// Copyright(C) 1999-2021 National Technology & Engineering Solutions
// of Sandia, LLC (NTESS).  Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with
// NTESS, the U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
//
// See packages/seacas/LICENSE for details

#include <Ioss_CodeTypes.h>
#include <Ioss_SubSystem.h>
#include <Ioss_Utils.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cctype>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <fmt/chrono.h>
#include <fmt/format.h>
#include <fmt/ostream.h>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <tokenize.h>
#include <vector>

#ifndef _WIN32
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#endif

#ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE
#define _POSIX_SOURCE
#endif
#include <cstdio>

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#include <io.h>
#define isatty _isatty
#endif

// For memory utilities...
#if defined(_WIN32)
#if 0
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#define NOMINMAX
#include <psapi.h>
#include <windows.h>
#endif

#elif defined(__unix__) || defined(__unix) || defined(unix) ||                                     \
    (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__))
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
#include <mach/mach.h>

#elif (defined(_AIX) || defined(__TOS__AIX__)) ||                                                  \
    (defined(__sun__) || defined(__sun) || defined(sun) && (defined(__SVR4) || defined(__svr4__)))
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <procfs.h>

#elif defined(__linux__) || defined(__linux) || defined(linux) || defined(__gnu_linux__)
#include <stdio.h>
#endif
#endif

#if defined(BGQ_LWK) && defined(__linux__)
#include <spi/include/kernel/location.h>
#include <spi/include/kernel/memory.h>
#endif

std::ostream *Ioss::Utils::m_warningStream  = &std::cerr;
std::ostream *Ioss::Utils::m_debugStream    = &std::cerr;
std::ostream *Ioss::Utils::m_outputStream   = &std::cerr;
std::string   Ioss::Utils::m_preWarningText = "\nIOSS WARNING: ";

namespace {
  auto initial_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();

  template <typename INT>
  void set_owned_node_count(Ioss::Region &region, int my_processor, INT dummy);

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  bool is_separator(const char separator, const char value) { return separator == value; }

  size_t match(const char *name1, const char *name2)
  {
    size_t l1  = std::strlen(name1);
    size_t l2  = std::strlen(name2);
    size_t len = l1 < l2 ? l1 : l2;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      if (name1[i] != name2[i]) {
        while (i > 0 && (isdigit(name1[i - 1]) != 0) && (isdigit(name2[i - 1]) != 0)) {
          i--;
          // Back up to first non-digit so to handle "evar0000, evar0001, ..., evar 1123"
        }
        return i;
      }
    }
    return len;
  }

  // Split 'str' into 'tokens' based on the 'separator' character.
  // If 'str' starts with 1 or more 'separator', they are part of the
  // first token and not used for splitting.  If there are multiple
  // 'separator' characters in a row, then the first is used to split
  // and the subsequent 'separator' characters are put as leading
  // characters of the next token.
  // `__this___is_a_string__for_tokens` will split to 6 tokens:
  // `__this` `__is` `a` `string` `_for` `tokens`
  void field_tokenize(const std::string &str, const char separator,
                      std::vector<std::string> &tokens)
  {
    std::string curr_token;
    // Skip leading separators...
    size_t i = 0;
    while (i < str.length() && is_separator(separator, str[i])) {
      curr_token += str[i++];
    }
    for (; i < str.length(); ++i) {
      char curr_char = str[i];

      // determine if current character is a separator
      bool is_sep = is_separator(separator, curr_char);
      if (is_sep && curr_token != "") {
        // we just completed a token
        tokens.push_back(curr_token);
        curr_token.clear();
        while (i++ < str.length() && is_separator(separator, str[i])) {
          curr_token += str[i];
        }
        i--;
      }
      else if (!is_sep) {
        curr_token += curr_char;
      }
    }
    if (curr_token != "") {
      tokens.push_back(curr_token);
    }
  }
} // namespace

void Ioss::Utils::time_and_date(char *time_string, char *date_string, size_t length)
{
  std::time_t t    = std::time(nullptr);
  std::string time = fmt::format("{:%H:%M:%S}", fmt::localtime(t));
  std::string date;
  if (length >= 10) {
    date = fmt::format("{:%Y/%m/%d}", fmt::localtime(t));
  }
  else {
    date = fmt::format("{:%y/%m/%d}", fmt::localtime(t));
  }
  copy_string(time_string, time, 9);
  copy_string(date_string, date, length + 1);
}

void Ioss::Utils::check_non_null(void *ptr, const char *type, const std::string &name,
                                 const std::string &func)
{
  if (ptr == nullptr) {
    std::ostringstream errmsg;
    fmt::print(errmsg,
               "INTERNAL ERROR: Could not find {} '{}'. Something is wrong in {}. Please report.\n",
               type, name, func);
    IOSS_ERROR(errmsg);
  }
}

std::string Ioss::Utils::decode_filename(const std::string &filename, int processor,
                                         int num_processors)
{
  // Current format for per-processor file names is:
  // PREFIX/basename.num_proc.cur_proc
  // the 'cur_proc' field is padded to be the same width as
  // the 'num_proc' field
  // Examples: basename.8.1, basename.64.03, basename.128.001

  // Create a std::string containing the total number of processors
  if (num_processors > 1) {
    size_t proc_width = number_width(num_processors);

    std::string decoded_filename =
        fmt::format("{}.{}.{:0{}}", filename, num_processors, processor, proc_width);
    return decoded_filename;
  }
  return filename;
}

size_t Ioss::Utils::get_number(const std::string &suffix)
{
  int  N       = 0;
  bool all_dig = suffix.find_first_not_of("0123456789") == std::string::npos;
  if (all_dig) {
    N = std::stoi(suffix);
  }
  return N;
}

int64_t Ioss::Utils::extract_id(const std::string &name_id)
{
  int64_t id = 0;

  std::vector<std::string> tokens = Ioss::tokenize(name_id, "_");
  if (tokens.size() > 1) {
    // Check whether last token is an integer...
    std::string str_id = tokens.back();
    id                 = get_number(str_id);
  }
  return id;
}

std::string Ioss::Utils::format_id_list(const std::vector<size_t> &ids, const std::string &rng_sep,
                                        const std::string &seq_sep)
{
  // Based on function from cubit (but I wrote original cubit version long time ago... ;-)
  if (ids.empty()) {
    return "";
  }

  // PRECONDITION: `ids` is monotonically increasing -- will throw IOSS_ERROR if violated.
  if (!std::is_sorted(ids.begin(), ids.end(), [](size_t a, size_t b) { return a <= b; })) {
    std::ostringstream errmsg;
    fmt::print(errmsg,
               "INTERNAL ERROR: ({}) The `ids` vector is not in monotonically increasing order as "
               "required.\n",
               __func__);
    IOSS_ERROR(errmsg);
  }

  size_t             num = 0;
  std::ostringstream ret_str;
  while (num < ids.size()) {
    fmt::print(ret_str, "{}{}", num == 0 ? "" : seq_sep, ids[num]);
    size_t begin    = ids[num]; // first id in range of 1 or more ids
    size_t previous = ids[num]; // last id in range of 1 or more ids
    // Gather a range or single value... (begin .. previous)
    while (previous == ids[num] && ++num < ids.size() && ids[num] == previous + 1) {
      previous++;
    }

    if (begin != previous) {
      fmt::print(ret_str, "{}{}", previous == begin + 1 ? seq_sep : rng_sep, previous);
    }
  }
  return ret_str.str();
}

std::string Ioss::Utils::encode_entity_name(const std::string &entity_type, int64_t id)
{
  // ExodusII stores block, nodeset, and sideset ids as integers
  // Sierra   stores these as std::strings. The string is created by
  // concatenating the type, the character '_' and the id.

  return fmt::format("{}_{}", entity_type, id);
}

char **Ioss::Utils::get_name_array(size_t count, int size)
{
  auto names = new char *[count];
  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    names[i] = new char[size + 1];
    std::memset(names[i], '\0', size + 1);
  }
  return names;
}

void Ioss::Utils::delete_name_array(char **names, int count)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    delete[] names[i];
  }
  delete[] names;
}

std::string Ioss::Utils::fixup_type(const std::string &base, int nodes_per_element, int spatial)
{
  std::string type = base;
  Ioss::Utils::fixup_name(type); // Convert to lowercase; replace spaces with '_'

  // Fixup an exodusII kluge/ambiguity.
  // The element block type does not fully define the element. For
  // example, a block of type 'triangle' may have either 3 or 6
  // nodes.  To fix this, check the block type name and see if it
  // ends with a number.  If it does, assume it is OK; if not, append
  // the 'nodes_per_element'.
  if (isdigit(*(type.rbegin())) == 0) {
    if (nodes_per_element > 1) {
      type += std::to_string(nodes_per_element);
    }
  }

  // Fixup an exodusII kludge.  For triangular elements, the same
  // name is used for 2D elements and 3D shell elements.  Convert
  // to unambiguous names for the IO Subsystem.  The 2D name
  // stays the same, the 3D name becomes 'trishell#'
  if (spatial == 3) {
    if (type == "triangle3") {
      type = "trishell3";
    }
    else if (type == "triangle4") {
      type = "trishell4";
    }
    else if (type == "triangle6") {
      type = "trishell6";
    }
    else if (type == "tri3") {
      type = "trishell3";
    }
    else if (type == "tri4") {
      type = "trishell4";
    }
    else if (type == "tri6") {
      type = "trishell6";
    }
  }

  if (spatial == 2) {
    if (type == "shell2") {
      type = "shellline2d2";
    }
    else if (type == "rod2" || type == "bar2" || type == "truss2") {
      type = "rod2d2";
    }
    else if (type == "shell3") {
      type = "shellline2d3";
    }
    else if (type == "bar3" || type == "rod3" || type == "truss3") {
      type = "rod2d3";
    }
    else if (type == "bar4" || type == "rod4" || type == "truss4") {
      type = "rod2d4";
    }
  }

  if (Ioss::Utils::substr_equal("super", type)) {
    // A super element can have a varying number of nodes.  Create
    // an IO element type for this super element just so the IO
    // system can read a mesh containing super elements.  This
    // allows the "omit volume" command to be used in the Sierra
    // applications to skip creating a corresponding element block
    // in the application.
    type = "super" + std::to_string(nodes_per_element);
  }
  return type;
}

std::string Ioss::Utils::local_filename(const std::string &relative_filename,
                                        const std::string &type,
                                        const std::string &working_directory)
{
  if (relative_filename[0] == '/' || type == "generated" || working_directory.empty()) {
    return relative_filename;
  }
  std::string filename = working_directory;
  filename += relative_filename;
  return filename;
}

int Ioss::Utils::field_warning(const Ioss::GroupingEntity *ge, const Ioss::Field &field,
                               const std::string &inout)
{
  fmt::print(Ioss::WARNING(), "{} '{}'. Unknown {} field '{}'\n", ge->type_string(), ge->name(),
             inout, field.get_name());
  return -4;
}

namespace {
  const Ioss::VariableType *match_composite_field(char **names, Ioss::IntVector &which_names,
                                                  const char suffix_separator)
  {
    // ASSUME: Fields are in order...
    // The field we are trying to match will be a composite field of
    // type base_x_1, base_y_1, base_z_1, ...., base_y_3, base_z_3.
    // The composite field type currently always has a numeric Real[N]
    // type field as the last suffix and the other field as the first
    // suffix.
    // If we take the last suffix of the last name, it should give us
    // the 'N' in the Real[N] field.  Dividing 'which_names.size()' by
    // 'N' will give the number of components in the inner field.

    char suffix[2] = {suffix_separator, '\0'};

    std::vector<std::string> tokens =
        Ioss::tokenize(names[which_names[which_names.size() - 1]], suffix);

    if (tokens.size() <= 2) {
      return nullptr;
    }

    assert(tokens.size() > 2);

    // Check that suffix is a number -- all digits
    size_t N = Ioss::Utils::get_number(tokens[tokens.size() - 1]);

    if (N == 0) {
      return nullptr;
    }

    if (which_names.size() % N != 0) {
      return nullptr;
    }

    size_t inner_token = tokens.size() - 2;
    size_t inner_comp  = which_names.size() / N;

    // Gather the first 'inner_ccomp' inner field suffices...
    std::vector<Ioss::Suffix> suffices;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < inner_comp; i++) {
      std::vector<std::string> ltokens = Ioss::tokenize(names[which_names[i]], suffix);
      // The second-last token is the suffix for this component...
      Ioss::Suffix tmp(ltokens[inner_token]);
      suffices.push_back(tmp);
    }

    // check that the suffices on the next copies of the inner field
    // match the first copy...
    size_t j = inner_comp;
    for (size_t copy = 1; copy < N; copy++) {
      for (size_t i = 0; i < inner_comp; i++) {
        std::vector<std::string> ltokens = Ioss::tokenize(names[which_names[j++]], suffix);
        // The second-last token is the suffix for this component...
        if (suffices[i] != ltokens[inner_token]) {
          return nullptr;
        }
      }
    }

    // All 'N' copies of the inner field match, now see the
    // suffices actually defines a field...
    const Ioss::VariableType *type = Ioss::VariableType::factory(suffices);
    if (type != nullptr) {
      type = Ioss::VariableType::factory(type->name(), static_cast<int>(N));
    }
    return type;
  }

  const Ioss::VariableType *match_single_field(char **names, Ioss::IntVector &which_names,
                                               const char suffix_separator)
  {
    // Strip off the suffix from each name indexed in 'which_names'
    // and see if it defines a valid type...
    std::vector<Ioss::Suffix> suffices;

    char suffix[2] = {suffix_separator, '\0'};

    for (int which_name : which_names) {
      std::vector<std::string> tokens     = Ioss::tokenize(names[which_name], suffix);
      size_t                   num_tokens = tokens.size();

      // The last token is the suffix for this component...
      Ioss::Suffix tmp(tokens[num_tokens - 1]);
      suffices.push_back(tmp);
    }
    const Ioss::VariableType *type = Ioss::VariableType::factory(suffices);
    return type;
  }

  Ioss::Field get_next_field(char **names, int num_names, size_t count,
                             Ioss::Field::RoleType fld_role, const char suffix_separator,
                             const int *truth_table)
  {
    // NOTE: 'names' are all lowercase at this point.

    // Assumption 1: To convert to a non-SCALAR type, the variable name
    // must have an field_suffix_sep in the name separating the suffixes from
    // the main name.

    // Find first unused name (used names have '\0' as first character...
    int  index       = 0;
    bool found_valid = false;
    for (index = 0; index < num_names; index++) {
      assert(truth_table == nullptr || truth_table[index] == 1 || truth_table[index] == 0);
      if ((truth_table == nullptr || truth_table[index] == 1) && names[index][0] != '\0') {
        found_valid = true;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (!found_valid) {
      // Return an invalid field...
      return Ioss::Field("", Ioss::Field::INVALID, IOSS_SCALAR(), fld_role, 1);
    }

    // At this point, name[index] should be a valid potential field
    // name and all names[i] with i < index are either already used or
    // not valid for this grouping entity (truth_table entry == 0).
    assert(index < num_names && names[index][0] != '\0' &&
           (truth_table == nullptr || truth_table[index] == 1));
    char *name = names[index];

    // Split the name up into tokens separated by the
    // 'suffix_separator'.  Note that the basename itself could
    // contain a suffix_separator (back_stress_xx or
    // back_stress_xx_01). Need to ignore embedded separators
    // (back_stress) and also recognize composite variable types
    // (back_stress_xx_01). At the current time, a composite variable
    // type can only contain two non-composite variable types, so we
    // only need to look to be concerned with the last 1 or 2 tokens...
    std::vector<std::string> tokens;
    field_tokenize(name, suffix_separator, tokens);
    size_t num_tokens = tokens.size();

    // Check that tokenizer did not return empty tokens...
    bool invalid = tokens[0].empty() || tokens[num_tokens - 1].empty();
    if (num_tokens == 1 || invalid) {
      // It is not a (Sierra-generated) name for a non-SCALAR variable
      // Return a SCALAR field
      Ioss::Field field(name, Ioss::Field::REAL, IOSS_SCALAR(), fld_role, count);
      field.set_index(index);
      names[index][0] = '\0';
      return field;
    }

    // KNOW: num_tokens > 1 at this point.  Possible that we still
    // just have a scalar with one or more embedded separator characters...
    int suffix_size = 1;
    if (num_tokens > 2) {
      suffix_size = 2;
    }

    // If num_tokens > 2, then we can potentially have a composite
    // variable type which would have a double suffix (_xx_01).

    // Gather all names which match in the first
    // (num_tokens-suffix_size) tokens and see if their suffices form
    // a valid variable type...
    while (suffix_size > 0) {
      Ioss::IntVector which_names; // Contains index of names that
      // potentially match as components
      // of a higher-order type.

      std::string base_name = tokens[0];
      for (size_t i = 1; i < num_tokens - suffix_size; i++) {
        base_name += suffix_separator;
        base_name += tokens[i];
      }
      base_name += suffix_separator;
      size_t bn_len = base_name.length(); // Length of basename portion only
      size_t length = std::strlen(name);  // Length of total name (with suffix)

      // Add the current name...
      which_names.push_back(index);

      // Gather all other names that are valid for this entity, and
      // have the same overall length and match in the first 'bn_len'
      // characters.
      //
      // Check that they have the same number of tokens,
      // It is possible that the first name(s) that match with two
      // suffices have a basename that match other names with only a
      // single suffix lc_cam_x, lc_cam_y, lc_sfarea.
      for (int i = index + 1; i < num_names; i++) {
        char *                   tst_name = names[i];
        std::vector<std::string> subtokens;
        field_tokenize(tst_name, suffix_separator, subtokens);
        if ((truth_table == nullptr || truth_table[i] == 1) && // Defined on this entity
            std::strlen(tst_name) == length &&                 // names must be same length
            std::strncmp(name, tst_name, bn_len) == 0 &&       // base portion must match
            subtokens.size() == num_tokens) {
          which_names.push_back(i);
        }
      }

      const Ioss::VariableType *type = nullptr;
      if (suffix_size == 2) {
        if (which_names.size() > 1) {
          type = match_composite_field(names, which_names, suffix_separator);
        }
      }
      else {
        assert(suffix_size == 1);
        type = match_single_field(names, which_names, suffix_separator);
      }

      if (type != nullptr) {
        // A valid variable type was recognized.
        // Mark the names which were used so they aren't used for another field on this entity.
        // Create a field of that variable type.
        assert(type->component_count() == static_cast<int>(which_names.size()));
        Ioss::Field field(base_name.substr(0, bn_len - 1), Ioss::Field::REAL, type, fld_role,
                          count);
        field.set_index(index);
        for (const auto &which_name : which_names) {
          names[which_name][0] = '\0';
        }
        return field;
      }
      if (suffix_size == 1) {
        Ioss::Field field(name, Ioss::Field::REAL, IOSS_SCALAR(), fld_role, count);
        field.set_index(index);
        names[index][0] = '\0';
        return field;
      }

      suffix_size--;
    }
    return Ioss::Field("", Ioss::Field::INVALID, IOSS_SCALAR(), fld_role, 1);
  }

  // common
  bool define_field(size_t nmatch, size_t match_length, char **names,
                    std::vector<Ioss::Suffix> &suffices, size_t entity_count,
                    Ioss::Field::RoleType fld_role, std::vector<Ioss::Field> &fields)
  {
    // Try to define a field of size 'nmatch' with the suffices in 'suffices'.
    // If this doesn't define a known field, then assume it is a scalar instead
    // and return false.
    if (nmatch > 1) {
      const Ioss::VariableType *type = Ioss::VariableType::factory(suffices);
      if (type == nullptr) {
        nmatch = 1;
      }
      else {
        char *name         = names[0];
        name[match_length] = '\0';
        Ioss::Field field(name, Ioss::Field::REAL, type, fld_role, entity_count);
        if (field.is_valid()) {
          fields.push_back(field);
        }
        for (size_t j = 0; j < nmatch; j++) {
          names[j][0] = '\0';
        }
        return true;
      }
    }

    // NOTE: nmatch could be reset inside previous if block.
    // This is not an 'else' block, it is a new if block.
    if (nmatch == 1) {
      Ioss::Field field(names[0], Ioss::Field::REAL, IOSS_SCALAR(), fld_role, entity_count);
      if (field.is_valid()) {
        fields.push_back(field);
      }
      names[0][0] = '\0';
      return false;
    }
    return false; // Can't get here...  Quiet the compiler
  }
} // namespace
// Read scalar fields off an input database and determine whether
// they are components of a higher order type (vector, tensor, ...).
// This routine is used if there is no field component separator.  E.g.,
// fieldx, fieldy, fieldz instead of field_x field_y field_z

void Ioss::Utils::get_fields(int64_t entity_count, // The number of objects in this entity.
                             char ** names,        // Raw list of field names from exodus
                             size_t  num_names,    // Number of names in list
                             Ioss::Field::RoleType fld_role, // Role of field
                             bool enable_field_recognition, const char suffix_separator,
                             int *local_truth, // Truth table for this entity;
                             // null if not applicable.
                             std::vector<Ioss::Field> &fields) // The fields that were found.
{
  if (!enable_field_recognition) {
    // Create a separate field for each name.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_names; i++) {
      if (local_truth == nullptr || local_truth[i] == 1) {
        Ioss::Field field(names[i], Ioss::Field::REAL, IOSS_SCALAR(), fld_role, entity_count);
        fields.push_back(field);
        names[i][0] = '\0';
      }
    }
  }
  else if (suffix_separator != 0) {
    while (true) {
      // NOTE: 'get_next_field' determines storage type (vector, tensor,...)
      Ioss::Field field =
          get_next_field(names, static_cast<int>(num_names), entity_count, fld_role, suffix_separator, local_truth);
      if (field.is_valid()) {
        fields.push_back(field);
      }
      else {
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    size_t                    nmatch = 1;
    size_t                    ibeg   = 0;
    size_t                    pmat   = 0;
    std::vector<Ioss::Suffix> suffices;
  top:

    while (ibeg + nmatch < num_names) {
      if (local_truth != nullptr) {
        while (ibeg < num_names && local_truth[ibeg] == 0) {
          ibeg++;
        }
      }
      for (size_t i = ibeg + 1; i < num_names; i++) {
        size_t mat = match(names[ibeg], names[i]);
        if (local_truth != nullptr && local_truth[i] == 0) {
          mat = 0;
        }

        // For all fields, the total length of the name is the same
        // for all components of that field.  The 'basename' of the
        // field will also be the same for all cases.
        //
        // It is possible that the length of the match won't be the
        // same for all components of a field since the match may
        // include a portion of the suffix; (sigxx, sigxy, sigyy
        // should match only 3 characters of the basename (sig), but
        // sigxx and sigxy will match 4 characters) so consider a
        // valid match if the match length is >= previous match length.
        if ((std::strlen(names[ibeg]) == std::strlen(names[i])) && mat > 0 &&
            (pmat == 0 || mat >= pmat)) {
          nmatch++;
          if (nmatch == 2) {
            // Get suffix for first field in the match
            pmat = mat;
            Ioss::Suffix tmp(&names[ibeg][pmat]);
            suffices.push_back(tmp);
          }
          // Get suffix for next fields in the match
          Ioss::Suffix tmp(&names[i][pmat]);
          suffices.push_back(tmp);
        }
        else {

          bool multi_component =
              define_field(nmatch, pmat, &names[ibeg], suffices, entity_count, fld_role, fields);
          if (!multi_component) {
            // Although we matched multiple suffices, it wasn't a
            // higher-order field, so we only used 1 name instead of
            // the 'nmatch' we thought we might use.
            i = ibeg + 1;
          }

          // Cleanout the suffices vector.
          clear(suffices);

          // Reset for the next time through the while loop...
          nmatch = 1;
          pmat   = 0;
          ibeg   = i;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    // We've gone through the entire list of names; see if what we
    // have forms a multi-component field; if not, then define a
    // scalar field and jump up to the loop again to handle the others
    // that had been gathered.
    if (ibeg < num_names) {
      if (local_truth == nullptr || local_truth[ibeg] == 1) {
        bool multi_component =
            define_field(nmatch, pmat, &names[ibeg], suffices, entity_count, fld_role, fields);
        clear(suffices);
        if (nmatch > 1 && !multi_component) {
          ibeg++;
          goto top;
        }
      }
      else {
        ibeg++;
        goto top;
      }
    }
  }
}

std::string Ioss::Utils::platform_information()
{
#ifndef _WIN32
  struct utsname sys_info
  {
  };
  uname(&sys_info);
  std::string info =
      fmt::format("Node: {0}, OS: {1} {2}, {3}, Machine: {4}", sys_info.nodename, sys_info.sysname,
                  sys_info.release, sys_info.version, sys_info.machine);
#else
  std::string                 info = "Node: Unknown, OS: Unknown, Machine: Unknown";
#endif
  return info;
}

size_t Ioss::Utils::get_memory_info()
{
  // Code from http://nadeausoftware.com/sites/NadeauSoftware.com/files/getRSS.c
  size_t memory_usage = 0;
#if defined(_WIN32)
#if 0
  /* Windows -------------------------------------------------- */
  PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS info;
  GetProcessMemoryInfo(GetCurrentProcess(), &info, sizeof(info));
  memory_usage = (size_t)info.WorkingSetSize;
#else
  memory_usage = 0;
#endif

#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
  kern_return_t               error;
  mach_msg_type_number_t      outCount;
  mach_task_basic_info_data_t taskinfo{};

  taskinfo.virtual_size = 0;
  outCount              = MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;
  error                 = task_info(mach_task_self(), MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO,
                    reinterpret_cast<task_info_t>(&taskinfo), &outCount);
  if (error == KERN_SUCCESS) {
    memory_usage = taskinfo.resident_size;
  }
#elif __linux__
#if defined(BGQ_LWK)
  uint64_t heap;
  Kernel_GetMemorySize(KERNEL_MEMSIZE_HEAP, &heap);
  memory_usage = heap;
#else
  // On Linux, the /proc pseudo-file system contains a directory for
  // each running or zombie process. The /proc/[pid]/stat,
  // /proc/[pid]/statm, and /proc/[pid]/status pseudo-files for the
  // process with id [pid] all contain a process's current resident
  // set size, among other things. But the /proc/[pid]/statm
  // pseudo-file is the easiest to read since it contains a single
  // line of text with white-space delimited values:
  //
  // * total program size
  // * resident set size
  // * shared pages
  // * text (code) size
  // * library size
  // * data size (heap + stack)
  // * dirty pages
  //
  // The second value provides the process's current resident set size
  // in pages. To get the field for the current process, open
  // /proc/self/statm and parse the second integer value. Multiply the
  // field by the page size from sysconf( ).

  long  rss = 0L;
  FILE *fp  = NULL;
  if ((fp = fopen("/proc/self/statm", "r")) == NULL)
    return (size_t)0L; // Can't open? */
  if (fscanf(fp, "%*s%ld", &rss) != 1) {
    fclose(fp);
    return (size_t)0L; // Can't read? */
  }
  fclose(fp);
  memory_usage = (size_t)rss * (size_t)sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
#endif
#endif
  return memory_usage;
}

size_t Ioss::Utils::get_hwm_memory_info()
{
  // Code from http://nadeausoftware.com/sites/NadeauSoftware.com/files/getRSS.c
  size_t memory_usage = 0;
#if defined(_WIN32)
#if 0
  /* Windows -------------------------------------------------- */
  PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS info;
  GetProcessMemoryInfo(GetCurrentProcess(), &info, sizeof(info));
  memory_usage = (size_t)info.PeakWorkingSetSize;
#else
  memory_usage = 0;
#endif

#elif (defined(_AIX) || defined(__TOS__AIX__)) ||                                                  \
    (defined(__sun__) || defined(__sun) || defined(sun) && (defined(__SVR4) || defined(__svr4__)))
  /* AIX and Solaris ------------------------------------------ */
  struct psinfo psinfo;
  int           fd = -1;
  if ((fd = open("/proc/self/psinfo", O_RDONLY)) == -1)
    return (size_t)0L; /* Can't open? */
  if (read(fd, &psinfo, sizeof(psinfo)) != sizeof(psinfo)) {
    close(fd);
    return (size_t)0L; /* Can't read? */
  }
  close(fd);
  memory_usage = (size_t)(psinfo.pr_rssize * 1024L);

#elif (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)) || (defined(__linux__) && !defined(BGQ_LWK))
  /* BSD, Linux, and OSX -------------------------------------- */
  struct rusage rusage;
  getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &rusage);
#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
  memory_usage = (size_t)rusage.ru_maxrss;
#else
  memory_usage = (size_t)(rusage.ru_maxrss * 1024L);
#endif
#endif
  return memory_usage;
}

bool Ioss::Utils::block_is_omitted(Ioss::GroupingEntity *block)
{
  bool omitted = block->get_optional_property("omitted", 0) == 1;
  return omitted;
}

void Ioss::Utils::calculate_sideblock_membership(IntVector &            face_is_member,
                                                 const Ioss::SideBlock *ef_blk,
                                                 size_t int_byte_size, const void *element,
                                                 const void *sides, int64_t number_sides,
                                                 const Ioss::Region *region)
{
  assert(ef_blk != nullptr);

  face_is_member.reserve(number_sides);

  const ElementTopology *unknown = Ioss::ElementTopology::factory("unknown");

  // Topology of faces in this face block...
  const ElementTopology *ftopo = ef_blk->topology();

  // Topology of parent element for faces in this face block
  const ElementTopology *parent_topo = ef_blk->parent_element_topology();

  // If split by element block then parent_block will be non-nullptr
  const ElementBlock *parent_block = ef_blk->parent_element_block();

  // The element block containing the face we are working on...
  Ioss::ElementBlock *block = nullptr;

  // Topology of face/edge in current element block
  const ElementTopology *common_ftopo = nullptr;

  // Topology of elements in the element block containing this element
  const ElementTopology *block_topo = nullptr;

  // Topology of the face we are currently working with...
  const ElementTopology *topo = nullptr;

  // The element side that the current face is on the element...
  int64_t current_side = -1;

  if (number_sides > 0 && (element == nullptr || sides == nullptr)) {
    std::ostringstream errmsg;
    fmt::print(errmsg, "INTERNAL ERROR: null element or sides pointer passed to {}.", __func__);
    IOSS_ERROR(errmsg);
  }

  for (int64_t iel = 0; iel < number_sides; iel++) {
    int64_t elem_id = 0;
    int64_t side_id = 0;
    if (int_byte_size == 4) {
      elem_id = ((int *)element)[iel];
      side_id = ((int *)sides)[iel];
    }
    else {
      elem_id = ((int64_t *)element)[iel];
      side_id = ((int64_t *)sides)[iel];
    }

    // Get the element block containing this face...
    if (block == nullptr || !block->contains(elem_id)) {
      block      = region->get_element_block(elem_id);
      block_topo = block->topology();
      // nullptr if hetero face/edge on element
      common_ftopo = block->topology()->boundary_type(0);
      if (common_ftopo != nullptr) {
        topo = common_ftopo;
      }
      current_side = -1;
    }

    // If the element topology of the element block containing this
    // face has heterogeneous topology (eg. wedge), then determine the
    // topology corresponding to the current side..
    if (common_ftopo == nullptr && side_id != current_side) {
      current_side = side_id;
      topo         = block->topology()->boundary_type(static_cast<int>(side_id));
    }

    bool face_topo_match  = ftopo == unknown || topo == ftopo;
    bool block_topo_match = parent_topo == unknown || block_topo == parent_topo;
    // See if the face topology and the parent element topology for
    // the current face match the topology associated with this face block.
    if (face_topo_match && block_topo_match && (parent_block == nullptr || parent_block == block) &&
        !block_is_omitted(block)) {
      // This face/edge  belongs in the face/edge block
      face_is_member.push_back(1);
    }
    else {
      face_is_member.push_back(0);
    }
  }
}

int64_t Ioss::Utils::get_side_offset(const Ioss::SideBlock *sb)
{

  const Ioss::ElementTopology *side_topo   = sb->topology();
  const Ioss::ElementTopology *parent_topo = sb->parent_element_topology();
  int64_t                      side_offset = 0;
  if ((side_topo != nullptr) && (parent_topo != nullptr)) {
    int side_topo_dim = side_topo->parametric_dimension();
    int elem_topo_dim = parent_topo->parametric_dimension();
    int elem_spat_dim = parent_topo->spatial_dimension();

    if (side_topo_dim + 1 < elem_spat_dim && side_topo_dim < elem_topo_dim) {
      side_offset = parent_topo->number_faces();
    }
  }
  return side_offset;
}

unsigned int Ioss::Utils::hash(const std::string &name)
{
  // Hash function from Aho, Sethi, Ullman "Compilers: Principles,
  // Techniques, and Tools.  Page 436

  const char * symbol = name.c_str();
  unsigned int hashval;
  unsigned int g;
  for (hashval = 0; *symbol != '\0'; symbol++) {
    hashval = (hashval << 4) + *symbol;
    g       = hashval & 0xf0000000;
    if (g != 0) {
      hashval = hashval ^ (g >> 24);
      hashval = hashval ^ g;
    }
  }
  return hashval;
}

double Ioss::Utils::timer()
{
  auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
  return std::chrono::duration<double>(now - initial_time).count();
}

void Ioss::Utils::input_file(const std::string &file_name, std::vector<std::string> *lines,
                             size_t max_line_length)
{
  // Create an ifstream for the input file. This does almost the same
  // function as sierra::Env::input() except this is for a single
  // processor and the sierra::Env::input() is for parallel...

  if (!file_name.empty()) {
    // Open the file and read into the vector...
    std::string   input_line;
    std::ifstream infile(file_name);
    lines->push_back(file_name.substr(0, max_line_length));
    while (!std::getline(infile, input_line).fail()) {
      if (max_line_length == 0 || input_line.length() <= max_line_length) {
        lines->push_back(input_line);
      }
      else {
        // Split the line into pieces of length "max_line_length-1"
        // and append a "\" to all but the last. Don't worry about
        // splitting at whitespace...
        size_t ibeg = 0;
        do {
          std::string sub = input_line.substr(ibeg, max_line_length - 1);
          if (ibeg + max_line_length - 1 < input_line.length()) {
            sub += "\\";
          }
          lines->push_back(sub);
          ibeg += max_line_length - 1;
        } while (ibeg < input_line.length());
      }
    }
  }
}

bool Ioss::Utils::str_equal(const std::string &s1, const std::string &s2)
{
  return (s1.size() == s2.size()) &&
         std::equal(s1.begin(), s1.end(), s2.begin(),
                    [](char a, char b) { return std::tolower(a) == std::tolower(b); });
}

bool Ioss::Utils::substr_equal(const std::string &prefix, const std::string &str)
{
  return (str.size() >= prefix.size()) && str_equal(prefix, str.substr(0, prefix.size()));
}

std::string Ioss::Utils::uppercase(std::string name)
{
  std::transform(name.begin(), name.end(), name.begin(), [](char c) { return static_cast<char>(std::toupper(c)); });
  return name;
}

std::string Ioss::Utils::lowercase(std::string name)
{
  std::transform(name.begin(), name.end(), name.begin(), [](char c) { return static_cast<char>(std::tolower(c)); });
  return name;
}

bool Ioss::Utils::check_set_bool_property(const Ioss::PropertyManager &properties,
                                          const std::string &prop_name, bool &prop_value)
{
  bool found_property = false;
  if (properties.exists(prop_name)) {
    found_property = true;
    if (properties.get(prop_name).get_type() == Ioss::Property::INTEGER) {
      prop_value = properties.get(prop_name).get_int() != 0;
    }
    else {
      std::string yesno = Ioss::Utils::uppercase(properties.get(prop_name).get_string());
      if (yesno == "TRUE" || yesno == "YES" || yesno == "ON") {
        prop_value = true;
      }
      else if (yesno == "FALSE" || yesno == "NO" || yesno == "OFF") {
        prop_value = false;
      }
      else {
        std::ostringstream errmsg;
        fmt::print(errmsg,
                   "ERROR: Unrecognized value found for {}. "
                   "Found '{}' which is not one of TRUE|FALSE|YES|NO|ON|OFF",
                   prop_name, yesno);
        IOSS_ERROR(errmsg);
      }
    }
  }
  return found_property;
}

void Ioss::Utils::fixup_name(char *name)
{
  assert(name != nullptr);

  size_t len = std::strlen(name);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    name[i] = static_cast<char>(tolower(name[i])); // guaranteed(?) to be ascii...
    if (name[i] == ' ') {
      name[i] = '_';
    }
  }
}

void Ioss::Utils::fixup_name(std::string &name)
{
  name = Ioss::Utils::lowercase(name);

  size_t len = name.length();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    if (name[i] == ' ') {
      name[i] = '_';
    }
  }
}

namespace {

  /** \brief Hash function from Aho, Sethi, Ullman "Compilers: Principles,
   *         Techniques, and Tools.  Page 436
   */
  std::string two_letter_hash(const char *symbol)
  {
    const int    HASHSIZE = 673; // Largest prime less than 676 (26*26)
    unsigned int hashval;
    for (hashval = 0; *symbol != '\0'; symbol++) {
      hashval        = (hashval << 4) + *symbol;
      unsigned int g = hashval & 0xf0000000;
      if (g != 0) {
        hashval = hashval ^ (g >> 24);
        hashval = hashval ^ g;
      }
    }

    // Convert to base-26 'number'
    hashval %= HASHSIZE;
    char word[3] = {char(hashval / 26 + 'a'), char(hashval % 26 + 'a'), '\0'};
    return (std::string(word));
  }
} // namespace

std::string Ioss::Utils::variable_name_kluge(const std::string &name, size_t component_count,
                                             size_t copies, size_t max_var_len)
{

  // Width = 'max_var_len'.
  // Reserve space for suffix '_00...'
  // Reserve 3 for hash   '.xx'
  int hash_len = 3;
  int comp_len = 3; // _00
  int copy_len = 0;

  if (copies > 1) {
    assert(component_count % copies == 0);
    component_count /= copies;
  }

  if (component_count <= 1) {
    comp_len = 0;
  }
  else {
    comp_len = number_width(component_count) + 1; // _00000
  }

  if (copies <= 1) {
    copy_len = 0;
  }
  else {
    copy_len = number_width(copies) + 1; // _00000
  }

  size_t maxlen = max_var_len - comp_len - copy_len;

  std::string new_str = name;
  if (name.length() <= maxlen) {
    // If name fits without kluging, then just use name as it is
    // without adding on the hash...
    return lowercase(new_str);
  }
  // Know that the name is too long, try to shorten. Need room for
  // hash now.
  maxlen -= hash_len;
  int len = static_cast<int>(name.length());

  // Take last 'maxlen' characters.  Motivation for this is that the
  // beginning of the composed (or generated) variable name is the
  // names of the mechanics and mechanics instances in which this
  // variable is nested, so they will be similar for all variables at
  // the same scope and the differences will occur at the variable
  // name level...
  //
  // However, there will likely be variables at the
  // same level but in different scope that have the same name which
  // would cause a clash, so we *hope* that the hash will make those
  // scope names unique...
  std::string s = std::string(name).substr(len - maxlen, len);
  assert(s.length() <= maxlen);
  new_str = s;

  // NOTE: The hash is not added if the name is not shortened.
  std::string hash_string = two_letter_hash(name.c_str());
  new_str += std::string(".");
  new_str += hash_string;
  return lowercase(new_str);
}

void Ioss::Utils::generate_history_mesh(Ioss::Region *region)
{
  Ioss::DatabaseIO *db = region->get_database();
  if (db->parallel_rank() == 0) {
    region->begin_mode(Ioss::STATE_DEFINE_MODEL);

    // Node Block
    auto *nb = new Ioss::NodeBlock(db, "nodeblock_1", 1, 3);
    region->add(nb);

    // Element Block
    auto *eb = new Ioss::ElementBlock(db, "e1", "sphere", 1);
    eb->property_add(Ioss::Property("id", 1));
    eb->property_add(Ioss::Property("guid", 1));
    region->add(eb);
    region->end_mode(Ioss::STATE_DEFINE_MODEL);

    region->begin_mode(Ioss::STATE_MODEL);
    static double coord[3] = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3};
    static int    ids[1]   = {1};
    nb->put_field_data("ids", ids, sizeof(int));
    nb->put_field_data("mesh_model_coordinates", coord, 3 * sizeof(double));

    static int connect[1] = {1};
    eb->put_field_data("ids", ids, sizeof(int));
    eb->put_field_data("connectivity", connect, 1 * sizeof(int));

    region->end_mode(Ioss::STATE_MODEL);
  }
}

// Safer than Ioss::Utils::copy_string -- guarantees null termination
void Ioss::Utils::copy_string(char *dest, char const *source, size_t elements)
{
  char *d;
  for (d = dest; d + 1 < dest + elements && *source; d++, source++) {
    *d = *source;
  }
  *d = '\0';
}

namespace {
  const int tab64[64] = {63, 0,  58, 1,  59, 47, 53, 2,  60, 39, 48, 27, 54, 33, 42, 3,
                         61, 51, 37, 40, 49, 18, 28, 20, 55, 30, 34, 11, 43, 14, 22, 4,
                         62, 57, 46, 52, 38, 26, 32, 41, 50, 36, 17, 19, 29, 10, 13, 21,
                         56, 45, 25, 31, 35, 16, 9,  12, 44, 24, 15, 8,  23, 7,  6,  5};
} // namespace

int Ioss::Utils::log_power_2(uint64_t value)
{
  assert(value > 0);
  value = (value << 1) - 1;
  value |= value >> 1;
  value |= value >> 2;
  value |= value >> 4;
  value |= value >> 8;
  value |= value >> 16;
  value |= value >> 32;
  return tab64[(((value - (value >> 1)) * 0x07EDD5E59A4E28C2)) >> 58];
}

int Ioss::Utils::term_width()
{
  int cols = 0;
  if (isatty(fileno(stdout))) {
#if defined(TIOCGWINSZ)
    struct winsize ts;
    ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &ts);
    cols = ts.ws_col;
#elif TIOCGSIZE
    struct ttysize ts;
    ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGSIZE, &ts);
    cols = ts.ts_cols;
#endif /* TIOCGSIZE */
  }
  return cols != 0 ? cols : 100;
}

void Ioss::Utils::info_fields(const Ioss::GroupingEntity *ige, Ioss::Field::RoleType role,
                              const std::string &header, const std::string &suffix)
{
  Ioss::NameList fields;
  ige->field_describe(role, &fields);

  if (fields.empty()) {
    return;
  }

  if (!header.empty()) {
    fmt::print("{}{}", header, suffix);
  }
  // Iterate through results fields and transfer to output
  // database...
  // Get max width of a name...
  int max_width = 0;
  for (const auto &field_name : fields) {
    max_width = max_width > static_cast<int>(field_name.length()) ? max_width : static_cast<int>(field_name.length());
  }

  auto width = Ioss::Utils::term_width();
  if (width == 0) {
    width = 80;
  }
  int cur_out = 8; // Tab width...
  if (!header.empty()) {
    cur_out = static_cast<int>(header.size() + suffix.size() + 16); // Assume 2 tabs...
  }
  for (const auto &field_name : fields) {
    const Ioss::VariableType *var_type   = ige->get_field(field_name).raw_storage();
    int                       comp_count = var_type->component_count();
    fmt::print("{1:>{0}s}:{2}  ", max_width, field_name, comp_count);
    cur_out += max_width + 4;
    if (cur_out + max_width >= width) {
      fmt::print("\n\t");
      cur_out = 8;
    }
  }
  if (!header.empty()) {
    fmt::print("\n");
  }
}

void Ioss::Utils::info_property(const Ioss::GroupingEntity *ige, Ioss::Property::Origin origin,
                                const std::string &header, const std::string &suffix,
                                bool print_empty)
{
  Ioss::NameList properties;
  ige->property_describe(origin, &properties);

  if (properties.empty()) {
    if (print_empty && !header.empty()) {
      fmt::print("{}{} *** No attributes ***\n", header, suffix);
    }
    return;
  }

  if (!header.empty()) {
    fmt::print("{}{}", header, suffix);
  }

  int num_out = 0;
  for (const auto &property_name : properties) {
    fmt::print("{:>s}: ", property_name);
    auto prop = ige->get_property(property_name);
    switch (prop.get_type()) {
    case Ioss::Property::BasicType::REAL: fmt::print("{}\t", prop.get_real()); break;
    case Ioss::Property::BasicType::INTEGER: fmt::print("{}\t", prop.get_int()); break;
    case Ioss::Property::BasicType::STRING: fmt::print("'{}'\t", prop.get_string()); break;
    case Ioss::Property::BasicType::VEC_INTEGER:
      fmt::print("{}\t", fmt::join(prop.get_vec_int(), "  "));
      break;
    case Ioss::Property::BasicType::VEC_DOUBLE:
      fmt::print("{}\t", fmt::join(prop.get_vec_double(), "  "));
      break;
    default:; // Do nothing
    }
    num_out++;
    if (num_out >= 3) {
      fmt::print("\n\t");
      num_out = 0;
    }
  }
  if (!header.empty()) {
    fmt::print("\n");
  }
}