.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993, 1994
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" %sccs.include.redist.roff%
.\"
.\"	@(#)hier.7	8.5 (Berkeley) 06/01/94
.\"
.Dd 
.Dt HIER 7
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm hier
.Nd layout of filesystems
.Sh DESCRIPTION
An outline of the filesystem hierarchy.
.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/"
.It Sy \&/
root directory of the system
.It Sy /COPYRIGHT
system copyright notice
.It Sy "/[a-z]"
user filesystems
.It Sy /altroot/
alternate root filesystem, in case of disaster
.It Sy /amd/
home directories mount point; see
.Xr amd 8
.It Sy /bin/
utilities used in both single and multi-user environments
.It Sy /dev/
block, character and other special device files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "MAKEDEV" -compact
.It Sy MAKEDEV
script for creating device files;
see
.Xr makedev 8
.It Sy console
the computer's console device
.It Sy fd/
file descriptor files;
see
.Xr \&fd 4
.It Sy drum
system swap space; see
.Xr drum 4
.It Sy klog
kernel logging device; see
.Xr syslog 3
.It Sy kmem
kernel virtual memory device; see
.Xr mem 4
.It Sy log
UNIX domain datagram log socket; see
.Xr syslogd 8
.It Sy mem
kernel physical memory device; see
.Xr mem 4
.It Sy stderr
.It Sy stdin
.It Sy stdout
file descriptor files;
see
.Xr \&fd 4
.It Sy null
the null device; see
.Xr null 4
.It Sy tty
process' controlling terminal device; see
.Xr tty 4
.El
.It Sy /dump/
online
.Xr dump 8
repository
.It Sy /etc/
system configuration files and scripts 
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "master.passwd" -compact
.It Sy aliases*
name alias files for
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Sy amd*
configuration files for
.Xr amd 8
.It Sy changelist
files backed up by the security script
.It Sy crontab
schedule used by the
.Xr cron 8
daemon
.It Sy csh.cshrc
.It Sy csh.login
.It Sy csh.logout
system-wide scripts for
.Xr csh 1
.It Sy daily
script run each day by
.Xr cron 8
.It Sy disklabels/
backup disklabels;
see
.Xr disklabel 8
.It Sy disktab
disk description file, see
.Xr disktab 5
.It Sy dm.conf
dungeon master configuration; see
.Xr dm.conf 5
.It Sy dumpdates
dump history; see
.Xr dump 8
.It Sy exports
filesystem export information; see
.Xr mountd 8
.It Sy fstab
filesystem information; see
.Xr fstab 5
and
.Xr mount 8
.It Sy ftpusers
users denied
.Xr ftp 1
access; see
.Xr ftpd 8
.It Sy ftpwelcome
.Xr ftp 1
initial message; see
.Xr ftpd 8
.It Sy gettytab
terminal configuration database; see
.Xr gettytab 8
.It Sy group
group permissions file; see
.Xr group 5
.It Sy hosts
host name database backup for
.Xr named 8 ;
see
.Xr hosts 5
.It Sy hosts.equiv
trusted machines with equivalent user ID's
.It Sy hosts.lpd
trusted machines with printing privileges
.It Sy inetd.conf
Internet server configuration file; see
.Xr inetd 8
.It Sy kerberosIV/ 
configuration files for the kerberos version IV;
see
.Xr kerberos 1
.It Sy localtime
local timezone information;
see
.Xr ctime 3
.It Sy mail.rc
system-wide initialization script for
.Xr mail 1
.It Sy man.conf
configuration file for
.Xr man 1 ;
see
.Xr man.conf 5
.It Sy master.passwd
.It Sy passwd
.It Sy pwd.db
.It Sy spwd.db
password files and their databases; see
.Xr pwd_mkdb 8
.It Sy monthly
script run each month by
.Xr cron 8
.It Sy motd
system message of the day
.It Sy mtree/ 
mtree configuration files;
see
.Xr mtree 1
.It Sy named.*
.It Sy namedb/ 
named configuration files and databases;
see
.Xr named 8
.It Sy netgroup
network groups; see
.Xr netgroup 5
.It Sy netstart
network startup script
.It Sy networks
network name data base; see
.Xr networks 5
.It Sy phones
remote host phone number data base; see
.Xr phones 5
.It Sy printcap
system printer configuration; see
.Xr printcap 5
.It Sy protocols
protocol name database; see
.Xr protocols 5
.It Sy rc
.It Sy rc.local
system startup files; see
.Xr rc 8
.It Sy remote
remote host description file; see
.Xr remote 5
.It Sy security
daily (in)security script run by
.Xr cron 8
.It Sy sendmail.*
.Xr sendmail 8
configuration information
.It Sy services
service name data base; see
.Xr services 5
.It Sy shells
list of permitted shells; see
.Xr shells 5
.It Sy sliphome
slip login/logout scripts; see
.Xr slattach 8
.It Sy syslog.conf
.Xr syslogd 8
configuration file; see
.Xr syslog.conf 5
.It Sy termcap
terminal type database; see
.Xr termcap 3
.It Sy ttys
terminal initialization information; see
.Xr ttys 5
.It Sy weekly
script run each week by
.Xr cron 8
.El
.It Sy /home/
mount point for the automounter; see
.Xr amd 8
.It Sy /mnt/
empty directory commonly used by
system administrators as a temporary mount point
.It Sy /root/
home directory for the super-user
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".profile" -compact
.It Sy \&.rhosts
super-user id mapping between machines
.It Sy \&.cshrc
super-user start-up file
.It Sy \&.login
super-user start-up file
.It Sy \&.profile
super-user start-up file
.El
.ne 1i
.It Sy /sbin/
system programs and administration utilities
used in both single-user and multi-user environments
.It Sy /stand/
programs used in a standalone environment
.It Sy /sys
symbolic link to the operating system source
.It Sy /tmp/ 
temporary files, usually a
.Xr mfs 8
memory-based filesystem (the contents
of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot)
.It Sy /usr/
contains the majority of the system utilities and files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
.It Sy X11
X11 files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
.It Sy bin/
X11 binaries
.It Sy include/
X11 include files
.It Sy lib/
X11 libraries
.El
.It Sy bin/
common utilities, programming tools, and applications 
.It Sy contrib/
packages maintained by groups other than Berkeley
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
.It Sy bin/
contributed binaries
.It Sy include/
contributed include files
.It Sy libexec/
contributed daemons
.It Sy libdata/
contributed data files
.El
.It Sy games/
the important stuff
.It Sy include/
standard C include files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It Sy X11/
include files for X11 window system
.It Sy arpa/
include files for Internet service protocols
.It Sy g++/
include files for the C++ compiler
.It Sy kerberosIV/
include files for kerberos authentication package;
see
.Xr kerberos 1
.It Sy machine/
machine specific include files
.It Sy net/
miscellaneous network include files
.It Sy netccitt/
CCITT networking include files
.It Sy netinet/
include files for Internet standard protocols;
see
.Xr inet 4
.It Sy netiso/
include files for ISO standard protocols;
see
.Xr iso 4
.It Sy netns/
include files for XNS standard protocols;
see
.Xr \&ns 4
.It Sy nfs/
include files for NFS (Network File System)
.It Sy pascal/
include files for
.Xr pc 1
.It Sy protocols/
include files for Berkeley service protocols
.It Sy rpc/
include files for Sun Microsystem's RPC package
.It Sy sys/
kernel include files
.It Sy ufs/
include files for UFS
.It Sy xnscourier/
include files for XNS package
.El
.Pp
.It Sy lib/
system C library archives; see 
.Xr ar 1
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "uucp/" -compact
.It Sy uucp/
UUCP binaries and scripts (historically placed; to be moved)
.El
.Pp
.It Sy libdata/
miscellaneous utility data files
.It Sy libexec/
system daemons and system utilities (executed by other programs)
.ne 1i
.It Sy local/
local executables, libraries, etc.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
.It Sy bin/
local binaries
.It Sy include/
local include files
.It Sy libexec/
local daemons
.It Sy libdata/
local data files
.El
.It Sy obj/
architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
.Pa /usr/src
tree; normally a symbolic link or mounted filesystem
.It Sy old/
programs from past lives of
.Bx 4
which may disappear in future releases
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
.It Sy bin/
old binaries
.It Sy include/
old include files
.It Sy libexec/
old daemons
.It Sy libdata/
old data files
.El
.It Sy sbin/
system daemons and system utilities (normally executed by the super-user)
.It Sy share/
architecture-independent text files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
.It Sy calendar/
a variety of calendar files; see
.Xr calendar 1
.It Sy dict/
word lists;
see
.Xr look 1
and
.Xr spell 1
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "special/" -compact
.It Sy words
common words
.It Sy web2
words of Webster's 2nd International
.It Sy papers/
reference databases;
see
.Xr refer 1
.It Sy special/
custom word lists;
see
.Xr spell 1
.El
.Pp
.It Sy doc/
miscellaneous documentation; source for most of the printed
.Bx 4
manuals (available
from the
.Tn USENIX
association)
.It Sy games/
text files used by various games
.It Sy man/
formatted manual pages 
.It Sy me/
macros for use with the
.Xr me 7
macro package
.It Sy misc/
miscellaneous system-wide text files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "termcap" -compact
.It Sy termcap
terminal characteristics database;
see
.Xr termcap 5
.El
.Pp
.It Sy mk/
include files for
.Xr make 1
.It Sy ms/
macros for use with the
.Xr ms 7
macro package
.It Sy skel/
sample initialization files for new user accounts
.It Sy tabset/
tab description files for a variety of terminals, used in 
the termcap file;
see
.Xr termcap 5
.It Sy tmac/
text processing macros;
see
.Xr nroff 1
and 
.Xr troff 1
.It Sy zoneinfo/
timezone configuration information;
see
.Xr tzfile 5
.El
.It Sy usr.bin/
source for utilities/files in
.Pa /usr/bin
.It Sy usr.sbin/
source for utilities/files in
.Pa /usr/sbin
.El
.Pp
.It Sy /usr/src/
.Bx 4
and local source files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
.It Sy bin/
source for utilities/files in
.Pa /bin 
.It Sy contrib/
source for utilities/files in
.Pa /usr/contrib
.It Sy etc/
source (usually example files) for files in
.Pa /etc
.It Sy games/
source for utilities/files in
.Pa /usr/games
.It Sy include/
source for files in
.Pa /usr/include
.It Sy kerberosIV/
source for Kerberos version IV utilities and libraries
.It Sy lib/
source for libraries in
.Pa /usr/lib
.It Sy libexec/
source for utilities/files in
.Pa /usr/libexec
.It Sy local/
source for utilities/files in
.Pa /usr/local
.It Sy old/
source for utilities/files in
.Pa /usr/old
.It Sy sbin/
source for utilities/files in
.Pa /sbin
.It Sy share/
source for files in
.Pa /usr/share
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "doc/" -compact
.It Sy doc/
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "papers/" -compact
.It Sy papers/
source for various Berkeley technical papers
.It Sy psd/
source for Programmer's Supplementary Documents
.It Sy smm/
source for System Manager's Manual
.It Sy usd/
source for User's Supplementary Documents
.El
.El
.It Sy sys/
kernel source files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "deprecated/" -compact
.It Sy compile/
kernel compilation directory
.It Sy conf/
architecture independent configuration directory
.It Sy deprecated/
deprecated kernel functionality
.It Sy dev/
architecture independent device support
.It Sy hp/
general support for Hewlett-Packard architectures
.It Sy hp300/
support for the Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 68000-based workstations
.It Sy i386/
support for the Intel 386/486 workstations
.It Sy isofs/
support for ISO filesystems
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact
.It Sy cd9660/
support for the ISO-9660 filesystem
.El
.Pp
.It Sy kern/
support for the high kernel (system calls)
.It Sy libkern/
C library routines used in the kernel
.It Sy luna68k/
Omron Luna 68000-based workstations
.It Sy mips/
general support for MIPS architectures
.It Sy miscfs/
miscellaneous file systems
.It Sy net/
miscellaneous networking support
.It Sy netccitt/
CCITT networking support
.It Sy netinet/
TCP/IP networking support
.It Sy netiso/
ISO networking support
.It Sy netns/
XNS networking support
.It Sy news3400/
Sony News MIPS-based workstations
.It Sy nfs/
NFS support
.It Sy pmax/
DECstation 3100 and 5000 MIPS-based workstations
.It Sy scripts/
kernel debugging scripts
.It Sy sparc/
Sparcstation I & II SPARC-based workstations
.It Sy stand/
kernel standalone support
.It Sy sys/
kernel (and system) include files
.It Sy tahoe/
Computer Consoles Inc. Tahoe architecture (obsolete)
.It Sy tests/
kernel testing
.It Sy ufs/
local filesystem support
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "ffs/" -compact
.It Sy ffs/
the Berkeley Fast File System
.It Sy lfs/
the log-structured file system
.It Sy mfs/
the in-memory file system
.It Sy ufs/
shared UNIX file system support
.El
.It Sy vax/
Digital Equipment Corp. VAX architecture (obsolete)
.It Sy vm/
virtual memory support
.El
.El
.It Sy /var/
multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
.It Sy account/ 
system accounting files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "acct" -compact
.It Sy acct
execution accounting file;
see
.Xr acct 5
.El
.Pp
.It Sy at/
timed command scheduling files;
see
.Xr \&at 1
.It Sy backups/
miscellaneous backup files, largely of files found in
.Pa /etc
.It Sy crash/
system crash dumps; see
.Xr savecore 8
.It Sy db/ 
miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
.It Sy games/ 
miscellaneous game status and log files
.It Sy log/ 
miscellaneous system log files
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "monthly.out" -compact
.It Sy amd.*
.Xr amd 8
logs
.It Sy daily.out
output of the last run of the
.Pa /etc/daily
script
.It Sy ftp.*
.Xr ftp 1
logs
.It Sy kerberos.*
.Xr kerberos 1
logs
.It Sy lastlog
system last time logged in log; see 
.Xr utmp 5
.It Sy lpd-errs.*
printer daemon error logs; see
.Xr lpd 8
.It Sy maillog.*
.Xr sendmail 8
log files
.It Sy messages.*
general system information log
.It Sy monthly.out
output of the last run of the
.Pa /etc/monthly
script
.It Sy secure
sensitive security information log
.It Sy sendmail.st
.Xr sendmail 8
statistics
.It Sy timed.*
.Xr timed 8
logs
.It Sy weekly.out
output of the last run of the
.Pa /etc/weekly
script
.It Sy wtmp
login/logout log;
see
.Xr utmp 5
.El
.Pp
.It Sy mail/ 
user system mailboxes
.It Sy msgs/
system messages; see
.Xr msgs 1
.It Sy preserve/
temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death of
.Xr ex 1
or
.Xr vi 1
.It Sy quotas/ 
filesystem quota information
.It Sy run/
system information files, rebuilt after each reboot
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "utmp" -compact
.It Sy utmp
database of current users; see
.Xr utmp 5
.El
.Pp
.It Sy rwho/ 
rwho data files; see
.Xr rwhod 8 ,
.Xr rwho 1 ,
and
.Xr ruptime 1
.It Sy spool/ 
miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "uucppublic/" -compact
.It Sy ftp/ 
commonly
.Dq ~ftp ,
the anonymous ftp root directory; see
.Xr ftpd 8
.It Sy mqueue/ 
undelivered mail queue;
see
.Xr sendmail 8
.It Sy news/
Network news archival and spooling directories
.It Sy output/
printer spooling directories
.It Sy secretmail/ 
secretmail spool directory;
see
.Xr xget 1
.It Sy uucp/ 
uucp spool directory
.It Sy uucppublic/
commonly
.Dq ~uucp ,
the uucp public temporary directory; see
.Xr uucp 1
.El
.Pp
.It Sy tmp/ 
temporary files that are not discarded between system reboots
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "vi.recover/" -compact
.It Sy vi.recover/
recovery directory for
.Xr nvi 1
.El
.El
.It Sy /vmunix
the executable for the operating system
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr apropos 1 ,
.Xr \&ls 1 ,
.Xr whatis 1 ,
.Xr whereis 1 ,
.Xr which 1 ,
.Sh HISTORY
A
.Nm hier
manual page appeared in
.At v7 .