.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- .. NOTE TO MAINTAINERS: Please add new questions to the end of their sections, so section/question numbers remain stable. =========================================== Docutils FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) =========================================== :Date: $Date: 2021-03-26 14:51:36 +0100 (Fr, 26. Mär 2021) $ :Revision: $Revision: 8644 $ :Web site: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/ :Copyright: This document has been placed in the public domain. .. contents:: .. sectnum:: This is a work in progress. If you are reading a local copy, the `master copy`_ might be newer. This document uses are relative links; if they don't work, please use the `master copy`_. Please feel free to ask questions and/or provide answers; send email to the `Docutils-users`_ mailing list. Project members should feel free to edit the source text file directly. .. _master copy: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/FAQ.html .. _let us know: .. _Docutils-users: docs/user/mailing-lists.html#docutils-users Docutils ======== What is Docutils? ----------------- Docutils_ is a system for processing plaintext documentation into useful formats, such as HTML, XML, and LaTeX. It supports multiple types of input, such as standalone files, `PEPs (Python Enhancement Proposals)`_, and string input. Client code may add other input types, e.g. Sphinx_ comes with an extension to extract inline documentation from Python modules and packages. The Docutils distribution consists of: * a library (the "docutils" package), which `can be used by client code`_; * several `front-end tools`_ (such as ``rst2html.py``, which converts reStructuredText input into HTML output); * a `test suite`_; and * documentation_. For an overview of the Docutils project implementation, see `PEP 258`_, "Docutils Design Specification". Docutils is implemented in Python_. .. _Docutils: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/ .. _PEPs (Python Enhancement Proposals): http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0012.html .. _can be used by client code: docs/api/publisher.html .. _front-end tools: docs/user/tools.html .. _test suite: docs/dev/testing.html .. _documentation: docs/index.html .. _PEP 258: http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0258.html .. _Python: http://www.python.org/ Why is it called "Docutils"? ---------------------------- Docutils is short for "Python Documentation Utilities". The name "Docutils" was inspired by "Distutils", the Python Distribution Utilities architected by Greg Ward, a component of Python's standard library. The earliest known use of the term "docutils" in a Python context was a `fleeting reference`__ in a message by Fred Drake on 1999-12-02 in the Python Doc-SIG mailing list. It was suggested `as a project name`__ on 2000-11-27 on Doc-SIG, again by Fred Drake, in response to a question from Tony "Tibs" Ibbs: "What do we want to *call* this thing?". This was shortly after David Goodger first `announced reStructuredText`__ on Doc-SIG. Tibs used the name "Docutils" for `his effort`__ "to document what the Python docutils package should support, with a particular emphasis on documentation strings". Tibs joined the current project (and its predecessors) and graciously donated the name. For more history of reStructuredText and the Docutils project, see `An Introduction to reStructuredText`_. Please note that the name is "Docutils", not "DocUtils" or "Doc-Utils" or any other variation. It is pronounced as in "DOCumentation UTILitieS", with emphasis on the first syllable. .. _An Introduction to reStructuredText: docs/ref/rst/introduction.html __ http://mail.python.org/pipermail/doc-sig/1999-December/000878.html __ http://mail.python.org/pipermail/doc-sig/2000-November/001252.html __ http://mail.python.org/pipermail/doc-sig/2000-November/001239.html __ http://homepage.ntlworld.com/tibsnjoan/docutils/STpy.html Is there a GUI authoring environment for Docutils? -------------------------------------------------- DocFactory_ is under development. See also the links to editors_ supporting reStructuredText. .. _DocFactory: http://docutils.sf.net/sandbox/gschwant/docfactory/doc/ .. _editors: docs/user/links.html#editors What is the status of the Docutils project? ------------------------------------------- Docutils is mainly stable, with documented APIs and architecture subject to change after announcement and a transition period. We fix bugs as they are reported. So the latest code from the repository_ (or the snapshots_) are almost always the most stable as well as the most featureful. What is the Docutils project release policy? -------------------------------------------- Besides the regular releases_, we provide automatically-generated snapshots_ which always contain the latest code from the repository_. As the project matures, we may formalize on a stable/development-branch scheme, but we're not using anything like that yet. .. _releases: https://pypi.org/project/docutils/#history .. _snapshots: https://sourceforge.net/p/docutils/code/HEAD/tree/trunk/docutils/ .. _repository: docs/dev/repository.html reStructuredText ================ What is reStructuredText? ------------------------- reStructuredText_ is an easy-to-read, what-you-see-is-what-you-get plaintext markup syntax and parser system. The reStructuredText parser is a component of Docutils_. reStructuredText is a revision and reinterpretation of the StructuredText_ and Setext_ lightweight markup systems. If you are reading this on the web, you can see for yourself. `The source for this FAQ `_ is written in reStructuredText; open it in another window and compare them side by side. `A ReStructuredText Primer`_ and the `Quick reStructuredText`_ user reference are a good place to start. The `reStructuredText Markup Specification`_ is a detailed technical specification. .. _A ReStructuredText Primer: docs/user/rst/quickstart.html .. _Quick reStructuredText: docs/user/rst/quickref.html .. _reStructuredText Markup Specification: docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html .. _reStructuredText: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/rst.html .. _StructuredText: http://dev.zope.org/Members/jim/StructuredTextWiki/FrontPage/ .. _Setext: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/mirror/setext.html Why is it called "reStructuredText"? ------------------------------------ The name came from a combination of "StructuredText", one of reStructuredText's predecessors, with "re": "revised", "reworked", and "reinterpreted", and as in the ``re.py`` regular expression module. For a detailed history of reStructuredText and the Docutils project, see `An Introduction to reStructuredText`_. "reStructuredText" is **ONE** word, *not two!* What's the standard abbreviation for "reStructuredText"? -------------------------------------------------------- "RST" and "ReST" (or "reST") are both acceptable. Care should be taken with capitalization, to avoid confusion with "REST__", an acronym for "Representational State Transfer". The abbreviations "reSTX" and "rSTX"/"rstx" should **not** be used; they overemphasize reStructuredText's precedessor, Zope's StructuredText. __ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer What's the standard filename extension for a reStructuredText file? ------------------------------------------------------------------- It's ".txt". Some people would like to use ".rest" or ".rst" or ".restx", but why bother? ReStructuredText source files are meant to be readable as plaintext, and most operating systems already associate ".txt" with text files. Using a specialized filename extension would require that users alter their OS settings, which is something that many users will not be willing or able to do. Also see `What's the official MIME type for reStructuredText data?`_ Are there any reStructuredText editor extensions? ------------------------------------------------- See the list of editors_ supporting reStructuredText. How can I indicate the document title? Subtitle? ------------------------------------------------- A uniquely-adorned section title at the beginning of a document is treated specially, as the document title. Similarly, a uniquely-adorned section title immediately after the document title becomes the document subtitle. For example:: This is the Document Title ========================== This is the Document Subtitle ----------------------------- Here's an ordinary paragraph. Counterexample:: Here's an ordinary paragraph. This is *not* a Document Title ============================== The "ordinary paragraph" above the section title prevents it from becoming the document title. Another counterexample:: This is not the Document Title, because... =========================================== Here's an ordinary paragraph. ... the title adornment is not unique ===================================== Another ordinary paragraph. How can I represent esoteric characters (e.g. character entities) in a document? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For example, say you want an em-dash (XML character entity —, Unicode character U+2014) in your document: use a real em-dash. Insert concrete characters (e.g. type a *real* em-dash) into your input file, using whatever encoding suits your application, and tell Docutils the input encoding. Docutils uses Unicode internally, so the em-dash character is a real em-dash internally. Emacs users should refer to the `Emacs Support for reStructuredText`__ document. Tips for other editors are welcome. __ tools/editors/emacs/README.html ReStructuredText has no character entity subsystem; it doesn't know anything about XML charents. To Docutils, "—" in input text is 7 discrete characters; no interpretation happens. When writing HTML, the "&" is converted to "&", so in the raw output you'd see "—". There's no difference in interpretation for text inside or outside inline literals or literal blocks -- there's no character entity interpretation in either case. If you can't use a Unicode-compatible encoding and must rely on 7-bit ASCII, there is a workaround. New in Docutils 0.3.10 is a set of `Standard Substitution Definition Sets`_, which provide equivalents of XML & HTML character entity sets as substitution definitions. For example, the Japanese yen currency symbol can be used as follows:: .. include:: |yen| 600 for a complete meal? That's cheap! Thanks to David Priest for the original idea. If you insist on using XML-style charents, you'll have to implement a pre-processing system to convert to UTF-8 or something. That introduces complications though; you can no longer *write* about charents naturally; instead of writing "—" you'd have to write "—". For the common case of long dashes, you might also want to insert the following substitution definitons into your document (both of them are using the "unicode_" directive):: .. |--| unicode:: U+2013 .. en dash .. |---| unicode:: U+2014 .. em dash, trimming surrounding whitespace :trim: .. |--| unicode:: U+2013 .. en dash .. |---| unicode:: U+2014 .. em dash, trimming surrounding whitespace :trim: Now you can write dashes using pure ASCII: "``foo |--| bar; foo |---| bar``", rendered as "foo |--| bar; foo |---| bar". The ``:trim:`` option for the em dash is necessary because you cannot write "``foo|---|bar``"; thus you need to add spaces ("``foo |---| bar``") and advise the reStructuredText parser to trim the spaces. .. _Standard Substitution Definition Sets: docs/ref/rst/definitions.html .. _unicode: docs/ref/rst/directives.html#unicode-character-codes .. _are available: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/tmp/charents/ .. _tarball: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/tmp/charents.tgz .. _description and instructions: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/tmp/charents/README.html .. _to-do list: docs/dev/todo.html How can I generate backticks using a Scandinavian keyboard? ----------------------------------------------------------- The use of backticks in reStructuredText is a bit awkward with Scandinavian keyboards, where the backtick is a "dead" key. To get one ` character one must press SHIFT-` + SPACE. Unfortunately, with all the variations out there, there's no way to please everyone. For Scandinavian programmers and technical writers, this is not limited to reStructuredText but affects many languages and environments. Possible solutions include * If you have to input a lot of backticks, simply type one in the normal/awkward way, select it, copy and then paste the rest (CTRL-V is a lot faster than SHIFT-` + SPACE). * Use keyboard macros. * Remap the keyboard. The Scandinavian keyboard layout is awkward for other programming/technical characters too; for example, []{} etc. are a bit awkward compared to US keyboards. According to Axel Kollmorgen, Under Windows, you can use the `Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator `__ to easily map the backtick key to a real backtick (no dead key). took me five minutes to load my default (german) keyboard layout, untick "Dead Key?" from the backtick key properties ("in all shift states"), "build dll and setup package", install the generated .msi, and add my custom keyboard layout via Control Panel > Regional and Language Options > Languages > Details > Add Keyboard layout (and setting it as default "when you start your computer"). * Use a virtual/screen keyboard or character palette, such as: - `Web-based keyboards `__ (IE only unfortunately). - Windows: `Click-N-Type `__. - Mac OS X: the Character Palette can store a set of favorite characters for easy input. Open System Preferences, International, Input Menu tab, enable "Show input menu in menu bar", and be sure that Character Palette is enabled in the list. If anyone knows of other/better solutions, please `let us know`_. Are there any tools for HTML/XML-to-reStructuredText? (Round-tripping) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- People have tossed the idea around, and some implementations of reStructuredText-generating tools can be found in the `Docutils Link List`_. There's no reason why reStructuredText should not be round-trippable to/from XML; any technicalities which prevent round-tripping would be considered bugs. Whitespace would not be identical, but paragraphs shouldn't suffer. The tricky parts would be the smaller details, like links and IDs and other bookkeeping. For HTML, true round-tripping may not be possible. Even adding lots of extra "class" attributes may not be enough. A "simple HTML" to RST filter is possible -- for some definition of "simple HTML" -- but HTML is used as dumb formatting so much that such a filter may not be particularly useful. An 80/20 approach should work though: build a tool that does 80% of the work automatically, leaving the other 20% for manual tweaks. .. _Docutils Link List: docs/user/links.html Are there any Wikis that use reStructuredText syntax? ----------------------------------------------------- There are several, with various degrees of completeness. With no implied endorsement or recommendation, and in no particular order: * `Ian Bicking's experimental code `__ * `MoinMoin `__ has some support; `here's a sample `__ * Zope-based `Zwiki `__ * Zope3-based Zwiki (in the Zope 3 source tree as ``zope.products.zwiki``) * `StikiWiki `__ * `Trac `__ `supports using reStructuredText `__ as an alternative to wiki markup. This includes support for `TracLinks `__ from within RST text via a custom RST reference-directive or, even easier, an interpreted text role 'trac' Please `let us know`_ of any other reStructuredText Wikis. .. dead link .. The example application for the `Web Framework Shootout .. `__ article is a Wiki using .. reStructuredText. Are there any Weblog (Blog) projects that use reStructuredText syntax? ---------------------------------------------------------------------- With no implied endorsement or recommendation, and in no particular order: * `Firedrop `__ * `PyBloxsom `__ * `Lino WebMan `__ * `Pelican `__ (also listed `on PyPi `__) Please `let us know`_ of any other reStructuredText Blogs. .. _Can lists be indented without generating block quotes?: How should I mark up lists? --------------------------- Bullet_ & enumerated_ list markup is very intuitive but there are 2 points that must be noted: .. _bullet: docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#bullet-lists .. _enumerated: docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#enumerated-lists 1. Lists should **not** be indented. This is correct:: paragraph * list item 1 * nested item 1.1 * nested item 1.2 * list item 2 while this is probably incorrect:: paragraph * list item 1 * nested item 1.1 * nested item 1.2 * list item 2 The extra indentation (of the list containing items 1.1 and 1.2) is recognized as a block quote. This is usually not what you mean and it causes the list in the output to be indented too much. 2. There **must** be blank lines around list items, except between items of the same level, where blank lines are optional. The example above shows this. Note that formatting of the *output* is independent of the input, and is decided by the writer and the stylesheet. For instance, lists *are* indented in HTML output by default. See `How are lists formatted in HTML?`_ for details. Could lists be indented without generating block quotes? -------------------------------------------------------- Some people like to write lists with indentation but don't intend a blockquote context. There has been a lot of discussion about allowing this in reStructuredText, but there are some issues that would need to be resolved before it could be implemented. There is a summary of the issues and pointers to the discussions in `the to-do list`__. __ docs/dev/todo.html#indented-lists Could the requirement for blank lines around lists be relaxed? -------------------------------------------------------------- Short answer: no. In reStructuredText, it would be impossible to unambigously mark up and parse lists without blank lines before and after. Deeply nested lists may look ugly with so many blank lines, but it's a price we pay for unambiguous markup. Some other plaintext markup systems do not require blank lines in nested lists, but they have to compromise somehow, either accepting ambiguity or requiring extra complexity. For example, `Epytext `__ does not require blank lines around lists, but it does require that lists be indented and that ambiguous cases be escaped. How can I include mathematical equations in documents? ------------------------------------------------------ Use the `math directive`_ and `math role`_, available since Docutils 0.8. .. _math directive: docs/ref/rst/directives.html#math .. _math role: docs/ref/rst/roles.html#math Is nested inline markup possible? --------------------------------- Not currently, no. It's on the `to-do list`__ (`details here`__), and hopefully will be part of the reStructuredText parser soon. At that time, markup like this will become possible:: Here is some *emphasized text containing a `hyperlink`_ and ``inline literals``*. __ docs/dev/todo.html#nested-inline-markup __ docs/dev/rst/alternatives.html#nested-inline-markup There are workarounds, but they are either convoluted or ugly or both. They are not recommended. * Inline markup can be combined with hyperlinks using `substitution definitions`__ and references__ with the `"replace" directive`__. For example:: Here is an |emphasized hyperlink|_. .. |emphasized hyperlink| replace:: *emphasized hyperlink* .. _emphasized hyperlink: http://example.org It is not possible for just a portion of the replacement text to be a hyperlink; it's the entire replacement text or nothing. __ docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#substitution-definitions __ docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#substitution-references __ docs/ref/rst/directives.html#replace * The `"raw" directive`__ can be used to insert raw HTML into HTML output:: Here is some |stuff|. .. |stuff| raw:: html emphasized text containing a hyperlink and inline literals Raw LaTeX is supported for LaTeX output, etc. __ docs/ref/rst/directives.html#raw How to indicate a line break or a significant newline? ------------------------------------------------------ `Line blocks`__ are designed for address blocks, verse, and other cases where line breaks are significant and must be preserved. Unlike literal blocks, the typeface is not changed, and inline markup is recognized. For example:: | A one, two, a one two three four | | Half a bee, philosophically, | must, *ipso facto*, half not be. | But half the bee has got to be, | *vis a vis* its entity. D'you see? | | But can a bee be said to be | or not to be an entire bee, | when half the bee is not a bee, | due to some ancient injury? | | Singing... __ docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#line-blocks Here's a workaround for manually inserting explicit line breaks in HTML output:: .. |br| raw:: html
I want to break this line here: |br| this is after the break. If the extra whitespace bothers you, |br|\ backslash-escape it. A URL containing asterisks doesn't work. What to do? ----------------------------------------------------- Asterisks are valid URL characters (see :RFC:`2396`), sometimes used in URLs. For example:: http://cvs.example.org/viewcvs.py/*checkout*/module/file Unfortunately, the parser thinks the asterisks are indicating emphasis. The slashes serve as delineating punctuation, allowing the asterisks to be recognized as markup. The example above is separated by the parser into a truncated URL, an emphasized word, and some regular text:: http://cvs.example.org/viewcvs.py/ *checkout* /module/file To turn off markup recognition, use a backslash to escape at least the first asterisk, like this:: http://cvs.example.org/viewcvs.py/\*checkout*/module/file Escaping the second asterisk doesn't hurt, but it isn't necessary. How can I make a literal block with *some* formatting? ------------------------------------------------------ Use the `parsed-literal`_ directive. .. _parsed-literal: docs/ref/rst/directives.html#parsed-literal Scenario: a document contains some source code, which calls for a literal block to preserve linebreaks and whitespace. But part of the source code should be formatted, for example as emphasis or as a hyperlink. This calls for a *parsed* literal block:: .. parsed-literal:: print "Hello world!" # *tricky* code [1]_ The emphasis (``*tricky*``) and footnote reference (``[1]_``) will be parsed. Can reStructuredText be used for web or generic templating? ----------------------------------------------------------- Docutils and reStructuredText can be used with or as a component of a templating system, but they do not themselves include templating functionality. Templating should simply be left to dedicated templating systems. Users can choose a templating system to apply to their reStructuredText documents as best serves their interests. There are many good templating systems for Python (ht2html_, YAPTU_, Quixote_'s PTL, Cheetah_, etc.; see this non-exhaustive list of `some other templating systems`_), and many more for other languages, each with different approaches. We invite you to try several and find one you like. If you adapt it to use Docutils/reStructuredText, please consider contributing the code to Docutils or `let us know`_ and we'll keep a list here. One reST-specific web templating system is `rest2web `_, a tool for automatically building websites, or parts of websites. .. _ht2html: http://ht2html.sourceforge.net/ .. _YAPTU: http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/52305 .. _Quixote: http://www.mems-exchange.org/software/quixote/ .. _Cheetah: http://www.cheetahtemplate.org/ .. _some other templating systems: http://webware.sourceforge.net/Papers/Templates/ How can I mark up a FAQ or other list of questions & answers? ------------------------------------------------------------- There is no specific syntax for FAQs and Q&A lists. Here are two options: 1. For a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions, usually with answers), a convenient way to mark up the questions is as section titles, with the answer(s) as section content. This document is marked up in this way. The advantages of using section titles for questions are: sections can be numbered automatically, and a table of contents can be generated automatically. One limitation of this format is that questions must fit on one line (section titles may not wrap, in the source text). For very long questions, the title may be a summary of the question, with the full question in the section body. 2. Field lists work well as Q&A lists:: :Q: What kind of questions can we put here? :A: Any kind we like! In order to separate questions, lists can be used: 1. :Q: What kind of question can we put here? :A: Any kind we like! 2. :Q: How many answers can a question have? :A: It can have one, :A: or more. :A3: Answers can be numbered like this. :A: 1. Or like this. 2. We're flexible! If you don't want to number or otherwise mark questions, you can use an empty comment between individual field lists to separate them:: :Q: First question? :A: Answer. .. :Q: Second question? :A: Answer. .. _bidi: Can I produce documents in right-to-left languages? --------------------------------------------------- Languages written from right to left, such as Arabic and Hebrew, must be reordered according to the `Unicode Bidi Algorithm`_. This requires support from the editor and special markup in the output format. The source format of reStructuredText is relatively bidi-friendly: most constructs are denoted by punctuation without intrusion of English and when you must write in English, it's usually on a separate line. So any editor that auto-detects direction per-line (like gedit or geresh_) will suffice. Moreover, it's possible to translate_ all reStructuredText keywords. Docutils 0.17 includes translations for Arab, Hebrew, and Persian/Farsi. This should allow reasonable use of editors limited to a single base direction for the whole document (like Notepad, Vim and text boxes in Firefox). .. _Unicode Bidi Algorithm: http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/ .. _geresh: http://www.typo.co.il/~mooffie/geresh/ .. _translate: docs/howto/i18n.html The second problem is bidi markup of the output. There is an almost transparent implicit solution for HTML: * Grab http://cben-hacks.sourceforge.net/bidi/hibidi.py and http://cben-hacks.sourceforge.net/bidi/rst2html_hibidi.py. Put them both in the same directory and make them executable. * Use ``rst2html_hibidi.py`` instead of ``rst2html.py``. * It infers dir attributes in the HTML from the text. It does it hierachically, giving much better results than usual. You can still use LRM/RLM and LRE/RLE/PDF control codes to help it. * If you want the gory details: See the full theory_, and note the incomplete practice_ (this is still a partial implementation - but sufficient for most needs). .. _theory: http://cben-hacks.sf.net/bidi/hibidi.html .. _practice: http://cben-hacks.sf.net/bidi/hibidi.html#practice There is also an explicit way to set directions through CSS and classes in the HTML: * Copy ``default.css`` to a new file and add relevant parts of the following:: /* Use these two if the main document direction is RTL */ body { direction: rtl; } div.sidebar { float: left !important; } /* The next 3 rules are very useful in documents containing pieces of code in english */ /* Use this if you all your literal blocks (::) are LTR */ pre {direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; } /* Use this if you all your inline literals (``) are LTR */ tt {direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; } /* Use this if you all your interpretted text (`) is LTR */ cite {direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; } /* Allow manual direction override by class directive and roles */ .rtl { direction: rtl; } .ltr { direction: ltr; } * Select this new stylesheet with ``--stylesheet=`` or the stylesheet_ setting. * Now if you need to override the direction of some element (from a paragraph to a whole section), write:: .. class:: rtl or:: .. class:: ltr before it (see the class_ directive for details). * To change the direction of some inline text fragment, you can use RLE/LRE/PDF control characters, or write ``:rtl:`RTL text``` / ``:ltr:`RTL text```. To use the latter syntax, you must write this once at the beginning of your document:: .. role:: ltr .. role:: rtl .. _stylesheet: docs/user/config.html#stylesheet .. _class: docs/ref/rst/directives.txt#class LaTeX is quite hard to implement (it doesn't support the bidi algorithm, so all direction changes - even numbers in RTL text - must be explicitly marked). Other formats are more-or-less easy. If you have any questions/problems/bugs related to bidi with docutils, ask `Beni Cherniavsky`__ directly or the `Docutils-users`_ mailing list. __ mailto:cben@users.sf.net What's the official MIME type for reStructuredText data? -------------------------------------------------------- While there is no registered MIME type for reStructuredText, the "official unofficial" standard MIME type is "text/x-rst". [#]_ This was invented for the build system for PEPs (Python Enhancement Proposals), and it's used by the python.org web site build system. Also see `What's the standard filename extension for a reStructuredText file?`_ .. [#] The "x-" prefix means it's an unregistered MIME type. HTML Writer =========== What is the status of the HTML Writer? -------------------------------------- The default HTML Writer module, ``docutils/writers/html4css1.py``, is a proof-of-concept reference implementation. While it is a complete implementation, some aspects of the HTML it produces may be outdated or incompatible with older browsers or specialized applications (such as web templating). For the full selection see `Docutils HTML writers`_ .. _Docutils HTML writers: docs/user/html.html What browsers are supported? ---------------------------- No specific browser is targeted; all modern graphical browsers should work. Some older browsers, text-only browsers, and browsers without full CSS support are known to produce inferior results. Firefox, Safari, Opera, Chrome, Edge, and MS Internet Explorer (version 5.0 and up) are known to give good results. Reports of experiences with other browsers are welcome. Unexpected results from tools/rst2html.py: H1, H1 instead of H1, H2. Why? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Here's the question in full: I have this text:: Heading 1 ========= All my life, I wanted to be H1. Heading 1.1 ----------- But along came H1, and so shouldn't I be H2? No! I'm H1! Heading 1.1.1 ************* Yeah, imagine me, I'm stuck at H3! No?!? When I run it through tools/rst2html.py, I get unexpected results (below). I was expecting H1, H2, then H3; instead, I get H1, H1, H2:: ... ... Heading 1

Heading 1

<-- first H1

All my life, I wanted to be H1.

Heading 1.1

<-- H1

But along came H1, and so now I must be H2.

Heading 1.1.1

Yeah, imagine me, I'm stuck at H3!

... What gives? Check the "class" attribute on the H1 tags, and you will see a difference. The first H1 is actually ``

``; this is the document title, and the default stylesheet renders it centered. There can also be an ``

`` for the document subtitle. If there's only one highest-level section title at the beginning of a document, it is treated specially, as the document title. (Similarly, a lone second-highest-level section title may become the document subtitle.) See `How can I indicate the document title? Subtitle?`_ for details. Rather than use a plain H1 for the document title, we use ``

`` so that we can use H1 again within the document. Why do we do this? HTML only has H1-H6, so by making H1 do double duty, we effectively reserve these tags to provide 6 levels of heading beyond the single document title. With "html4css1", HTML is being used for dumb formatting for nothing but final display. A stylesheet *is required*, and one is provided; see `Docutils HTML writers`_. Of course, you're welcome to roll your own. The default stylesheet provides rules to format ``

`` and ``

`` differently from ordinary ``

`` and ``

``:: h1.title { text-align: center } h2.subtitle { text-align: center } If you don't want the top section heading to be interpreted as a title at all, disable the `doctitle_xform`_ setting (``--no-doc-title`` option). This will interpret your document differently from the standard settings, which might not be a good idea. If you don't like the reuse of the H1 in the HTML output, you can tweak the `initial_header_level`_ setting (``--initial-header-level`` option) -- but unless you match its value to your specific document, you might end up with bad HTML (e.g. H3 without H2). .. _doctitle_xform: docs/user/config.html#doctitle-xform .. _initial_header_level: docs/user/config.html#initial-header-level (Thanks to Mark McEahern for the question and much of the answer.) .. note:: For the html5 writer, `initial_header_level`_ defaults to ``2`` because this is what the `HTML5 standard`__ expects as start value for headings nested in
elements. __ https://www.w3.org/TR/html53/sections.html#headings-and-sections How are lists formatted in HTML? -------------------------------- If list formatting looks strange, first check that you understand `list markup`__. __ `How should I mark up lists?`_ * By default, HTML browsers indent lists relative to their context. This follows a long tradition in browsers (but isn't so established in print). If you don't like it, you should change the stylesheet. This is different from how lists look in reStructuredText source. Extra indentation in the source indicates a blockquote, resulting in too much indentation in the browser. * A list item can contain multiple paragraphs etc. In complex cases list items are separated by vertical space. By default this spacing is omitted in "simple" lists. A list is simple if every item contains a simple paragraph and/or a "simple" nested list. For example: * text * simple * simple * simple * simple text after a nested list * multiple paragraphs In this example the nested lists are simple (and should appear compacted) but the outer list is not. If you want all lists to have equal spacing, disable the `compact_lists`_ setting (``--no-compact-lists`` option). The precise spacing can be controlled in the stylesheet. Note again that this is not exactly WYSIWYG: it partially resembles the rules about blank lines being optional between list items in reStructuredText -- but adding/removing optional blank lines does not affect spacing in the output! It's a feature, not a bug: you write it as you like but the output is styled consistently. .. _compact_lists: docs/user/config.html#compact-lists Why do enumerated lists only use numbers (no letters or roman numerals)? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The rendering of enumerators (the numbers or letters acting as list markers) is completely governed by the stylesheet, so either the browser can't find the stylesheet (try enabling the `embed_stylesheet`_ setting [``--embed-stylesheet`` option]), or the browser can't understand it (try a not too old Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari, Edge, or even MSIE). .. _embed_stylesheet: docs/user/config.html#embed-stylesheet There appear to be garbage characters in the HTML. What's up? -------------------------------------------------------------- What you're seeing is most probably not garbage, but the result of a mismatch between the actual encoding of the HTML output and the encoding your browser is expecting. Your browser is misinterpreting the HTML data, which is encoded text. A discussion of text encodings is beyond the scope of this FAQ; see one or more of these documents for more info: * `UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux `_ * Chapters 3 and 4 of `Introduction to i18n [Internationalization] `_ * `Python Unicode Tutorial `_ * `Python Unicode Objects: Some Observations on Working With Non-ASCII Character Sets `_ The common case is with the default output encoding (UTF-8), when either numbered sections are used (via the "sectnum_" directive) or symbol-footnotes. 3 non-breaking spaces are inserted in each numbered section title, between the generated number and the title text. Most footnote symbols are not available in ASCII, nor are non-breaking spaces. When encoded with UTF-8 and viewed with ordinary ASCII tools, these characters will appear to be multi-character garbage. You may have an decoding problem in your browser (or editor, etc.). The encoding of the output is set to "utf-8", but your browswer isn't recognizing that. You can either try to fix your browser (enable "UTF-8 character set", sometimes called "Unicode"), or choose a different encoding for the HTML output. You can also try ``--output-encoding=ascii:xmlcharrefreplace`` for HTML or XML, but not applicable to non-XMLish outputs (if using runtime settings/configuration files, use ``output_encoding=ascii`` and ``output_encoding_error_handler=xmlcharrefreplace``). If you're generating document fragments, the "Content-Type" metadata (between the HTML ```` and ```` tags) must agree with the encoding of the rest of the document. For UTF-8, it should be:: Also, Docutils normally generates an XML declaration as the first line of the output. It must also match the document encoding. For UTF-8:: .. _sectnum: docs/ref/rst/directives.html#sectnum How can I retrieve the body of the HTML document? ------------------------------------------------- (This is usually needed when using Docutils in conjunction with a templating system.) You can use the `docutils.core.publish_parts()`_ function, which returns a dictionary containing an 'html_body_' entry. .. _docutils.core.publish_parts(): docs/api/publisher.html#publish-parts .. _html_body: docs/api/publisher.html#html-body Why is the Docutils XHTML served as "Content-type: text/html"? -------------------------------------------------------------- Full question: Docutils' HTML output looks like XHTML and is advertised as such:: But this is followed by:: Shouldn't this be "application/xhtml+xml" instead of "text/html"? Short answer: if we didn't serve XHTML as "text/html" (which is a perfectly valid thing to do), it couldn't be viewed in Internet Explorer. Long answer: In a perfect web, the Docutils XHTML output would be 100% strict XHTML. But it's not a perfect web, and a major source of imperfection is Internet Explorer. When the "html4css1" writer was created, IE represented the overwhelming majority of web browsers "in the wild". The behaviour is kept for backwards compatibility while modern, semantic HTML output is available with the "html5" writer. (Thanks to Martin F. Krafft, Robert Kern, Michael Foord, and Alan G. Isaac.) Python Source Reader ==================== Can I use Docutils for Python auto-documentation? ------------------------------------------------- Yes, in conjunction with other projects. The Sphinx_ documentation generator includes an autodoc module. .. _Sphinx: http://sphinx.pocoo.org/index.html Version 2.0 of Ed Loper's `Epydoc `_ supports reStructuredText-format docstrings for HTML output. Docutils 0.3 or newer is required. Development of a Docutils-specific auto-documentation tool will continue. Epydoc works by importing Python modules to be documented, whereas the Docutils-specific tool, described above, will parse modules without importing them (as with `HappyDoc `_, which doesn't support reStructuredText). The advantages of parsing over importing are security and flexibility; the disadvantage is complexity/difficulty. * Security: untrusted code that shouldn't be executed can be parsed; importing a module executes its top-level code. * Flexibility: comments and unofficial docstrings (those not supported by Python syntax) can only be processed by parsing. * Complexity/difficulty: it's a lot harder to parse and analyze a module than it is to ``import`` and analyze one. For more details, please see "Docstring Extraction Rules" in `PEP 258`_, item 3 ("How"). Miscellaneous ============= Is the Docutils document model based on any existing XML models? ---------------------------------------------------------------- Not directly, no. It borrows bits from DocBook, HTML, and others. I (David Goodger) have designed several document models over the years, and have my own biases. The Docutils document model is designed for simplicity and extensibility, and has been influenced by the needs of the reStructuredText markup. .. Local Variables: mode: indented-text indent-tabs-mode: nil sentence-end-double-space: t fill-column: 70 End: .. Here's a code css to make a table colourful:: /* Table: */ th { background-color: #ede; } /* alternating colors in table rows */ table.docutils tr:nth-child(even) { background-color: #F3F3FF; } table.docutils tr:nth-child(odd) { background-color: #FFFFEE; } table.docutils tr { border-style: solid none solid none; border-width: 1px 0 1px 0; border-color: #AAAAAA; }