100 * 1000LL) {
    return;
  }
  last_time = cur_time;

  rusage usage;
  if (getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage) != 0) {
    return;
  }

  if (!last_cpu_times_set) {
    last_cpu_utime = usage.ru_utime;
    last_cpu_stime = usage.ru_stime;
    last_cpu_times_set = true;
    return;
  }

  const auto cpu_utime_diff = timeval_diff_us(usage.ru_utime, last_cpu_utime);
  last_cpu_utime = usage.ru_utime;

  const auto cpu_stime_diff = timeval_diff_us(usage.ru_stime, last_cpu_stime);
  last_cpu_stime = usage.ru_stime;

  /* Calculate absolute. */

  double cpu_utime = cpu_utime_diff * 100.0 / time_diff;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_UTIME_ABS, int64_t(cpu_utime));
  srv_cpu_usage.utime_abs = cpu_utime;

  double cpu_stime = cpu_stime_diff * 100.0 / time_diff;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_STIME_ABS, int64_t(cpu_stime));
  srv_cpu_usage.stime_abs = cpu_stime;

  /* Calculate relative. */

  cpu_set_t cs;
  CPU_ZERO(&cs);
  if (sched_getaffinity(0, sizeof(cs), &cs) != 0) {
    return;
  }

  int n_cpu = 0;
  constexpr int MAX_CPU_N = 128;
  for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CPU_N; ++i) {
    if (CPU_ISSET(i, &cs)) {
      ++n_cpu;
    }
  }

  srv_cpu_usage.n_cpu = n_cpu;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_N, int64_t(n_cpu));

  if (n_cpu == 0) {
    return;
  }

  cpu_utime /= n_cpu;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_UTIME_PCT, int64_t(cpu_utime));
  srv_cpu_usage.utime_pct = cpu_utime;

  cpu_stime /= n_cpu;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_STIME_PCT, int64_t(cpu_stime));
  srv_cpu_usage.stime_pct = cpu_stime;
}
#else /* !UNIV_LINUX */
#ifdef _WIN32
/** Convert a FILETIME to microseconds.
Do not cast a pointer to a FILETIME structure to either a ULARGE_INTEGER* or
__int64* value because it can cause alignment faults on 64-bit Windows.
*/
static uint64 FILETIME_to_microseconds(const FILETIME &ft) {
  ULARGE_INTEGER ulg;
  ulg.HighPart = ft.dwHighDateTime;
  ulg.LowPart = ft.dwLowDateTime;
  return ulg.QuadPart / 10;
}

/** Updates statistics about current CPU usage. */
static void srv_update_cpu_usage() {
  using Clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock;
  using Clock_point = std::chrono::time_point<Clock>;

  static Clock_point last_time = Clock::now();

  static uint64 last_cpu_utime;
  static uint64 last_cpu_stime;
  static bool last_cpu_times_set = false;

  Clock_point cur_time = Clock::now();

  const auto time_diff = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
                             cur_time - last_time)
                             .count();

  if (time_diff < 100 * 1000LL) {
    return;
  }
  last_time = cur_time;

  FILETIME process_creation_time;
  FILETIME process_exit_time;
  FILETIME process_kernel_time;
  FILETIME process_user_time;

  if (!GetProcessTimes(GetCurrentProcess(), &process_creation_time,
                       &process_exit_time, &process_kernel_time,
                       &process_user_time)) {
    return;
  }

  uint64 cur_cpu_utime = FILETIME_to_microseconds(process_user_time);
  uint64 cur_cpu_stime = FILETIME_to_microseconds(process_kernel_time);
  if (!last_cpu_times_set) {
    last_cpu_utime = cur_cpu_utime;
    last_cpu_stime = cur_cpu_stime;
    last_cpu_times_set = true;
    return;
  }

  const auto cpu_utime_diff = cur_cpu_utime - last_cpu_utime;
  last_cpu_utime = cur_cpu_utime;

  const auto cpu_stime_diff = cur_cpu_stime - last_cpu_stime;
  last_cpu_stime = cur_cpu_stime;

  /* Calculate absolute. */

  double cpu_utime = cpu_utime_diff * 100.0 / time_diff;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_UTIME_ABS, int64_t(cpu_utime));
  srv_cpu_usage.utime_abs = cpu_utime;

  double cpu_stime = cpu_stime_diff * 100.0 / time_diff;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_STIME_ABS, int64_t(cpu_stime));
  srv_cpu_usage.stime_abs = cpu_stime;

  /* Calculate relative. */

  DWORD_PTR process_affinity_mask;
  DWORD_PTR system_affinity_mask;
  if (!GetProcessAffinityMask(GetCurrentProcess(), &process_affinity_mask,
                              &system_affinity_mask)) {
    return;
  }

  /* If the system has more than 64 processors and the current process
     contains threads in multiple groups, GetProcessAffinityMask returns
     zero for both affinity masks.
  */
  if ((process_affinity_mask == 0) && (system_affinity_mask == 0)) {
    return;
  }

  int n_cpu = 0;
  constexpr int MAX_CPU_N = 64;
  uint64 j = 1;
  for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CPU_N; ++i) {
    if (j & process_affinity_mask) {
      ++n_cpu;
    }
    j = j << 1;
  }

  srv_cpu_usage.n_cpu = n_cpu;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_N, int64_t(n_cpu));

  if (n_cpu == 0) {
    return;
  }

  cpu_utime /= n_cpu;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_UTIME_PCT, int64_t(cpu_utime));
  srv_cpu_usage.utime_pct = cpu_utime;

  cpu_stime /= n_cpu;
  MONITOR_SET(MONITOR_CPU_STIME_PCT, int64_t(cpu_stime));
  srv_cpu_usage.stime_pct = cpu_stime;
}
#else
static void srv_update_cpu_usage() {
  srv_cpu_usage.utime_pct = 0;
  srv_cpu_usage.utime_abs = 0;
  srv_cpu_usage.stime_pct = 0;
  srv_cpu_usage.stime_abs = 0;
  srv_cpu_usage.n_cpu = 1;
}
#endif

#endif /* UNIV_LINUX || WIN32 */

/** Perform the tasks that the master thread is supposed to do when the
 server is active. There are two types of tasks. The first category is
 of such tasks which are performed at each inovcation of this function.
 We assume that this function is called roughly every second when the
 server is active. The second category is of such tasks which are
 performed at some interval e.g.: purge, dict_LRU cleanup etc. */
static void srv_master_do_active_tasks(void) {
  const auto cur_time = ut_time_monotonic();
  auto counter_time = ut_time_monotonic_us();

  /* First do the tasks that we are suppose to do at each
  invocation of this function. */

  ++srv_main_active_loops;

  MONITOR_INC(MONITOR_MASTER_ACTIVE_LOOPS);

  /* ALTER TABLE in MySQL requires on Unix that the table handler
  can drop tables lazily after there no longer are SELECT
  queries to them. */
  srv_main_thread_op_info = "doing background drop tables";
  row_drop_tables_for_mysql_in_background();
  MONITOR_INC_TIME_IN_MICRO_SECS(MONITOR_SRV_BACKGROUND_DROP_TABLE_MICROSECOND,
                                 counter_time);

  ut_d(srv_master_do_disabled_loop());

  if (srv_shutdown_state.load() >=
      SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS) {
    return;
  }

  /* Do an ibuf merge */
  srv_main_thread_op_info = "doing insert buffer merge";
  counter_time = ut_time_monotonic_us();
  ibuf_merge_in_background(false);
  MONITOR_INC_TIME_IN_MICRO_SECS(MONITOR_SRV_IBUF_MERGE_MICROSECOND,
                                 counter_time);

  /* Now see if various tasks that are performed at defined
  intervals need to be performed. */

  if (srv_shutdown_state.load() >=
      SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS) {
    return;
  }

  srv_update_cpu_usage();

  if (trx_sys->rseg_history_len > 0) {
    srv_wake_purge_thread_if_not_active();
  }

  if (cur_time % SRV_MASTER_DICT_LRU_INTERVAL == 0) {
    srv_main_thread_op_info = "enforcing dict cache limit";
    ulint n_evicted = srv_master_evict_from_table_cache(50);
    if (n_evicted != 0) {
      MONITOR_INC_VALUE(MONITOR_SRV_DICT_LRU_EVICT_COUNT, n_evicted);
    }
    MONITOR_INC_TIME_IN_MICRO_SECS(MONITOR_SRV_DICT_LRU_MICROSECOND,
                                   counter_time);
  }
}

/** Perform the tasks that the master thread is supposed to do whenever the
 server is idle. We do check for the server state during this function
 and if the server has entered the shutdown phase we may return from
 the function without completing the required tasks.
 Note that the server can move to active state when we are executing this
 function but we don't check for that as we are suppose to perform more
 or less same tasks when server is active. */
static void srv_master_do_idle_tasks(void) {
  uintmax_t counter_time;

  ++srv_main_idle_loops;

  MONITOR_INC(MONITOR_MASTER_IDLE_LOOPS);

  /* ALTER TABLE in MySQL requires on Unix that the table handler
  can drop tables lazily after there no longer are SELECT
  queries to them. */
  counter_time = ut_time_monotonic_us();
  srv_main_thread_op_info = "doing background drop tables";
  row_drop_tables_for_mysql_in_background();
  MONITOR_INC_TIME_IN_MICRO_SECS(MONITOR_SRV_BACKGROUND_DROP_TABLE_MICROSECOND,
                                 counter_time);

  ut_d(srv_master_do_disabled_loop());

  if (srv_shutdown_state.load() >=
      SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS) {
    return;
  }

  /* Do an ibuf merge */
  counter_time = ut_time_monotonic_us();
  srv_main_thread_op_info = "doing insert buffer merge";
  ibuf_merge_in_background(true);
  MONITOR_INC_TIME_IN_MICRO_SECS(MONITOR_SRV_IBUF_MERGE_MICROSECOND,
                                 counter_time);

  if (srv_shutdown_state.load() >=
      SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS) {
    return;
  }

  srv_update_cpu_usage();

  if (trx_sys->rseg_history_len > 0) {
    srv_wake_purge_thread_if_not_active();
  }

  srv_main_thread_op_info = "enforcing dict cache limit";
  ulint n_evicted = srv_master_evict_from_table_cache(100);
  if (n_evicted != 0) {
    MONITOR_INC_VALUE(MONITOR_SRV_DICT_LRU_EVICT_COUNT, n_evicted);
  }
  MONITOR_INC_TIME_IN_MICRO_SECS(MONITOR_SRV_DICT_LRU_MICROSECOND,
                                 counter_time);
}

/** Perform the tasks during pre_dd_shutdown phase. The tasks that we do
 depend on srv_fast_shutdown:
 2 => very fast shutdown => do no book keeping
 0, 1 => normal or slow shutdown => clear drop table queue
 @param[in,out]   last_print_time       last time log message (about pending
                                        operations of shutdown) was printed
 @return true if there might be some work left to be done, false otherwise */
static bool srv_master_do_pre_dd_shutdown_tasks(
    ib_time_monotonic_t *last_print_time) /*!< last time the function
                                          print the message */
{
  ulint n_tables_to_drop = 0;

  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);

  ++srv_main_shutdown_loops;

  ut_a(srv_shutdown_state_matches([](auto state) {
    return state == SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS ||
           state == SRV_SHUTDOWN_EXIT_THREADS;
  }));

  /* In very fast shutdown none of the following is necessary */
  if (srv_fast_shutdown == 2) {
    return (false);
  }

  /* ALTER TABLE in MySQL requires on Unix that the table handler
  can drop tables lazily after there no longer are SELECT
  queries to them. */
  if (srv_force_recovery < SRV_FORCE_NO_BACKGROUND) {
    srv_main_thread_op_info = "doing background drop tables";
    n_tables_to_drop = row_drop_tables_for_mysql_in_background();
  }

  /* Print progress message every 60 seconds during shutdown */
  srv_shutdown_print_master_pending(last_print_time, n_tables_to_drop, 0);

  return (n_tables_to_drop != 0);
}

/** Perform the tasks during shutdown. The tasks that we do at shutdown
 depend on srv_fast_shutdown:
 1, 2 => very fast shutdown => do no book keeping
 0 => slow shutdown => do ibuf merge
 @param[in,out]   last_print_time       last time log message (about pending
                                        operations of shutdown) was printed
 @return true if there might be some work left to be done, false otherwise */
static bool srv_master_do_shutdown_tasks(
    ib_time_monotonic_t *last_print_time) /*!< last time the function
                                          print the message */
{
  ulint n_bytes_merged = 0;

  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);

  ++srv_main_shutdown_loops;

  ut_a(srv_shutdown_state_matches([](auto state) {
    return state == SRV_SHUTDOWN_MASTER_STOP ||
           state == SRV_SHUTDOWN_EXIT_THREADS;
  }));

  /* In very fast shutdown none of the following is necessary */
  if (srv_fast_shutdown >= 1) {
    return (false);
  }

  /* In case of slow shutdown we do ibuf merge (unless innodb_force_recovery
  is greater or equal to SRV_FORCE_NO_IBUF_MERGE). */
  if (srv_force_recovery < SRV_FORCE_NO_IBUF_MERGE) {
    srv_main_thread_op_info = "doing insert buffer merge";
    n_bytes_merged = ibuf_merge_in_background(true);
  }

  /* Print progress message every 60 seconds during shutdown */
  srv_shutdown_print_master_pending(last_print_time, 0, n_bytes_merged);

  return (n_bytes_merged != 0);
}

void undo_rotate_default_master_key() {
  fil_space_t *space;

  if (srv_shutdown_state.load() >= SRV_SHUTDOWN_CLEANUP) {
    return;
  }

  /* If the undo log space is using default key, rotate
  it. We need the server_uuid initialized, otherwise,
  the keyname will not contains server uuid. */
  if (Encryption::get_master_key_id() != 0 || srv_read_only_mode ||
      strlen(server_uuid) == 0) {
    return;
  }

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("skip_rotating_default_master_key", return;);

  undo::spaces->s_lock();
  for (auto undo_space : undo::spaces->m_spaces) {
    ut_ad(fsp_is_undo_tablespace(undo_space->id()));

    space = fil_space_get(undo_space->id());

    if (space == nullptr || space->encryption_type == Encryption::NONE) {
      continue;
    }

    byte encrypt_info[Encryption::INFO_SIZE];
    mtr_t mtr;

    ut_ad(FSP_FLAGS_GET_ENCRYPTION(space->flags));

    /* Make sure that there is enough reusable
    space in the redo log files. */
    log_free_check();

    mtr_start(&mtr);

    mtr_x_lock_space(space, &mtr);

    memset(encrypt_info, 0, Encryption::INFO_SIZE);

    if (!fsp_header_rotate_encryption(space, encrypt_info, &mtr)) {
      ib::error(ER_IB_MSG_1056, undo_space->space_name());
    } else {
      ib::info(ER_IB_MSG_1057, undo_space->space_name());
    }
    mtr_commit(&mtr);
  }
  undo::spaces->s_unlock();
}

/* Enable REDO tablespace encryption */
bool srv_enable_redo_encryption(bool is_boot) {
  /* Start to encrypt the redo log block from now on. */
  fil_space_t *space = fil_space_get(dict_sys_t::s_log_space_first_id);

  /* While enabling encryption, make sure not to overwrite the tablespace
  key. */
  if (FSP_FLAGS_GET_ENCRYPTION(space->flags)) {
    return false;
  }

  dberr_t err;
  byte key[Encryption::KEY_LEN];
  byte iv[Encryption::KEY_LEN];

  Encryption::random_value(key);
  Encryption::random_value(iv);

  if (!log_write_encryption(key, iv, is_boot)) {
    ib::error(ER_IB_MSG_1243);
    return true;
  }

  fsp_flags_set_encryption(space->flags);
  err = fil_set_encryption(space->id, Encryption::AES, key, iv);
  if (err != DB_SUCCESS) {
    ib::warn(ER_IB_MSG_1244);
    return true;
  }

  /* Announce encryption is successfully enabled for the redo log. */
  ib::info(ER_IB_MSG_1245);
  return false;
}

/* Set encryption for UNDO tablespace with given space id. */
bool set_undo_tablespace_encryption(space_id_t space_id, mtr_t *mtr,
                                    bool is_boot) {
  ut_ad(fsp_is_undo_tablespace(space_id));
  fil_space_t *space = fil_space_get(space_id);

  dberr_t err;
  byte encrypt_info[Encryption::INFO_SIZE];
  byte key[Encryption::KEY_LEN];
  byte iv[Encryption::KEY_LEN];

  Encryption::random_value(key);
  Encryption::random_value(iv);

  /* 0 fill encryption info */
  memset(encrypt_info, 0, Encryption::INFO_SIZE);

  /* Fill up encryption info to be set */
  if (!Encryption::fill_encryption_info(key, iv, encrypt_info, is_boot, true)) {
    ib::error(ER_IB_MSG_1052, space->name);
    return true;
  }

  uint32_t new_flags = space->flags | FSP_FLAGS_MASK_ENCRYPTION;

  /* Write encryption info on tablespace header page */
  if (!fsp_header_write_encryption(space->id, new_flags, encrypt_info, true,
                                   false, mtr)) {
    ib::error(ER_IB_MSG_1053, space->name);
    return true;
  }

  /* Update In-Mem encryption information for UNDO tablespace */
  fsp_flags_set_encryption(space->flags);
  err = fil_set_encryption(space->id, Encryption::AES, key, iv);
  if (err != DB_SUCCESS) {
    ib::error(ER_IB_MSG_1054, space->name, int{err}, ut_strerr(err));
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/* Enable UNDO tablespace encryption */
bool srv_enable_undo_encryption(bool is_boot) {
  /* Make sure undo::ddl_mutex is owned. */
  ut_ad(mutex_own(&undo::ddl_mutex));

  /* Traverse over all UNDO tablespaces and mark them encrypted. */
  undo::spaces->s_lock();
  for (auto undo_space : undo::spaces->m_spaces) {
    /* Skip system tablespace. */
    if (undo_space->id() == TRX_SYS_SPACE) {
      continue;
    }

    fil_space_t *space = fil_space_get(undo_space->id());
    ut_ad(fsp_is_undo_tablespace(undo_space->id()));

    /* While enabling encryption, make sure not to overwrite the tablespace key.
    Otherwise, pages encrypted with the old tablespace key can't be read. */
    if (FSP_FLAGS_GET_ENCRYPTION(space->flags)) {
      continue;
    }

    undo_space->rsegs()->s_lock();

    /* Make sure that there is enough reusable space in the redo log files. */
    log_free_check();

    mtr_t mtr;
    mtr_start(&mtr);
    mtr_x_lock_space(space, &mtr);

    if (set_undo_tablespace_encryption(undo_space->id(), &mtr, is_boot)) {
      mtr_commit(&mtr);
      undo_space->rsegs()->s_unlock();
      undo::spaces->s_unlock();
      return true;
    }

    mtr_commit(&mtr);
    undo_space->rsegs()->s_unlock();

    /* Announce encryption is successfully enabled for the undo tablespace. */
    ib::info(ER_IB_MSG_1055, undo_space->space_name());
  }
  undo::spaces->s_unlock();

  return false;
}

/** Puts master thread to sleep. At this point we are using polling to
 service various activities. Master thread sleeps for one second before
 checking the state of the server again */
static void srv_master_sleep(void) {
  srv_main_thread_op_info = "sleeping";
  os_thread_sleep(1000000);
  srv_main_thread_op_info = "";
}

/** Check redo and undo log encryption and rotate default master key. */
static void srv_sys_check_set_encryption() {
  /* Rotate default master key for redo log encryption if it is set */
  if (srv_redo_log_encrypt) {
    fil_space_t *space = fil_space_get(dict_sys_t::s_log_space_first_id);
    ut_a(space);

    /* Encryption for redo tablespace must already have been set. This is
    safeguard to encrypt it if not done earlier. */
    ut_ad(FSP_FLAGS_GET_ENCRYPTION(space->flags));

    if (!FSP_FLAGS_GET_ENCRYPTION(space->flags)) {
      ib::warn(ER_IB_MSG_1285, space->name, "srv_redo_log_encrypt");
      srv_enable_redo_encryption(false);
    }
    redo_rotate_default_master_key();
  }

  if (!srv_undo_log_encrypt) {
    return;
  }

  /* Rotate default master key for undo log encryption if it is set */
  ut_ad(!undo::spaces->empty());

  mutex_enter(&undo::ddl_mutex);

  bool encrypt_undo = false;
  undo::spaces->s_lock();
  for (auto &undo_ts : undo::spaces->m_spaces) {
    fil_space_t *space = fil_space_get(undo_ts->id());
    ut_ad(space != nullptr);

    /* Encryption for undo tablespace must already have been set. This is
    safeguard to encrypt it if not done earlier. */
    ut_ad(FSP_FLAGS_GET_ENCRYPTION(space->flags));
    if (!FSP_FLAGS_GET_ENCRYPTION(space->flags)) {
      ib::warn(ER_IB_MSG_1285, space->name, "srv_undo_log_encrypt");
      /* No need to loop further as srv_enable_undo_encryption() would
      loop through all UNDO tablespaces and encrypt. */
      encrypt_undo = true;
      break;
    }
  }
  undo::spaces->s_unlock();

  if (encrypt_undo) {
    ut_d(bool ret =) srv_enable_undo_encryption(false);
    ut_ad(!ret);
  }
  undo_rotate_default_master_key();
  mutex_exit(&undo::ddl_mutex);
}

/** Waits on event in provided slot.
@param[in]   slot     slot reserved as SRV_MASTER */
static void srv_master_wait(srv_slot_t *slot) {
  srv_main_thread_op_info = "suspending";

  srv_suspend_thread(slot);

  /* DO NOT CHANGE THIS STRING. innobase_start_or_create_for_mysql()
  waits for database activity to die down when converting < 4.1.x
  databases, and relies on this string being exactly as it is. InnoDB
  manual also mentions this string in several places. */
  srv_main_thread_op_info = "waiting for server activity";

  os_event_wait(slot->event);
}

/** Executes the main loop of the master thread.
@param[in]   slot     slot reserved as SRV_MASTER */
static void srv_master_main_loop(srv_slot_t *slot) {
  if (srv_force_recovery >= SRV_FORCE_NO_BACKGROUND) {
    /* When innodb_force_recovery is at least SRV_FORCE_NO_BACKGROUND,
    we avoid performing active/idle master's tasks. However, we still
    need to ensure that:
      srv_shutdown_state >= SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS,
    after we exited srv_master_main_loop(). Keep waiting until that
    is satisfied and then exit. */
    while (srv_shutdown_state.load() <
           SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS) {
      srv_master_wait(slot);
    }
    return;
  }

  ulint old_activity_count = srv_get_activity_count();

  while (srv_shutdown_state.load() <
         SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS) {
    srv_master_sleep();

    MONITOR_INC(MONITOR_MASTER_THREAD_SLEEP);

    /* Just in case - if there is not much free space in redo,
    try to avoid asking for troubles because of extra work
    performed in such background thread. */
    srv_main_thread_op_info = "checking free log space";
    log_free_check();

    if (srv_check_activity(old_activity_count)) {
      old_activity_count = srv_get_activity_count();
      srv_master_do_active_tasks();
    } else {
      srv_master_do_idle_tasks();
    }

    /* Make sure that early encryption processing of UNDO/REDO log is done. */
    if (!is_early_redo_undo_encryption_done()) {
      continue;
    }

    /* Let clone wait when redo/undo log encryption is set. If clone is already
    in progress we skip the check and come back later. */
    if (!clone_mark_wait()) {
      continue;
    }

    /* Check encryption property for system tablespaces. */
    srv_sys_check_set_encryption();

    /* Allow any blocking clone to progress. */
    clone_mark_free();
  }
}

/** Executes pre_dd_shutdown tasks in the master thread. */
static void srv_master_pre_dd_shutdown_loop() {
  ut_a(srv_shutdown_state_matches([](auto state) {
    return state == SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS ||
           state == SRV_SHUTDOWN_EXIT_THREADS;
  }));
  auto last_print_time = ut_time_monotonic();
  while (srv_shutdown_state.load() < SRV_SHUTDOWN_EXIT_THREADS &&
         srv_master_do_pre_dd_shutdown_tasks(&last_print_time)) {
    /* Shouldn't loop here in case of very fast shutdown */
    ut_ad(srv_fast_shutdown < 2);
  }
}

/** Executes shutdown tasks in the master thread. */
static void srv_master_shutdown_loop() {
  ut_a(srv_shutdown_state_matches([](auto state) {
    return state == SRV_SHUTDOWN_MASTER_STOP ||
           state == SRV_SHUTDOWN_EXIT_THREADS;
  }));
  auto last_print_time = ut_time_monotonic();
  while (srv_shutdown_state.load() < SRV_SHUTDOWN_EXIT_THREADS &&
         srv_master_do_shutdown_tasks(&last_print_time)) {
    /* Shouldn't loop here in case of very fast shutdown */
    ut_ad(srv_fast_shutdown < 2);
  }
}

/** The master thread controlling the server. */
void srv_master_thread() {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  srv_slot_t *slot;

  THD *thd = create_thd(false, true, true, 0);

  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);

  srv_main_thread_process_no = os_proc_get_number();
  srv_main_thread_id = os_thread_get_curr_id();

  slot = srv_reserve_slot(SRV_MASTER);
  ut_a(slot == srv_sys->sys_threads);

  srv_master_main_loop(slot);

  srv_master_pre_dd_shutdown_loop();

  os_event_set(srv_threads.m_master_ready_for_dd_shutdown);

  /* This is just for test scenarios. */
  srv_thread_delay_cleanup_if_needed(true);

  while (srv_shutdown_state.load() < SRV_SHUTDOWN_MASTER_STOP) {
    srv_master_wait(slot);
  }

  srv_master_shutdown_loop();

  srv_main_thread_op_info = "exiting";
  destroy_thd(thd);
}

/**
Check if purge should stop.
@return true if it should shutdown. */
static bool srv_purge_should_exit(
    ulint n_purged) /*!< in: pages purged in last batch */
{
  switch (srv_shutdown_state.load()) {
    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_NONE:
    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_RECOVERY_ROLLBACK:
    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_PRE_DD_AND_SYSTEM_TRANSACTIONS:
      /* Normal operation. */
      break;

    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_PURGE:
      /* Exit unless slow shutdown requested or all done. */
      return (srv_fast_shutdown != 0 || n_purged == 0);

    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_EXIT_THREADS:
      return (true);

    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_LAST_PHASE:
    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_FLUSH_PHASE:
    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_MASTER_STOP:
    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_CLEANUP:
    case SRV_SHUTDOWN_DD:
      ut_error;
  }

  return (false);
}

/** Fetch and execute a task from the work queue.
 @return true if a task was executed */
static bool srv_task_execute(void) {
  que_thr_t *thr = nullptr;

  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);
  ut_a(srv_force_recovery < SRV_FORCE_NO_BACKGROUND);

  mutex_enter(&srv_sys->tasks_mutex);

  if (UT_LIST_GET_LEN(srv_sys->tasks) > 0) {
    thr = UT_LIST_GET_FIRST(srv_sys->tasks);

    ut_a(que_node_get_type(thr->child) == QUE_NODE_PURGE);

    UT_LIST_REMOVE(srv_sys->tasks, thr);
  }

  mutex_exit(&srv_sys->tasks_mutex);

  if (thr != nullptr) {
    que_run_threads(thr);

    os_atomic_inc_ulint(&purge_sys->pq_mutex, &purge_sys->n_completed, 1);
  }

  return (thr != nullptr);
}

/** Worker thread that reads tasks from the work queue and executes them. */
void srv_worker_thread() {
  srv_slot_t *slot;

  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);
  ut_a(srv_force_recovery < SRV_FORCE_NO_BACKGROUND);

#ifdef UNIV_PFS_THREAD
  THD *thd = create_thd(false, true, true, srv_worker_thread_key.m_value);
#else
  THD *thd = create_thd(false, true, true, 0);
#endif
  slot = srv_reserve_slot(SRV_WORKER);

  ut_a(srv_n_purge_threads > 1);

  srv_sys_mutex_enter();

  ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[SRV_WORKER] < srv_n_purge_threads);

  srv_sys_mutex_exit();

  /* We need to ensure that the worker threads exit after the
  purge coordinator thread. Otherwise the purge coordinaor can
  end up waiting forever in trx_purge_wait_for_workers_to_complete() */

  do {
    srv_suspend_thread(slot);

    os_event_wait(slot->event);

    if (srv_task_execute()) {
      /* If there are tasks in the queue, wakeup
      the purge coordinator thread. */

      srv_wake_purge_thread_if_not_active();
    }

    /* Note: we are checking the state without holding the
    purge_sys->latch here. */
  } while (purge_sys->state != PURGE_STATE_EXIT);

  srv_free_slot(slot);

  rw_lock_x_lock(&purge_sys->latch);

  ut_a(!purge_sys->running);
  ut_a(purge_sys->state == PURGE_STATE_EXIT);
  ut_a(srv_shutdown_state.load() >= SRV_SHUTDOWN_PURGE);

  rw_lock_x_unlock(&purge_sys->latch);

  destroy_thd(thd);
}

/** Do the actual purge operation.
 @return length of history list before the last purge batch. */
static ulint srv_do_purge(
    ulint *n_total_purged) /*!< in/out: total pages purged */
{
  ulint n_pages_purged;

  static ulint count = 0;
  static ulint n_use_threads = 0;
  static ulint rseg_history_len = 0;
  ulint old_activity_count = srv_get_activity_count();

  const auto n_threads = srv_threads.m_purge_workers_n;

  ut_a(n_threads > 0);
  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);

  /* Purge until there are no more records to purge and there is
  no change in configuration or server state. If the user has
  configured more than one purge thread then we treat that as a
  pool of threads and only use the extra threads if purge can't
  keep up with updates. */

  if (n_use_threads == 0) {
    n_use_threads = n_threads;
  }

  do {
    if (trx_sys->rseg_history_len > rseg_history_len ||
        (srv_max_purge_lag > 0 && rseg_history_len > srv_max_purge_lag)) {
      /* History length is now longer than what it was
      when we took the last snapshot. Use more threads. */

      if (n_use_threads < n_threads) {
        ++n_use_threads;
      }

    } else if (srv_check_activity(old_activity_count) && n_use_threads > 1) {
      /* History length same or smaller since last snapshot,
      use fewer threads. */

      --n_use_threads;

      old_activity_count = srv_get_activity_count();
    }

    /* Ensure that the purge threads are less than what
    was configured. */

    ut_a(n_use_threads > 0);
    ut_a(n_use_threads <= n_threads);

    /* Take a snapshot of the history list before purge. */
    if ((rseg_history_len = trx_sys->rseg_history_len) == 0) {
      break;
    }

    ulint undo_trunc_freq = purge_sys->undo_trunc.get_rseg_truncate_frequency();

    ulint rseg_truncate_frequency = ut_min(
        static_cast<ulint>(srv_purge_rseg_truncate_frequency), undo_trunc_freq);

    n_pages_purged = trx_purge(n_use_threads, srv_purge_batch_size,
                               (++count % rseg_truncate_frequency) == 0);

    *n_total_purged += n_pages_purged;

  } while (!srv_purge_should_exit(n_pages_purged) && n_pages_purged > 0 &&
           purge_sys->state == PURGE_STATE_RUN);

  return (rseg_history_len);
}

/** Suspend the purge coordinator thread. */
static void srv_purge_coordinator_suspend(
    srv_slot_t *slot,       /*!< in/out: Purge coordinator
                            thread slot */
    ulint rseg_history_len) /*!< in: history list length
                            before last purge */
{
  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);
  ut_a(slot->type == SRV_PURGE);

  bool stop = false;

  /** Maximum wait time on the purge event, in micro-seconds. */
  static const ulint SRV_PURGE_MAX_TIMEOUT = 10000;

  int64_t sig_count = srv_suspend_thread(slot);

  do {
    ulint ret;

    rw_lock_x_lock(&purge_sys->latch);

    purge_sys->running = false;

    rw_lock_x_unlock(&purge_sys->latch);

    /* We don't wait right away on the the non-timed wait because
    we want to signal the thread that wants to suspend purge. */

    if (stop) {
      os_event_wait_low(slot->event, sig_count);
      ret = 0;
    } else if (rseg_history_len <= trx_sys->rseg_history_len) {
      ret =
          os_event_wait_time_low(slot->event, SRV_PURGE_MAX_TIMEOUT, sig_count);
    } else {
      /* We don't want to waste time waiting, if the
      history list increased by the time we got here,
      unless purge has been stopped. */
      ret = 0;
    }

    srv_sys_mutex_enter();

    /* The thread can be in state !suspended after the timeout
    but before this check if another thread sent a wakeup signal. */

    if (slot->suspended) {
      slot->suspended = FALSE;
      ++srv_sys->n_threads_active[slot->type];
      ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[slot->type] == 1);
    }

    srv_sys_mutex_exit();

    sig_count = srv_suspend_thread(slot);

    rw_lock_x_lock(&purge_sys->latch);

    stop = (srv_shutdown_state.load() < SRV_SHUTDOWN_PURGE &&
            purge_sys->state == PURGE_STATE_STOP);

    if (!stop) {
      bool check = true;
      DBUG_EXECUTE_IF(
          "skip_purge_check_shutdown",
          if (srv_shutdown_state.load() >= SRV_SHUTDOWN_PURGE &&
              purge_sys->state == PURGE_STATE_STOP &&
              srv_fast_shutdown != 0) { check = false; };);

      if (check) {
        ut_a(purge_sys->n_stop == 0);
      }
      purge_sys->running = true;
    } else {
      ut_a(purge_sys->n_stop > 0);

      /* Signal that we are suspended. */
      os_event_set(purge_sys->event);
    }

    rw_lock_x_unlock(&purge_sys->latch);

    if (ret == OS_SYNC_TIME_EXCEEDED) {
      /* No new records added since wait started then simply
      wait for new records. The magic number 5000 is an
      approximation for the case where we have cached UNDO
      log records which prevent truncate of the UNDO
      segments. */

      if (rseg_history_len == trx_sys->rseg_history_len &&
          trx_sys->rseg_history_len < 5000) {
        stop = true;
      }
    }

  } while (stop);

  srv_sys_mutex_enter();

  if (slot->suspended) {
    slot->suspended = FALSE;
    ++srv_sys->n_threads_active[slot->type];
    ut_a(srv_sys->n_threads_active[slot->type] == 1);
  }

  srv_sys_mutex_exit();
}

/** Purge coordinator thread that schedules the purge tasks. */
void srv_purge_coordinator_thread() {
  srv_slot_t *slot;

#ifdef UNIV_PFS_THREAD
  THD *thd = create_thd(false, true, true, srv_purge_thread_key.m_value);
#else
  THD *thd = create_thd(false, true, true, 0);
#endif

  ulint n_total_purged = ULINT_UNDEFINED;

  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);
  ut_a(srv_n_purge_threads >= 1);
  ut_a(trx_purge_state() == PURGE_STATE_INIT);
  ut_a(srv_force_recovery < SRV_FORCE_NO_BACKGROUND);

  rw_lock_x_lock(&purge_sys->latch);

  purge_sys->running = true;
  purge_sys->state = PURGE_STATE_RUN;

  rw_lock_x_unlock(&purge_sys->latch);

  slot = srv_reserve_slot(SRV_PURGE);

  ulint rseg_history_len = trx_sys->rseg_history_len;

  do {
    /* If there are no records to purge or the last
    purge didn't purge any records then wait for activity. */

    if (srv_shutdown_state.load() < SRV_SHUTDOWN_PURGE &&
        (purge_sys->state == PURGE_STATE_STOP || n_total_purged == 0)) {
      srv_purge_coordinator_suspend(slot, rseg_history_len);
    }

    if (srv_purge_should_exit(n_total_purged)) {
      ut_a(!slot->suspended);
      break;
    }

    n_total_purged = 0;

    rseg_history_len = srv_do_purge(&n_total_purged);

  } while (!srv_purge_should_exit(n_total_purged));

  /* This is just for test scenarios. Do not pass thd here,
  because it would lead to wait on event then, and we would
  never exit the srv_pre_dd_shutdown() which waits for this
  thread to exit. That's because the signal for which we
  would wait is signalled in srv_shutdown which happens
  after the srv_pre_dd_shutdown is ended. */
  srv_thread_delay_cleanup_if_needed(false);

  /* Ensure that we don't jump out of the loop unless the
  exit condition is satisfied. */

  ut_a(srv_purge_should_exit(n_total_purged));

  ulint n_pages_purged = ULINT_MAX;

  /* Ensure that all records are purged if it is not a fast shutdown.
  This covers the case where a record can be added after we exit the
  loop above. */
  while (srv_fast_shutdown == 0 && n_pages_purged > 0) {
    n_pages_purged = trx_purge(1, srv_purge_batch_size, false);
  }

  /* This trx_purge is called to remove any undo records (added by
  background threads) after completion of the above loop. When
  srv_fast_shutdown != 0, a large batch size can cause significant
  delay in shutdown ,so reducing the batch size to magic number 20
  (which was default in 5.5), which we hope will be sufficient to
  remove all the undo records */
  const uint temp_batch_size = 20;

  n_pages_purged =
      trx_purge(1,
                srv_purge_batch_size <= temp_batch_size ? srv_purge_batch_size
                                                        : temp_batch_size,
                true);
  ut_a(n_pages_purged == 0 || srv_fast_shutdown != 0);

  /* The task queue should always be empty, independent of fast
  shutdown state. */
  ut_a(srv_get_task_queue_length() == 0);

  srv_free_slot(slot);

  /* Note that we are shutting down. */
  rw_lock_x_lock(&purge_sys->latch);

  purge_sys->state = PURGE_STATE_EXIT;

  /* Clear out any pending undo-tablespaces to truncate and reset
  the list as we plan to shutdown the purge thread. */
  purge_sys->undo_trunc.reset();

  purge_sys->running = false;

  rw_lock_x_unlock(&purge_sys->latch);

  /* Ensure that all the worker threads quit. */
  if (srv_n_purge_threads > 1) {
    srv_release_threads(SRV_WORKER, srv_n_purge_threads - 1);
  }

  /* This is just for test scenarios. Do not pass thd here.
  For explanation look at comment for similar usage above. */
  srv_thread_delay_cleanup_if_needed(false);

  destroy_thd(thd);
}

/** Enqueues a task to server task queue and releases a worker thread, if there
 is a suspended one. */
void srv_que_task_enqueue_low(que_thr_t *thr) /*!< in: query thread */
{
  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);
  mutex_enter(&srv_sys->tasks_mutex);

  UT_LIST_ADD_LAST(srv_sys->tasks, thr);

  mutex_exit(&srv_sys->tasks_mutex);

  srv_release_threads(SRV_WORKER, 1);
}

/** Get count of tasks in the queue.
 @return number of tasks in queue */
ulint srv_get_task_queue_length(void) {
  ulint n_tasks;

  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);

  mutex_enter(&srv_sys->tasks_mutex);

  n_tasks = UT_LIST_GET_LEN(srv_sys->tasks);

  mutex_exit(&srv_sys->tasks_mutex);

  return (n_tasks);
}

/** Wakeup the purge threads. */
void srv_purge_wakeup(void) {
  ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);

  if (srv_force_recovery < SRV_FORCE_NO_BACKGROUND) {
    srv_release_threads(SRV_PURGE, 1);

    if (srv_threads.m_purge_workers_n > 1) {
      /* SRV_PURGE is not counted here. */
      ulint n_workers = srv_threads.m_purge_workers_n - 1;

      srv_release_threads(SRV_WORKER, n_workers);
    }
  }
}

/** Check if the purge threads are active, both coordinator and worker threads
@return true if any thread is active, false if no thread is active */
bool srv_purge_threads_active() {
  if (srv_threads.m_purge_workers == nullptr) {
#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG
    ut_a(srv_read_only_mode);
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */
    ut_ad(!srv_thread_is_active(srv_threads.m_purge_coordinator));
    return (false);
  }

  for (size_t i = 0; i < srv_threads.m_purge_workers_n; ++i) {
    if (srv_thread_is_active(srv_threads.m_purge_workers[i])) {
      ut_ad(!srv_read_only_mode);
      return (true);
    }
  }

  ut_ad(!srv_thread_is_active(srv_threads.m_purge_coordinator));

  return (false);
}

bool srv_thread_is_active(const IB_thread &thread) {
  return (thread_is_active(thread));
}

#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */

const char *srv_get_server_errmsgs(int errcode) {
  return (error_message_for_error_log(errcode));
}

void set_srv_redo_log(bool enable) {
  mutex_enter(&srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);
  srv_redo_log = enable;
  mutex_exit(&srv_innodb_monitor_mutex);
}