.\" Copyright (c) 1989 The Regents of the University of California.
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.\"
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.\"	@(#)chmod.1	6.5 (Berkeley) 04/28/90
.\"
.TH CHMOD 1 ""
.UC 7
.SH NAME
chmod - change file modes
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
chmod [-fR] mode file ...
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.I chmod
utility modifies the file mode bits of the listed files
as specified by the
.I mode
operand.
.PP
The options are as follows:
.TP
-f
If the -f option is given,
.I chmod
will still exit 0 and not complain if it fails to change the mode
on a file.
.TP
-R
Traverse a file hierarchy.
For each file that is of type directory,
.I chmod
changes the mode of all files in the file hierarchy below it followed
by the mode of the directory itself.
.PP
Symbolic links are not indirected through, nor are their modes altered.
.PP
Only the owner of a file or the super-user is permitted to change
the mode of a file.
.PP
The
.I chmod
utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
.SH MODES
Modes may be absolute or symbolic.
An absolute mode is an octal number constructed by
.IR or 'ing
the following values:
.RS
.TP 10
4000
set-user-ID-on-execution
.br
.ns
.TP
2000
set-group-ID-on-execution
.br
.ns
.TP
1000
sticky bit, see chmod(2)
.br
.ns
.TP
0400
read by owner
.br
.ns
.TP
0200
write by owner
.br
.ns
.TP
0100
execute (or search for directories) by owner
.br
.ns
.TP
0070
read, write, execute/search by group
.br
.ns
.TP
0007
read, write, execute/search by others
.RE
.PP
The read, write, and execute/search values for group and others
are encoded as described for owner.
.PP
The symbolic mode is described by the following grammar:
.RS
.TP 10
mode
::= clause [ , clause ] ...
.br
.ns
.TP
clause
::= [ who ... ] [ action ... ] last_action
.br
.ns
.TP
action
::= op perm ...
.br
.ns
.TP
last_action
::= op [ perm ... ]
.br
.ns
.TP
who
::= a | u | g | o
.br
.ns
.TP
op
::= + | - | =
.br
.ns
.TP
perm
::= r | s | t | w | X | x
.RE
.PP
The
.I who
symbols ``u'', ``g'', and ``o'' specify the user, group, and other parts
of the mode bits, respectively.
The
.I who
symbol ``a'' is equivalent to ``ugo''.
.PP
The
.I perm
symbols represent the portions of the mode bits as follows:
.RS
.TP 10
r
The read bits.
.br
.ns
.TP
s
The set-user-ID-on-execution and set-group-ID-on-execution bits.
.br
.ns
.TP
t
The sticky bit.
.br
.ns
.TP
w
The write bits.
.br
.ns
.TP
x
The execute/search bits.
.br
.ns
.TP
X
The execute/search bits if the file is a directory or any of the
execute/search bits are set in the original (unmodified) mode.
Operations with the
.I perm
symbol ``X'' are only meaningful in conjunction with the
.I op
symbol ``+'', and it is ignored in all other cases.
.RE
.PP
The
.I op
symbols represent the operation performed, as follows:
.TP
+
If no value is supplied for
.IR perm ,
the ``+'' operation has no effect.
If no value is supplied for
.IR who ,
each permission bit specified in
.IR perm ,
for which the corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask
is clear, is set.
Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the specified
.I who
and
.I perm
values are set.
.TP
-
If no value is supplied for
.IR perm ,
the ``-'' operation has no effect.
If no value is supplied for
.IR who ,
the mode bits represented by
.I perm
are cleared for the owner, group and other permissions.
Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the specified
.I who
and
.I perm
values are cleared.
.TP
=
The mode bits specified by the
.I who
value are cleared, or, if no who value is specified, the owner, group
and other mode bits are cleared.
Then, if no value is supplied for
.IR who ,
each permission bit specified in
.IR perm ,
for which the corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask
is clear, is set.
Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the specified
.I who
and
.I perm
values are set.
.PP
Each
.I clause
specifies one or more operations to be performed on the mode
bits, and each operation is applied to the mode bits in the
order specified.
.PP
Operations upon the other permissions only (specified by the symbol
``o'' by itself), in combination with the
.I perm
symbols ``s'' or ``t'', are ignored.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
``644''
make a file readable by anyone and writable by the owner only.
.TP
``go-w''
deny write permission to group and others.
.TP
``=rw,+X''
set the read and write permissions to the usual defaults, but
retain any execute permissions that are currently set.
.TP
``+X''
make a directory or file searchable/executable by everyone if it is
already searchable/executable by anyone.
.TP
``755'' or ``u=rwx,go=rx''
make a file readable/executable by everyone and writeable by the owner only.
.TP
``go=''
clear all mode bits for group and others.
.SH BUGS
There's no
.I perm
option for the naughty bits.
.SH ENVIRONMENT
.SH "SEE ALSO"
install(1), chmod(2), fts(2), stat(2), umask(2), setmode(3), chown(8)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.I chmod
function is expected to be POSIX 1003.2 compatible with the exception
of the
.I perm
symbols ``t'' and ``X'' which are not included in that standard.