xref: /dports/databases/xtrabackup8/percona-xtrabackup-8.0.14/sql/parse_tree_nodes.h

/* Copyright (c) 2013, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2.0,
   as published by the Free Software Foundation.

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   as designated in a particular file or component or in included license
   documentation.  The authors of MySQL hereby grant you an additional
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   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License, version 2.0, for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301  USA */

#ifndef PARSE_TREE_NODES_INCLUDED
#define PARSE_TREE_NODES_INCLUDED

#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <cctype>  // std::isspace
#include <memory>

#include "lex_string.h"
#include "my_alloc.h"
#include "my_base.h"
#include "my_bit.h"  // is_single_bit
#include "my_dbug.h"
#include "my_inttypes.h"
#include "my_sqlcommand.h"
#include "my_sys.h"
#include "my_thread_local.h"
#include "my_time.h"
#include "mysqld_error.h"
#include "sql/enum_query_type.h"
#include "sql/handler.h"
#include "sql/key_spec.h"
#include "sql/mem_root_array.h"
#include "sql/opt_explain.h"         // Sql_cmd_explain_other_thread
#include "sql/parse_tree_helpers.h"  // PT_item_list
#include "sql/parse_tree_node_base.h"
#include "sql/parser_yystype.h"
#include "sql/partition_info.h"
#include "sql/resourcegroups/resource_group_basic_types.h"
#include "sql/resourcegroups/resource_group_sql_cmd.h"
#include "sql/set_var.h"
#include "sql/sql_admin.h"  // Sql_cmd_shutdown etc.
#include "sql/sql_alter.h"
#include "sql/sql_check_constraint.h"  // Sql_check_constraint_spec
#include "sql/sql_cmd_srs.h"
#include "sql/sql_exchange.h"
#include "sql/sql_lex.h"  // LEX
#include "sql/sql_list.h"
#include "sql/sql_load.h"  // Sql_cmd_load_table
#include "sql/sql_partition_admin.h"
#include "sql/sql_restart_server.h"  // Sql_cmd_restart_server
#include "sql/sql_tablespace.h"      // Tablespace_options
#include "sql/sql_truncate.h"        // Sql_cmd_truncate_table
#include "sql/table.h"               // Common_table_expr
#include "sql/window.h"              // Window
#include "sql/window_lex.h"
#include "thr_lock.h"

class Item;
class Item_cache;
class Item_string;
class Json_table_column;
class PT_field_def_base;
class PT_hint_list;
class PT_part_definition;
class PT_partition;
class PT_subquery;
class PT_type;
class sp_head;
class sp_name;
class Sql_cmd;
class String;
class THD;
struct CHARSET_INFO;

/**
  @defgroup ptn  Parse tree nodes
  @ingroup  Parser
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_stmt  Nodes representing SQL statements
  @ingroup  ptn
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_create_table  CREATE TABLE statement
  @ingroup  ptn_stmt
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_alter_table  ALTER TABLE statement
  @ingroup  ptn_stmt
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_create_table_stuff  Clauses of CREATE TABLE statement
  @ingroup  ptn_create_table
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_partitioning CREATE/ALTER TABLE partitioning-related stuff
  @ingroup  ptn_create_table ptn_alter_table
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_part_options Partition options in CREATE/ALTER TABLE
  @ingroup  ptn_partitioning
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options  Table options of CREATE/ALTER
  TABLE
  @anchor   ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
  @ingroup  ptn_create_table ptn_alter_table
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_col_types  Column types in CREATE/ALTER TABLE
  @ingroup  ptn_create_table ptn_alter_table
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_col_attrs  Column attributes in CREATE/ALTER TABLE
  @ingroup  ptn_create_table ptn_alter_table
*/
/**
  @defgroup ptn_not_gcol_attr Non-generated column attributes in CREATE/ALTER
  TABLE
  @ingroup ptn_col_attrs ptn_alter_table
*/

/**
  Calls contextualize() on every node in the array.
*/
template <class Node_type, class Parse_context_type>
bool contextualize_nodes(Mem_root_array_YY<Node_type *> nodes,
                         Parse_context_type *pc) {
  for (Node_type *i : nodes)
    if (i->contextualize(pc)) return true;
  return false;
}

/**
  Base class for all top-level nodes of SQL statements

  @ingroup ptn_stmt
*/
class Parse_tree_root {
  Parse_tree_root(const Parse_tree_root &) = delete;
  void operator=(const Parse_tree_root &) = delete;

 protected:
  virtual ~Parse_tree_root() {}
  Parse_tree_root() {}

 public:
  virtual Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) = 0;
};

class PT_table_ddl_stmt_base : public Parse_tree_root {
 public:
  explicit PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(MEM_ROOT *mem_root)
      : m_alter_info(mem_root) {}

  virtual ~PT_table_ddl_stmt_base() = 0;  // force abstract class

 protected:
  Alter_info m_alter_info;
};

inline PT_table_ddl_stmt_base::~PT_table_ddl_stmt_base() {}

/**
  Parse context for the table DDL (ALTER TABLE and CREATE TABLE) nodes.

  For internal use in the contextualization code.
*/
struct Table_ddl_parse_context final : public Parse_context {
  Table_ddl_parse_context(THD *thd_arg, SELECT_LEX *select_arg,
                          Alter_info *alter_info);
  HA_CREATE_INFO *const create_info;
  Alter_info *const alter_info;
  KEY_CREATE_INFO *const key_create_info;
};

/**
  Base class for all table DDL (ALTER TABLE and CREATE TABLE) nodes.
*/
typedef Parse_tree_node_tmpl<Table_ddl_parse_context> Table_ddl_node;

class PT_order_expr : public Parse_tree_node, public ORDER {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

 public:
  PT_order_expr(Item *item_arg, enum_order dir) {
    item_ptr = item_arg;
    direction = (dir == ORDER_DESC) ? ORDER_DESC : ORDER_ASC;
  }

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_order_list : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

 public:
  SQL_I_List<ORDER> value;

 public:
  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true;
    for (ORDER *o = value.first; o != nullptr; o = o->next) {
      if (static_cast<PT_order_expr *>(o)->contextualize(pc)) return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  void push_back(PT_order_expr *order) {
    order->item = &order->item_ptr;
    order->used_alias = false;
    order->used = 0;
    order->is_position = false;
    value.link_in_list(order, &order->next);
  }
};

class PT_gorder_list : public PT_order_list {
  typedef PT_order_list super;

 public:
  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override {
    return super::contextualize(pc);
  }
};

/**
  Represents an element of the WITH list:
  WITH [...], [...] SELECT ...,
         ^  or  ^
  i.e. a Common Table Expression (CTE, or Query Name in SQL99 terms).
*/
class PT_common_table_expr : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

 public:
  explicit PT_common_table_expr(const LEX_STRING &name,
                                const LEX_STRING &subq_text,
                                uint subq_text_offset, PT_subquery *sn,
                                const Create_col_name_list *column_names,
                                MEM_ROOT *mem_root);

  /// The name after AS
  const LEX_STRING &name() const { return m_name; }
  /**
    @param      thd  Thread handler
    @param[out] node PT_subquery
    @returns a PT_subquery to attach to a table reference for this CTE
  */
  bool make_subquery_node(THD *thd, PT_subquery **node);
  /**
    @param tl  Table reference to match
    @param in_self  If this is a recursive reference
    @param[out]  found Is set to true/false if matches or not
    @returns true if error
  */
  bool match_table_ref(TABLE_LIST *tl, bool in_self, bool *found);
  /**
    @returns true if 'other' is the same instance as 'this'
  */
  bool is(const Common_table_expr *other) const {
    return other == &m_postparse;
  }
  void print(const THD *thd, String *str, enum_query_type query_type);

 private:
  LEX_STRING m_name;
  /// Raw text of query expression (including parentheses)
  const LEX_STRING m_subq_text;
  /**
    Offset in bytes of m_subq_text in original statement which had the WITH
    clause.
  */
  uint m_subq_text_offset;
  /// Parsed version of subq_text
  PT_subquery *const m_subq_node;
  /// List of explicitely specified column names; if empty, no list.
  const Create_col_name_list m_column_names;
  /**
    A TABLE_LIST representing a CTE needs access to the WITH list
    element it derives from. However, in order to:
    - limit the members which TABLE_LIST can access
    - avoid including this header file everywhere TABLE_LIST needs to access
    these members,
    these members are relocated into a separate inferior object whose
    declaration is in table.h, like that of TABLE_LIST. It's the "postparse"
    part. TABLE_LIST accesses this inferior object only.
  */
  Common_table_expr m_postparse;

  friend bool SELECT_LEX_UNIT::clear_correlated_query_blocks();
};

/**
   Represents the WITH list.
   WITH [...], [...] SELECT ...,
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^
*/
class PT_with_list : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

 public:
  /// @param mem_root where interior objects are allocated
  explicit PT_with_list(MEM_ROOT *mem_root) : m_elements(mem_root) {}
  bool push_back(PT_common_table_expr *el);
  const Mem_root_array<PT_common_table_expr *> &elements() const {
    return m_elements;
  }

 private:
  Mem_root_array<PT_common_table_expr *> m_elements;
};

/**
  Represents the WITH clause:
  WITH [...], [...] SELECT ...,
  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
*/
class PT_with_clause : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

 public:
  PT_with_clause(const PT_with_list *l, bool r)
      : m_list(l), m_recursive(r), m_most_inner_in_parsing(nullptr) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  /**
    Looks up a table reference into the list of CTEs.
    @param      tl    Table reference to look up
    @param[out] found Is set to true/false if found or not
    @returns true if error
  */
  bool lookup(TABLE_LIST *tl, PT_common_table_expr **found);
  /**
    Call this to record in the WITH clause that we are contextualizing the
    CTE definition inserted in table reference 'tl'.
    @returns information which the caller must provide to
    leave_parsing_definition().
  */
  const TABLE_LIST *enter_parsing_definition(TABLE_LIST *tl) {
    auto old = m_most_inner_in_parsing;
    m_most_inner_in_parsing = tl;
    return old;
  }
  void leave_parsing_definition(const TABLE_LIST *old) {
    m_most_inner_in_parsing = old;
  }
  void print(const THD *thd, String *str, enum_query_type query_type);

 private:
  /// All CTEs of this clause
  const PT_with_list *const m_list;
  /// True if the user has specified the RECURSIVE keyword.
  const bool m_recursive;
  /**
    The innermost CTE reference which we're parsing at the
    moment. Used to detect forward references, loops and recursiveness.
  */
  const TABLE_LIST *m_most_inner_in_parsing;

  friend bool SELECT_LEX_UNIT::clear_correlated_query_blocks();
};

class PT_select_item_list : public PT_item_list {
  typedef PT_item_list super;

 public:
  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_limit_clause : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  Limit_options limit_options;

 public:
  PT_limit_clause(const Limit_options &limit_options_arg)
      : limit_options(limit_options_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_cross_join;
class PT_joined_table;

class PT_table_reference : public Parse_tree_node {
 public:
  TABLE_LIST *value;

  /**
    Lets us build a parse tree top-down, which is necessary due to the
    context-dependent nature of the join syntax. This function adds
    the @<table_ref@> cross join as the left-most leaf in this join tree
    rooted at this node.

    @todo: comment on non-join PT_table_reference objects

    @param cj This @<table ref@> will be added if it represents a cross join.

    @return The new top-level join.
  */
  virtual PT_joined_table *add_cross_join(PT_cross_join *cj);
};

class PT_table_factor_table_ident : public PT_table_reference {
  typedef PT_table_reference super;

  Table_ident *table_ident;
  List<String> *opt_use_partition;
  const char *const opt_table_alias;
  List<Index_hint> *opt_key_definition;

 public:
  PT_table_factor_table_ident(Table_ident *table_ident_arg,
                              List<String> *opt_use_partition_arg,
                              const LEX_CSTRING &opt_table_alias_arg,
                              List<Index_hint> *opt_key_definition_arg)
      : table_ident(table_ident_arg),
        opt_use_partition(opt_use_partition_arg),
        opt_table_alias(opt_table_alias_arg.str),
        opt_key_definition(opt_key_definition_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_json_table_column : public Parse_tree_node {
 public:
  virtual Json_table_column *get_column() = 0;
};

class PT_table_factor_function : public PT_table_reference {
  typedef PT_table_reference super;

 public:
  PT_table_factor_function(Item *expr, Item *path,
                           Mem_root_array<PT_json_table_column *> *nested_cols,
                           const LEX_STRING &table_alias)
      : m_expr(expr),
        m_path(path),
        m_nested_columns(nested_cols),
        m_table_alias(table_alias) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  Item *m_expr;
  Item *m_path;
  Mem_root_array<PT_json_table_column *> *m_nested_columns;
  const LEX_STRING m_table_alias;
};

class PT_table_reference_list_parens : public PT_table_reference {
  typedef PT_table_reference super;

  Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> table_list;

 public:
  explicit PT_table_reference_list_parens(
      const Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> table_list)
      : table_list(table_list) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_derived_table : public PT_table_reference {
  typedef PT_table_reference super;

 public:
  PT_derived_table(bool lateral, PT_subquery *subquery,
                   const LEX_CSTRING &table_alias,
                   Create_col_name_list *column_names);

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  bool m_lateral;
  PT_subquery *m_subquery;
  const char *const m_table_alias;
  /// List of explicitely specified column names; if empty, no list.
  const Create_col_name_list column_names;
};

class PT_table_factor_joined_table : public PT_table_reference {
  typedef PT_table_reference super;

 public:
  PT_table_factor_joined_table(PT_joined_table *joined_table)
      : m_joined_table(joined_table) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  PT_joined_table *m_joined_table;
};

class PT_joined_table : public PT_table_reference {
  typedef PT_table_reference super;

 protected:
  PT_table_reference *tab1_node;
  POS join_pos;
  PT_joined_table_type m_type;
  PT_table_reference *tab2_node;

  TABLE_LIST *tr1;
  TABLE_LIST *tr2;

 public:
  PT_joined_table(PT_table_reference *tab1_node_arg, const POS &join_pos_arg,
                  PT_joined_table_type type, PT_table_reference *tab2_node_arg)
      : tab1_node(tab1_node_arg),
        join_pos(join_pos_arg),
        m_type(type),
        tab2_node(tab2_node_arg),
        tr1(nullptr),
        tr2(nullptr) {
    static_assert(is_single_bit(JTT_INNER), "not a single bit");
    static_assert(is_single_bit(JTT_STRAIGHT), "not a single bit");
    static_assert(is_single_bit(JTT_NATURAL), "not a single bit");
    static_assert(is_single_bit(JTT_LEFT), "not a single bit");
    static_assert(is_single_bit(JTT_RIGHT), "not a single bit");

    DBUG_ASSERT(type == JTT_INNER || type == JTT_STRAIGHT_INNER ||
                type == JTT_NATURAL_INNER || type == JTT_NATURAL_LEFT ||
                type == JTT_NATURAL_RIGHT || type == JTT_LEFT ||
                type == JTT_RIGHT);
  }

  /**
    Adds the cross join to this join operation. The cross join is nested as
    the table reference on the left-hand side.
  */
  PT_joined_table *add_cross_join(PT_cross_join *cj) override {
    tab1_node = tab1_node->add_cross_join(cj);
    return this;
  }

  /// Adds the table reference as the right-hand side of this join.
  void add_rhs(PT_table_reference *table) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(tab2_node == nullptr);
    tab2_node = table;
  }

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  /// This class is being inherited, it should thus be abstract.
  ~PT_joined_table() override = 0;

 protected:
  bool contextualize_tabs(Parse_context *pc) {
    if (tr1 != nullptr) return false;  // already done

    if (tab1_node->contextualize(pc) || tab2_node->contextualize(pc))
      return true;

    tr1 = tab1_node->value;
    tr2 = tab2_node->value;

    if (tr1 == nullptr || tr2 == nullptr) {
      error(pc, join_pos);
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
};

inline PT_joined_table::~PT_joined_table() {}

class PT_cross_join : public PT_joined_table {
  typedef PT_joined_table super;

 public:
  PT_cross_join(PT_table_reference *tab1_node_arg, const POS &join_pos_arg,
                PT_joined_table_type Type_arg,
                PT_table_reference *tab2_node_arg)
      : PT_joined_table(tab1_node_arg, join_pos_arg, Type_arg, tab2_node_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_joined_table_on : public PT_joined_table {
  typedef PT_joined_table super;
  Item *on;

 public:
  PT_joined_table_on(PT_table_reference *tab1_node_arg, const POS &join_pos_arg,
                     PT_joined_table_type type,
                     PT_table_reference *tab2_node_arg, Item *on_arg)
      : super(tab1_node_arg, join_pos_arg, type, tab2_node_arg), on(on_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_joined_table_using : public PT_joined_table {
  typedef PT_joined_table super;
  List<String> *using_fields;

 public:
  PT_joined_table_using(PT_table_reference *tab1_node_arg,
                        const POS &join_pos_arg, PT_joined_table_type type,
                        PT_table_reference *tab2_node_arg,
                        List<String> *using_fields_arg)
      : super(tab1_node_arg, join_pos_arg, type, tab2_node_arg),
        using_fields(using_fields_arg) {}

  /// A PT_joined_table_using without a list of columns denotes a natural join.
  PT_joined_table_using(PT_table_reference *tab1_node_arg,
                        const POS &join_pos_arg, PT_joined_table_type type,
                        PT_table_reference *tab2_node_arg)
      : PT_joined_table_using(tab1_node_arg, join_pos_arg, type, tab2_node_arg,
                              nullptr) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_group : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  PT_order_list *group_list;
  olap_type olap;

 public:
  PT_group(PT_order_list *group_list_arg, olap_type olap_arg)
      : group_list(group_list_arg), olap(olap_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_order : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  PT_order_list *order_list;

 public:
  explicit PT_order(PT_order_list *order_list_arg)
      : order_list(order_list_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_locking_clause : public Parse_tree_node {
 public:
  PT_locking_clause(Lock_strength strength, Locked_row_action action)
      : m_lock_strength(strength), m_locked_row_action(action) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override final;

  virtual bool set_lock_for_tables(Parse_context *pc) = 0;

  Locked_row_action action() const { return m_locked_row_action; }

 protected:
  Lock_descriptor get_lock_descriptor() const {
    thr_lock_type lock_type = TL_IGNORE;
    switch (m_lock_strength) {
      case Lock_strength::UPDATE:
        lock_type = TL_WRITE;
        break;
      case Lock_strength::SHARE:
        lock_type = TL_READ_WITH_SHARED_LOCKS;
        break;
    }

    return {lock_type, static_cast<thr_locked_row_action>(action())};
  }

 private:
  Lock_strength m_lock_strength;
  Locked_row_action m_locked_row_action;
};

class PT_query_block_locking_clause : public PT_locking_clause {
 public:
  explicit PT_query_block_locking_clause(
      Lock_strength strength,
      Locked_row_action action = Locked_row_action::WAIT)
      : PT_locking_clause(strength, action) {}

  bool set_lock_for_tables(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_table_locking_clause : public PT_locking_clause {
 public:
  typedef Mem_root_array_YY<Table_ident *> Table_ident_list;

  PT_table_locking_clause(Lock_strength strength,
                          Mem_root_array_YY<Table_ident *> tables,
                          Locked_row_action action)
      : PT_locking_clause(strength, action), m_tables(tables) {}

  bool set_lock_for_tables(Parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  /// @todo Move this function to Table_ident?
  void print_table_ident(const THD *thd, const Table_ident *ident, String *s);

  bool raise_error(THD *thd, const Table_ident *name, int error);

  bool raise_error(int error);

  Table_ident_list m_tables;
};

class PT_locking_clause_list : public Parse_tree_node {
 public:
  PT_locking_clause_list(MEM_ROOT *mem_root) {
    m_locking_clauses.init(mem_root);
  }

  bool push_back(PT_locking_clause *locking_clause) {
    return m_locking_clauses.push_back(locking_clause);
  }

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override {
    for (auto locking_clause : m_locking_clauses)
      if (locking_clause->contextualize(pc)) return true;
    return false;
  }

 private:
  Mem_root_array_YY<PT_locking_clause *> m_locking_clauses;
};

class PT_query_expression_body : public Parse_tree_node {
 public:
  virtual bool is_union() const = 0;

  /**
    True if this query expression can absorb an extraneous order by/limit
    clause. The `ORDER BY`/`LIMIT` syntax is mostly consistestent, i.e. a
    trailing clause may not refer to the tables in the `<query primary>`, with
    one glaring exception:

        (...( SELECT ... )...) ORDER BY ...

    If the nested query expression doesn't contain `ORDER BY`, the statement
    is interpreted as if the `ORDER BY` was absorbed by the innermost query
    expression, i.e.:

        (...( SELECT ... ORDER BY ... )...)

    There is no rewriting of the parse tree nor AST happening here, the
    transformation is done by the contextualizer (see
    PT_query_expression::contextualize_order_and_limit), which interprets the
    parse tree, and builds the AST according to this interpretation. This
    interpretation is governed by the following rule: An `ORDER BY` can be
    absorbed if none the nested query expressions contains an `ORDER BY` *or*
    `LIMIT`. The rule is complex, so here are some examples for illustration:

    In these cases the `ORDER BY` *is* absorbed:

        ( SELECT * FROM t1 ) ORDER BY t1.a;
        (( SELECT * FROM t1 )) ORDER BY t1.a;

    In these cases the ORDER BY is *not* absorbed:

        ( SELECT * FROM t1 ORDER BY 1 ) ORDER BY t1.a;
        (( SELECT * FROM t1 ) ORDER BY 1 ) ORDER BY t1.a;
        ( SELECT * FROM t1 LIMIT 1 ) ORDER BY t1.a;
        (( SELECT * FROM t1 ) LIMIT 1 ) ORDER BY t1.a;

    The same happens with `LIMIT`, obviously, but the optimizer is freeer to
    choose when to apply the limit, and there are name no resolution issues
    involved.

    @param order  True if the outer query block has the ORDER BY clause.
    @param limit  True if the outer query block has the LIMIT clause.
  */
  virtual bool can_absorb_order_and_limit(bool order, bool limit) const = 0;
  virtual bool has_into_clause() const = 0;
  virtual bool has_trailing_into_clause() const = 0;

  virtual bool is_table_value_constructor() const = 0;
  virtual PT_insert_values_list *get_row_value_list() const = 0;
};

class PT_internal_variable_name : public Parse_tree_node {
 public:
  sys_var_with_base value;
};

class PT_internal_variable_name_1d : public PT_internal_variable_name {
  typedef PT_internal_variable_name super;

  LEX_CSTRING ident;

 public:
  PT_internal_variable_name_1d(LEX_CSTRING ident_arg) : ident(ident_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

/**
  Parse tree node class for 2-dimentional variable names (example: \@global.x)
*/
class PT_internal_variable_name_2d : public PT_internal_variable_name {
  typedef PT_internal_variable_name super;

 public:
  const POS pos;

 private:
  LEX_CSTRING ident1;
  LEX_CSTRING ident2;

 public:
  PT_internal_variable_name_2d(const POS &pos, LEX_CSTRING ident1_arg,
                               LEX_CSTRING ident2_arg)
      : pos(pos), ident1(ident1_arg), ident2(ident2_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_internal_variable_name_default : public PT_internal_variable_name {
  typedef PT_internal_variable_name super;

  LEX_STRING ident;

 public:
  PT_internal_variable_name_default(const LEX_STRING &ident_arg)
      : ident(ident_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_following_option_type : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  POS pos;
  PT_internal_variable_name *name;
  Item *opt_expr;

 public:
  PT_option_value_following_option_type(const POS &pos,
                                        PT_internal_variable_name *name_arg,
                                        Item *opt_expr_arg)
      : pos(pos), name(name_arg), opt_expr(opt_expr_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_no_option_type : public Parse_tree_node {};

class PT_option_value_no_option_type_internal
    : public PT_option_value_no_option_type {
  typedef PT_option_value_no_option_type super;

  PT_internal_variable_name *name;
  Item *opt_expr;
  POS expr_pos;

 public:
  PT_option_value_no_option_type_internal(PT_internal_variable_name *name_arg,
                                          Item *opt_expr_arg,
                                          const POS &expr_pos_arg)
      : name(name_arg), opt_expr(opt_expr_arg), expr_pos(expr_pos_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_no_option_type_user_var
    : public PT_option_value_no_option_type {
  typedef PT_option_value_no_option_type super;

  LEX_STRING name;
  Item *expr;

 public:
  PT_option_value_no_option_type_user_var(const LEX_STRING &name_arg,
                                          Item *expr_arg)
      : name(name_arg), expr(expr_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_no_option_type_sys_var
    : public PT_option_value_no_option_type {
  typedef PT_option_value_no_option_type super;

  enum_var_type type;
  PT_internal_variable_name *name;
  Item *opt_expr;

 public:
  PT_option_value_no_option_type_sys_var(enum_var_type type_arg,
                                         PT_internal_variable_name *name_arg,
                                         Item *opt_expr_arg)
      : type(type_arg), name(name_arg), opt_expr(opt_expr_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_no_option_type_charset
    : public PT_option_value_no_option_type {
  typedef PT_option_value_no_option_type super;

  const CHARSET_INFO *opt_charset;

 public:
  PT_option_value_no_option_type_charset(const CHARSET_INFO *opt_charset_arg)
      : opt_charset(opt_charset_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_no_option_type_names
    : public PT_option_value_no_option_type {
  typedef PT_option_value_no_option_type super;

  POS pos;

 public:
  explicit PT_option_value_no_option_type_names(const POS &pos) : pos(pos) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_set_names : public PT_option_value_no_option_type {
  typedef PT_option_value_no_option_type super;

  const CHARSET_INFO *opt_charset;
  const CHARSET_INFO *opt_collation;

 public:
  PT_set_names(const CHARSET_INFO *opt_charset_arg,
               const CHARSET_INFO *opt_collation_arg)
      : opt_charset(opt_charset_arg), opt_collation(opt_collation_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_start_option_value_list : public Parse_tree_node {};

class PT_option_value_no_option_type_password
    : public PT_start_option_value_list {
  typedef PT_start_option_value_list super;

  const char *password;
  const char *current_password;
  bool retain_current_password;
  bool random_password_generator;
  POS expr_pos;

 public:
  PT_option_value_no_option_type_password(const char *password_arg,
                                          const char *current_password_arg,
                                          bool retain_current,
                                          bool random_password,
                                          const POS &expr_pos_arg)
      : password(password_arg),
        current_password(current_password_arg),
        retain_current_password(retain_current),
        random_password_generator(random_password),
        expr_pos(expr_pos_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_no_option_type_password_for
    : public PT_start_option_value_list {
  typedef PT_start_option_value_list super;

  LEX_USER *user;
  const char *password;
  const char *current_password;
  bool retain_current_password;
  bool random_password_generator;
  POS expr_pos;

 public:
  PT_option_value_no_option_type_password_for(LEX_USER *user_arg,
                                              const char *password_arg,
                                              const char *current_password_arg,
                                              bool retain_current,
                                              bool random_pass,
                                              const POS &expr_pos_arg)
      : user(user_arg),
        password(password_arg),
        current_password(current_password_arg),
        retain_current_password(retain_current),
        random_password_generator(random_pass),
        expr_pos(expr_pos_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_type : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  enum_var_type type;
  PT_option_value_following_option_type *value;

 public:
  PT_option_value_type(enum_var_type type_arg,
                       PT_option_value_following_option_type *value_arg)
      : type(type_arg), value(value_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_list_head : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  POS delimiter_pos;
  Parse_tree_node *value;
  POS value_pos;

 public:
  PT_option_value_list_head(const POS &delimiter_pos_arg,
                            Parse_tree_node *value_arg,
                            const POS &value_pos_arg)
      : delimiter_pos(delimiter_pos_arg),
        value(value_arg),
        value_pos(value_pos_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_option_value_list : public PT_option_value_list_head {
  typedef PT_option_value_list_head super;

  PT_option_value_list_head *head;

 public:
  PT_option_value_list(PT_option_value_list_head *head_arg,
                       const POS &delimiter_pos_arg, Parse_tree_node *tail,
                       const POS &tail_pos)
      : super(delimiter_pos_arg, tail, tail_pos), head(head_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override {
    return head->contextualize(pc) || super::contextualize(pc);
  }
};

class PT_start_option_value_list_no_type : public PT_start_option_value_list {
  typedef PT_start_option_value_list super;

  PT_option_value_no_option_type *head;
  POS head_pos;
  PT_option_value_list_head *tail;

 public:
  PT_start_option_value_list_no_type(PT_option_value_no_option_type *head_arg,
                                     const POS &head_pos_arg,
                                     PT_option_value_list_head *tail_arg)
      : head(head_arg), head_pos(head_pos_arg), tail(tail_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_transaction_characteristic : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  const char *name;
  int32 value;

 public:
  PT_transaction_characteristic(const char *name_arg, int32 value_arg)
      : name(name_arg), value(value_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_transaction_access_mode : public PT_transaction_characteristic {
  typedef PT_transaction_characteristic super;

 public:
  explicit PT_transaction_access_mode(bool is_read_only)
      : super("transaction_read_only", (int32)is_read_only) {}
};

class PT_isolation_level : public PT_transaction_characteristic {
  typedef PT_transaction_characteristic super;

 public:
  explicit PT_isolation_level(enum_tx_isolation level)
      : super("transaction_isolation", (int32)level) {}
};

class PT_transaction_characteristics : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  PT_transaction_characteristic *head;
  PT_transaction_characteristic *opt_tail;

 public:
  PT_transaction_characteristics(PT_transaction_characteristic *head_arg,
                                 PT_transaction_characteristic *opt_tail_arg)
      : head(head_arg), opt_tail(opt_tail_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override {
    return (super::contextualize(pc) || head->contextualize(pc) ||
            (opt_tail != nullptr && opt_tail->contextualize(pc)));
  }
};

class PT_start_option_value_list_transaction
    : public PT_start_option_value_list {
  typedef PT_start_option_value_list super;

  PT_transaction_characteristics *characteristics;
  POS end_pos;

 public:
  PT_start_option_value_list_transaction(
      PT_transaction_characteristics *characteristics_arg,
      const POS &end_pos_arg)
      : characteristics(characteristics_arg), end_pos(end_pos_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type
    : public Parse_tree_node {};

class PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type_eq
    : public PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type {
  typedef PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type super;

  PT_option_value_following_option_type *head;
  POS head_pos;
  PT_option_value_list_head *opt_tail;

 public:
  PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type_eq(
      PT_option_value_following_option_type *head_arg, const POS &head_pos_arg,
      PT_option_value_list_head *opt_tail_arg)
      : head(head_arg), head_pos(head_pos_arg), opt_tail(opt_tail_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type_transaction
    : public PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type {
  typedef PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type super;

  PT_transaction_characteristics *characteristics;
  POS characteristics_pos;

 public:
  PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type_transaction(
      PT_transaction_characteristics *characteristics_arg,
      const POS &characteristics_pos_arg)
      : characteristics(characteristics_arg),
        characteristics_pos(characteristics_pos_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_start_option_value_list_type : public PT_start_option_value_list {
  typedef PT_start_option_value_list super;

  enum_var_type type;
  PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type *list;

 public:
  PT_start_option_value_list_type(
      enum_var_type type_arg,
      PT_start_option_value_list_following_option_type *list_arg)
      : type(type_arg), list(list_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_set : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  POS set_pos;
  PT_start_option_value_list *list;

 public:
  PT_set(const POS &set_pos_arg, PT_start_option_value_list *list_arg)
      : set_pos(set_pos_arg), list(list_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_into_destination : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;
  POS m_pos;

 protected:
  PT_into_destination(const POS &pos) : m_pos(pos) {}

 public:
  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_into_destination_outfile final : public PT_into_destination {
  typedef PT_into_destination super;

 public:
  PT_into_destination_outfile(const POS &pos, const LEX_STRING &file_name_arg,
                              const CHARSET_INFO *charset_arg,
                              const Field_separators &field_term_arg,
                              const Line_separators &line_term_arg)
      : PT_into_destination(pos), m_exchange(file_name_arg.str, false) {
    m_exchange.cs = charset_arg;
    m_exchange.field.merge_field_separators(field_term_arg);
    m_exchange.line.merge_line_separators(line_term_arg);
  }

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  sql_exchange m_exchange;
};

class PT_into_destination_dumpfile final : public PT_into_destination {
  typedef PT_into_destination super;

 public:
  PT_into_destination_dumpfile(const POS &pos, const LEX_STRING &file_name_arg)
      : PT_into_destination(pos), m_exchange(file_name_arg.str, true) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  sql_exchange m_exchange;
};

class PT_select_var : public Parse_tree_node {
 public:
  const LEX_STRING name;

  explicit PT_select_var(const LEX_STRING &name_arg) : name(name_arg) {}

  virtual bool is_local() const { return false; }
  virtual uint get_offset() const {
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    return 0;
  }
};

class PT_select_sp_var : public PT_select_var {
  typedef PT_select_var super;

  uint offset;

#ifndef DBUG_OFF
  /*
    Routine to which this Item_splocal belongs. Used for checking if correct
    runtime context is used for variable handling.
  */
  sp_head *sp;
#endif

 public:
  PT_select_sp_var(const LEX_STRING &name_arg) : super(name_arg) {}

  bool is_local() const override { return true; }
  uint get_offset() const override { return offset; }

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_select_var_list : public PT_into_destination {
  typedef PT_into_destination super;

 public:
  explicit PT_select_var_list(const POS &pos) : PT_into_destination(pos) {}

  List<PT_select_var> value;

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  bool push_back(PT_select_var *var) { return value.push_back(var); }
};

/**
  Parse tree node for a single of a window extent's borders,
  cf. \<window frame extent\> in SQL 2003.
*/
class PT_border : public Parse_tree_node {
  friend class Window;
  Item *m_value{nullptr};  ///< only relevant iff m_border_type == WBT_VALUE_*
 public:
  enum_window_border_type m_border_type;
  const bool m_date_time;
  interval_type m_int_type;

  ///< For unbounded border
  PT_border(enum_window_border_type type)
      : m_border_type(type), m_date_time(false) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(type != WBT_VALUE_PRECEDING && type != WBT_VALUE_FOLLOWING);
  }

  ///< For bounded non-temporal border, e.g. 2 PRECEDING: 'value' is 2.
  PT_border(enum_window_border_type type, Item *value)
      : m_value(value), m_border_type(type), m_date_time(false) {}

  ///< For bounded INTERVAL 2 DAYS, 'value' is 2, int_type is DAYS.
  PT_border(enum_window_border_type type, Item *value, interval_type int_type)
      : m_value(value),
        m_border_type(type),
        m_date_time(true),
        m_int_type(int_type) {}

  ///< @returns the '2' in '2 PRECEDING' or 'INTERVAL 2 DAYS PRECEDING'
  Item *border() const { return m_value; }
  /// Need such low-level access so that fix_fields updates the right pointer
  Item **border_ptr() { return &m_value; }

  /**
    @returns Addition operator for computation of frames, nullptr if error.
    @param  order_expr  Expression to add/substract to
    @param  prec    true if PRECEDING
    @param  asc     true if ASC
    @param  window  only used for error generation
  */
  Item *build_addop(Item_cache *order_expr, bool prec, bool asc,
                    const Window *window);
};

/**
  Parse tree node for one or both of a window extent's borders, cf.
  \<window frame extent\> in SQL 2003.
*/
class PT_borders : public Parse_tree_node {
  PT_border *m_borders[2];
  friend class PT_frame;

 public:
  /**
    Constructor.

    Frames of the form "frame_start no_frame_end" are translated during
    parsing to "BETWEEN frame_start AND CURRENT ROW". So both 'start' and
    'end' are non-nullptr.
  */
  PT_borders(PT_border *start, PT_border *end) {
    m_borders[0] = start;
    m_borders[1] = end;
  }
};

/**
  Parse tree node for a window frame's exclusions, cf. the
  \<window frame exclusion\> clause in SQL 2003.
*/
class PT_exclusion : public Parse_tree_node {
  enum_window_frame_exclusion m_exclusion;

 public:
  PT_exclusion(enum_window_frame_exclusion e) : m_exclusion(e) {}
  // enum_window_frame_exclusion exclusion() { return m_exclusion; }
};

/**
  Parse tree node for a window's frame, cf. the \<window frame clause\>
  in SQL 2003.
*/
class PT_frame : public Parse_tree_node {
 public:
  enum_window_frame_unit m_unit;

  PT_border *m_from;
  PT_border *m_to;

  PT_exclusion *m_exclusion;

  /// If true, this is an artificial frame, not specified by the user
  bool m_originally_absent = false;

  PT_frame(enum_window_frame_unit unit, PT_borders *from_to,
           PT_exclusion *exclusion)
      : m_unit(unit),
        m_from(from_to->m_borders[0]),
        m_to(from_to->m_borders[1]),
        m_exclusion(exclusion) {}
};

/**
  Parse tree node for a window; just a shallow wrapper for
  class Window, q.v.
*/
class PT_window : public Parse_tree_node, public Window {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

 public:
  PT_window(PT_order_list *partition_by, PT_order_list *order_by,
            PT_frame *frame)
      : Window(partition_by, order_by, frame) {}

  PT_window(PT_order_list *partition_by, PT_order_list *order_by,
            PT_frame *frame, Item_string *inherit)
      : Window(partition_by, order_by, frame, inherit) {}

  PT_window(Item_string *name) : Window(name) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
};

/**
  Parse tree node for a list of window definitions corresponding
  to a \<window clause\> in SQL 2003.
*/
class PT_window_list : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;
  List<Window> m_windows;

 public:
  PT_window_list() {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  bool push_back(PT_window *w) { return m_windows.push_back(w); }
};

class PT_query_primary : public PT_query_expression_body {};

class PT_query_specification : public PT_query_primary {
  typedef PT_query_primary super;

  PT_hint_list *opt_hints;
  Query_options options;
  PT_item_list *item_list;
  PT_into_destination *opt_into1;
  const bool m_is_from_clause_implicit;
  Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> from_clause;  // empty list for DUAL
  Item *opt_where_clause;
  PT_group *opt_group_clause;
  Item *opt_having_clause;
  PT_window_list *opt_window_clause;

 public:
  PT_query_specification(
      PT_hint_list *opt_hints_arg, const Query_options &options_arg,
      PT_item_list *item_list_arg, PT_into_destination *opt_into1_arg,
      const Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> &from_clause_arg,
      Item *opt_where_clause_arg, PT_group *opt_group_clause_arg,
      Item *opt_having_clause_arg, PT_window_list *opt_window_clause_arg,
      bool implicit_from_clause)
      : opt_hints(opt_hints_arg),
        options(options_arg),
        item_list(item_list_arg),
        opt_into1(opt_into1_arg),
        m_is_from_clause_implicit{implicit_from_clause},
        from_clause(from_clause_arg),
        opt_where_clause(opt_where_clause_arg),
        opt_group_clause(opt_group_clause_arg),
        opt_having_clause(opt_having_clause_arg),
        opt_window_clause(opt_window_clause_arg) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(implicit_from_clause ? from_clause.empty() : true);
  }

  PT_query_specification(
      const Query_options &options_arg, PT_item_list *item_list_arg,
      const Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> &from_clause_arg,
      Item *opt_where_clause_arg)
      : opt_hints(nullptr),
        options(options_arg),
        item_list(item_list_arg),
        opt_into1(nullptr),
        m_is_from_clause_implicit{true},
        from_clause(from_clause_arg),
        opt_where_clause(opt_where_clause_arg),
        opt_group_clause(nullptr),
        opt_having_clause(nullptr),
        opt_window_clause(nullptr) {}

  PT_query_specification(const Query_options &options_arg,
                         PT_item_list *item_list_arg)
      : opt_hints(nullptr),
        options(options_arg),
        item_list(item_list_arg),
        opt_into1(nullptr),
        m_is_from_clause_implicit{false},
        from_clause{},
        opt_where_clause(nullptr),
        opt_group_clause(nullptr),
        opt_having_clause(nullptr),
        opt_window_clause(nullptr) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  bool has_into_clause() const override { return opt_into1 != nullptr; }
  bool has_trailing_into_clause() const override {
    return (has_into_clause() && is_implicit_from_clause() &&
            opt_where_clause == nullptr && opt_group_clause == nullptr &&
            opt_having_clause == nullptr && opt_window_clause == nullptr);
  }

  bool is_union() const override { return false; }

  bool can_absorb_order_and_limit(bool, bool) const override { return true; }

  bool is_table_value_constructor() const override { return false; }
  PT_insert_values_list *get_row_value_list() const override { return nullptr; }

 private:
  bool is_implicit_from_clause() const { return m_is_from_clause_implicit; }
};

class PT_table_value_constructor : public PT_query_primary {
  typedef PT_query_primary super;

  PT_insert_values_list *const row_value_list;

 public:
  explicit PT_table_value_constructor(PT_insert_values_list *row_value_list_arg)
      : row_value_list(row_value_list_arg) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  bool has_into_clause() const override { return false; }
  bool has_trailing_into_clause() const override { return false; }

  bool is_union() const override { return false; }

  bool can_absorb_order_and_limit(bool, bool) const override { return true; }

  bool is_table_value_constructor() const override { return true; }

  PT_insert_values_list *get_row_value_list() const override {
    return row_value_list;
  }
};

class PT_explicit_table : public PT_query_specification {
  using super = PT_query_specification;

 public:
  PT_explicit_table(
      const Query_options &options_arg, PT_item_list *item_list_arg,
      const Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> &from_clause_arg)
      : super(options_arg, item_list_arg, from_clause_arg, nullptr) {}
};

class PT_query_expression final : public PT_query_primary {
 public:
  PT_query_expression(PT_with_clause *with_clause,
                      PT_query_expression_body *body, PT_order *order,
                      PT_limit_clause *limit)
      : m_body(body),
        m_order(order),
        m_limit(limit),
        m_with_clause(with_clause) {}

  PT_query_expression(PT_query_expression_body *body, PT_order *order,
                      PT_limit_clause *limit)
      : PT_query_expression(nullptr, body, order, limit) {}

  explicit PT_query_expression(PT_query_expression_body *body)
      : PT_query_expression(body, nullptr, nullptr) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  bool is_union() const override { return m_body->is_union(); }

  bool has_into_clause() const override { return m_body->has_into_clause(); }
  bool has_trailing_into_clause() const override {
    return (m_body->has_trailing_into_clause() && m_order == nullptr &&
            m_limit == nullptr);
  }

  bool can_absorb_order_and_limit(bool order, bool limit) const override {
    if (m_body->is_union()) {
      return false;
    }
    if (m_order == nullptr && m_limit == nullptr) {
      /*
        It is safe to push ORDER and/or LIMIT down in:

          (SELECT ...<no order or limit clauses>) ORDER BY ... LIMIT ...;
          (SELECT ...<no order or limit clauses>) ORDER BY ...;
          (SELECT ...<no order or limit clauses>)              LIMIT ...;
      */
      return true;
    }
    if (m_limit != nullptr && !order && limit) {
      /*
        In MySQL, it is ok(*) to push LIMIT down in:

          (SELECT ... [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT a) LIMIT b;

        *) MySQL doesn't follow the standard when overwriting `LIMIT a` with
           `LIMIT b` if a < b.  Moreover, the result of:

             (SELECT ... ORDER BY order1 LIMIT a) ORDER BY order1 LIMIT b; (1)

           can diverge from:

             (SELECT ... ORDER BY order1 LIMIT a) LIMIT b;                  (2)

           since the example (1) never overwrites `LIMIT a` with `LIMIT b`,
           while the example (2) does overwrite.

           TODO: add a warning, deprecate and replace this behavior with the
                 standard one.
      */
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  bool is_table_value_constructor() const override {
    return m_body->is_table_value_constructor();
  }

  PT_insert_values_list *get_row_value_list() const override {
    return m_body->get_row_value_list();
  }

 private:
  /**
    Contextualizes the order and limit clauses, re-interpreting them according
    to the rules. If the `<query expression body>` can absorb the clauses,
    they are simply contextualized into the current SELECT_LEX. If not, we
    have to create the "fake" SELECT_LEX unless there is one already
    (SELECT_LEX_UNIT::new_union_query() is known to do this.)

    @see PT_query_expression::can_absorb_order_and_limit()
  */
  bool contextualize_order_and_limit(Parse_context *pc);

  PT_query_expression_body *m_body;
  PT_order *m_order;
  PT_limit_clause *m_limit;
  PT_with_clause *m_with_clause;
};

/*
  After the removal of the `... <locking_clause> <into_clause>` syntax
  PT_locking will disappear.
*/
class PT_locking final : public PT_query_primary {
  using super = PT_query_primary;

 public:
  PT_locking(PT_query_expression_body *qe,
             PT_locking_clause_list *locking_clauses)
      : m_query_expression{qe}, m_locking_clauses{locking_clauses} {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override {
    return (super::contextualize(pc) || m_query_expression->contextualize(pc) ||
            m_locking_clauses->contextualize(pc));
  }

  bool is_union() const override { return m_query_expression->is_union(); }

  bool has_into_clause() const override {
    return m_query_expression->has_into_clause();
  }
  bool has_trailing_into_clause() const override { return false; }

  bool can_absorb_order_and_limit(bool order, bool limit) const override {
    return m_query_expression->can_absorb_order_and_limit(order, limit);
  }

  bool is_table_value_constructor() const override {
    return m_query_expression->is_table_value_constructor();
  }

  PT_insert_values_list *get_row_value_list() const override {
    return m_query_expression->get_row_value_list();
  }

 private:
  PT_query_expression_body *const m_query_expression;
  PT_locking_clause_list *const m_locking_clauses;
};

class PT_subquery : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  PT_query_primary *qe;
  POS pos;
  SELECT_LEX *select_lex;

 public:
  bool m_is_derived_table;

  PT_subquery(POS p, PT_query_primary *query_expression)
      : qe(query_expression),
        pos(p),
        select_lex(nullptr),
        m_is_derived_table(false) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  SELECT_LEX *value() { return select_lex; }
};

class PT_union : public PT_query_expression_body {
 public:
  PT_union(PT_query_expression_body *lhs, const POS &lhs_pos, bool is_distinct,
           PT_query_primary *rhs, bool is_rhs_in_parentheses = false)
      : m_lhs(lhs),
        m_lhs_pos(lhs_pos),
        m_is_distinct(is_distinct),
        m_rhs(rhs),
        m_is_rhs_in_parentheses{is_rhs_in_parentheses} {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  bool is_union() const override { return true; }

  bool has_into_clause() const override {
    return m_lhs->has_into_clause() || m_rhs->has_into_clause();
  }
  bool has_trailing_into_clause() const override {
    return !m_is_rhs_in_parentheses && m_rhs->has_trailing_into_clause();
  }

  bool can_absorb_order_and_limit(bool, bool) const override { return false; }

  bool is_table_value_constructor() const override { return false; }
  PT_insert_values_list *get_row_value_list() const override { return nullptr; }

 private:
  PT_query_expression_body *m_lhs;
  POS m_lhs_pos;
  bool m_is_distinct;
  PT_query_primary *m_rhs;
  PT_into_destination *m_into;
  const bool m_is_rhs_in_parentheses;
};

class PT_select_stmt : public Parse_tree_root {
  typedef Parse_tree_root super;

 public:
  /**
    @param qe The query expression.
    @param sql_command The type of SQL command.
  */
  PT_select_stmt(enum_sql_command sql_command, PT_query_expression_body *qe)
      : m_sql_command(sql_command),
        m_qe(qe),
        m_into(nullptr),
        m_has_trailing_locking_clauses{false} {}

  /**
    Creates a SELECT command. Only SELECT commands can have into.

    @param qe                           The query expression.
    @param into                         The own INTO destination.
    @param has_trailing_locking_clauses True if there are locking clauses (like
                                        `FOR UPDATE`) at the end of the
                                        statement.
  */
  explicit PT_select_stmt(PT_query_expression_body *qe,
                          PT_into_destination *into = nullptr,
                          bool has_trailing_locking_clauses = false)
      : m_sql_command{SQLCOM_SELECT},
        m_qe{qe},
        m_into{into},
        m_has_trailing_locking_clauses{has_trailing_locking_clauses} {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  enum_sql_command m_sql_command;
  PT_query_expression_body *m_qe;
  PT_into_destination *m_into;
  const bool m_has_trailing_locking_clauses;
};

/**
  Top-level node for the DELETE statement

  @ingroup ptn_stmt
*/
class PT_delete final : public Parse_tree_root {
 private:
  PT_with_clause *m_with_clause;
  PT_hint_list *opt_hints;
  const int opt_delete_options;
  Table_ident *table_ident;
  const char *const opt_table_alias;
  Mem_root_array_YY<Table_ident *> table_list;
  List<String> *opt_use_partition;
  Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> join_table_list;
  Item *opt_where_clause;
  PT_order *opt_order_clause;
  Item *opt_delete_limit_clause;
  SQL_I_List<TABLE_LIST> delete_tables;

 public:
  // single-table DELETE node constructor:
  PT_delete(PT_with_clause *with_clause_arg, PT_hint_list *opt_hints_arg,
            int opt_delete_options_arg, Table_ident *table_ident_arg,
            const LEX_CSTRING &opt_table_alias_arg,
            List<String> *opt_use_partition_arg, Item *opt_where_clause_arg,
            PT_order *opt_order_clause_arg, Item *opt_delete_limit_clause_arg)
      : m_with_clause(with_clause_arg),
        opt_hints(opt_hints_arg),
        opt_delete_options(opt_delete_options_arg),
        table_ident(table_ident_arg),
        opt_table_alias(opt_table_alias_arg.str),
        opt_use_partition(opt_use_partition_arg),
        opt_where_clause(opt_where_clause_arg),
        opt_order_clause(opt_order_clause_arg),
        opt_delete_limit_clause(opt_delete_limit_clause_arg) {
    table_list.init_empty_const();
    join_table_list.init_empty_const();
  }

  // multi-table DELETE node constructor:
  PT_delete(PT_with_clause *with_clause_arg, PT_hint_list *opt_hints_arg,
            int opt_delete_options_arg,
            const Mem_root_array_YY<Table_ident *> &table_list_arg,
            const Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> &join_table_list_arg,
            Item *opt_where_clause_arg)
      : m_with_clause(with_clause_arg),
        opt_hints(opt_hints_arg),
        opt_delete_options(opt_delete_options_arg),
        table_ident(nullptr),
        opt_table_alias(nullptr),
        table_list(table_list_arg),
        opt_use_partition(nullptr),
        join_table_list(join_table_list_arg),
        opt_where_clause(opt_where_clause_arg),
        opt_order_clause(nullptr),
        opt_delete_limit_clause(nullptr) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  bool is_multitable() const {
    DBUG_ASSERT((table_ident != nullptr) ^ (table_list.size() > 0));
    return table_ident == nullptr;
  }

  bool add_table(Parse_context *pc, Table_ident *table);
};

/**
  Top-level node for the UPDATE statement

  @ingroup ptn_stmt
*/
class PT_update : public Parse_tree_root {
  PT_with_clause *m_with_clause;
  PT_hint_list *opt_hints;
  thr_lock_type opt_low_priority;
  bool opt_ignore;
  Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> join_table_list;
  PT_item_list *column_list;
  PT_item_list *value_list;
  Item *opt_where_clause;
  PT_order *opt_order_clause;
  Item *opt_limit_clause;

 public:
  PT_update(PT_with_clause *with_clause_arg, PT_hint_list *opt_hints_arg,
            thr_lock_type opt_low_priority_arg, bool opt_ignore_arg,
            const Mem_root_array_YY<PT_table_reference *> &join_table_list_arg,
            PT_item_list *column_list_arg, PT_item_list *value_list_arg,
            Item *opt_where_clause_arg, PT_order *opt_order_clause_arg,
            Item *opt_limit_clause_arg)
      : m_with_clause(with_clause_arg),
        opt_hints(opt_hints_arg),
        opt_low_priority(opt_low_priority_arg),
        opt_ignore(opt_ignore_arg),
        join_table_list(join_table_list_arg),
        column_list(column_list_arg),
        value_list(value_list_arg),
        opt_where_clause(opt_where_clause_arg),
        opt_order_clause(opt_order_clause_arg),
        opt_limit_clause(opt_limit_clause_arg) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_insert_values_list : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

  List<List_item> many_values;

 public:
  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  bool push_back(List<Item> *x) { return many_values.push_back(x); }

  virtual List<List_item> &get_many_values() {
    DBUG_ASSERT(is_contextualized());
    return many_values;
  }
};

/**
  Top-level node for the INSERT statement

  @ingroup ptn_stmt
*/
class PT_insert final : public Parse_tree_root {
  const bool is_replace;
  PT_hint_list *opt_hints;
  const thr_lock_type lock_option;
  const bool ignore;
  Table_ident *const table_ident;
  List<String> *const opt_use_partition;
  PT_item_list *const column_list;
  PT_insert_values_list *row_value_list;
  PT_query_primary *insert_query_expression;
  const char *const opt_values_table_alias;
  Create_col_name_list *const opt_values_column_list;
  PT_item_list *const opt_on_duplicate_column_list;
  PT_item_list *const opt_on_duplicate_value_list;

 public:
  PT_insert(bool is_replace_arg, PT_hint_list *opt_hints_arg,
            thr_lock_type lock_option_arg, bool ignore_arg,
            Table_ident *table_ident_arg, List<String> *opt_use_partition_arg,
            PT_item_list *column_list_arg,
            PT_insert_values_list *row_value_list_arg,
            PT_query_primary *insert_query_expression_arg,
            const LEX_CSTRING &opt_values_table_alias_arg,
            Create_col_name_list *opt_values_column_list_arg,
            PT_item_list *opt_on_duplicate_column_list_arg,
            PT_item_list *opt_on_duplicate_value_list_arg)
      : is_replace(is_replace_arg),
        opt_hints(opt_hints_arg),
        lock_option(lock_option_arg),
        ignore(ignore_arg),
        table_ident(table_ident_arg),
        opt_use_partition(opt_use_partition_arg),
        column_list(column_list_arg),
        row_value_list(row_value_list_arg),
        insert_query_expression(insert_query_expression_arg),
        opt_values_table_alias(opt_values_table_alias_arg.str),
        opt_values_column_list(opt_values_column_list_arg),
        opt_on_duplicate_column_list(opt_on_duplicate_column_list_arg),
        opt_on_duplicate_value_list(opt_on_duplicate_value_list_arg) {
    // REPLACE statement can't have IGNORE flag:
    DBUG_ASSERT(!is_replace || !ignore);
    // REPLACE statement can't have ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause:
    DBUG_ASSERT(!is_replace || opt_on_duplicate_column_list == nullptr);
    // INSERT/REPLACE ... SELECT can't have VALUES clause:
    DBUG_ASSERT((row_value_list != nullptr) ^
                (insert_query_expression != nullptr));
    // ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE: column and value arrays must have same sizes:
    DBUG_ASSERT((opt_on_duplicate_column_list == nullptr &&
                 opt_on_duplicate_value_list == nullptr) ||
                (opt_on_duplicate_column_list->elements() ==
                 opt_on_duplicate_value_list->elements()));
  }

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  bool has_select() const { return insert_query_expression != nullptr; }
};

class PT_call final : public Parse_tree_root {
  sp_name *proc_name;
  PT_item_list *opt_expr_list;

 public:
  PT_call(sp_name *proc_name_arg, PT_item_list *opt_expr_list_arg)
      : proc_name(proc_name_arg), opt_expr_list(opt_expr_list_arg) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

/**
  Top-level node for the SHUTDOWN statement

  @ingroup ptn_stmt
*/
class PT_shutdown final : public Parse_tree_root {
  Sql_cmd_shutdown sql_cmd;

 public:
  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *) override { return &sql_cmd; }
};

/**
  Top-level node for the CREATE [OR REPLACE] SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM statement.

  @ingroup ptn_stmt
*/
class PT_create_srs final : public Parse_tree_root {
  /// The SQL command object.
  Sql_cmd_create_srs sql_cmd;
  /// Whether OR REPLACE is specified.
  bool m_or_replace;
  /// Whether IF NOT EXISTS is specified.
  bool m_if_not_exists;
  /// SRID of the SRS to create.
  ///
  /// The range is larger than that of gis::srid_t, so it must be
  /// verified to be less than the uint32 maximum value.
  unsigned long long m_srid;
  /// All attributes except SRID.
  const Sql_cmd_srs_attributes m_attributes;

  /// Check if a UTF-8 string contains control characters.
  ///
  /// @note This function only checks single byte control characters (U+0000 to
  /// U+001F, and U+007F). There are some control characters at U+0080 to U+00A0
  /// that are not detected by this function.
  ///
  /// @param str The string.
  /// @param length Length of the string.
  ///
  /// @retval false The string contains no control characters.
  /// @retval true The string contains at least one control character.
  bool contains_control_char(char *str, size_t length) {
    for (size_t pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {
      if (std::iscntrl(str[pos])) return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

 public:
  PT_create_srs(unsigned long long srid,
                const Sql_cmd_srs_attributes &attributes, bool or_replace,
                bool if_not_exists)
      : m_or_replace(or_replace),
        m_if_not_exists(if_not_exists),
        m_srid(srid),
        m_attributes(attributes) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

/**
  Top-level node for the DROP SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM statement.

  @ingroup ptn_stmt
*/
class PT_drop_srs final : public Parse_tree_root {
  /// The SQL command object.
  Sql_cmd_drop_srs sql_cmd;
  /// SRID of the SRS to drop.
  ///
  /// The range is larger than that of gis::srid_t, so it must be
  /// verified to be less than the uint32 maximum value.
  unsigned long long m_srid;

 public:
  PT_drop_srs(unsigned long long srid, bool if_exists)
      : sql_cmd(srid, if_exists), m_srid(srid) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

/**
  Top-level node for the ALTER INSTANCE statement

  @ingroup ptn_stmt
*/
class PT_alter_instance final : public Parse_tree_root {
  Sql_cmd_alter_instance sql_cmd;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_instance(
      enum alter_instance_action_enum alter_instance_action,
      const LEX_CSTRING &channel)
      : sql_cmd(alter_instance_action, channel) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

/**
  A template-free base class for index options that we can predeclare in
  sql_lex.h
*/
class PT_base_index_option : public Table_ddl_node {};

/**
  A key part specification.

  This can either be a "normal" key part (a key part that points to a column),
  or this can be a functional key part (a key part that points to an
  expression).
*/
class PT_key_part_specification : public Parse_tree_node {
  typedef Parse_tree_node super;

 public:
  /**
    Constructor for a functional key part.

    @param expression The expression to index.
    @param order The direction of the index.
  */
  PT_key_part_specification(Item *expression, enum_order order);

  /**
    Constructor for a "normal" key part. That is a key part that points to a
    column and not an expression.

    @param column_name The column name that this key part points to.
    @param order The direction of the index.
    @param prefix_length How many bytes or characters this key part should
           index, or zero if it should index the entire column.
  */
  PT_key_part_specification(const LEX_CSTRING &column_name, enum_order order,
                            int prefix_length);

  /**
    Contextualize this key part specification. This will also call itemize on
    the indexed expression if this is a functional key part.

    @param pc The parse context

    @retval true on error
    @retval false on success
  */
  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  /**
    Get the indexed expression. The caller must ensure that has_expression()
    returns true before calling this.

    @returns The indexed expression
  */
  Item *get_expression() const {
    DBUG_ASSERT(has_expression());
    return m_expression;
  }

  /**
    @returns The direction of the index: ORDER_ASC, ORDER_DESC or
             ORDER_NOT_RELEVANT in case the user didn't explicitly specify a
             direction.
  */
  enum_order get_order() const { return m_order; }

  /**
    @retval true if the user explicitly specified a direction (asc/desc).
    @retval false if the user didn't explicitly specify a direction.
  */
  bool is_explicit() const { return get_order() != ORDER_NOT_RELEVANT; }

  /**
    @retval true if the key part contains an expression (and thus is a
            functional key part).
    @retval false if the key part doesn't contain an expression.
  */
  bool has_expression() const { return m_expression != nullptr; }

  /**
    Get the column that this key part points to. This is only valid if this
    key part isn't a functional index. The caller must thus check the return
    value of has_expression() before calling this function.

    @returns The column that this key part points to.
  */
  LEX_CSTRING get_column_name() const {
    DBUG_ASSERT(!has_expression());
    return m_column_name;
  }

  /**
    @returns The number of bytes that this key part should index. If the column
             this key part points to is a non-binary column, this is the number
             of characters. Returns zero if the entire column should be indexed.
  */
  int get_prefix_length() const { return m_prefix_length; }

 private:
  /**
    The indexed expression in case this is a functional key part. Only valid if
    has_expression() returns true.
  */
  Item *m_expression;

  /// The direction of the index.
  enum_order m_order;

  /// The name of the column that this key part indexes.
  LEX_CSTRING m_column_name;

  /**
    If this is greater than zero, it represents how many bytes of the column
    that is indexed. Note that for non-binary columns (VARCHAR, TEXT etc), this
    is the number of characters.
  */
  int m_prefix_length;
};

/**
  A template for options that set a single `<alter option>` value in
  thd->lex->key_create_info.

  @tparam Option_type The data type of the option.
  @tparam Property Pointer-to-member for the option of KEY_CREATE_INFO.
*/
template <typename Option_type, Option_type KEY_CREATE_INFO::*Property>
class PT_index_option : public PT_base_index_option {
 public:
  /// @param option_value The value of the option.
  PT_index_option(Option_type option_value) : m_option_value(option_value) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    pc->key_create_info->*Property = m_option_value;
    return false;
  }

 private:
  Option_type m_option_value;
};

/**
  A template for options that set a single property in a KEY_CREATE_INFO, and
  also records if the option was explicitly set.
*/
template <typename Option_type, Option_type KEY_CREATE_INFO::*Property,
          bool KEY_CREATE_INFO::*Property_is_explicit>
class PT_traceable_index_option : public PT_base_index_option {
 public:
  PT_traceable_index_option(Option_type option_value)
      : m_option_value(option_value) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    pc->key_create_info->*Property = m_option_value;
    pc->key_create_info->*Property_is_explicit = true;
    return false;
  }

 private:
  Option_type m_option_value;
};

typedef Mem_root_array_YY<PT_base_index_option *> Index_options;
typedef PT_index_option<ulong, &KEY_CREATE_INFO::block_size> PT_block_size;
typedef PT_index_option<LEX_CSTRING, &KEY_CREATE_INFO::comment>
    PT_index_comment;
typedef PT_index_option<LEX_CSTRING, &KEY_CREATE_INFO::parser_name>
    PT_fulltext_index_parser_name;
typedef PT_index_option<bool, &KEY_CREATE_INFO::is_visible> PT_index_visibility;

/**
  The data structure (B-tree, Hash, etc) used for an index is called
  'index_type' in the manual. Internally, this is stored in
  KEY_CREATE_INFO::algorithm, while what the manual calls 'algorithm' is
  stored in partition_info::key_algorithm. In an `<create_index_stmt>`
  it's ignored. The terminology is somewhat confusing, but we stick to the
  manual in the parser.
*/
typedef PT_traceable_index_option<ha_key_alg, &KEY_CREATE_INFO::algorithm,
                                  &KEY_CREATE_INFO::is_algorithm_explicit>
    PT_index_type;

class PT_create_index_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_create_index_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, keytype type_par,
                       const LEX_STRING &name_arg, PT_base_index_option *type,
                       Table_ident *table_ident,
                       List<PT_key_part_specification> *cols,
                       Index_options options,
                       Alter_info::enum_alter_table_algorithm algo,
                       Alter_info::enum_alter_table_lock lock)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_keytype(type_par),
        m_name(name_arg),
        m_type(type),
        m_table_ident(table_ident),
        m_columns(cols),
        m_options(options),
        m_algo(algo),
        m_lock(lock) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  keytype m_keytype;
  LEX_STRING m_name;
  PT_base_index_option *m_type;
  Table_ident *m_table_ident;
  List<PT_key_part_specification> *m_columns;
  Index_options m_options;
  const Alter_info::enum_alter_table_algorithm m_algo;
  const Alter_info::enum_alter_table_lock m_lock;
};

/**
  Base class for column/constraint definitions in CREATE %TABLE

  @ingroup ptn_create_table_stuff
*/
class PT_table_element : public Table_ddl_node {};

class PT_table_constraint_def : public PT_table_element {};

class PT_inline_index_definition : public PT_table_constraint_def {
  typedef PT_table_constraint_def super;

 public:
  PT_inline_index_definition(keytype type_par, const LEX_STRING &name_arg,
                             PT_base_index_option *type,
                             List<PT_key_part_specification> *cols,
                             Index_options options)
      : m_keytype(type_par),
        m_name(name_arg),
        m_type(type),
        m_columns(cols),
        m_options(options) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  keytype m_keytype;
  const LEX_STRING m_name;
  PT_base_index_option *m_type;
  List<PT_key_part_specification> *m_columns;
  Index_options m_options;
};

class PT_foreign_key_definition : public PT_table_constraint_def {
  typedef PT_table_constraint_def super;

 public:
  PT_foreign_key_definition(const LEX_STRING &constraint_name,
                            const LEX_STRING &key_name,
                            List<PT_key_part_specification> *columns,
                            Table_ident *referenced_table,
                            List<Key_part_spec> *ref_list,
                            fk_match_opt fk_match_option,
                            fk_option fk_update_opt, fk_option fk_delete_opt)
      : m_constraint_name(constraint_name),
        m_key_name(key_name),
        m_columns(columns),
        m_referenced_table(referenced_table),
        m_ref_list(ref_list),
        m_fk_match_option(fk_match_option),
        m_fk_update_opt(fk_update_opt),
        m_fk_delete_opt(fk_delete_opt) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  const LEX_STRING m_constraint_name;
  const LEX_STRING m_key_name;
  List<PT_key_part_specification> *m_columns;
  Table_ident *m_referenced_table;
  List<Key_part_spec> *m_ref_list;
  fk_match_opt m_fk_match_option;
  fk_option m_fk_update_opt;
  fk_option m_fk_delete_opt;
};

/**
  Common base class for CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE option nodes

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
class PT_ddl_table_option : public Table_ddl_node {
 public:
  ~PT_ddl_table_option() override = 0;  // Force abstract class declaration

  virtual bool is_rename_table() const { return false; }
};

inline PT_ddl_table_option::~PT_ddl_table_option() {}

/**
  Base class for CREATE TABLE option nodes

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
class PT_create_table_option : public PT_ddl_table_option {
  typedef PT_ddl_table_option super;

 public:
  ~PT_create_table_option() override = 0;  // Force abstract class declaration

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true;
    pc->alter_info->flags |= Alter_info::ALTER_OPTIONS;
    return false;
  }
};

inline PT_create_table_option::~PT_create_table_option() {}

/**
  A template for options that set a single property in HA_CREATE_INFO, and
  also records if the option was explicitly set.
*/
template <typename Option_type, Option_type HA_CREATE_INFO::*Property,
          ulong Property_flag>
class PT_traceable_create_table_option : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;

  const Option_type value;

 public:
  explicit PT_traceable_create_table_option(Option_type value) : value(value) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true;
    pc->create_info->*Property = value;
    pc->create_info->used_fields |= Property_flag;
    return false;
  }
};

#define TYPE_AND_REF(x) decltype(x), &x

/**
  Node for the @SQL{MAX_ROWS [=] @B{@<integer@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::max_rows),
                                         HA_CREATE_USED_MAX_ROWS>
    PT_create_max_rows_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{MIN_ROWS [=] @B{@<integer@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::min_rows),
                                         HA_CREATE_USED_MIN_ROWS>
    PT_create_min_rows_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{AVG_ROW_LENGTH_ROWS [=] @B{@<integer@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::avg_row_length), HA_CREATE_USED_AVG_ROW_LENGTH>
    PT_create_avg_row_length_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{PASSWORD [=] @B{@<string@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::password),
                                         HA_CREATE_USED_PASSWORD>
    PT_create_password_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{COMMENT [=] @B{@<string@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::comment),
                                         HA_CREATE_USED_COMMENT>
    PT_create_commen_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{COMPRESSION [=] @B{@<string@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::compress),
                                         HA_CREATE_USED_COMPRESS>
    PT_create_compress_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{ENGRYPTION [=] @B{@<string@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::encrypt_type), HA_CREATE_USED_ENCRYPT>
    PT_create_encryption_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{AUTO_INCREMENT [=] @B{@<integer@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::auto_increment_value), HA_CREATE_USED_AUTO>
    PT_create_auto_increment_option;

typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::row_type),
                                         HA_CREATE_USED_ROW_FORMAT>
    PT_create_row_format_option;

typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::merge_insert_method),
    HA_CREATE_USED_INSERT_METHOD>
    PT_create_insert_method_option;

typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::data_file_name), HA_CREATE_USED_DATADIR>
    PT_create_data_directory_option;

typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::index_file_name), HA_CREATE_USED_INDEXDIR>
    PT_create_index_directory_option;

typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::tablespace), HA_CREATE_USED_TABLESPACE>
    PT_create_tablespace_option;

typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::connect_string), HA_CREATE_USED_CONNECTION>
    PT_create_connection_option;

typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::key_block_size), HA_CREATE_USED_KEY_BLOCK_SIZE>
    PT_create_key_block_size_option;

typedef PT_traceable_create_table_option<
    TYPE_AND_REF(HA_CREATE_INFO::m_transactional_ddl),
    HA_CREATE_USED_START_TRANSACTION>
    PT_create_start_transaction_option;

typedef decltype(HA_CREATE_INFO::table_options) table_options_t;

/**
  A template for options that set HA_CREATE_INFO::table_options and
  also records if the option was explicitly set.
*/
template <ulong Property_flag, table_options_t Default, table_options_t Yes,
          table_options_t No>
class PT_ternary_create_table_option : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;

  const Ternary_option value;

 public:
  explicit PT_ternary_create_table_option(Ternary_option value)
      : value(value) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true;
    pc->create_info->table_options &= ~(Yes | No);
    switch (value) {
      case Ternary_option::ON:
        pc->create_info->table_options |= Yes;
        break;
      case Ternary_option::OFF:
        pc->create_info->table_options |= No;
        break;
      case Ternary_option::DEFAULT:
        break;
      default:
        DBUG_ASSERT(false);
    }
    pc->create_info->used_fields |= Property_flag;
    return false;
  }
};

/**
  Node for the @SQL{PACK_KEYS [=] @B{1|0|DEFAULT}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options

  PACK_KEYS | Constructor parameter
  ----------|----------------------
  1         | Ternary_option::ON
  0         | Ternary_option::OFF
  DEFAULT   | Ternary_option::DEFAULT
*/
typedef PT_ternary_create_table_option<HA_CREATE_USED_PACK_KEYS,  // flag
                                       0,                         // DEFAULT
                                       HA_OPTION_PACK_KEYS,       // ON
                                       HA_OPTION_NO_PACK_KEYS>    // OFF
    PT_create_pack_keys_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{STATS_PERSISTENT [=] @B{1|0|DEFAULT}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options

  STATS_PERSISTENT | Constructor parameter
  -----------------|----------------------
  1                | Ternary_option::ON
  0                | Ternary_option::OFF
  DEFAULT          | Ternary_option::DEFAULT
*/
typedef PT_ternary_create_table_option<HA_CREATE_USED_STATS_PERSISTENT,  // flag
                                       0,                           // DEFAULT
                                       HA_OPTION_STATS_PERSISTENT,  // ON
                                       HA_OPTION_NO_STATS_PERSISTENT>  // OFF
    PT_create_stats_persistent_option;

/**
  A template for options that set HA_CREATE_INFO::table_options and
  also records if the option was explicitly set.
*/
template <ulong Property_flag, table_options_t Yes, table_options_t No>
class PT_bool_create_table_option : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;

  const bool value;

 public:
  explicit PT_bool_create_table_option(bool value) : value(value) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true;
    pc->create_info->table_options &= ~(Yes | No);
    pc->create_info->table_options |= value ? Yes : No;
    pc->create_info->used_fields |= Property_flag;
    return false;
  }
};

/**
  Node for the @SQL{CHECKSUM|TABLE_CHECKSUM [=] @B{0|@<not 0@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options

  TABLE_CHECKSUM | Constructor parameter
  ---------------|----------------------
  0              | false
  not 0          | true
*/
typedef PT_bool_create_table_option<HA_CREATE_USED_CHECKSUM,  // flag
                                    HA_OPTION_CHECKSUM,       // ON
                                    HA_OPTION_NO_CHECKSUM     // OFF
                                    >
    PT_create_checksum_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{DELAY_KEY_WRITE [=] @B{0|@<not 0@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options

  TABLE_CHECKSUM | Constructor parameter
  ---------------|----------------------
  0              | false
  not 0          | true
*/
typedef PT_bool_create_table_option<HA_CREATE_USED_DELAY_KEY_WRITE,  // flag
                                    HA_OPTION_DELAY_KEY_WRITE,       // ON
                                    HA_OPTION_NO_DELAY_KEY_WRITE>    // OFF
    PT_create_delay_key_write_option;

/**
  Node for the @SQL{ENGINE [=] @B{@<identifier@>|@<string@>}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
class PT_create_table_engine_option : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;

  const LEX_CSTRING engine;

 public:
  /**
    @param engine       Storage engine name.
  */
  explicit PT_create_table_engine_option(const LEX_CSTRING &engine)
      : engine(engine) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;
};

/**
  Node for the @SQL{SECONDARY_ENGINE [=] @B{@<identifier@>|@<string@>|NULL}}
  table option.

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
class PT_create_table_secondary_engine_option : public PT_create_table_option {
  using super = PT_create_table_option;

 public:
  explicit PT_create_table_secondary_engine_option() {}
  explicit PT_create_table_secondary_engine_option(
      const LEX_CSTRING &secondary_engine)
      : m_secondary_engine(secondary_engine) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  const LEX_CSTRING m_secondary_engine{nullptr, 0};
};

/**
  Node for the @SQL{STATS_AUTO_RECALC [=] @B{@<0|1|DEFAULT@>})} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
class PT_create_stats_auto_recalc_option : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;

  const Ternary_option value;

 public:
  /**
    @param value
      STATS_AUTO_RECALC | value
      ------------------|----------------------
      1                 | Ternary_option::ON
      0                 | Ternary_option::OFF
      DEFAULT           | Ternary_option::DEFAULT
  */
  PT_create_stats_auto_recalc_option(Ternary_option value) : value(value) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;
};

/**
  Node for the @SQL{STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES [=] @B{@<integer@>|DEFAULT}} table option

  @ingroup ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
*/
class PT_create_stats_stable_pages : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;
  typedef decltype(HA_CREATE_INFO::stats_sample_pages) value_t;

  const value_t value;

 public:
  /**
    Constructor for implicit number of pages

    @param value       Nunber of pages, 1@<=N@<=65535.
  */
  explicit PT_create_stats_stable_pages(value_t value) : value(value) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(value != 0 && value <= 0xFFFF);
  }
  /**
    Constructor for the DEFAULT number of pages
  */
  PT_create_stats_stable_pages() : value(0) {}  // DEFAULT

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_create_union_option : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;

  const Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *tables;

 public:
  explicit PT_create_union_option(const Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *tables)
      : tables(tables) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_create_storage_option : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;

  const ha_storage_media value;

 public:
  explicit PT_create_storage_option(ha_storage_media value) : value(value) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true;
    pc->create_info->storage_media = value;
    return false;
  }
};

class PT_create_table_default_charset : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;

  const CHARSET_INFO *value;

 public:
  explicit PT_create_table_default_charset(const CHARSET_INFO *value)
      : value(value) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(value != nullptr);
  }

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_create_table_default_collation : public PT_create_table_option {
  typedef PT_create_table_option super;

  const CHARSET_INFO *value;

 public:
  explicit PT_create_table_default_collation(const CHARSET_INFO *value)
      : value(value) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(value != nullptr);
  }

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_check_constraint final : public PT_table_constraint_def {
  typedef PT_table_constraint_def super;
  Sql_check_constraint_spec cc_spec;

 public:
  explicit PT_check_constraint(LEX_STRING &name, Item *expr, bool is_enforced) {
    cc_spec.name = name;
    cc_spec.check_expr = expr;
    cc_spec.is_enforced = is_enforced;
  }
  void set_column_name(const LEX_STRING &name) { cc_spec.column_name = name; }

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;
};

class PT_column_def : public PT_table_element {
  typedef PT_table_element super;

  const LEX_STRING field_ident;
  PT_field_def_base *field_def;
  // Currently we ignore that constraint in the executor.
  PT_table_constraint_def *opt_column_constraint;

  const char *opt_place;

 public:
  PT_column_def(const LEX_STRING &field_ident, PT_field_def_base *field_def,
                PT_table_constraint_def *opt_column_constraint,
                const char *opt_place = nullptr)
      : field_ident(field_ident),
        field_def(field_def),
        opt_column_constraint(opt_column_constraint),
        opt_place(opt_place) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;
};

/**
  Top-level node for the CREATE %TABLE statement

  @ingroup ptn_create_table
*/
class PT_create_table_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
  bool is_temporary;
  bool only_if_not_exists;
  Table_ident *table_name;
  const Mem_root_array<PT_table_element *> *opt_table_element_list;
  const Mem_root_array<PT_create_table_option *> *opt_create_table_options;
  PT_partition *opt_partitioning;
  On_duplicate on_duplicate;
  PT_query_primary *opt_query_expression;
  Table_ident *opt_like_clause;

  HA_CREATE_INFO m_create_info;

 public:
  /**
    @param mem_root                   MEM_ROOT to use for allocation
    @param is_temporary               True if @SQL{CREATE @B{TEMPORARY} %TABLE}
    @param only_if_not_exists  True if @SQL{CREATE %TABLE ... @B{IF NOT EXISTS}}
    @param table_name                 @SQL{CREATE %TABLE ... @B{@<table name@>}}
    @param opt_table_element_list     NULL or a list of table column and
                                      constraint definitions.
    @param opt_create_table_options   NULL or a list of
                                      @ref ptn_create_or_alter_table_options
                                      "table options".
    @param opt_partitioning           NULL or the @SQL{PARTITION BY} clause.
    @param on_duplicate               DUPLICATE, IGNORE or fail with an error
                                      on data duplication errors (relevant
                                      for @SQL{CREATE TABLE ... SELECT}
                                      statements).
    @param opt_query_expression       NULL or the @SQL{@B{SELECT}} clause.
  */
  PT_create_table_stmt(
      MEM_ROOT *mem_root, bool is_temporary, bool only_if_not_exists,
      Table_ident *table_name,
      const Mem_root_array<PT_table_element *> *opt_table_element_list,
      const Mem_root_array<PT_create_table_option *> *opt_create_table_options,
      PT_partition *opt_partitioning, On_duplicate on_duplicate,
      PT_query_primary *opt_query_expression)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        is_temporary(is_temporary),
        only_if_not_exists(only_if_not_exists),
        table_name(table_name),
        opt_table_element_list(opt_table_element_list),
        opt_create_table_options(opt_create_table_options),
        opt_partitioning(opt_partitioning),
        on_duplicate(on_duplicate),
        opt_query_expression(opt_query_expression),
        opt_like_clause(nullptr) {}
  /**
    @param mem_root           MEM_ROOT to use for allocation
    @param is_temporary       True if @SQL{CREATE @B{TEMPORARY} %TABLE}.
    @param only_if_not_exists True if @SQL{CREATE %TABLE ... @B{IF NOT EXISTS}}.
    @param table_name         @SQL{CREATE %TABLE ... @B{@<table name@>}}.
    @param opt_like_clause    NULL or the @SQL{@B{LIKE @<table name@>}} clause.
  */
  PT_create_table_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, bool is_temporary,
                       bool only_if_not_exists, Table_ident *table_name,
                       Table_ident *opt_like_clause)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        is_temporary(is_temporary),
        only_if_not_exists(only_if_not_exists),
        table_name(table_name),
        opt_table_element_list(nullptr),
        opt_create_table_options(nullptr),
        opt_partitioning(nullptr),
        on_duplicate(On_duplicate::ERROR),
        opt_query_expression(nullptr),
        opt_like_clause(opt_like_clause) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_create_role final : public Parse_tree_root {
  Sql_cmd_create_role sql_cmd;

 public:
  PT_create_role(bool if_not_exists, const List<LEX_USER> *roles)
      : sql_cmd(if_not_exists, roles) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_drop_role final : public Parse_tree_root {
  Sql_cmd_drop_role sql_cmd;

 public:
  explicit PT_drop_role(bool ignore_errors, const List<LEX_USER> *roles)
      : sql_cmd(ignore_errors, roles) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_set_role : public Parse_tree_root {
  Sql_cmd_set_role sql_cmd;

 public:
  explicit PT_set_role(role_enum role_type,
                       const List<LEX_USER> *opt_except_roles = nullptr)
      : sql_cmd(role_type, opt_except_roles) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(role_type == role_enum::ROLE_ALL ||
                opt_except_roles == nullptr);
  }
  explicit PT_set_role(const List<LEX_USER> *roles) : sql_cmd(roles) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

/**
  This class is used for representing both static and dynamic privileges on
  global as well as table and column level.
*/
struct Privilege {
  enum privilege_type { STATIC, DYNAMIC };

  privilege_type type;
  const Mem_root_array<LEX_CSTRING> *columns;

  explicit Privilege(privilege_type type,
                     const Mem_root_array<LEX_CSTRING> *columns)
      : type(type), columns(columns) {}
};

struct Static_privilege : public Privilege {
  const uint grant;

  Static_privilege(uint grant, const Mem_root_array<LEX_CSTRING> *columns_arg)
      : Privilege(STATIC, columns_arg), grant(grant) {}
};

struct Dynamic_privilege : public Privilege {
  const LEX_STRING ident;

  Dynamic_privilege(const LEX_STRING &ident,
                    const Mem_root_array<LEX_CSTRING> *columns_arg)
      : Privilege(DYNAMIC, columns_arg), ident(ident) {}
};

class PT_role_or_privilege : public Parse_tree_node {
 private:
  POS pos;

 public:
  explicit PT_role_or_privilege(const POS &pos) : pos(pos) {}
  virtual LEX_USER *get_user(THD *thd);
  virtual Privilege *get_privilege(THD *thd);
};

class PT_role_at_host final : public PT_role_or_privilege {
  LEX_STRING role;
  LEX_STRING host;

 public:
  PT_role_at_host(const POS &pos, const LEX_STRING &role,
                  const LEX_STRING &host)
      : PT_role_or_privilege(pos), role(role), host(host) {}

  LEX_USER *get_user(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_role_or_dynamic_privilege final : public PT_role_or_privilege {
  LEX_STRING ident;

 public:
  PT_role_or_dynamic_privilege(const POS &pos, const LEX_STRING &ident)
      : PT_role_or_privilege(pos), ident(ident) {}

  LEX_USER *get_user(THD *thd) override;
  Privilege *get_privilege(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_static_privilege final : public PT_role_or_privilege {
  const uint grant;
  const Mem_root_array<LEX_CSTRING> *columns;

 public:
  PT_static_privilege(const POS &pos, uint grant,
                      const Mem_root_array<LEX_CSTRING> *columns = nullptr)
      : PT_role_or_privilege(pos), grant(grant), columns(columns) {}

  Privilege *get_privilege(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_dynamic_privilege final : public PT_role_or_privilege {
  LEX_STRING ident;

 public:
  PT_dynamic_privilege(const POS &pos, const LEX_STRING &ident)
      : PT_role_or_privilege(pos), ident(ident) {}

  Privilege *get_privilege(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_grant_roles final : public Parse_tree_root {
  const Mem_root_array<PT_role_or_privilege *> *roles;
  const List<LEX_USER> *users;
  const bool with_admin_option;

 public:
  PT_grant_roles(const Mem_root_array<PT_role_or_privilege *> *roles,
                 const List<LEX_USER> *users, bool with_admin_option)
      : roles(roles), users(users), with_admin_option(with_admin_option) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_revoke_roles final : public Parse_tree_root {
  const Mem_root_array<PT_role_or_privilege *> *roles;
  const List<LEX_USER> *users;

 public:
  PT_revoke_roles(Mem_root_array<PT_role_or_privilege *> *roles,
                  const List<LEX_USER> *users)
      : roles(roles), users(users) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_alter_user_default_role final : public Parse_tree_root {
  Sql_cmd_alter_user_default_role sql_cmd;

 public:
  PT_alter_user_default_role(bool if_exists, const List<LEX_USER> *users,
                             const List<LEX_USER> *roles,
                             const role_enum role_type)
      : sql_cmd(if_exists, users, roles, role_type) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_show_grants final : public Parse_tree_root {
  Sql_cmd_show_grants sql_cmd;

 public:
  PT_show_grants(const LEX_USER *opt_for_user,
                 const List<LEX_USER> *opt_using_users)
      : sql_cmd(opt_for_user, opt_using_users) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(opt_using_users == nullptr || opt_for_user != nullptr);
  }

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

/**
  Base class for Parse tree nodes of SHOW FIELDS/SHOW INDEX statements.
*/
class PT_show_fields_and_keys : public Parse_tree_root {
 protected:
  enum Type { SHOW_FIELDS = SQLCOM_SHOW_FIELDS, SHOW_KEYS = SQLCOM_SHOW_KEYS };

  PT_show_fields_and_keys(const POS &pos, Type type, Table_ident *table_ident,
                          const LEX_STRING &wild, Item *where_condition)
      : m_sql_cmd(static_cast<enum_sql_command>(type)),
        m_pos(pos),
        m_type(type),
        m_table_ident(table_ident),
        m_wild(wild),
        m_where_condition(where_condition) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(wild.str == nullptr || where_condition == nullptr);
  }

 public:
  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  // Sql_cmd for SHOW COLUMNS/SHOW INDEX statements.
  Sql_cmd_show m_sql_cmd;

  // Textual location of a token just parsed.
  POS m_pos;

  // SHOW_FIELDS or SHOW_KEYS
  Type m_type;

  // Table used in the statement.
  Table_ident *m_table_ident;

  // Wild or where clause used in the statement.
  LEX_STRING m_wild;
  Item *m_where_condition;
};

/**
  Parse tree node for SHOW FIELDS statement.
*/
class PT_show_fields final : public PT_show_fields_and_keys {
  typedef PT_show_fields_and_keys super;

 public:
  PT_show_fields(const POS &pos, Show_cmd_type show_cmd_type,
                 Table_ident *table, const LEX_STRING &wild)
      : PT_show_fields_and_keys(pos, SHOW_FIELDS, table, wild, nullptr),
        m_show_cmd_type(show_cmd_type) {}

  PT_show_fields(const POS &pos, Show_cmd_type show_cmd_type,
                 Table_ident *table_ident, Item *where_condition = nullptr);

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Show_cmd_type m_show_cmd_type;
};

/**
  Parse tree node for SHOW INDEX statement.
*/
class PT_show_keys final : public PT_show_fields_and_keys {
 public:
  PT_show_keys(const POS &pos, bool extended_show, Table_ident *table,
               Item *where_condition);

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  typedef PT_show_fields_and_keys super;

  // Flag to indicate EXTENDED keyword usage in the statement.
  bool m_extended_show;
};

class PT_alter_table_action : public PT_ddl_table_option {
  typedef PT_ddl_table_option super;

 protected:
  explicit PT_alter_table_action(Alter_info::Alter_info_flag flag)
      : flag(flag) {}

 public:
  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 protected:
  /**
    A routine used by the parser to decide whether we are specifying a full
    partitioning or if only partitions to add or to reorganize.

    @retval  true    ALTER TABLE ADD/REORGANIZE PARTITION.
    @retval  false   Something else.
  */
  bool is_add_or_reorganize_partition() const {
    return (flag == Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_PARTITION ||
            flag == Alter_info::ALTER_REORGANIZE_PARTITION);
  }

 public:
  const Alter_info::Alter_info_flag flag;
};

class PT_alter_table_add_column final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_add_column(const LEX_STRING &field_ident,
                            PT_field_def_base *field_def,
                            PT_table_constraint_def *opt_column_constraint,
                            const char *opt_place)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_COLUMN),
        m_column_def(field_ident, field_def, opt_column_constraint, opt_place) {
  }

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return super::contextualize(pc) || m_column_def.contextualize(pc);
  }

 private:
  PT_column_def m_column_def;
};

class PT_alter_table_add_columns final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_add_columns(
      const Mem_root_array<PT_table_element *> *columns)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_COLUMN), m_columns(columns) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true;

    for (auto *column : *m_columns)
      if (column->contextualize(pc)) return true;

    return false;
  }

 private:
  const Mem_root_array<PT_table_element *> *m_columns;
};

class PT_alter_table_add_constraint final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_add_constraint(PT_table_constraint_def *constraint)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_INDEX), m_constraint(constraint) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return super::contextualize(pc) || m_constraint->contextualize(pc);
  }

 private:
  PT_table_constraint_def *m_constraint;
};

class PT_alter_table_change_column final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_change_column(const LEX_STRING &old_name,
                               const LEX_STRING &new_name,
                               PT_field_def_base *field_def,
                               const char *opt_place)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN),
        m_old_name(old_name),
        m_new_name(new_name),
        m_field_def(field_def),
        m_opt_place(opt_place) {}

  PT_alter_table_change_column(const LEX_STRING &name,
                               PT_field_def_base *field_def,
                               const char *opt_place)
      : PT_alter_table_change_column(name, name, field_def, opt_place) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  const LEX_STRING m_old_name;
  const LEX_STRING m_new_name;
  PT_field_def_base *m_field_def;
  const char *m_opt_place;
};

class PT_alter_table_drop : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 protected:
  PT_alter_table_drop(Alter_drop::drop_type drop_type,
                      Alter_info::Alter_info_flag alter_info_flag,
                      const char *name)
      : super(alter_info_flag), m_alter_drop(drop_type, name) {}

 public:
  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return (super::contextualize(pc) ||
            pc->alter_info->drop_list.push_back(&m_alter_drop));
  }

 private:
  Alter_drop m_alter_drop;
};

class PT_alter_table_drop_column final : public PT_alter_table_drop {
 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_drop_column(const char *name)
      : PT_alter_table_drop(Alter_drop::COLUMN, Alter_info::ALTER_DROP_COLUMN,
                            name) {}
};

class PT_alter_table_drop_foreign_key final : public PT_alter_table_drop {
 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_drop_foreign_key(const char *name)
      : PT_alter_table_drop(Alter_drop::FOREIGN_KEY,
                            Alter_info::DROP_FOREIGN_KEY, name) {}
};

class PT_alter_table_drop_key final : public PT_alter_table_drop {
 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_drop_key(const char *name)
      : PT_alter_table_drop(Alter_drop::KEY, Alter_info::ALTER_DROP_INDEX,
                            name) {}
};

class PT_alter_table_drop_check_constraint final : public PT_alter_table_drop {
 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_drop_check_constraint(const char *name)
      : PT_alter_table_drop(Alter_drop::CHECK_CONSTRAINT,
                            Alter_info::DROP_CHECK_CONSTRAINT, name) {}
};

class PT_alter_table_drop_constraint final : public PT_alter_table_drop {
 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_drop_constraint(const char *name)
      : PT_alter_table_drop(Alter_drop::ANY_CONSTRAINT,
                            Alter_info::DROP_ANY_CONSTRAINT, name) {}
};

class PT_alter_table_enforce_constraint : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 protected:
  PT_alter_table_enforce_constraint(
      Alter_constraint_enforcement::Type alter_type,
      Alter_info::Alter_info_flag alter_info_flag, const char *name,
      bool is_enforced)
      : super(alter_info_flag),
        m_constraint_enforcement(alter_type, name, is_enforced) {}

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_enforce_constraint(const char *name, bool is_enforced)
      : super(is_enforced ? Alter_info::ENFORCE_ANY_CONSTRAINT
                          : Alter_info::SUSPEND_ANY_CONSTRAINT),
        m_constraint_enforcement(
            Alter_constraint_enforcement::Type::ANY_CONSTRAINT, name,
            is_enforced) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return (super::contextualize(pc) ||
            pc->alter_info->alter_constraint_enforcement_list.push_back(
                &m_constraint_enforcement));
  }

 private:
  Alter_constraint_enforcement m_constraint_enforcement;
};

class PT_alter_table_enforce_check_constraint final
    : public PT_alter_table_enforce_constraint {
 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_enforce_check_constraint(const char *name,
                                                   bool is_enforced)
      : PT_alter_table_enforce_constraint(
            Alter_constraint_enforcement::Type::CHECK_CONSTRAINT,
            is_enforced ? Alter_info::ENFORCE_CHECK_CONSTRAINT
                        : Alter_info::SUSPEND_CHECK_CONSTRAINT,
            name, is_enforced) {}
};

class PT_alter_table_enable_keys final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_enable_keys(bool enable)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_KEYS_ONOFF), m_enable(enable) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    pc->alter_info->keys_onoff =
        m_enable ? Alter_info::ENABLE : Alter_info::DISABLE;
    return super::contextualize(pc);
  }

 private:
  bool m_enable;
};

class PT_alter_table_set_default final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_set_default(const char *col_name, Item *opt_default_expr)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN_DEFAULT),
        m_name(col_name),
        m_expr(opt_default_expr) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  const char *m_name;
  Item *m_expr;
};

class PT_alter_table_index_visible final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_index_visible(const char *name, bool visible)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_INDEX_VISIBILITY),
        m_alter_index_visibility(name, visible) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return (super::contextualize(pc) ||
            pc->alter_info->alter_index_visibility_list.push_back(
                &m_alter_index_visibility));
  }

 private:
  Alter_index_visibility m_alter_index_visibility;
};

class PT_alter_table_rename final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_rename(const Table_ident *ident)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_RENAME), m_ident(ident) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  bool is_rename_table() const override { return true; }

 private:
  const Table_ident *const m_ident;
};

class PT_alter_table_rename_key final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_rename_key(const char *from, const char *to)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_RENAME_INDEX), m_rename_key(from, to) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return super::contextualize(pc) ||
           pc->alter_info->alter_rename_key_list.push_back(&m_rename_key);
  }

 private:
  Alter_rename_key m_rename_key;
};

class PT_alter_table_rename_column final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_rename_column(const char *from, const char *to)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN), m_rename_column(from, to) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return super::contextualize(pc) ||
           pc->alter_info->alter_list.push_back(&m_rename_column);
  }

 private:
  Alter_column m_rename_column;
};

class PT_alter_table_convert_to_charset final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_convert_to_charset(const CHARSET_INFO *charset,
                                    const CHARSET_INFO *opt_collation)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_OPTIONS),
        m_charset(charset),
        m_collation(opt_collation) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  const CHARSET_INFO *const m_charset;
  const CHARSET_INFO *const m_collation;
};

class PT_alter_table_force final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_force() : super(Alter_info::ALTER_RECREATE) {}
};

class PT_alter_table_order final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_order(PT_order_list *order)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_ORDER), m_order(order) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  PT_order_list *const m_order;
};

class PT_alter_table_partition_by final : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_partition_by(PT_partition *partition)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_PARTITION), m_partition(partition) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  PT_partition *const m_partition;
};

class PT_alter_table_remove_partitioning : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_remove_partitioning()
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_REMOVE_PARTITIONING) {}
};

class PT_alter_table_standalone_action : public PT_alter_table_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_action super;

  friend class PT_alter_table_standalone_stmt;  // to access make_cmd()

 protected:
  PT_alter_table_standalone_action(Alter_info::Alter_info_flag alter_info_flag)
      : super(alter_info_flag) {}

 private:
  virtual Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) = 0;
};

/**
  Node for the @SQL{ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION} statement

  @ingroup ptn_alter_table
*/
class PT_alter_table_add_partition : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_standalone_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_add_partition(bool no_write_to_binlog)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_PARTITION),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override final {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_alter_table(pc->alter_info);
  }

 protected:
  partition_info m_part_info;

 private:
  const bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
};

/**
  Node for the @SQL{ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION (@<partition list@>)} statement

  @ingroup ptn_alter_table
*/
class PT_alter_table_add_partition_def_list final
    : public PT_alter_table_add_partition {
  typedef PT_alter_table_add_partition super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_add_partition_def_list(
      bool no_write_to_binlog,
      const Mem_root_array<PT_part_definition *> *def_list)
      : super(no_write_to_binlog), m_def_list(def_list) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  const Mem_root_array<PT_part_definition *> *m_def_list;
};

/**
  Node for the @SQL{ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION PARTITIONS (@<n>@)} statement

  @ingroup ptn_alter_table
*/
class PT_alter_table_add_partition_num final
    : public PT_alter_table_add_partition {
  typedef PT_alter_table_add_partition super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_add_partition_num(bool no_write_to_binlog, uint num_parts)
      : super(no_write_to_binlog) {
    m_part_info.num_parts = num_parts;
  }
};

class PT_alter_table_drop_partition final
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_standalone_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_drop_partition(const List<String> &partitions)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_DROP_PARTITION), m_partitions(partitions) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override final {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_alter_table(pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  const List<String> m_partitions;
};

class PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_standalone_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all(
      Alter_info::Alter_info_flag alter_info_flag,
      const List<String> *opt_partition_list)
      : super(alter_info_flag), m_opt_partition_list(opt_partition_list) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    DBUG_ASSERT(pc->alter_info->partition_names.is_empty());
    if (m_opt_partition_list == nullptr)
      pc->alter_info->flags |= Alter_info::ALTER_ALL_PARTITION;
    else
      pc->alter_info->partition_names = *m_opt_partition_list;
    return super::contextualize(pc);
  }

 private:
  const List<String> *m_opt_partition_list;
};

class PT_alter_table_rebuild_partition final
    : public PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all {
  typedef PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_rebuild_partition(bool no_write_to_binlog,
                                   const List<String> *opt_partition_list)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_REBUILD_PARTITION, opt_partition_list),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_alter_table(pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  const bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
};

class PT_alter_table_optimize_partition final
    : public PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all {
  typedef PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_optimize_partition(bool no_write_to_binlog,
                                    const List<String> *opt_partition_list)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_ADMIN_PARTITION, opt_partition_list),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root)
        Sql_cmd_alter_table_optimize_partition(pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  const bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
};

class PT_alter_table_analyze_partition
    : public PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all {
  typedef PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_analyze_partition(bool no_write_to_binlog,
                                   const List<String> *opt_partition_list)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_ADMIN_PARTITION, opt_partition_list),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;
  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root)
        Sql_cmd_alter_table_analyze_partition(pc->thd, pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  const bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
};

class PT_alter_table_check_partition
    : public PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all {
  typedef PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_check_partition(const List<String> *opt_partition_list,
                                 uint flags, uint sql_flags)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_ADMIN_PARTITION, opt_partition_list),
        m_flags(flags),
        m_sql_flags(sql_flags) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root)
        Sql_cmd_alter_table_check_partition(pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  uint m_flags;
  uint m_sql_flags;
};

class PT_alter_table_repair_partition
    : public PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all {
  typedef PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_repair_partition(bool no_write_to_binlog,
                                  const List<String> *opt_partition_list,
                                  uint flags, uint sql_flags)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_ADMIN_PARTITION, opt_partition_list),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog),
        m_flags(flags),
        m_sql_flags(sql_flags) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root)
        Sql_cmd_alter_table_repair_partition(pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  const bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
  uint m_flags;
  uint m_sql_flags;
};

class PT_alter_table_coalesce_partition final
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_standalone_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_coalesce_partition(bool no_write_to_binlog, uint num_parts)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_COALESCE_PARTITION),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog),
        m_num_parts(num_parts) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_alter_table(pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  const bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
  const uint m_num_parts;
};

class PT_alter_table_truncate_partition
    : public PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all {
  typedef PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_truncate_partition(
      const List<String> *opt_partition_list)
      : super(static_cast<Alter_info::Alter_info_flag>(
                  Alter_info::ALTER_ADMIN_PARTITION |
                  Alter_info::ALTER_TRUNCATE_PARTITION),
              opt_partition_list) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root)
        Sql_cmd_alter_table_truncate_partition(pc->alter_info);
  }
};

class PT_alter_table_reorganize_partition final
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_standalone_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_reorganize_partition(bool no_write_to_binlog)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_REORG),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_alter_table(pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  const bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
  partition_info m_partition_info;
};

class PT_alter_table_reorganize_partition_into final
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_standalone_action super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_reorganize_partition_into(
      bool no_write_to_binlog, const List<String> &partition_names,
      const Mem_root_array<PT_part_definition *> *into)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_REORGANIZE_PARTITION),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog),
        m_partition_names(partition_names),
        m_into(into) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_alter_table(pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  const bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
  const List<String> m_partition_names;
  const Mem_root_array<PT_part_definition *> *m_into;
  partition_info m_partition_info;
};

class PT_alter_table_exchange_partition final
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_standalone_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_exchange_partition(const LEX_STRING &partition_name,
                                    Table_ident *table_name,
                                    Alter_info::enum_with_validation validation)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_EXCHANGE_PARTITION),
        m_partition_name(partition_name),
        m_table_name(table_name),
        m_validation(validation) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root)
        Sql_cmd_alter_table_exchange_partition(pc->alter_info);
  }

 private:
  const LEX_STRING m_partition_name;
  Table_ident *m_table_name;
  const Alter_info::enum_with_validation m_validation;
};

class PT_alter_table_secondary_load final
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  using super = PT_alter_table_standalone_action;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_secondary_load()
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_SECONDARY_LOAD) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_secondary_load_unload(pc->alter_info);
  }
};

class PT_alter_table_secondary_unload final
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  using super = PT_alter_table_standalone_action;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_secondary_unload()
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_SECONDARY_UNLOAD) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_secondary_load_unload(pc->alter_info);
  }
};

class PT_alter_table_discard_partition_tablespace final
    : public PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all {
  typedef PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_discard_partition_tablespace(
      const List<String> *opt_partition_list)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_DISCARD_TABLESPACE, opt_partition_list) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_discard_import_tablespace(pc->alter_info);
  }
};

class PT_alter_table_import_partition_tablespace final
    : public PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all {
  typedef PT_alter_table_partition_list_or_all super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_import_partition_tablespace(
      const List<String> *opt_partition_list)
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_IMPORT_TABLESPACE, opt_partition_list) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_discard_import_tablespace(pc->alter_info);
  }
};

class PT_alter_table_discard_tablespace final
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_standalone_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_discard_tablespace()
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_DISCARD_TABLESPACE) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_discard_import_tablespace(pc->alter_info);
  }
};

class PT_alter_table_import_tablespace final
    : public PT_alter_table_standalone_action {
  typedef PT_alter_table_standalone_action super;

 public:
  PT_alter_table_import_tablespace()
      : super(Alter_info::ALTER_IMPORT_TABLESPACE) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override {
    return new (pc->mem_root) Sql_cmd_discard_import_tablespace(pc->alter_info);
  }
};

class PT_alter_table_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_stmt(
      MEM_ROOT *mem_root, Table_ident *table_name,
      Mem_root_array<PT_ddl_table_option *> *opt_actions,
      Alter_info::enum_alter_table_algorithm algo,
      Alter_info::enum_alter_table_lock lock,
      Alter_info::enum_with_validation validation)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_table_name(table_name),
        m_opt_actions(opt_actions),
        m_algo(algo),
        m_lock(lock),
        m_validation(validation) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Table_ident *const m_table_name;
  Mem_root_array<PT_ddl_table_option *> *const m_opt_actions;
  const Alter_info::enum_alter_table_algorithm m_algo;
  const Alter_info::enum_alter_table_lock m_lock;
  const Alter_info::enum_with_validation m_validation;

  HA_CREATE_INFO m_create_info;
};

class PT_alter_table_standalone_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  explicit PT_alter_table_standalone_stmt(
      MEM_ROOT *mem_root, Table_ident *table_name,
      PT_alter_table_standalone_action *action,
      Alter_info::enum_alter_table_algorithm algo,
      Alter_info::enum_alter_table_lock lock,
      Alter_info::enum_with_validation validation)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_table_name(table_name),
        m_action(action),
        m_algo(algo),
        m_lock(lock),
        m_validation(validation) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Table_ident *const m_table_name;
  PT_alter_table_standalone_action *const m_action;
  const Alter_info::enum_alter_table_algorithm m_algo;
  const Alter_info::enum_alter_table_lock m_lock;
  const Alter_info::enum_with_validation m_validation;

  HA_CREATE_INFO m_create_info;
};

class PT_repair_table_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_repair_table_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, bool no_write_to_binlog,
                       Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *table_list,
                       decltype(HA_CHECK_OPT::flags) flags,
                       decltype(HA_CHECK_OPT::sql_flags) sql_flags)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog),
        m_table_list(table_list),
        m_flags(flags),
        m_sql_flags(sql_flags) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
  Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *m_table_list;
  decltype(HA_CHECK_OPT::flags) m_flags;
  decltype(HA_CHECK_OPT::sql_flags) m_sql_flags;
};

class PT_analyze_table_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_analyze_table_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, bool no_write_to_binlog,
                        Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *table_list,
                        Sql_cmd_analyze_table::Histogram_command command,
                        int num_buckets, List<String> *columns)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog),
        m_table_list(table_list),
        m_command(command),
        m_num_buckets(num_buckets),
        m_columns(columns) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  const bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
  const Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *m_table_list;
  const Sql_cmd_analyze_table::Histogram_command m_command;
  const int m_num_buckets;
  List<String> *m_columns;
};

class PT_check_table_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_check_table_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root,
                      Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *table_list,
                      decltype(HA_CHECK_OPT::flags) flags,
                      decltype(HA_CHECK_OPT::sql_flags) sql_flags)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_table_list(table_list),
        m_flags(flags),
        m_sql_flags(sql_flags) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *m_table_list;
  decltype(HA_CHECK_OPT::flags) m_flags;
  decltype(HA_CHECK_OPT::sql_flags) m_sql_flags;
};

class PT_optimize_table_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_optimize_table_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, bool no_write_to_binlog,
                         Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *table_list)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_no_write_to_binlog(no_write_to_binlog),
        m_table_list(table_list) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

  bool m_no_write_to_binlog;
  Mem_root_array<Table_ident *> *m_table_list;
};

class PT_drop_index_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_drop_index_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, const char *index_name,
                     Table_ident *table,
                     Alter_info::enum_alter_table_algorithm algo,
                     Alter_info::enum_alter_table_lock lock)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_index_name(index_name),
        m_table(table),
        m_algo(algo),
        m_lock(lock),
        m_alter_drop(Alter_drop::KEY, m_index_name) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  const char *m_index_name;
  Table_ident *m_table;
  Alter_info::enum_alter_table_algorithm m_algo;
  Alter_info::enum_alter_table_lock m_lock;

  Alter_drop m_alter_drop;
};

class PT_truncate_table_stmt final : public Parse_tree_root {
 public:
  explicit PT_truncate_table_stmt(Table_ident *table) : m_table(table) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Table_ident *m_table;

  Sql_cmd_truncate_table m_cmd_truncate_table;
};

class PT_assign_to_keycache final : public Table_ddl_node {
  typedef Table_ddl_node super;

 public:
  PT_assign_to_keycache(Table_ident *table, List<Index_hint> *index_hints)
      : m_table(table), m_index_hints(index_hints) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  Table_ident *m_table;
  List<Index_hint> *m_index_hints;
};

class PT_adm_partition final : public Table_ddl_node {
  typedef Table_ddl_node super;

 public:
  explicit PT_adm_partition(List<String> *opt_partitions)
      : m_opt_partitions(opt_partitions) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  List<String> *m_opt_partitions;
};

class PT_cache_index_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_cache_index_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root,
                      Mem_root_array<PT_assign_to_keycache *> *tbl_index_lists,
                      const LEX_CSTRING &key_cache_name)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_tbl_index_lists(tbl_index_lists),
        m_key_cache_name(key_cache_name) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Mem_root_array<PT_assign_to_keycache *> *m_tbl_index_lists;
  const LEX_CSTRING m_key_cache_name;
};

class PT_cache_index_partitions_stmt : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_cache_index_partitions_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, Table_ident *table,
                                 PT_adm_partition *partitions,
                                 List<Index_hint> *opt_key_usage_list,
                                 const LEX_CSTRING &key_cache_name)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_table(table),
        m_partitions(partitions),
        m_opt_key_usage_list(opt_key_usage_list),
        m_key_cache_name(key_cache_name) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Table_ident *m_table;
  PT_adm_partition *m_partitions;
  List<Index_hint> *m_opt_key_usage_list;
  const LEX_CSTRING m_key_cache_name;
};

class PT_preload_keys final : public Table_ddl_node {
  typedef Table_ddl_node super;

 public:
  PT_preload_keys(Table_ident *table, List<Index_hint> *opt_cache_key_list,
                  bool ignore_leaves)
      : m_table(table),
        m_opt_cache_key_list(opt_cache_key_list),
        m_ignore_leaves(ignore_leaves) {}

  bool contextualize(Table_ddl_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  Table_ident *m_table;
  List<Index_hint> *m_opt_cache_key_list;
  bool m_ignore_leaves;
};

class PT_load_index_partitions_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_load_index_partitions_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, Table_ident *table,
                                PT_adm_partition *partitions,
                                List<Index_hint> *opt_cache_key_list,
                                bool ignore_leaves)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root),
        m_table(table),
        m_partitions(partitions),
        m_opt_cache_key_list(opt_cache_key_list),
        m_ignore_leaves(ignore_leaves) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Table_ident *m_table;
  PT_adm_partition *m_partitions;
  List<Index_hint> *m_opt_cache_key_list;
  bool m_ignore_leaves;
};

class PT_load_index_stmt final : public PT_table_ddl_stmt_base {
 public:
  PT_load_index_stmt(MEM_ROOT *mem_root,
                     Mem_root_array<PT_preload_keys *> *preload_list)
      : PT_table_ddl_stmt_base(mem_root), m_preload_list(preload_list) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Mem_root_array<PT_preload_keys *> *m_preload_list;
};

/**
  Base class for Parse tree nodes of SHOW TABLES statements.
*/
class PT_show_tables : public Parse_tree_root {
 public:
  PT_show_tables(const POS &pos, Show_cmd_type show_cmd_type, char *opt_db,
                 const LEX_STRING &wild, Item *where_condition)
      : m_pos(pos),
        m_sql_cmd(SQLCOM_SHOW_TABLES),
        m_opt_db(opt_db),
        m_wild(wild),
        m_where_condition(where_condition),
        m_show_cmd_type(show_cmd_type) {
    DBUG_ASSERT(m_wild.str == nullptr || m_where_condition == nullptr);
  }

 public:
  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  /// Textual location of a token just parsed.
  POS m_pos;

  /// Sql_cmd for SHOW TABLES statements.
  Sql_cmd_show m_sql_cmd;

  /// Optional schema name in FROM/IN clause.
  char *m_opt_db;

  /// Wild or where clause used in the statement.
  LEX_STRING m_wild;
  Item *m_where_condition;

  Show_cmd_type m_show_cmd_type;
};

class PT_json_table_column_for_ordinality final : public PT_json_table_column {
  typedef PT_json_table_column super;

 public:
  explicit PT_json_table_column_for_ordinality(LEX_STRING name);
  ~PT_json_table_column_for_ordinality() override;
  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;
  Json_table_column *get_column() override { return m_column.get(); }

 private:
  unique_ptr_destroy_only<Json_table_column> m_column;
  const char *m_name;
};

class PT_json_table_column_with_path final : public PT_json_table_column {
  typedef PT_json_table_column super;

 public:
  PT_json_table_column_with_path(
      unique_ptr_destroy_only<Json_table_column> column, LEX_STRING name,
      PT_type *type, const CHARSET_INFO *collation);
  ~PT_json_table_column_with_path() override;

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  Json_table_column *get_column() override { return m_column.get(); }

 private:
  unique_ptr_destroy_only<Json_table_column> m_column;
  const char *m_name;
  PT_type *m_type;
  const CHARSET_INFO *m_collation;
};

class PT_json_table_column_with_nested_path final
    : public PT_json_table_column {
  typedef PT_json_table_column super;

 public:
  PT_json_table_column_with_nested_path(
      Item *path, Mem_root_array<PT_json_table_column *> *nested_cols)
      : m_path(path), m_nested_columns(nested_cols) {}

  bool contextualize(Parse_context *pc) override;

  Json_table_column *get_column() override { return m_column; }

 private:
  Item *m_path;
  const Mem_root_array<PT_json_table_column *> *m_nested_columns;
  Json_table_column *m_column{nullptr};
};

struct Alter_tablespace_parse_context : public Tablespace_options {
  THD *const thd;
  MEM_ROOT *const mem_root;

  explicit Alter_tablespace_parse_context(THD *thd);
};

typedef Parse_tree_node_tmpl<Alter_tablespace_parse_context>
    PT_alter_tablespace_option_base;

template <typename Option_type, Option_type Tablespace_options::*Option>
class PT_alter_tablespace_option final
    : public PT_alter_tablespace_option_base /* purecov: inspected */
{
  typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option_base super;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_tablespace_option(Option_type value) : m_value(value) {}

  bool contextualize(Alter_tablespace_parse_context *pc) override {
    pc->*Option = m_value;
    return super::contextualize(pc);
  }

 private:
  const Option_type m_value;
};

typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option<decltype(
                                       Tablespace_options::autoextend_size),
                                   &Tablespace_options::autoextend_size>
    PT_alter_tablespace_option_autoextend_size;

typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option<decltype(Tablespace_options::extent_size),
                                   &Tablespace_options::extent_size>
    PT_alter_tablespace_option_extent_size;

typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option<decltype(Tablespace_options::initial_size),
                                   &Tablespace_options::initial_size>
    PT_alter_tablespace_option_initial_size;

typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option<decltype(Tablespace_options::max_size),
                                   &Tablespace_options::max_size>
    PT_alter_tablespace_option_max_size;

typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option<decltype(
                                       Tablespace_options::redo_buffer_size),
                                   &Tablespace_options::redo_buffer_size>
    PT_alter_tablespace_option_redo_buffer_size;

typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option<decltype(
                                       Tablespace_options::undo_buffer_size),
                                   &Tablespace_options::undo_buffer_size>
    PT_alter_tablespace_option_undo_buffer_size;

typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option<
    decltype(Tablespace_options::wait_until_completed),
    &Tablespace_options::wait_until_completed>
    PT_alter_tablespace_option_wait_until_completed;

typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option<decltype(Tablespace_options::encryption),
                                   &Tablespace_options::encryption>
    PT_alter_tablespace_option_encryption;

class PT_alter_tablespace_option_nodegroup final
    : public PT_alter_tablespace_option_base /* purecov: inspected */
{
  typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option_base super;
  typedef decltype(Tablespace_options::nodegroup_id) option_type;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_tablespace_option_nodegroup(option_type nodegroup_id)
      : m_nodegroup_id(nodegroup_id) {}

  bool contextualize(Alter_tablespace_parse_context *pc) override;

 private:
  const option_type m_nodegroup_id;
};

class PT_alter_tablespace_option_comment final
    : public PT_alter_tablespace_option_base /* purecov: inspected */
{
  typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option_base super;
  typedef decltype(Tablespace_options::ts_comment) option_type;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_tablespace_option_comment(option_type comment)
      : m_comment(comment) {}

  bool contextualize(Alter_tablespace_parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true; /* purecov: inspected */  // OOM

    if (pc->ts_comment.str) {
      my_error(ER_FILEGROUP_OPTION_ONLY_ONCE, MYF(0), "COMMENT");
      return true;
    }
    pc->ts_comment = m_comment;
    return false;
  }

 private:
  const option_type m_comment;
};

class PT_alter_tablespace_option_engine final
    : public PT_alter_tablespace_option_base /* purecov: inspected */
{
  typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option_base super;
  typedef decltype(Tablespace_options::engine_name) option_type;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_tablespace_option_engine(option_type engine_name)
      : m_engine_name(engine_name) {}

  bool contextualize(Alter_tablespace_parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true; /* purecov: inspected */  // OOM

    if (pc->engine_name.str) {
      my_error(ER_FILEGROUP_OPTION_ONLY_ONCE, MYF(0), "STORAGE ENGINE");
      return true;
    }
    pc->engine_name = m_engine_name;
    return false;
  }

 private:
  const option_type m_engine_name;
};

class PT_alter_tablespace_option_file_block_size final
    : public PT_alter_tablespace_option_base /* purecov: inspected */
{
  typedef PT_alter_tablespace_option_base super;
  typedef decltype(Tablespace_options::file_block_size) option_type;

 public:
  explicit PT_alter_tablespace_option_file_block_size(
      option_type file_block_size)
      : m_file_block_size(file_block_size) {}

  bool contextualize(Alter_tablespace_parse_context *pc) override {
    if (super::contextualize(pc)) return true; /* purecov: inspected */  // OOM

    if (pc->file_block_size != 0) {
      my_error(ER_FILEGROUP_OPTION_ONLY_ONCE, MYF(0), "FILE_BLOCK_SIZE");
      return true;
    }
    pc->file_block_size = m_file_block_size;
    return false;
  }

 private:
  const option_type m_file_block_size;
};

/**
  Parse tree node for CREATE RESOURCE GROUP statement.
*/

class PT_create_resource_group final : public Parse_tree_root {
  resourcegroups::Sql_cmd_create_resource_group sql_cmd;
  const bool has_priority;

 public:
  PT_create_resource_group(
      const LEX_CSTRING &name, const resourcegroups::Type type,
      const Mem_root_array<resourcegroups::Range> *cpu_list,
      const Value_or_default<int> &opt_priority, bool enabled)
      : sql_cmd(name, type, cpu_list,
                opt_priority.is_default ? 0 : opt_priority.value, enabled),
        has_priority(!opt_priority.is_default) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

/**
  Parse tree node for ALTER RESOURCE GROUP statement.
*/

class PT_alter_resource_group final : public Parse_tree_root {
  resourcegroups::Sql_cmd_alter_resource_group sql_cmd;

 public:
  PT_alter_resource_group(const LEX_CSTRING &name,
                          const Mem_root_array<resourcegroups::Range> *cpu_list,
                          const Value_or_default<int> &opt_priority,
                          const Value_or_default<bool> &enable, bool force)
      : sql_cmd(name, cpu_list,
                opt_priority.is_default ? 0 : opt_priority.value,
                enable.is_default ? false : enable.value, force,
                !enable.is_default) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

/**
  Parse tree node for DROP RESOURCE GROUP statement.
*/

class PT_drop_resource_group final : public Parse_tree_root {
  resourcegroups::Sql_cmd_drop_resource_group sql_cmd;

 public:
  PT_drop_resource_group(const LEX_CSTRING &resource_group_name, bool force)
      : sql_cmd(resource_group_name, force) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

/**
  Parse tree node for SET RESOURCE GROUP statement.
*/

class PT_set_resource_group final : public Parse_tree_root {
  resourcegroups::Sql_cmd_set_resource_group sql_cmd;

 public:
  PT_set_resource_group(const LEX_CSTRING &name,
                        Mem_root_array<ulonglong> *thread_id_list)
      : sql_cmd(name, thread_id_list) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;
};

class PT_explain_for_connection final : public Parse_tree_root {
 public:
  explicit PT_explain_for_connection(my_thread_id thread_id)
      : m_cmd(thread_id) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Sql_cmd_explain_other_thread m_cmd;
};

class PT_explain final : public Parse_tree_root {
 public:
  PT_explain(Explain_format_type format, Parse_tree_root *explainable_stmt)
      : m_format(format), m_explainable_stmt(explainable_stmt) {}

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  const Explain_format_type m_format;
  Parse_tree_root *const m_explainable_stmt;
};

class PT_load_table final : public Parse_tree_root {
 public:
  PT_load_table(enum_filetype filetype, thr_lock_type lock_type,
                bool is_local_file, const LEX_STRING filename,
                On_duplicate on_duplicate, Table_ident *table,
                List<String> *opt_partitions, const CHARSET_INFO *opt_charset,
                String *opt_xml_rows_identified_by,
                const Field_separators &opt_field_separators,
                const Line_separators &opt_line_separators,
                ulong opt_ignore_lines, PT_item_list *opt_fields_or_vars,
                PT_item_list *opt_set_fields, PT_item_list *opt_set_exprs,
                List<String> *opt_set_expr_strings)
      : m_cmd(filetype, is_local_file, filename, on_duplicate, table,
              opt_partitions, opt_charset, opt_xml_rows_identified_by,
              opt_field_separators, opt_line_separators, opt_ignore_lines,
              opt_fields_or_vars ? &opt_fields_or_vars->value : nullptr,
              opt_set_fields ? &opt_set_fields->value : nullptr,
              opt_set_exprs ? &opt_set_exprs->value : nullptr,
              opt_set_expr_strings),
        m_lock_type(lock_type),
        m_opt_fields_or_vars(opt_fields_or_vars),
        m_opt_set_fields(opt_set_fields),
        m_opt_set_exprs(opt_set_exprs) {
    DBUG_ASSERT((opt_set_fields == nullptr) ^ (opt_set_exprs != nullptr));
    DBUG_ASSERT(opt_set_fields == nullptr || opt_set_fields->value.elements ==
                                                 opt_set_exprs->value.elements);
  }

  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Sql_cmd_load_table m_cmd;

  const thr_lock_type m_lock_type;
  PT_item_list *m_opt_fields_or_vars;
  PT_item_list *m_opt_set_fields;
  PT_item_list *m_opt_set_exprs;
};

/**
  Top-level node for the SHUTDOWN statement

  @ingroup ptn_stmt
*/

class PT_restart_server final : public Parse_tree_root {
 public:
  Sql_cmd *make_cmd(THD *thd) override;

 private:
  Sql_cmd_restart_server sql_cmd;
};

PT_alter_tablespace_option_base *make_tablespace_engine_attribute(MEM_ROOT *,
                                                                  LEX_CSTRING);

PT_create_table_option *make_table_engine_attribute(MEM_ROOT *, LEX_CSTRING);
PT_create_table_option *make_table_secondary_engine_attribute(MEM_ROOT *,
                                                              LEX_CSTRING);

PT_column_attr_base *make_column_engine_attribute(MEM_ROOT *, LEX_CSTRING);
PT_column_attr_base *make_column_secondary_engine_attribute(MEM_ROOT *,
                                                            LEX_CSTRING);

PT_base_index_option *make_index_engine_attribute(MEM_ROOT *, LEX_CSTRING);
PT_base_index_option *make_index_secondary_engine_attribute(MEM_ROOT *,
                                                            LEX_CSTRING);
#endif /* PARSE_TREE_NODES_INCLUDED */