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.NH
SUPPORTING TOOLS
.PP
There are several tools and techniques that go along with the
editor, all of which are relatively easy once you
know how
.UL ed
works,
because they are all based on the editor.
In this section we will give some fairly cursory examples
of these tools,
more to indicate their existence than to provide
a complete tutorial.
More information on each can be found in
[3].
.SH
Grep
.PP
Sometimes you want to find all occurrences of some word or pattern in
a set of files, to edit them
or perhaps just to verify their presence or absence.
It may be possible to edit each file separately and look
for the pattern of interest, but if there are many files
this can get very tedious,
and if the files are really big,
it may be impossible because of limits in 
.UL ed .
.PP
The program
.UL grep
was invented to get around these limitations.
The search patterns that we have described in the paper are often
called `regular expressions', and
`grep' stands for
.P1
g/re/p
.P2
That describes exactly what
.UL grep
does _
it prints every line in a set of files that contains a
particular pattern.
Thus
.P1
grep  \(fmthing\(fm  file1  file2  file3  ...
.P2
finds `thing' wherever it occurs in any of the files
`file1',
`file2',
etc.
.UL grep
also indicates the file in which the line was found,
so you can later edit it if you like.
.PP
The pattern represented by `thing' can be any
pattern you can use in the editor,
since
.UL grep
and
.UL ed
use exactly the same mechanism for
pattern searching.
It is wisest always to enclose the pattern in the
single quotes \(fm...\(fm if it contains any non-alphabetic
characters, since many such characters also mean something
special to the
.UX
command interpreter
(the `shell').
If you don't quote them, the command interpreter will
try to interpret them before
.UL grep
gets a chance.
.PP
There is also a way to find lines that
.ul
don't 
contain a pattern:
.P1
grep  -v  \(fmthing\(fm  file1  file2  ...
.P2
finds all lines that
don't contains `thing'.
The
.UL \-v
must occur in the position shown.
Given
.UL grep
and
.UL grep\ \-v ,
it is possible to do things like selecting all lines that
contain some combination of patterns.
For example, to get all lines that contain `x' but not `y':
.P1
grep  x  file...  |  grep  -v  y
.P2
(The notation | is a `pipe',
which causes the output of the first command to be used as
input to the second command; see [2].)
.SH
Editing Scripts
.PP
If a fairly complicated set of editing operations 
is to be done on a whole set of files,
the easiest thing to do is to make up a `script',
i.e., a file that contains the operations you want to perform,
then apply this script to each file in turn.
.PP
For example, suppose you want to change every
`Unix' to `UNIX' and every `Gcos' to `GCOS' in a large number of files.
Then put into the file `script' the lines
.P1
g/Unix/s//UNIX/g
g/Gcos/s//GCOS/g
w
q
.P2
Now you can say
.P1
ed file1 <script
ed file2 <script
\&...
.P2
This causes
.UL ed
to take its commands from the prepared script.
Notice that the whole job has to be planned in advance.
.PP
And of course by using the
.UX
command interpreter, you can
cycle through a set of files
automatically, with varying degrees of ease.
.SH
Sed
.PP
.UL sed
(`stream editor')
is a version of the editor with restricted capabilities
but which is capable of processing unlimited amounts of input.
Basically
.UL sed
copies its input to its output, applying one or more
editing commands to each line of input.
.PP
As an example, suppose that we want to do the `Unix' to `UNIX'
part of the
example given above,
but without rewriting the files.
Then the command
.P1
sed  \(fms/Unix/UNIX/g\(fm  file1  file2  ...
.P2
applies the command
`s/Unix/UNIX/g'
to all lines from `file1', `file2', etc.,
and copies all lines to the output.
The advantage of using
.UL sed
in such a case is that it can be used
with input too large for
.UL ed
to handle.
All the output can be collected in one place,
either in a file or perhaps piped into another program.
.PP
If the editing transformation is so complicated
that
more than one editing command is needed,
commands can be supplied from a file,
or on the command line,
with a slightly more complex syntax.
To take commands from a file, for example,
.P1
sed  -f  cmdfile  input-files...
.P2
.PP
.UL sed
has further capabilities, including conditional testing
and branching, which we cannot go into here, but which are
described in detail in 
.ul
Sed \- A Non-interactive Text Editor.