xref: /dports/math/giacxcas/giac-1.6.0/src/gen.cc

// -*- mode:C++ ; compile-command: "g++ -I.. -I../include -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -DIN_GIAC -DGIAC_GENERIC_CONSTANTS -fno-strict-aliasing -g -c gen.cc -Wall" -*-
#include "giacPCH.h"
#ifdef KHICAS
#include "kdisplay.h"
#if defined DEVICE && !defined NSPIRE_NEWLIB
size_t stackptr=0x20036000;
#else
size_t stackptr=0xffffffffffffffff;
#endif
#endif

/*
 *  Copyright (C) 2001,14 B. Parisse, Institut Fourier, 38402 St Martin d'Heres
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
using namespace std;
#if !defined NSPIRE && !defined FXCG && !defined KHICAS
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iomanip>
#endif
#define __USE_ISOC9X 1
#include <stdexcept>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <list>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
// #include <wstring.h>
#include "gen.h"
#include "gausspol.h"
#include "identificateur.h"
#include "poly.h"
#include "usual.h"
#include "input_lexer.h"
#include "sym2poly.h"
#include "vecteur.h"
#include "modpoly.h"
#include "alg_ext.h"
#include "prog.h"
#include "rpn.h"
#include "plot.h"
#include "intg.h"
#include "subst.h"
#include "derive.h"
#include "threaded.h"
#include "maple.h"
#include "solve.h"
#include "csturm.h"
#include "sparse.h"
#if defined GIAC_HAS_STO_38 || defined NSPIRE || defined NSPIRE_NEWLIB || defined FXCG || defined GIAC_GGB || defined USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS || defined KHICAS
inline bool is_graphe(const giac::gen &g,std::string &disp_out,const giac::context *){ return false; }
#else
#include "graphtheory.h"
#endif
#include "giacintl.h"
#ifdef RTOS_THREADX
extern "C" uint32_t mainThreadStack[];
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_H
#include <pthread.h>
#endif

#ifdef EMCC_BIND
#include <emscripten/bind.h>
#endif

#if defined EMCC && !defined GIAC_GGB

#if 0 // def EMCC_GLUT
#include <GL/glut.h>
#else
#include "SDL/SDL.h"
#include <SDL/SDL_ttf.h>
#include <emscripten.h>
//#include "SDL/SDL_image.h"
#include "SDL/SDL_opengl.h"
#endif

#include "opengl.h"
#endif

#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#undef HAVE_GMPXX_H
#undef HAVE_LIBMPFR
#endif

#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GIAC
namespace giac {
#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GIAC

#if 0 // def ASPEN_GEOMETRY
#define ALLOCSMALL
#endif

#ifdef ALLOCSMALL

  // 32 bytes structure: 4096/32=128 slots of memory
  struct eight_int {
    int i1,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8;
  };

  struct six_int {
    int i1,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6;
  };

  struct four_int {
    int i1,i2,i3,i4;
  };

#ifdef RTOS_THREADX
  const int ALLOC24=5*32;
  const int ALLOC32=2*32;
  const int ALLOC16=4*32;
  static unsigned int freeslot24[ALLOC24/32]={0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,0xffffffff};
  static unsigned int freeslot16[ALLOC16/32]={0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff};
  static unsigned int freeslot32[ALLOC32/32]={0xffffffff, 0xffffffff};
#else
  const int ALLOC24=16*32;
  const int ALLOC32=16*32;
  const int ALLOC16=16*32;
  static unsigned int freeslot24[ALLOC24/32]={
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
  };
  static unsigned int freeslot16[ALLOC16/32]={
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
  };
  static unsigned int freeslot32[ALLOC32/32]={
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
    0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff, 0xffffffff,
  };
#endif
  static six_int tab24[ALLOC24];
  static four_int tab16[ALLOC16];
  static eight_int tab32[ALLOC32];

  unsigned freeslotpos(unsigned n){
    unsigned r=1;
    if (n<<16==0) r+= 16, n>>=16;
    if (n<<24==0) r+= 8, n>>=8;
    if (n<<28==0) r+= 4, n>>=4;
    if (n<<30==0) r+= 2, n>>=2;
    r -= n&1;
    return r;
  }

  static void* allocfast(std::size_t size){
    int i,pos;
    if (size==24){
      for (i=0;i<ALLOC24/32;++i){
	if (freeslot24[i]){
	  pos=freeslotpos(freeslot24[i]);
	  freeslot24[i] &= ~(1<<pos);
	  return (void *) (tab24+i*32+pos);
	}
      }
    }
    if (size==16){
      for (i=0;i<ALLOC16/32;++i){
	if (freeslot16[i]){
	  pos=freeslotpos(freeslot16[i]);
	  freeslot16[i] &= ~(1<<pos);
	  return (void *) (tab16+i*32+pos);
	}
      }
    }
    if (size==32){
      for (i=0;i<ALLOC32/32;++i){
	if (freeslot32[i]){
	  pos=freeslotpos(freeslot32[i]);
	  freeslot32[i] &= ~(1<<pos);
	  return (void *) (tab32+i*32+pos);
	}
      }
    }
    void * p =  std::malloc(size);
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    if(!p) {
      std::bad_alloc ba;
      throw ba;
    }
#endif
    return p;
  }

  static void deletefast(void* obj){
    if ( ((size_t)obj >= (size_t) &tab24[0]) &&
	 ((size_t)obj < (size_t) &tab24[ALLOC24]) ){
      int pos= ((size_t)obj -((size_t) &tab24[0]))/sizeof(six_int);
      freeslot24[pos/32] |= 1 << (pos%32);
      return;
    }
    if ( ((size_t)obj>=(size_t) &tab16[0] ) &&
	 ((size_t)obj<(size_t) &tab16[ALLOC16] ) ){
      * (unsigned *) obj= 0;
      int pos= ((size_t)obj -((size_t) &tab16[0]))/sizeof(four_int);
      freeslot16[pos/32] |= 1 << (pos%32);
      return;
    }
    if ( ((size_t)obj>=(size_t) &tab32[0]) &&
	 ((size_t)obj<(size_t) &tab32[ALLOC32]) ){
      int pos= ((size_t)obj -((size_t) &tab32[0]))/sizeof(eight_int);
      freeslot32[pos/32] |= 1 << (pos%32);
    }
    else
      free(obj);
  }
#endif // ALLOCSMALL

#if defined(SMARTPTR64) || !defined(ALLOCSMALL)
  inline void deletecomplex(ref_complex * ptr){
    delete ptr ;
  }
#else
  static void deletecomplex(ref_complex * ptr){
    ptr->re=0;
    ptr->im=0;
    deletefast(ptr);
  }
#endif

#if defined(SMARTPTR64) || !defined(ALLOCSMALL)
  inline void deletesymbolic(ref_symbolic * ptr){
    delete ptr ;
  }
#else
  static void deletesymbolic(ref_symbolic * ptr){
    ptr->s.feuille=0;
    deletefast(ptr);
  }
#endif

#if defined(SMARTPTR64) || !defined(IMMEDIATE_VECTOR) || !defined(ALLOCSMALL)
  void delete_ref_vecteur(ref_vecteur * ptr){
    delete ptr ;
  }
#else
  void delete_ref_vecteur(ref_vecteur * ptr){
    ptr->v.clear();
    deletefast(ptr);
  }
#endif

  /*
  unsigned control_c_counter=0;
  unsigned control_c_counter_mask=0xff;
  */

#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
  pthread_mutex_t mpfr_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
  pthread_mutex_t locale_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
#endif

  void sprintfdouble(char * ch,const char * format,double d){
#ifdef FXCG
    sprint_double(ch,d); // no format
#else
#ifdef NSPIRE
    dtostr(d,8,ch); // FIXME!
#else
#ifdef EMCC
    sprintf(ch,format,d);
#else
    my_sprintf(ch,format,d);
#endif
#endif
#endif
  }

  // bool is_inevalf=false;

  static string last_evaled_function(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    const char * last =last_evaled_function_name(contextptr);
    if (!last)
      return "";
    string res;
    bool paren=true;
    if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 && !strcmp(last,"sqrt"))
      res="√";
    else {
      string tmp=unlocalize(autosimplify(contextptr));
      if (tmp!=last)
	res=last;
      else
	paren=false;
    }
    if (paren) res +="(";
    const gen * lastarg= last_evaled_argptr(contextptr);
    if (lastarg){
      if (strcmp(last,"try_catch")==0 && lastarg->type==_VECT && !lastarg->_VECTptr->empty()){ // workaround for optimizations on some operations like *
	res = lastarg->_VECTptr->front().print(contextptr);
	paren = false;
      }
      else
	res += lastarg->print(contextptr);
    }
    if (paren) res += ")";
    debug_struct * dbg = debug_ptr(contextptr);
    if (!dbg->sst_at_stack.empty()){
      res += gettext(" in ");
      gen pos=dbg->args_stack.back();
      string tmp;
      if (pos.type==_VECT && pos._VECTptr->size()>=2){
	vecteur v(pos._VECTptr->begin()+1,pos._VECTptr->end());
	if (v.size()==1){
	  if (v.front().type==_VECT && v.front()._VECTptr->empty())
	    tmp=pos._VECTptr->front().print(contextptr)+"()";
	  else
	    tmp=pos._VECTptr->front().print(contextptr)+"("+v.front().print(contextptr)+")";
	}
	else
	  tmp = pos._VECTptr->front().print(contextptr)+"("+gen(v,_SEQ__VECT).print(contextptr)+")";
      }
      else
	tmp = pos.print(contextptr);
      res += tmp;
      res += gettext(" instruction #");
      res += print_INT_(dbg->current_instruction);
      res += gettext(" error, try debug(")+tmp+")";
    }
    else
      res += ' ';
    return res+"\n ";
  }

#ifdef NO_STDEXCEPT // FIXME
  void settypeerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gentypeerr(contextptr);
  }

  void setsizeerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gensizeerr(contextptr);
  }

  void setdimerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gendimerr(contextptr);
  }

  void settypeerr(const string & s){
    gentypeerr(s);
  }

  void setsizeerr(const string & s){
    gensizeerr(s);
  }

  void setdimerr(const string & s){
    gendimerr(s);
  }

  void divisionby0err(const gen & e,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gendivisionby0err(e,contextptr);
  }

  void cksignerr(const gen & e,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gencksignerr(e,contextptr);
  }

  void invalidserieserr(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    geninvalidserieserr(s,contextptr);
  }

  void toofewargs(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gentoofewargs(s,contextptr);
  }

  void toomanyargs(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gentoomanyargs(s,contextptr);
  }

  void maxordererr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    genmaxordererr(contextptr);
  }

  void setstabilityerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    genstabilityerr(contextptr);
  }
#else
  void settypeerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Bad Argument Type")));
  }

  void setsizeerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Bad Argument Value")));
  }

  void setdimerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Invalid dimension")));
  }

  void settypeerr(const string & s){
    throw(std::runtime_error(s+gettext(" Error: Bad Argument Type")));
  }

  void setsizeerr(const string & s){
    throw(std::runtime_error(s+gettext(" Error: Bad Argument Value")));
  }

  void setdimerr(const string & s){
    throw(std::runtime_error(s+gettext(" Error: Invalid dimension")));
  }

  void divisionby0err(const gen & e,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Division of ") + e.print(contextptr)+ gettext(" by 0")));
  }

  void cksignerr(const gen & e,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Unable to check sign: ")+e.print(contextptr)));
  }

  void invalidserieserr(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Invalid series expansion: ")+s));
  }

  void toofewargs(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Too few arguments: ")+s));
  }

  void toomanyargs(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Too many arguments: ")+s));
  }

  void maxordererr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Max order (")+gen(max_series_expansion_order).print(contextptr)+gettext(") exceeded or non unidirectional series")));
  }

  void setstabilityerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    throw(std::runtime_error(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("calculation size limit exceeded")));
  }
#endif // NO_STDEXCEPT

  gen undeferr(const string & s){
#ifdef EMCC
    CERR << s << '\n';
#endif
#if defined NSPIRE || defined FXCG
    wait_1ms(1);
#else
#ifdef GIAC_HAS_STO_38
    usleep(10);
#else
    usleep(1000);
#endif
#endif
#if !defined NO_STDEXCEPT && !defined EMCC
    if (debug_infolevel!=-5)
      throw(std::runtime_error(s));
#endif
    gen res(string2gen(s,false));
    res.subtype=-1;
    return res;
  }

  gen gentypeerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Bad Argument Type"));
  }

  void gentypeerr(gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    g=undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Bad Argument Type"));
  }

  gen gensizeerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Bad Argument Value"));
  }

  void gensizeerr(gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    g=undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Bad Argument Value"));
  }

  gen gendimerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Invalid dimension"));
  }

  void gendimerr(gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    g=undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Invalid dimension"));
  }

  gen gentypeerr(const string & s){
    return undeferr(s+gettext(" Error: Bad Argument Type"));
  }

  void gentypeerr(const char * ch,gen & g){
    g=undeferr(string(gettext(ch))+gettext(" Error: Bad Argument Type"));
  }

  gen gensizeerr(const string & s){
    return undeferr(s+gettext(" Error: Bad Argument Value"));
  }

  void gensizeerr(const char * ch,gen & g){
    g=undeferr(string(gettext(ch))+gettext(" Error: Bad Argument Value"));
  }

  gen gendimerr(const string & s){
    return undeferr(s+gettext(" Error: Invalid dimension"));
  }

  void gendimerr(const char * ch,gen & g){
    g=undeferr(string(gettext(ch))+gettext(" Error: Invalid dimension"));
  }

  gen gendivisionby0err(const gen & e,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Division of ") + e.print(contextptr)+ gettext(" by 0"));
  }

  gen gencksignerr(const gen & e,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Unable to check sign: ")+e.print(contextptr));
  }

  gen geninvalidserieserr(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    *logptr(contextptr) << undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Invalid series expansion: ")+s) << '\n';
    return undef;
  }

  gen gentoofewargs(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Too few arguments: ")+s);
  }

  gen gentoomanyargs(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Too many arguments: ")+s);
  }

  gen genmaxordererr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: Max order (")+gen(max_series_expansion_order).print(contextptr)+gettext(") exceeded or non unidirectional series"));
  }

  gen genstabilityerr(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return undeferr(last_evaled_function(contextptr)+gettext("Error: calculation size limit exceeded"));
  }

  // void parseerror(){
  //  throw(std::runtime_error("Parse error"));
  // }

  enum { debugtype=_CPLX };
#define debugtypeptr _CPLXptr

  /* Constructors, destructors, copy */
  gen vector2vecteur(const vecteur & v){
    gen g=v.back()-v.front();
    if (g.type!=_VECT)
      return makenewvecteur(re(g,context0),im(g,context0));
    return g;
  }

  gen gen::change_subtype(int newsubtype){
    subtype=newsubtype;
    return *this;
  }

  gen change_subtype(const gen & g,int newsubtype){
    gen g_(g);
    g_.subtype=newsubtype;
    return g_;
  }

  int * complex_display_ptr(const gen & g) {
    if (g.type!=_CPLX)
      return 0;
    return (int *)(g._CPLXptr)-1;
  }

  gen::gen(long i) {
#ifdef COMPILE_FOR_STABILITY
    control_c();
#endif
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this)=0;
#endif
    val=(int)i;
    //    longlong temp=val;
    if (val==i && val!=1<<31){
#ifndef SMARTPTR64
      type=_INT_;
      subtype=0;
#endif
    }
    else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_mpz_t(64)) << 16;
#else
      __ZINTptr = new ref_mpz_t(64);
#endif
      type =_ZINT;
      subtype=0;
      // convert longlong to mpz_t
      bool signe=(i<0);
      if (signe)
	i=-i;
      unsigned int i1=sizeof(long)==4?0:i>>32;
      unsigned int i2=(unsigned int)i;
      mpz_set_ui(*_ZINTptr,i1);
      mpz_mul_2exp(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,32);
      mpz_add_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,i2);
      if (signe)
	mpz_neg(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr);
    }
  }

  gen::gen(longlong i) {
#ifdef COMPILE_FOR_STABILITY
    control_c();
#endif
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this)=0;
#endif
    val=(int)i;
    //    longlong temp=val;
    if (val==i && val!=1<<31){
#ifndef SMARTPTR64
      type=_INT_;
      subtype=0;
#endif
    }
    else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_mpz_t(64)) << 16;
#else
      __ZINTptr = new ref_mpz_t(64);
#endif
      type =_ZINT;
      subtype=0;
      // convert longlong to mpz_t
      bool signe=(i<0);
      if (signe)
	i=-i;
      unsigned int i1=i>>32;
      unsigned int i2=(unsigned int)i;
      mpz_set_ui(*_ZINTptr,i1);
      mpz_mul_2exp(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,32);
      mpz_add_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,i2);
      if (signe)
	mpz_neg(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr);
      /*
      longlong lbase=65536;
      long base=65536;
      longlong i1=i/lbase;
      long i2=i1/lbase; // i2=i/2^32
      //COUT << "Initialization of " << _ZINTptr << '\n' ;
      mpz_init_set_si(*_ZINTptr,i2);
      mpz_mul_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,base); // i/2^32 * 2^16
      long i2mod=i1 % lbase;
      if (i2mod>0)
	mpz_add_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,i2mod);
      else
	mpz_sub_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,-i2mod); // i/2^16
      mpz_mul_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,base); // i/2^16 * 2^16
      long i1mod = i % lbase;
      if (i1mod>0)
	mpz_add_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,i1mod);
      else
	mpz_sub_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,-i1mod); // i
      */
    }
  }

  gen::gen(longlong i,int nbits) {
#ifdef COMPILE_FOR_STABILITY
    control_c();
#endif
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this)=0;
#endif
    val=(int)i;
    //    longlong temp=val;
    if (val==i && val!=1<<31){
#ifndef SMARTPTR64
      type=_INT_;
      subtype=0;
#endif
    }
    else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_mpz_t(nbits)) << 16;
#else
      __ZINTptr = new ref_mpz_t(nbits);
#endif
      type =_ZINT;
      subtype=0;
      // convert longlong to mpz_t
      bool signe=(i<0);
      if (signe)
	i=-i;
      unsigned int i1=i>>32;
      unsigned int i2=(unsigned int)i;
      mpz_set_ui(*_ZINTptr,i1);
      mpz_mul_2exp(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,32);
      mpz_add_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,i2);
      if (signe)
	mpz_neg(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr);
    }
  }

#ifdef INT128
  gen::gen(int128_t i) {
#ifdef COMPILE_FOR_STABILITY
    control_c();
#endif
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this)=0;
#endif
    val=i;
    //    longlong temp=val;
    if (val==i && val!=1<<31){
#ifndef SMARTPTR64
      type=_INT_;
      subtype=0;
#endif
    }
    else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_mpz_t(128)) << 16;
#else
      __ZINTptr = new ref_mpz_t(128);
#endif
      type =_ZINT;
      subtype=0;
      bool signe=(i<0);
      if (signe)
	i=-i;
#if !defined(USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS)
      mpz_import(*_ZINTptr,4/* count*/,-1/*1 for least significant first*/,4/* sizeof unsigned*/,0,0,&i);
      // CERR << gen(*_ZINTptr) ;
#else
      unsigned int i3= i;
      i = i>>32;
      unsigned int i2= i;
      i = i>>32;
      unsigned int i1= i;
      i = i>>32;
      // convert to mpz_t
      if (i1 || i){
	mpz_set_ui(*_ZINTptr,(unsigned int) i);
	mpz_mul_2exp(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,32);
	mpz_add_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,i1);
	mpz_mul_2exp(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,32);
	mpz_add_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,i2);
      }
      else
	mpz_set_ui(*_ZINTptr,i2);
      mpz_mul_2exp(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,32);
      mpz_add_ui(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr,i3);
#endif
      if (signe)
	mpz_neg(*_ZINTptr,*_ZINTptr);
      // CERR << " " << gen(*_ZINTptr) << '\n' ;
    }
  }
#endif

  gen::gen(const mpz_t & m) {
    if (int(mpz_sizeinbase(m,2))>MPZ_MAXLOG2){
      type=0;
#if 1
      *this=undef;
#else
      *this=mpz_sgn(m)==-1?minus_inf:plus_inf;
#endif
      return;
    }
#ifdef COMPILE_FOR_STABILITY
    control_c();
#endif
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_mpz_t(m)) << 16;
#else
    __ZINTptr= new ref_mpz_t(m);
#endif
#ifdef KHICAS
      if ((size_t) _ZINTptr > stackptr)
	ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
    type =_ZINT;
    subtype=0;
  }

#if defined HAVE_GMPXX_H && !defined USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
  gen::gen(const mpz_class & m){
    int l=mpz_sizeinbase(m.get_mpz_t(),2);
    if (l<32){
      type = _INT_;
      val = mpz_get_si(m.get_mpz_t());
    }
    else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      ref_mpz_t * ptr=new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set(ptr->z,m.get_mpz_t());
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(ptr) << 16;
#else
      __ZINTptr= new ref_mpz_t();
#ifdef KHICAS
      if ((size_t) _ZINTptr > stackptr)
	ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
      mpz_set(__ZINTptr->z,m.get_mpz_t());
#endif
      type =_ZINT;
    }
    subtype=0;
  }
#endif

  gen::gen(const identificateur & s){
#ifdef COMPILE_FOR_STABILITY
    control_c();
#endif
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_identificateur(s)) << 16;
#else
    __IDNTptr= new ref_identificateur(s);
#endif
    type=_IDNT;
    subtype=0;
  }

#if defined(SMARTPTR64) || !defined(IMMEDIATE_VECTOR) || !defined(ALLOCSMALL)
  ref_vecteur * new_ref_vecteur(const vecteur & v){
    return new ref_vecteur(v);
  }
#else
  ref_vecteur * new_ref_vecteur(const vecteur & v){
    ref_vecteur * ptr=(ref_vecteur *) allocfast(sizeof(ref_vecteur));
    ptr->ref_count=1;
    *(unsigned *)&ptr->v=0;
    *((unsigned *)&ptr->v+1)=0;
    *((unsigned *)&ptr->v+2)=0;
    *((unsigned *)&ptr->v+3)=0;
    *((unsigned *)&ptr->v+4)=0;
    *((unsigned *)&ptr->v+5)=0;
    *((unsigned *)&ptr->v+6)=0;
    ptr->v=v;
    return ptr;
  }
#endif

  gen::gen(const vecteur & v,short int s)
  {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_vecteur(v)) << 16;
#else
    __VECTptr= new_ref_vecteur(v);
#endif
#ifdef KHICAS
    if (v.size()>1 &&
	( (size_t) _VECTptr > stackptr ||
	  (size_t) _VECTptr->begin() > stackptr)
	)
      ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
    type=_VECT;
    subtype=(signed char)s;
  }

  gen::gen(ref_vecteur * vptr,short int s){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(vptr) << 16;
#else
    __VECTptr= vptr;
#endif
    type=_VECT;
    subtype=(signed char)s;
#ifdef KHICAS
    if (_VECTptr->size()>1 &&
	( (size_t) _VECTptr > stackptr ||
	  (size_t) _VECTptr->begin() > stackptr)
	)
      ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
  }

#if defined(SMARTPTR64) || !defined(ALLOCSMALL)
  ref_symbolic * new_ref_symbolic(const symbolic & s){
    return new ref_symbolic(s);
  }
#else
  ref_symbolic * new_ref_symbolic(const symbolic & s){
    ref_symbolic * ptr=(ref_symbolic *) allocfast(sizeof(ref_symbolic));
    ptr->ref_count=1;
    * (unsigned *) &ptr->s.sommet = 0;
    ptr->s.feuille.type=0;
    ptr->s=s;
    return ptr;
  }
#endif

  gen::gen(const symbolic & s){
#ifdef COMPILE_FOR_STABILITY
    control_c();
#endif
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new_ref_symbolic(s)) << 16;
#else
    __SYMBptr = new_ref_symbolic(s) ;
#endif
    type = _SYMB;
    subtype = 0;
#ifdef KHICAS
    if (_SYMBptr->sommet!=at_restart && _SYMBptr->sommet!=at_purge && (size_t) _SYMBptr > stackptr)
      ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
  }

  gen::gen(ref_symbolic * sptr){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(sptr) << 16;
#else
    __SYMBptr = sptr;
#endif
    type = _SYMB;
    subtype = 0;
#ifdef KHICAS
    if (_SYMBptr->sommet!=at_restart && _SYMBptr->sommet!=at_purge && (size_t) _SYMBptr > stackptr)
      ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
  }

  gen::gen(ref_identificateur * sptr){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(sptr) << 16;
#else
    __IDNTptr = sptr;
#endif
    type = _IDNT;
    subtype = 0;
  }

  gen::gen(const gen_user & g){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_gen_user(g)) << 16;
#else
    __USERptr = new ref_gen_user(g) ;
#endif
    type = _USER;
    subtype=0;
  }

  gen::gen(ref_gen_user * sptr){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(sptr) << 16;
#else
    __USERptr = sptr;
#endif
    type = _USER;
    subtype = 0;
  }

  gen::gen(const eqwdata & g){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_eqwdata(g)) << 16;
#else
    __EQWptr = new ref_eqwdata(g);
#endif
    type = _EQW;
    subtype=0;
  }

  gen::gen(const grob & g){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_grob(g)) << 16;
#else
    __GROBptr = new ref_grob(g);
#endif
    type = _GROB;
    subtype=0;
  }

  gen makemap(){
    gen g;
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) &g) = ulonglong(new ref_gen_map) << 16;
#else
#if 1 // def NSPIRE
      g.__MAPptr = new ref_gen_map;
#else
    g.__MAPptr = new ref_gen_map(ptr_fun(islesscomplexthanf));
#endif
#endif
    g.type=_MAP;
    g.subtype=0;
    return g;
  }

  gen::gen(const gen_map & s){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_gen_map(s)) << 16;
#else
    __MAPptr = new ref_gen_map(s) ;
#endif
    type = _MAP;
    subtype = 0;
  }

  gen::gen(const polynome & p){
    subtype=0;
    if (p.coord.empty()){
      type = _INT_;
      val = 0;
    }
    else {
      if (Tis_constant<gen>(p) && is_atomic(p.coord.front().value) ){
	type = _INT_;
	* this = p.coord.front().value;
      }
      else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new Tref_tensor<gen>(p)) << 16;
#else
	__POLYptr = new Tref_tensor<gen>(p) ;
#endif
#ifdef KHICAS
	if ((size_t) _POLYptr > stackptr)
	  ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
	type = _POLY;
      }
    }
  }

  gen::gen(const fraction & p){
    subtype=0;
    if (is_undef(p.num) || is_undef(p.den)){
      type=_INT_;
      *this=undef;
      return;
    }
    if (is_inf(p.den)){
      type=_INT_;
      val=0;
      if (is_inf(p.num))
	*this=undef;
      return;
    }
    if (is_exactly_zero(p.num)){
      type=_INT_;
      val=0;
      return;
    }
    if (is_one(p.den)){
      type=_INT_;
      *this = p.num;
      return;
    }
    if (is_minus_one(p.den)){
      type=_INT_;
      *this = -p.num;
    }
    else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new Tref_fraction<gen>(p)) << 16;
#else
      __FRACptr = new Tref_fraction<gen>(p) ;
#endif
      type = _FRAC;
    }
  }

  gen::gen(Tref_tensor<gen> * pptr){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(pptr) << 16;
#else
    __POLYptr = pptr ;
#endif
#ifdef KHICAS
    if ((size_t) _POLYptr > stackptr)
      ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
    subtype=0;
    type = _POLY;
  }

  // WARNING coerce *mptr to an int if possible, in this case delete mptr
  // Pls do not use this constructor unless you know exactly what you do!!
  gen::gen(ref_mpz_t * mptr){
    int l=mpz_sizeinbase(mptr->z,2);
    // if (l<17){
    if (l<32){
      type = _INT_;
      val = mpz_get_si(mptr->z);
      // COUT << "Destruction by mpz_t * " << *mptr << '\n';
      delete mptr;
    }
    else {
      if (l>MPZ_MAXLOG2){
	type=0;
#if 1
	*this=undef;
#else
	*this=(mpz_sgn(mptr->z)==-1)?minus_inf:plus_inf;
#endif
	delete mptr;
	return;
      }
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(mptr) << 16;
#else
      __ZINTptr = mptr;
#endif
#ifdef KHICAS
      if ((size_t) _ZINTptr > stackptr)
	ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
      type =_ZINT;
    }
    subtype=0;
    // COUT << *this << '\n';
  }

  // WARNING coerce *mptr to an int if possible, in this case delete mptr
  // Pls do not use this constructor unless you know exactly what you do!!
  bool ref_mpz_t2gen(ref_mpz_t * mptr,gen & g){
    if (g.type>_DOUBLE_){
      g=mptr;
      return true;
    }
    int l=mpz_sizeinbase(mptr->z,2);
    // if (l<17){
    if (l<32){
      g.type=_INT_;
      g.subtype=0;
      g.val = mpz_get_si(mptr->z);
      // COUT << "Destruction by mpz_t * " << *mptr << '\n';
      return false;
    }
    else {
      if (l>MPZ_MAXLOG2){
	g.type=0;
#if 1
	g=undef;
#else
	g=(mpz_sgn(mptr->z)==-1)?minus_inf:plus_inf;
#endif
	return false;
      }
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) &g) = ulonglong(mptr) << 16;
#else
      g.__ZINTptr = mptr;
#endif
      g.type =_ZINT;
      g.subtype=0;
      return true;
    }
  }

  gen::gen(const my_mpz& z){
    int l=mpz_sizeinbase(z.ptr,2);
    if (l<32){
      type = _INT_;
      val = mpz_get_si(z.ptr);
    }
    else {
      if (l>MPZ_MAXLOG2){
	type=0;
#if 1
	*this=undef;
#else
	*this=(mpz_sgn(z.ptr)==-1)?minus_inf:plus_inf;
#endif
	return;
      }
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_mpz_t(z.ptr)) << 16;
#else
      __ZINTptr = new ref_mpz_t(z.ptr);
#endif
#ifdef KHICAS
      if ((size_t) _ZINTptr > stackptr)
	ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
      type =_ZINT;
    }
    subtype=0;
  }

  gen::gen(const gen & e) {
    if (e.type>_DOUBLE_ && e.type!=_FLOAT_
#ifndef SMARTPTR64
	&& e.type!=_FUNC
#endif
	) {
      if (
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
	  (*((ulonglong *) &e) >> 16)
#else
	  e.__ZINTptr
#endif
	  ){
	ref_count_t * rc=(ref_count_t *)&e.ref_count();
	if (*rc!=-1)
	  ++(*rc);
      }
    }
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
    _DOUBLE_val = e._DOUBLE_val;
#else
    * ((longlong *) this) = *((longlong * ) &e);
#endif
#ifndef SMARTPTR64
    __ZINTptr=e.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    type=e.type;
    subtype=e.subtype;
  }

  inline ref_complex * new_ref_complex(gen a,gen b){
#if defined(SMARTPTR64) || !defined(ALLOCSMALL)
    return new ref_complex(a,b);
#else
    ref_complex * ptr= (ref_complex *) allocfast(sizeof(ref_complex));
    ptr->ref_count=1;
    ptr->display=0;
    ptr->re.type=0;
    ptr->re=a;
    ptr->im.type=0;
    ptr->im=b;
    return ptr;
#endif
  }

  gen::gen(int a,int b) {
    subtype=0;
    if (!b){
      type=_INT_;
      val=a;
    }
    else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_complex(a,b)) << 16;
#else
      __CPLXptr = new_ref_complex(a,b);
#endif
      type =_CPLX;
      subtype=0;
    }
  }

#ifndef DOUBLEVAL
  gen::gen(double d){
    opaque_double_copy(&d,this); type=_DOUBLE_;
  };
#endif

  gen::gen(double a,double b){
    subtype=0;
    // COUT << a << " " << b << " " << epsilon << '\n';
    if (fabs(b)<1e-12*fabs(a)){
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
      _DOUBLE_val=a;
#else
      *((double *) this) = a;
#endif
      type=_DOUBLE_;
    }
    else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_complex(a,b)) << 16;
#else
      __CPLXptr = new_ref_complex(a,b);
#endif
      type =_CPLX;
      subtype=3;
    }
  }

  gen::gen(const gen & a,const gen & b) { // a and b must be type <2!
    if ( (a.type>=_CPLX && a.type!=_FLOAT_) || (b.type>=_CPLX && b.type!=_FLOAT_) ){
      type=0;
      *this=a+cst_i*b; // gentypeerr(gettext("complex constructor"));
      return;
    }
    if (is_exactly_zero(b)){
      if (a.type==_FLOAT_){
	type=0;
	*this=a;
      }
      else {
	type=a.type;
	switch (type ) {
	case _INT_:
	  val=a.val;
	  subtype=0;
	  break;
	case _DOUBLE_:
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
	  _DOUBLE_val = a._DOUBLE_val;
#else
	  *((double *) this) = a._DOUBLE_val;
	  type=_DOUBLE_;
#endif
	  break;
	case _ZINT:
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
	  * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_mpz_t(*a._ZINTptr)) << 16;
#else
	  __ZINTptr=new ref_mpz_t(a.__ZINTptr->z); // a is a _ZINT
#endif
	  type=_ZINT;
	  subtype=0;
	  break;
	case _REAL:
	  subtype=0;
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
#ifndef NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(a._REALptr)){
	    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_real_interval(*ptr)) << 16;
	    subtype=1;
	  }
	  else
#endif
	    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_real_object(*a._REALptr)) << 16;
#else
#ifndef NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(a._REALptr)){
	    __REALptr=(ref_real_object *) new ref_real_interval(*ptr);
	    subtype=1;
	  }
	  else
#endif
	    __REALptr=new ref_real_object(a.__REALptr->r);
#endif
	  type=_REAL;
	  break;
	default:
	  type=0;
	  *this=gentypeerr(gettext("complex constructor"));
	}
      }
    }
    else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_complex(a,b)) << 16;
#else
      __CPLXptr = new_ref_complex(a,b);
#endif
      type =_CPLX;
      subtype= (a.type==_DOUBLE_) + (b.type==_DOUBLE_)*2;
    }
  }
  gen::gen(const complex<double> & c) {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_complex(c)) << 16;
#else
      __CPLXptr = new ref_complex(c);
#endif
    type=_CPLX;
    subtype=3;
  }

  double gen::DOUBLE_val() const {
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
    return _DOUBLE_val;
#else
    return opaque_double_val(this);
#endif
  }

  giac_float gen::FLOAT_val() const {
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
    return _FLOAT_val;
#else
    longlong r = * (longlong *)(this) ;
    // * (unsigned char *) (&r) = 0;
#ifdef BCD
    return * (giac_float *)(&r);
#else
    return giac_float(* (double *)(&r));
#endif // BCD
#endif // DOUBLEVAL
  }

  gen gen::makegen(int i) const {
    switch (type){
    case _INT_: case _ZINT: case _CPLX:
      return gen(i);
    case _VECT:
      return vecteur(1,i);
    case _USER:
      return _USERptr->makegen(i);
    default:
      return gensizeerr(gettext("makegen of type ")+print(context0));
    }
  }

  complex<double> gen2complex_d(const gen & e){
    if (e.type==_CPLX){
      if (e.subtype==3)
	return complex<double>((*e._CPLXptr)._DOUBLE_val,(*(e._CPLXptr+1))._DOUBLE_val);
      gen ee=e.evalf_double(1,context0); // ok
      if (ee.type==_DOUBLE_) return complex<double>(ee._DOUBLE_val,0);
      if (ee.type!=_CPLX){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
	setsizeerr(gettext("complex<double>"));
#endif
	return complex<double>(nan(),nan());
      }
      return complex<double>((*ee._CPLXptr)._DOUBLE_val,(*(ee._CPLXptr+1))._DOUBLE_val);
    }
    if (e.type==_DOUBLE_)
      return complex<double>(e._DOUBLE_val,0);
    if (e.type==_INT_)
      return complex<double>(e.val,0);
    if (e.type==_ZINT)
      return complex<double>(e.evalf(1,context0)._DOUBLE_val,0); // ok
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    setsizeerr(gettext("complex<double>"));
#endif
    return complex<double>(nan(),nan());
  }

  gen::gen(const sparse_poly1 & p){
    if (p.empty()){
      type=0;
      subtype=0;
      val=0;
    }
    else {
      if (is_undef(p.front().exponent)){
	type=0;
	*this=undef;
      }
      else {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
	* ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_sparse_poly1(p)) << 16;
#else
	__SPOL1ptr= new ref_sparse_poly1(p);
#endif
#ifdef KHICAS
	if ((size_t) _SPOL1ptr > stackptr)
	  ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
	subtype=0;
	type=_SPOL1;
      }
    }
  }

  gen::gen(const unary_function_ptr * f,int nargs){
#if defined SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_unary_function_ptr(*f)) << 16;
#else
    _FUNC_ = (size_t) (* (size_t*) f);
    // __FUNCptr= new ref_unary_function_ptr(f);
#endif
    type=_FUNC;
    subtype=nargs;
  }

  gen::gen(const unary_function_ptr & f,int nargs){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_unary_function_ptr(f)) << 16;
#else
    _FUNC_ = (size_t)(* (size_t *) &f);
    // __FUNCptr= new ref_unary_function_ptr(f);
#endif
    type=_FUNC;
    subtype=nargs;
  }

  gen::gen(const giac_float & f){
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
    _FLOAT_val=f;
#else
#ifdef BCD
    *((giac_float *) this) = f;
#else // BCD
    *((double *) this) = f;
#endif // BCD
#endif // DOUBLEVAL
    type=_FLOAT_;
  }

#ifdef BCD
  gen::gen(accurate_bcd_float * b){
    giac_float f=fUnExpand(b);
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
    _FLOAT_val=f;
#else
    *((giac_float *) this) = f;
#endif // DOUBLEVAL
    type=_FLOAT_;
  }
#endif // BCD

  void gen::delete_gen() {
    switch (type) {
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    case _ZINT:
      delete (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _REAL:  {
      ref_real_object * ptr=(ref_real_object *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
#ifndef NO_RTTI
      if (dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(&ptr->r))
	delete (ref_real_interval *) ptr;
      else
#endif
	delete ptr;
      break;
    }
    case _CPLX:
      delete (ref_complex *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _IDNT:
      delete (ref_identificateur *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _VECT:
      delete (ref_vecteur *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _SYMB:
      delete (ref_symbolic *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _USER:
      delete (ref_gen_user *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _EXT:
      delete (ref_algext *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _MOD:
      delete (ref_modulo *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _POLY:
      delete (ref_polynome *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _FRAC:
      delete (ref_fraction *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _SPOL1:
      delete (ref_sparse_poly1 *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _STRNG:
      delete (ref_string *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _FUNC:
      delete (ref_unary_function_ptr *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _MAP:
      delete (ref_gen_map *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _EQW:
      delete (ref_eqwdata *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _GROB:
      delete (ref_grob *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
    case _POINTER_:
      if (subtype==_FL_WIDGET_POINTER && fl_widget_delete_function)
	fl_widget_delete_function(_POINTER_val);
      delete (ref_void_pointer *) (* ((ulonglong * ) this) >> 16);
      break;
#else // SMARTPTR64
    case _ZINT:
      delete __ZINTptr;
      break;
    case _REAL: {
      ref_real_object * ptr=__REALptr;
#ifndef NO_RTTI
      if (dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(&ptr->r))
	delete (ref_real_interval *) __REALptr;
      else
#endif
	delete __REALptr;
      break;
    }
    case _CPLX:
      deletecomplex(__CPLXptr); // delete __CPLXptr;
      break;
    case _IDNT:
      delete __IDNTptr;
      break;
    case _VECT:
      delete_ref_vecteur(__VECTptr); // delete __VECTptr;
      break;
    case _SYMB:
      deletesymbolic(__SYMBptr); // delete __SYMBptr;
      break;
    case _USER:
      delete __USERptr;
      break;
    case _EXT:
      delete __EXTptr;
      break;
    case _MOD:
      delete __MODptr;
      break;
    case _POLY:
      delete __POLYptr;
      break;
    case _FRAC:
      delete __FRACptr;
      break;
    case _SPOL1:
      delete __SPOL1ptr;
      break;
    case _STRNG:
      delete __STRNGptr;
      break;
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    case _FUNC:
      delete __FUNCptr;
      break;
#endif
    case _MAP:
      delete __MAPptr;
      break;
    case _EQW:
      delete __EQWptr;
      break;
    case _GROB:
      delete __GROBptr;
      break;
    case _POINTER_:
      if (subtype==_FL_WIDGET_POINTER && fl_widget_delete_function)
	fl_widget_delete_function(_POINTER_val);
      delete __POINTERptr;
      break;
#endif // SMARTPTR64
    default:
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("Gen Destructor"));
#endif
      ;
    }
  }

  void delete_ptr(signed char subtype,short int type_save,ref_mpz_t * ptr_save) {
#if 0 // def COMPILE_FOR_STABILITY // commented (D.Alm) The call to delete_ptr() would sometimes get cancelled if ctrl_c was being set, which could cause the "Stopped by user interruption." exception somehow to be fired twice, with the second time not being caught properly by my exception handling code.
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ptr_save && type_save!=_FLOAT_&& ptr_save->ref_count!=-1 && !--(ptr_save->ref_count)){
      switch (type_save) {
      case _ZINT:
	delete ptr_save;
	break;
      case _REAL: {
	ref_real_object * ptr=(ref_real_object *) ptr_save;
#ifndef NO_RTTI
	if (dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(&ptr->r))
	  delete (ref_real_interval *) ptr;
	else
#endif
	  delete ptr;
	break;
      }
      case _CPLX:
	deletecomplex((ref_complex *) ptr_save);
	break;
      case _IDNT:
	delete (ref_identificateur *) ptr_save ;
	break;
      case _SYMB:
	deletesymbolic( (ref_symbolic *) ptr_save);
	break;
      case _USER:
	delete (ref_gen_user *) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _EXT:
	delete (ref_algext * ) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _MOD:
	delete (ref_modulo * ) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _VECT:
	delete_ref_vecteur((ref_vecteur *) ptr_save); // delete (ref_vecteur *) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _POLY:
	delete (ref_polynome *) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _FRAC:
	delete (ref_fraction *) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _SPOL1:
	delete (ref_sparse_poly1 *) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _STRNG:
	delete (ref_string *) ptr_save;
	break;
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      case _FUNC:
	delete (ref_unary_function_ptr *) ptr_save;
	break;
#endif
      case _MAP:
	delete (ref_gen_map *) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _EQW:
	delete (ref_eqwdata *) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _GROB:
	delete (ref_grob *) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _POINTER_:
	if (subtype==_FL_WIDGET_POINTER && fl_widget_delete_function)
	  fl_widget_delete_function( ((ref_void_pointer *)ptr_save)->p);
	delete (ref_void_pointer *) ptr_save;
	break;
      case _FLOAT_:
	break;
      default:
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
	settypeerr(gettext("Gen Operator ="));
#endif
	;
      }
    }
  }


  double gen::to_double(GIAC_CONTEXT) const {
    if (type==_DOUBLE_)
      return _DOUBLE_val;
    if (type==_INT_)
      return double(val);
    gen tmp=evalf_double(1,contextptr);
    if (tmp.type==_DOUBLE_)
      return tmp._DOUBLE_val;
#ifdef NAN
    return NAN;
#else
    double d=1.0;
    d=d-d/double(1ULL<<53);
    return d*2.0/d;
#endif
  }

  bool gen::is_vector_of_size(size_t n) const {
    return type==_VECT && _VECTptr->size()==n;
  }

  bool gen::is_identificateur_with_name(const char * s) const {
    return type==_IDNT && strcmp(_IDNTptr->id_name,s)==0;
  }


  int gen::to_int() const {
    switch (type ) {
    case _INT_:
      return val;
    case _ZINT:
      return mpz_get_si(*_ZINTptr);
    case _CPLX:
      return _CPLXptr->to_int() ;
    default:
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("To_int"));
#endif
      return 0;
    }
    return 0;
  }

  void gen::uncoerce(size_t s) {
    if (type==_INT_){
      int tmp =val;
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_mpz_t(s)) << 16;
#else
      __ZINTptr = new ref_mpz_t(s);
#endif
      type=_ZINT;
      mpz_set_si(*_ZINTptr,tmp);
    }
  }

  gen _FRAC2_SYMB(const fraction & f){
    if (is_one(f.num))
      return symb_inv(f.den);
    if (is_minus_one(f.num))
      return -symb_inv(f.den);
    return symbolic(at_prod,makesequence(f.num,symb_inv(f.den)));
  }

  gen _FRAC2_SYMB(const gen & e){
#ifdef DEBUG_SUPPORT
    if (e.type!=_FRAC) setsizeerr(gettext("gen.cc/_FRAC2_SYMB"));
#endif
    return _FRAC2_SYMB(*e._FRACptr);
  }

  gen _FRAC2_SYMB(const gen & n,const gen & d){
    return symbolic(at_prod,makesequence(n,symb_inv(d)));
  }


  /* Eval, evalf */
  gen evalf_VECT(const vecteur & v,int subtype,int level,const context * contextptr){
    // bool save_is_inevalf=is_inevalf;
    // is_inevalf=true;
    vecteur w;
    vecteur::const_iterator it=v.begin(), itend=v.end();
    w.reserve(itend-it);
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      gen tmp=it->evalf(level,contextptr);
      if (subtype){
	if ((subtype==_SEQ__VECT)&&(tmp.type==_VECT) && (tmp.subtype==_SEQ__VECT)){
	  const_iterateur jt=tmp._VECTptr->begin(),jtend=tmp._VECTptr->end();
	  for (;jt!=jtend;++jt)
	    w.push_back(*jt);
	}
	else {
	  if ((subtype!=_SET__VECT) || (!equalposcomp(w,tmp)))
	    w.push_back(tmp);
	}
      }
      else
	w.push_back(tmp);
    }
    // is_inevalf=save_is_inevalf;
    return gen(w,subtype);
  }


  bool eval_VECT(const gen & g,gen & evaled,int subtype,int level,const context * contextptr){
    //    const vecteur & v = *g._VECTptr;
    gen tmp;
    const gen * ansptr;
    ref_vecteur * vptr;
    const_iterateur it=g._VECTptr->begin(),itend=g._VECTptr->end(),jt,jtend;
    if (subtype!=_SET__VECT && subtype!=_SEQ__VECT){
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	if (it->in_eval(level,evaled,contextptr))
	  break;
      }
      if (it==itend)
	return false;
    }
    vptr = new_ref_vecteur(0);
    vptr->v.reserve(itend-g._VECTptr->begin());
    if (subtype!=_SET__VECT && subtype!=_SEQ__VECT){
      for (jt=g._VECTptr->begin();jt!=it;++jt)
	vptr->v.push_back(*jt);
      if (evaled.type==_VECT && evaled.subtype==_SEQ__VECT){
	jt=evaled._VECTptr->begin(); jtend=evaled._VECTptr->end();
	for (;jt!=jtend;++jt){
	  if ((subtype!=_SET__VECT) || (!equalposcomp(vptr->v,*jt)))
	    vptr->v.push_back(*jt);
	}
      }
      else {
	if ( subtype!=_SET__VECT || (!equalposcomp(vptr->v,evaled)))
	  vptr->v.push_back(evaled);
      }
      ++it;
    }
    evaled=gen(vptr,subtype);
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      if (it->is_symb_of_sommet(at_comment))
	continue;
      ansptr=(it->in_eval(level,tmp,contextptr))?&tmp:&*it;
      if (ansptr->type==_VECT && ansptr->subtype==_SEQ__VECT){
	jt=ansptr->_VECTptr->begin(); jtend=ansptr->_VECTptr->end();
	for (;jt!=jtend;++jt){
	  if ((subtype!=_SET__VECT) || (!equalposcomp(vptr->v,*jt)))
	    vptr->v.push_back(*jt);
	}
      }
      else {
	if ( subtype!=_SET__VECT || (!equalposcomp(vptr->v,*ansptr)))
	  vptr->v.push_back(*ansptr);
      }
    }
    // CERR << "End " << v << " " << w << '\n';
    return true;
  }

  // evalf a real fraction
  gen evalf_FRAC(const fraction & f,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen n(f.num),d(f.den);
    if (n.type==_INT_ && d.type==_INT_)
      return evalf(n,1,contextptr)/evalf(d,1,contextptr);
    if (is_zero(n))
      return evalf(n,0,contextptr);
    bool npos=is_positive(n,contextptr),dpos=is_positive(d,contextptr);
    bool neg=npos?!dpos:dpos;
    if (!npos)
      n=-n;
    if (!dpos)
      d=-d;
    bool inf1=is_greater(d,n,contextptr);
#ifdef FXCG
    gen m=gen(longlong(1)<<61);
    gen md=gen(1.0)/m;
#else
#ifdef BCD
    static gen m=gen(longlong(100000000000000));
#else
    static gen m=gen(longlong(1)<<61);
#endif
    static gen md=gen(1.0)/m;
#endif
    if (absint(sizeinbase2(n)-sizeinbase2(d))>=53){
      gen a=inf1?iquo(d,n):iquo(n,d);
      gen res=evalf(a,1,contextptr);
      if (neg) res=-res;
      return inf1?inv(res,contextptr):res;
    }
    gen a=inf1?iquo(d*m,n):iquo(n*m,d);
    gen res=evalf(a,1,contextptr);
    if (neg) res=-res;
    res = md*res;
    return inf1?inv(res,contextptr):res;
  }

      // evaluate _FUNCndary in RPN mode, f must be of type _FUNC
  static gen rpneval_FUNC(const gen & f,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    // int s=history_out(contextptr).size();
      int nargs=giacmax(f.subtype,0);
      if (!nargs){
	gen res=(*f._FUNCptr)(gen(history_out(contextptr),_RPN_STACK__VECT),contextptr);
	if ( (res.type!=_VECT) || (res.subtype!=_RPN_STACK__VECT))
	  res=gen(makenewvecteur(res),_RPN_STACK__VECT);
	history_out(contextptr)=*res._VECTptr;
	history_in(contextptr)=history_out(contextptr);
	return res;
      }
      vecteur v(nargs);
      for (int i=nargs-1;i>=0;--i){
          v[i]=history_out(contextptr).back();
          history_out(contextptr).pop_back();
          history_in(contextptr).pop_back();
      }
      if (nargs==1)
          return (*f._FUNCptr)(v.front(),contextptr);
      else
          return (*f._FUNCptr)(v,contextptr);
  }

  static bool evalcomment(const vecteur & v,gen &evaled,int level,const context * contextptr){
    const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      if ( (it->type!=_SYMB) || (it->_SYMBptr->sommet!=at_comment) )
	break;
    }
    if (it+1==itend){
      evaled=it->eval(level,contextptr);
      return true;
    }
    if (it!=itend){
      gen partial=vecteur(it,itend);
      if (eval_VECT(partial,evaled,_SEQ__VECT,level,contextptr))
	return true;
      else {
	evaled=partial;
	return true;
      }
    }
    evaled=zero;
    return true;
  }

  bool check_not_assume(const gen & not_evaled,gen & evaled, bool evalf_after,const context * contextptr){
    if ( evaled.type==_VECT && evaled.subtype==_ASSUME__VECT ){
      if ( evalf_after && evaled._VECTptr->size()==2 && (evaled._VECTptr->back().type<=_CPLX || evaled._VECTptr->back().type==_FRAC || evaled._VECTptr->back().type==_FLOAT_) ){
	evaled=evaled._VECTptr->back().evalf(1,contextptr);
	return true;
      }
      if (not_evaled.type==_IDNT && evaled._VECTptr->size()==1 && evaled._VECTptr->front().type==_INT_){
	gen tmp=not_evaled;
	tmp.subtype=evaled._VECTptr->front().val;
	evaled=tmp;
	return true;
      }
      return false;
    }
    else {
      if (evalf_after && evaled.type!=_IDNT){
	gen res;
	if (has_evalf(evaled,res,0,contextptr)){
	  evaled=res;
	  return true;
	}
      }
      return &evaled!=&not_evaled;
    }
    return false;
  }

#if 0
  gen gen::eval(int level,const context * contextptr) const{
    // CERR << "eval " << *this << " " << level << '\n';
    gen res;
    // return in_eval(level,res,contextptr)?res:*this;
    if (in_eval(level,res,contextptr))
      return res;
    else
      return *this;
  }
#endif

  static bool in_eval_mod(const gen & g,gen & evaled,int level,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    evaled=makemod(g._MODptr->eval(level,contextptr),(g._MODptr+1)->eval(level,contextptr));
    return true;
  }

  static bool in_eval_user(const gen & g,gen & evaled,int level,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    evaled=g._USERptr->eval(level,contextptr);
    return true;
  }

  static bool in_eval_func(const gen & g,gen * evaledptr,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (rpn_mode(contextptr) && (history_out(contextptr).size()>=unsigned(g.subtype)))
      *evaledptr=rpneval_FUNC(g,contextptr);
    else {
      if (g.subtype)
	return false;
      else
	*evaledptr=(*g._FUNCptr)(gen(vecteur(0),_SEQ__VECT),contextptr);
    }
    return true;
  }

  static bool in_eval_idnt(const gen & g,gen & evaled,int level,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    identificateur * gptr=g._IDNTptr;
    if (strcmp(gptr->id_name,string_pi)==0 || strcmp(gptr->id_name,string_euler_gamma)==0 )
      return false;
    if (!contextptr && g.subtype==_GLOBAL__EVAL)
      evaled=global_eval(*gptr,level);
    else {
      if (!gptr->in_eval(level-1,g,evaled,contextptr))
	return false;
    }
    if ( evaled.type!=_VECT || evaled.subtype!=_ASSUME__VECT ){
      if (evaled.is_symb_of_sommet(at_program))
	lastprog_name(gptr->id_name,contextptr);
      return true;
    }
    return check_not_assume(g,evaled,false,contextptr);
  }

  static bool in_eval_vect(const gen & g,gen & evaled,int level,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    if (g.subtype==_INTERVAL__VECT && g._VECTptr->size()==2){
      // convert to MPFI real_interval
      gen l=eval(g._VECTptr->front(),level,contextptr),u=eval(g._VECTptr->back(),level,contextptr);
      if (is_strictly_greater(l,u,contextptr)){
	swapgen(l,u);
      }
      bool lexact=is_integer(l),uexact=is_integer(u);
      gen ul=u-l;
      if (is_exactly_zero(ul)){
	if (u.type==_REAL)
	  ul=int(mpfr_get_prec(u._REALptr->inf));
	else
	  ul=int(3.2*decimal_digits(contextptr));
      }
      else {
	ul=u-l;
	ul=2*ul/(abs(u,contextptr)+abs(l,contextptr));
	ul=ln(abs(evalf(ul,1,contextptr),contextptr),contextptr);
	ul=-_ceil(ul/ln(evalf(2,1,contextptr),contextptr),contextptr);
      }
      int nbits=53;
      if (ul.type==_INT_ && ul.val>48){
	nbits=ul.val+4;
	l=accurate_evalf(l,nbits);
	u=accurate_evalf(u,nbits);
      }
      else {
	l=evalf(l,level,contextptr); u=evalf(u,level,contextptr);
      }
      if (l.type==_DOUBLE_ && u.type==_REAL)
	u=evalf_double(u,1,contextptr);
      if (u.type==_DOUBLE_ && l.type==_REAL)
	l=evalf_double(l,1,contextptr);
      if (l.type==_DOUBLE_){
	// adjust mantissa of l down and mantissa of u up
	double epsilon=7e-15; // 2^(-47)
	if (!lexact)
	  l=(1.+(l._DOUBLE_val>0?(-epsilon):(epsilon)))*l;
	if (!uexact)
	  u=(1.+(u._DOUBLE_val>0?(epsilon):(-epsilon)))*u;
      }
      else { // do the same for MPFR
	gen epsilon=pow(plus_two,nbits-2,contextptr); // nbits-3?
	epsilon=fraction(1,epsilon);
	if (!lexact){
	  if (is_positive(l,contextptr))
	    l=(1-epsilon)*l;
	  else
	    l=(1+epsilon)*l;
	}
	if (!uexact){
	  if (is_positive(u,contextptr))
	    u=(1+epsilon)*u;
	  else
	    u=(1-epsilon)*u;
	}
      }
      if ( (l.type==_DOUBLE_ && u.type==_DOUBLE_) ||
	   (l.type==_REAL && u.type==_REAL) ){
	mpfi_t interv;
	mpfi_init(interv);
	mpfi_set_prec(interv,nbits);
	if (l.type==_DOUBLE_)
	  mpfi_interv_d(interv,l._DOUBLE_val,u._DOUBLE_val);
	else
	  mpfi_interv_fr(interv,l._REALptr->inf,u._REALptr->inf);
	evaled=gen(real_interval(interv));
	mpfi_clear(interv);
	return true;
      }
    }
#endif
    if (g.subtype==_SPREAD__VECT){
      makespreadsheetmatrice(*g._VECTptr,contextptr);
      spread_eval(*g._VECTptr,contextptr);
      return false;
    }
    if (g.subtype==_TABLE__VECT){
      eval_VECT(g,evaled,g.subtype,level,contextptr);
      evaled=_table(evaled,contextptr);
      return true;
    }
    if (g.subtype==_FOLDER__VECT || g.subtype==_RGBA__VECT)
      return false;
    if ( (g.subtype==_SEQ__VECT) && (!g._VECTptr->empty()) && (g._VECTptr->front().type==_SYMB)
	 && (g._VECTptr->front().is_symb_of_sommet(at_comment))
	 && (g._VECTptr->back().type==_SYMB)
	 && (g._VECTptr->back().is_symb_of_sommet(at_return))
	 ){
      return evalcomment(*g._VECTptr,evaled,level,contextptr);
    }
    if (g._VECTptr->size()==1 && g._VECTptr->front().is_symb_of_sommet(at_interval))
      return in_eval_vect(gen(makevecteur(g._VECTptr->front()[1],g._VECTptr->front()[2]),_INTERVAL__VECT),evaled,1,contextptr);
    return eval_VECT(g,evaled,g.subtype,level,contextptr);
  }

  bool gen::in_eval(int level,gen & evaled,const context * contextptr) const{
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      *logptr(contextptr) << "Stopped in in_eval" << '\n';
      gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."),evaled);
      return true;
    }
    if (!level)
      return false;
    switch (type) {
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _ZINT: case _REAL: case _CPLX: case _POLY: case _FRAC: case _SPOL1: case _EXT: case _STRNG: case _MAP: case _EQW: case _GROB: case _POINTER_:
      return false;
    case _IDNT:
      return in_eval_idnt(*this,evaled,level,contextptr);
    case _VECT:
      return in_eval_vect(*this,evaled,level,contextptr);
    case _SYMB:
      if (subtype==_SPREAD__SYMB)
	return false;
      {
	symbolic * sptr=_SYMBptr;
	unary_function_ptr & Sommet=sptr->sommet;
	const gen & feuille=sptr->feuille;
	bool is_ifte=false,is_of_local_ifte_bloc=false,is_plus=Sommet==at_plus,is_prod=false,is_pow=false;
	if (is_plus || (is_prod=(Sommet==at_prod)) || (is_pow=(Sommet==at_pow)) || (is_of_local_ifte_bloc=(Sommet==at_of || Sommet==at_local || (is_ifte=Sommet==at_ifte) || Sommet==at_bloc)) ){
	  int & elevel=eval_level(contextptr);
	  short int slevel=elevel;
	  // Check if we are not far from stack end
#ifdef RTOS_THREADX
	  if ((void *)&slevel<= (void *)&mainThreadStack[2048]){
	    if ((void *)&slevel<= (void *)&mainThreadStack[1024]){
	      gensizeerr(gettext("Too many recursion levels"),evaled); // two many recursion levels
	      return true;
	    }
	    evaled=nr_eval(*this,level,contextptr);
	    return true;
	  }
#else // rtos
#if !defined(WIN32) && defined(HAVE_PTHREAD_H)
	  void * stackaddr;
	  if (contextptr && (stackaddr=thread_param_ptr(contextptr)->stackaddr)){
	    // CERR << &slevel << " " << thread_param_ptr(contextptr)->stackaddr << '\n';
	    if ( ((size_t) &slevel) < ((size_t) stackaddr)+65536){
	      if ( ((size_t) &slevel) < ((size_t) stackaddr)+8192){
		gensizeerr(gettext("Too many recursion levels"),evaled); // two many recursion levels
		return true;
	      }
	      *logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Running non recursive evaluator") << '\n';
	      evaled=nr_eval(*this,level,contextptr);
	      return true;
	    }
	  } else
#endif // pthread
	    {
	      debug_struct * dbgptr=debug_ptr(contextptr);
	      if ( int(dbgptr->sst_at_stack.size()) >= MAX_RECURSION_LEVEL){
		if ( int(dbgptr->sst_at_stack.size()) >= MAX_RECURSION_LEVEL+10){
		  gensizeerr(gettext("Too many recursions)"),evaled);
		  return true;
		}
#ifdef KHICAS
		if (warn_nr){
		  *logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Running non recursive evaluator") << '\n';
		  warn_nr=false;
		}
#else
		*logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Running non recursive evaluator") << '\n';
#endif
		evaled=nr_eval(*this,level,contextptr);
		return true;
	      }
	    }
#endif // rtos
	  const vecteur * vptr;
	  if ( (is_plus ||is_prod || is_pow) && feuille.type==_VECT && (vptr=feuille._VECTptr)->size()==2){
	    const gen & vptrfront=vptr->front();
	    const gen & vptrback=vptr->back();
	    gen a;
	    if (!vptrfront.in_eval(level,a,contextptr))
	      a=vptrfront;
	    if (a.type!=_VECT || a.subtype!=_SEQ__VECT){
	      if (!vptrback.in_eval(level,evaled,contextptr))
		evaled=vptrback;
	      if (evaled.type!=_VECT || evaled.subtype!=_SEQ__VECT){
		if (is_plus) evaled=operator_plus(a,evaled,contextptr);
		else {
		  if (is_prod) evaled=operator_times(a,evaled,contextptr);
		  else evaled=pow(a,evaled,contextptr);
		}
		elevel=slevel;
		return true;
	      }
	    }
	  }
	  if (is_of_local_ifte_bloc){
	    elevel=level;
	    evaled=feuille; // FIXME must also set eval_level to level
	  }
	  else {
	    if (!feuille.in_eval(level,evaled,contextptr))
	      evaled=feuille;
	  }
	  if (is_ifte)
	    evaled=ifte(evaled,true,contextptr);
	  else
	    evaled=(*Sommet.ptr())(evaled,contextptr);
	  elevel=slevel;
	}
	else
	  evaled=sptr->eval(level,contextptr);
	return true;
      }
    case _USER:
      return in_eval_user(*this,evaled,level,contextptr);
    case _MOD:
      return in_eval_mod(*this,evaled,level,contextptr);
    case _FUNC:
      return in_eval_func(*this,&evaled,contextptr);
    default:
      gentypeerr("Eval",evaled) ;
      return false;
    }
    return false;
  }

  polynome apply( const polynome & p, const gen_op & f){
    polynome res(p.dim);
    std::vector< monomial<gen> > :: const_iterator it=p.coord.begin(),itend=p.coord.end();
    res.coord.reserve(itend-it);
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      gen tmp(f(it->value));
      if (!is_zero(tmp,context0))
	res.coord.push_back(monomial<gen>(tmp,it->index));
    }
    return res;
  }

  polynome apply( const polynome & p, const context * contextptr, gen (* f) (const gen &, const context *)){
    polynome res(p.dim);
    std::vector< monomial<gen> > :: const_iterator it=p.coord.begin(),itend=p.coord.end();
    res.coord.reserve(itend-it);
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      gen tmp(f(it->value,contextptr));
      if (!is_zero(tmp,contextptr))
	res.coord.push_back(monomial<gen>(tmp,it->index));
    }
    return res;
  }

  static gen set_precision(const gen & g,int nbits){
    if (nbits<45)
      return evalf_double(g,1,context0);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return real_object(g,nbits);
#else
    gen tmp=evalf_double(g,1,context0);
    gen G=g;
    if (tmp.type==_DOUBLE_ && tmp._DOUBLE_val!=0)
      round2(G,int(nbits-std::log(absdouble(tmp._DOUBLE_val))/std::log(2.0)));
    return evalf_double(G,1,context0);
#endif
  }

  gen accurate_evalf(const gen & g,int nbits){
    if (g.type==_FRAC && g._FRACptr->num.type==_VECT)
      return inv(accurate_evalf(g._FRACptr->den,nbits),context0)*accurate_evalf(g._FRACptr->num,nbits);
    if (g.type==_VECT)
      return gen(accurate_evalf(*g._VECTptr,nbits),g.subtype);
    gen r,i;reim(g,r,i,context0); // only called for numeric values
    if (is_zero(i,context0))
      return set_precision(r,nbits);
    else
      return gen(set_precision(r,nbits),set_precision(i,nbits));
  }

  vecteur accurate_evalf(const vecteur & v,int nbits){
    vecteur res(v);
    iterateur it=res.begin(),itend=res.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it)
      *it = accurate_evalf(*it,nbits);
    return res;
  }

  gen evalf(const gen & e,int level,const context * contextptr){
    return e.evalf(level,contextptr);
  }

  gen no_context_evalf(const gen & e){
    gen tmp;
    if (has_evalf(e,tmp,1,context0))
      return tmp;
    else
      return e;
  }

  static const double double0_15[]={0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,9.0,10.0,11.0,12.0,13.0,14.0,15.0};
  static double _int2double(unsigned i){
    if (i<16)
      return double0_15[i];
    else
      return _int2double(i/16)*16.0+double0_15[i%16];
  }
  // double(int) does not seem to work under GNUWINCE
  double int2double(int i){
    if (i<0)
      return -_int2double(-i);
    else
      return _int2double(i);
  }


  gen gen::evalf(int level,const context * contextptr) const{
    // CERR << "evalf " << *this << " " << level << '\n';
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    if (level==0)
      return *this;
    gen evaled;
    if (in_evalf(level,evaled,contextptr))
      return evaled;
    else
      return *this;
  }

  gen m_pi(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    int nbits=digits2bits(decimal_digits(contextptr));
    return m_pi(nbits);
  }

  gen m_pi(int nbits){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    if (nbits>48){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
      int locked=pthread_mutex_lock(&mpfr_mutex);
#else // HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
      int locked=0;
#endif
      if (!locked)
	mpfr_set_default_prec(nbits);
      mpfr_t pi;
      mpfr_init(pi);
      mpfr_const_pi(pi,MPFR_RNDN);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
      if (!locked)
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&mpfr_mutex);
#endif
      gen res=real_object(pi);
      mpfr_clear(pi);
      return res;
    }
#endif
#if 0 // def BCD
    return fpi();
#else
    return M_PI;
#endif
  }

  gen m_gamma(int nbits){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    if (nbits>15){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
      int locked=pthread_mutex_lock(&mpfr_mutex);
#else // HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
      int locked=0;
#endif
      if (!locked)
	mpfr_set_default_prec(nbits);
      mpfr_t euler_gamma;
      mpfr_init(euler_gamma);
      mpfr_const_euler(euler_gamma,MPFR_RNDN);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
      if (!locked)
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&mpfr_mutex);
#endif
      gen res=real_object(euler_gamma);
      mpfr_clear(euler_gamma);
      return res;
    }
#endif
    return .577215664901533;
  }

  gen m_gamma(GIAC_CONTEXT){
    int nbits=digits2bits(decimal_digits(contextptr));
    return m_gamma(nbits);
  }

  static bool approx_pnt(int level,const gen & g,gen & evaled,const context * contextptr){
    vecteur v=*g._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
    if (!v[0].in_evalf(level,evaled,contextptr))
      return false;
    v[0]=evaled;
    evaled=symbolic(at_pnt,gen(v,g._SYMBptr->feuille.subtype));
    return true;
  }

  static bool has_evalf(const identificateur & g,int subtype,gen & res,int level,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (strcmp(g.id_name,string_pi)==0){
      res=m_pi(contextptr);
      return true;
    }
    gen tmp=g;
    tmp.subtype=subtype;
    tmp=tmp.evalf(level,contextptr);
    if (tmp.type==_IDNT || tmp.type==_SYMB)
      return false;
    return has_evalf(tmp,res,0,contextptr);
  }

  bool has_evalf(const gen & g,gen & res,int level,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    switch (g.type){
    case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _REAL:
      res=g;
      return true;
    case _INT_: case _ZINT: case _CPLX:
      res=evalf(g,1,contextptr);
      return true;
    case _IDNT:
      return has_evalf(*g._IDNTptr,g.subtype,res,level,contextptr);
    case _SYMB:
      if (has_evalf(g._SYMBptr->feuille,res,level,contextptr)){
	res=g._SYMBptr->sommet(res,contextptr);
	if (res.type==_INT_ || res.type==_ZINT)
	  res=evalf(res,1,contextptr);
	return res.type==_DOUBLE_ || res.type==_FLOAT_ || res.type==_CPLX || res.type==_REAL;
      }
      else
	return false;
    }
    if (g.type==_EXT){
      gen a,b;
      if (has_evalf(*g._EXTptr,a,level,contextptr) && has_evalf(*(g._EXTptr+1),b,level,contextptr)){
	a=alg_evalf(a,b,contextptr);
	return a.type==_EXT?false:has_evalf(a,res,level,contextptr);
      }
      return false;
    }
    if (g.type==_FRAC){
      if (is_cinteger(g._FRACptr->num) && is_cinteger(g._FRACptr->den)){
	return g.in_evalf(1,res,contextptr);
      }
      gen num,den;
      if (has_evalf(g._FRACptr->num,num,level,contextptr) && has_evalf(g._FRACptr->den,den,level,contextptr)){
	res=num/den;
	return true;
      }
      else
	return false;
    }
    if (g.type!=_VECT)
      return false;
    if (g.subtype==_ASSUME__VECT && !g._VECTptr->empty()){
      res=g._VECTptr->back();
      return true;
    }
    vecteur v;
    const_iterateur it=g._VECTptr->begin(),itend=g._VECTptr->end();
    v.reserve(itend-it);
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      if (!has_evalf(*it,res,level,contextptr))
	return false;
      v.push_back(res);
    }
    res=gen(v,g.subtype);
    return true;
  }

  bool gen::in_evalf(int level,gen & evaled,const context * contextptr) const{
    if (!level)
      return false;
    switch (type) {
    case _REAL:
#if 0 // ndef NO_RTTI  // infinite recursion with has_evalf and real intervals
      if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(_REALptr)){
	evaled=real_object(ptr->inf);
	return true;
      }
#endif
      return false;
    case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _STRNG: case _MAP: case _EQW: case _GROB: case _POINTER_:
      return false;
    case _INT_:
      if (subtype)
	return false;
      if (decimal_digits(contextptr)>14){
	evaled=real_object(*this,digits2bits(decimal_digits(contextptr)));
	return true;
      }
#if 0 // def BCD
      evaled=giac_float(val);
#else
      evaled=int2double(val);
#endif
      return true;
    case _ZINT:
#if 0 // def BCD
      evaled=giac_float(_ZINTptr);
#else
      if (decimal_digits(contextptr)>14)
	evaled=real_object(*this,digits2bits(decimal_digits(contextptr)));
      else
	evaled=mpz_get_d(*_ZINTptr);
#endif
      return true;
    case _CPLX:
      evaled=gen(_CPLXptr->evalf(level,contextptr),(_CPLXptr+1)->evalf(level,contextptr));
      return true;
    case _USER:
      evaled=_USERptr->evalf(level,contextptr);
      return true;
    case _IDNT:
      if (strcmp(_IDNTptr->id_name,string_pi)==0){
	evaled=m_pi(contextptr);
	return true;
      }
      if (strcmp(_IDNTptr->id_name,string_euler_gamma)==0){
	evaled=m_gamma(contextptr);
	return true;
      }
      if (!contextptr && subtype==_GLOBAL__EVAL)
	evaled=global_evalf(*_IDNTptr,level-1);
      else {
	if (!_IDNTptr->in_eval(level-1,*this,evaled,contextptr))
	  return false;
      }
      return check_not_assume(*this,evaled,true,contextptr);
    case _VECT:
      evaled=evalf_VECT(*_VECTptr,subtype,level,contextptr);
      return true;
    case _SYMB:
      if (subtype==_SPREAD__SYMB)
	return false;
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_pow && _SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back().type==_INT_){
	evaled=pow(_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front().evalf(level,contextptr),_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back(),contextptr);
	return true;
      }
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_integrate || (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_int && xcas_mode(contextptr)!=3)){
	evaled=_gaussquad(_SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr); // FIXME: take care of precision (romberg if >14 digits?)
	return true;
      }
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_rootof){
	evaled=approx_rootof(_SYMBptr->feuille.evalf(level,contextptr),contextptr);
	return true;
      }
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_cell)
	return false;
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_pnt && _SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && !_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->empty())
	return approx_pnt(level,*this,evaled,contextptr);
      evaled=_SYMBptr->evalf(level,contextptr);
      return true;
    case _FRAC:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      if (decimal_digits(contextptr)>14)
	evaled=rdiv(_FRACptr->num.evalf(level,contextptr),_FRACptr->den.evalf(level,contextptr),contextptr);
      else
#endif
	{
	  if (is_zero(_FRACptr->num.im(contextptr)) && is_zero(_FRACptr->den.im(contextptr)))
	    evaled=evalf_FRAC(*_FRACptr,contextptr);
	  else
	    evaled=re(contextptr).evalf(1,contextptr)+cst_i*im(contextptr).evalf(1,contextptr);
	}
      return true;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      if (decimal_digits(contextptr)<=14)
	evaled=set_precision(re(contextptr),60).evalf_double(1,contextptr)+cst_i*set_precision(im(contextptr),60).evalf_double(1,contextptr);
      else
#endif
	evaled=rdiv(_FRACptr->num.evalf(level,contextptr),_FRACptr->den.evalf(level,contextptr),contextptr);
      return true;
    case _FUNC:
      return in_eval_func(*this,&evaled,contextptr);
    case _MOD: case _ROOT:
      return false; // replace in RPN mode
    case _EXT:
      evaled=alg_evalf(_EXTptr->eval(level,contextptr),(_EXTptr+1)->eval(level,contextptr),contextptr);
      return true;
    case _POLY:
      evaled=apply(*_POLYptr,no_context_evalf);
      return true;
    default:
      evaled=gentypeerr(gettext("Evalf")) ;
      return false;
    }
    return false;
  }

  gen real2int(const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (g.type==_REAL){
      if (is_strictly_positive(-g,contextptr))
	return -real2int(-g,contextptr);
      if (is_zero(g))
	return 0;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      ref_mpz_t * m=new ref_mpz_t;
      int n=int(mpfr_get_z_exp(m->z,g._REALptr->inf));
      gen res(m->z);
      if (n>=0)
	return res*pow(plus_two,gen(n),contextptr);
      return _iquo(makesequence(res,pow(plus_two,gen(-n),contextptr)),contextptr);
#else
      return g;
#endif
    }
    if (g.type!=_VECT)
      return g;
    return apply(g,real2int,contextptr);
  }

  gen real2double(const gen & g){
    if (g.type==_REAL)
      return g._REALptr->evalf_double();
    if (g.type==_FLOAT_)
      return get_double(g._FLOAT_val);
    if (g.type!=_VECT)
      return g;
    return apply(g,real2double);
  }

  gen gen::evalf_double(int level,const context * contextptr) const{
    if (type==_DOUBLE_)
      return *this;
    if (type==_INT_ && subtype==_INT_BOOLEAN)
      return double(val);
    gen g;
    if (has_evalf(*this,g,level,contextptr)){
      if (g.type==_CPLX)
	return gen(real2double(*g._CPLXptr),real2double(*(g._CPLXptr+1)));
      else
	return real2double(g);
    }
    else
      return *this;
  }

  gen evalf2double_nock(const gen & g0,int level,const context * contextptr){
    if (g0.type==_INT_)
      return double(g0.val);
    if (g0.type==_DOUBLE_)
      return g0;
    if (g0.is_symb_of_sommet(at_program))
      return g0;
    if (g0.type==_FLOAT_ || g0.type==_FRAC || g0.type==_ZINT || g0.type==_REAL)
      return evalf_double(g0,1,contextptr);
    if (storcl_38 && level && g0.type==_IDNT){
      if (!strcmp(g0._IDNTptr->id_name,"pi"))
	return M_PI;
      gen res;
//      if (storcl_38(res,0,g0._IDNTptr->id_name,undef,false,contextptr)) return evalf2double_nock(res,level-1,contextptr);
    }
    if (g0.type==_VECT){
      ref_vecteur *vptr = new_ref_vecteur(*g0._VECTptr);
      iterateur it=vptr->v.begin(),itend=vptr->v.end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it)
	*it=evalf2double_nock(*it,level,contextptr);
      return gen(vptr,g0.subtype);
    }
    if (is_inf(g0)||is_undef(g0))
      return g0;
    if (g0.type==_SYMB){
      unary_function_ptr & s =g0._SYMBptr->sommet;
      gen f =g0._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (s==at_integrate && f._VECTptr->size()==4)
	return _gaussquad(f,contextptr);
      if (f.type==_VECT && !s.quoted()){
	if (s==at_plus){
	  double res(0);
	  gen tmp;
	  iterateur it=f._VECTptr->begin(),itend=f._VECTptr->end();
	  for (;it!=itend;++it){
	    tmp=evalf2double_nock(*it,level,contextptr);
	    if (tmp.type!=_DOUBLE_)
	      break;
	    res=res+tmp._DOUBLE_val;
	  }
	  if (it==itend)
	    return res;
	}
	if (s==at_prod){
	  double res(1);
	  gen tmp;
	  iterateur it=f._VECTptr->begin(),itend=f._VECTptr->end();
	  for (;it!=itend;++it){
	    tmp=evalf2double_nock(*it,level,contextptr);
	    if (tmp.type!=_DOUBLE_)
	      break;
	    res=res*tmp._DOUBLE_val;
	  }
	  if (it==itend)
	    return res;
	}
	if (f._VECTptr->size()==2){
	  gen tmp1=evalf2double_nock(f._VECTptr->front(),level,contextptr);
	  gen tmp2=f._VECTptr->back();
	  if (tmp1.type==_DOUBLE_ && tmp2.type==_INT_ && s==at_pow)
	    return std::pow(tmp1._DOUBLE_val,double(tmp2.val));
	  tmp2=evalf2double_nock(tmp2,level,contextptr);
	  if (s==at_pow)
	    return pow(tmp1,tmp2,contextptr);
	  if (s==at_division)
	    return rdiv(tmp1,tmp2,contextptr);
	  if (s==at_minus)
	    return operator_minus(tmp1,tmp2,contextptr);
	  tmp1=s(gen(makenewvecteur(tmp1,tmp2),f.subtype),contextptr);
	  if (tmp1.type<_IDNT || tmp1.type==_FRAC)
	    tmp1=evalf2double_nock(tmp1,1,contextptr);
	  return tmp1;
	}
      }
      if (s.quoted()) {
	if (s==at_quote)
	  return f;
	f=s(f,contextptr);
	if (f.type<_IDNT || f.type==_FRAC || (f.type==_SYMB && contains(f,cst_pi)) )
	  f=evalf2double_nock(f,1,contextptr);
	return f;
      }
      f=s(evalf2double_nock(f,level,contextptr),contextptr);
      if (f.type<_IDNT || f.type==_FRAC)
	f=evalf2double_nock(f,1,contextptr);
      return f;
    }
    if (g0.type==_CPLX){
      if (g0._CPLXptr->type==_DOUBLE_ && (g0._CPLXptr+1)->type==_DOUBLE_){
#if 1
	// maybe we should round complex numbers that are close to reals?
	if (fabs((g0._CPLXptr+1)->_DOUBLE_val)<1e-12*fabs(g0._CPLXptr->_DOUBLE_val))
	  return g0._CPLXptr->_DOUBLE_val;
#endif
	return g0;
      }
      return evalf2double_nock(*g0._CPLXptr,1,contextptr)+cst_i*evalf2double_nock(*(g0._CPLXptr+1),1,contextptr);
    }
    gen g=evalf(g0,level,contextptr);
    if (g.type==_FLOAT_)
      return evalf_double(g,1,contextptr);
    if (g.type==_CPLX)
      return evalf2double_nock(*g._CPLXptr,1,contextptr)+cst_i*evalf2double_nock(*(g._CPLXptr+1),1,contextptr);
    return g;
  }


  gen gen::evalf2double(int level,const context * contextptr) const{
    /*
    gen g=evalf(level,contextptr);
    return g.evalf_double(level,contextptr);
    */
    return evalf2double_nock(*this,level,contextptr);
  }

  gen chk_inf_nan(const gen & g0){
    if (g0.type==_FLOAT_){
      if (fis_nan(g0._FLOAT_val))
	return undeferr(gettext("Undefined"));
      if (fis_inf_notmax(g0._FLOAT_val))
	return undeferr(gettext("Infinity error"));
      return g0;
    }
    if (is_undef(g0)){
      if (g0.type==_STRNG)
	return g0;
      if (g0.type==_VECT && !g0._VECTptr->empty())
	return g0._VECTptr->front();
      return undeferr(gettext("Undefined"));
    }
    if (is_inf(g0))
      return undeferr(gettext("Infinity error"));
    return g0;
  }

  gen evalf2bcd_nock(const gen & g0,int level,const context * contextptr){
    if (g0.type==_FLOAT_)
      return g0;
    if (g0.type==_FRAC)
      return evalf_FRAC(*g0._FRACptr,contextptr);
    if (g0.type==_INT_)
      return giac_float(g0.val);
    // FIXME _ZINT should be converted without being evalf-ed to double
#ifdef BCD
    if (g0.type==_ZINT)
      return giac_float(g0._ZINTptr);
#endif
    if (storcl_38 && level && g0.type==_IDNT){
#ifdef BCD
      if (!strcmp(g0._IDNTptr->id_name,"pi"))
	return fpi();
#endif
      gen res;
      if (storcl_38(res,0,g0._IDNTptr->id_name,undef,false,contextptr,NULL,false))
	return evalf2bcd_nock(res,level-1,contextptr);
    }
    if (g0.type==_VECT){
      ref_vecteur *vptr = new_ref_vecteur(*g0._VECTptr);
      iterateur it=vptr->v.begin(),itend=vptr->v.end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it)
	*it=evalf2bcd_nock(*it,level,contextptr);
      return gen(vptr,g0.subtype);
    }
    if (is_inf(g0)||is_undef(g0))
      return g0;
    if (g0.type==_SYMB){
      /*
      if (g0._SYMBptr->sommet==at_unit){
	gen f = g0._SYMBptr->feuille;
	if (f.type==_VECT && f._VECTptr->size()==2){
	  f=gen(makevecteur(evalf2bcd_nock(f._VECTptr->front(),level,contextptr),f._VECTptr->back()),f.subtype);
	  return symbolic(at_unit,f);
	}
	else
	  return g0;
      }
      */
      unary_function_ptr & s =g0._SYMBptr->sommet;
      gen f =g0._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (s==at_integrate && f._VECTptr->size()==4)
	return _gaussquad(f,contextptr);
      if (f.type==_VECT && !s.quoted()){
	if (s==at_plus){
	  giac_float res(0);
	  gen tmp;
	  iterateur it=f._VECTptr->begin(),itend=f._VECTptr->end();
	  for (;it!=itend;++it){
	    tmp=evalf2bcd_nock(*it,level,contextptr);
	    if (tmp.type!=_FLOAT_)
	      break;
	    res=res+tmp._FLOAT_val;
	  }
	  if (it==itend)
	    return res;
	}
	if (s==at_prod){
	  giac_float res(1);
	  gen tmp;
	  iterateur it=f._VECTptr->begin(),itend=f._VECTptr->end();
	  for (;it!=itend;++it){
	    tmp=evalf2bcd_nock(*it,level,contextptr);
	    if (tmp.type!=_FLOAT_)
	      break;
	    res=res*tmp._FLOAT_val;
	  }
	  if (it==itend)
	    return res;
	}
	if (f._VECTptr->size()==2){
	  gen tmp1=evalf2bcd_nock(f._VECTptr->front(),level,contextptr);
	  gen tmp2=f._VECTptr->back();
	  if (tmp1.type==_FLOAT_ && tmp2.type==_INT_ && s==at_pow)
	    return fpow(tmp1._FLOAT_val,giac_float(tmp2.val));
	  tmp2=evalf2bcd_nock(tmp2,level,contextptr);
	  if (s==at_pow)
	    return pow(tmp1,tmp2,contextptr);
	  if (s==at_division)
	    return rdiv(tmp1,tmp2,contextptr);
	  if (s==at_minus)
	    return operator_minus(tmp1,tmp2,contextptr);
	  tmp1=s(gen(makenewvecteur(tmp1,tmp2),f.subtype),contextptr);
	  if (tmp1.type<_IDNT || tmp1.type==_FRAC)
	    tmp1=evalf2bcd_nock(tmp1,1,contextptr);
	  return tmp1;
	}
      }
      if (s.quoted()) {
	if (s==at_quote)
	  return f;
	f=s(f,contextptr);
	if (f.type<_IDNT || f.type==_FRAC)
	  f=evalf2bcd_nock(f,1,contextptr);
	return f;
      }
      f=s(evalf2bcd_nock(f,level,contextptr),contextptr);
      if (f.type<_IDNT || f.type==_FRAC)
	f=evalf2bcd_nock(f,1,contextptr);
      return f;
    }
    if (g0.type==_CPLX){
      if (g0._CPLXptr->type==_FLOAT_ && (g0._CPLXptr+1)->type==_FLOAT_)
	return g0;
      return evalf2bcd_nock(*g0._CPLXptr,1,contextptr)+cst_i*evalf2bcd_nock(*(g0._CPLXptr+1),1,contextptr);
    }
    gen g=evalf(g0,level,contextptr);
    if (g.type==_DOUBLE_)
      return giac_float(g._DOUBLE_val);
    if (g.type==_CPLX)
      return evalf2bcd_nock(*g._CPLXptr,1,contextptr)+cst_i*evalf2bcd_nock(*(g._CPLXptr+1),1,contextptr);
    return g;
  }

  gen evalf2bcd(const gen & g0,int level,const context * contextptr){
    return chk_inf_nan(evalf2bcd_nock(g0,level,contextptr));
  }

  bool poly_is_real(const polynome & p){
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator it=p.coord.begin(),itend=p.coord.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      if (!it->value.is_real(0)) // context is 0 since coeff do not depend on
	return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  bool vect_is_real(const vecteur & v,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      if (!it->is_real(contextptr))
	return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  /* Checking */
  bool gen::is_real(GIAC_CONTEXT) const {
    switch (type) {
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _ZINT: case _REAL:
      return true;
    case _CPLX:
      return (is_zero(*(_CPLXptr+1),contextptr));
    case _POLY:
      return poly_is_real(*_POLYptr);
    case _VECT:
      return vect_is_real(*_VECTptr,contextptr);
    default:
      return is_zero(im(contextptr),contextptr);
    }
  }

  bool gen::is_approx() const {
    switch(type){
    case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _REAL:
      return true;
    case _CPLX:
      return subtype==3 || (_CPLXptr->is_approx() && (_CPLXptr+1)->is_approx());
    case _VECT:
      return has_num_coeff(*this);
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool gen::is_cinteger() const {
    switch (type ) {
    case _INT_: case _ZINT:
      return true;
    case _CPLX:
      return _CPLXptr->is_integer() && (_CPLXptr+1)->is_integer();
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool gen::is_integer() const {
    switch (type ) {
    case _INT_: case _ZINT:
      return true;
    case _CPLX:
      return is_exactly_zero(*(_CPLXptr+1)) && _CPLXptr->is_integer();
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool _VECT_is_constant(const vecteur & v){
      const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it)
          if (!(it->is_constant()))
              return false;
      return true;
  }

  bool gen::is_constant() const {
    switch (type ) {
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _REAL: case _ZINT: case _CPLX:
      return true;
    case _VECT:
      return _VECT_is_constant(*this->_VECTptr);
    case _EXT:
      return _EXTptr->is_constant() && (_EXTptr+1)->is_constant();
    case _POLY:
      return Tis_constant<gen>(*_POLYptr) && _POLYptr->coord.front().value.is_constant();
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool is_atomic(const gen & e){
    return e.type<_POLY || e.type==_FLOAT_ || e.type==_USER;
  }

  static gen giac_conj(const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return conj(g,contextptr);
  }

  static gen giac_re(const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return re(g,contextptr);
  }

  static gen giac_im(const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return im(g,contextptr);
  }

  static vecteur _VECTconj(const vecteur & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    vecteur res;
    vecteur::const_iterator it=a.begin(),itend=a.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it)
      res.push_back(it->conj(contextptr));
    return res;
  }

  // the complex pointed by res is modified despite being declared const
  static gen adjust_complex_display(const gen & res,const gen & a,const gen & b){
    int * target = complex_display_ptr(res);
    int * aptr = complex_display_ptr(a);
    int * bptr = complex_display_ptr(b);
    if (target && aptr && bptr)
      *target = *aptr & *bptr;
    return res;
  }

  // the complex pointed by res is modified despite being declared const
  static gen adjust_complex_display(const gen & res,const gen & a){
    int * target = complex_display_ptr(res);
    int * aptr = complex_display_ptr(a);
    if (target && aptr)
      *target = *aptr ;
    return res;
  }

  // change complex display type (in-place, true if changed, false otherwise)
  // modifies complex, vecteur and symbolics
  int adjust_complex_display(gen & res,int value){
    if (res.type==_CPLX){
      if (value==3)
	return 1;
      res=gen(*res._CPLXptr,*(res._CPLXptr+1));
      int * target = complex_display_ptr(res);
      if (value==2)
	*target = 1 - (*target);
      else
	* target = value;
      return 1;
    }
    if (res.type==_VECT){
      vecteur v(*res._VECTptr);
      int n=int(v.size());
      int r=0;
      for (int i=0;i<n;++i){
        r += adjust_complex_display(v[i],value);
      }
      if (!r || value==3)
	return r;
      res = gen(v,res.subtype);
      return r;
    }
    if (res.type!=_SYMB)
      return 0;
    gen f=res._SYMBptr->feuille;
    int r=adjust_complex_display(f,value);
    if (!r || value==3)
      return r;
    res=symbolic(res._SYMBptr->sommet,f);
    return r;
  }

  gen gen::conj(GIAC_CONTEXT) const {
    switch (type ) {
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _ZINT: case _REAL: case _STRNG:
      return *this;
    case _CPLX:
      return adjust_complex_display(gen(*_CPLXptr,-(*(_CPLXptr+1))),*this);
    case _VECT:
      return gen(_VECTconj(*_VECTptr,contextptr),subtype);
    case _MAP:
      return apply(*this,giac_conj,contextptr);
    case _USER:
      return _USERptr->conj(contextptr);
    case _IDNT:
      if (is_assumed_real(*this,contextptr))
	return *this;
      /* if ( (_IDNTptr->value) && (is_zero(_IDNTptr->value->im(),contextptr)) )
	 return *this; */
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_conj,*this));
    case _SYMB:
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_conj)
	return _SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_re || _SYMBptr->sommet==at_im)
	return *this;
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_polar_complex && _SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && _SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2){
	vecteur v=*_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	v[1]=-v[1];
	return symbolic(at_polar_complex,gen(v,_SEQ__VECT));
      }
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_rootof){
	gen a;
	if (has_evalf(*this,a,1,contextptr) && is_zero(a.im(contextptr),contextptr))
	  return *this;
	if (_SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && _SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2){
	  vecteur tmp=*_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	  if (lidnt(tmp[1]).empty()){
	    vecteur w=*tmp[1]._VECTptr;
	    gen P;
	    if (conj_in_nf(w,P,contextptr)){
	      // P is a rootof such that conj(rootof(w))=P
	      gen c=horner(tmp[0].conj(contextptr),P);
	      c=normal(c,contextptr);
	      return c;
	    }
	  }
	}
      }
      if (equalposcomp(plot_sommets,_SYMBptr->sommet) || equalposcomp(analytic_sommets,_SYMBptr->sommet) || _SYMBptr->sommet==at_surd || _SYMBptr->sommet==at_erf)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(_SYMBptr->sommet,_SYMBptr->feuille.conj(contextptr)));
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_conj,*this));
    case _FRAC:
      return fraction(_FRACptr->num.conj(contextptr),_FRACptr->den.conj(contextptr));
    case _MOD:
      return makemod(_MODptr->conj(contextptr),*(_MODptr+1));
    case _EXT:
      return algebraic_EXTension(_EXTptr->conj(contextptr),*(_EXTptr+1));
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Conj"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  static vecteur _VECTre(const vecteur & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    vecteur res;
    vecteur::const_iterator it=a.begin(),itend=a.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it)
      res.push_back(it->re(contextptr));
    return res;
  }

  vecteur pascal_next_line(const vecteur & v){
    if (v.empty())
      return vecteur(1,plus_one);
    const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
    gen current(*it);
    vecteur w;
    w.reserve(itend-it+1);
    w.push_back(current);
    for (++it;it!=itend;++it){
      w.push_back(*it+current);
      current=*it;
    }
    w.push_back(plus_one);
    return w;
  }

  vecteur pascal_nth_line(int n){
    n=absint(n);
    vecteur v(1,plus_one);
    for (int i=0;i<n;++i)
      v=pascal_next_line(v);
    return v;
  }

  static gen algtrim(const gen & g){
    if (g.type!=_VECT)
      return g;
    vecteur tmp=trim(*g._VECTptr,0);
    if (tmp.empty())
      return zero;
    if (tmp.size()==1)
      return tmp.front();
    return tmp;
  }

  static void symb_reim(const symbolic & s,gen & r,gen & i,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    unary_function_ptr u=s.sommet;
    gen f=s.feuille;
    if ( (u==at_re) || (u==at_im) || (u==at_abs) || (u==at_surd) || (u==at_NTHROOT) || (u==at_innertln)){
      r=s;
      i=0;
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_conj){
      reim(f,r,i,contextptr);
      i=-i;
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_plus){
      reim(f,r,i,contextptr);
      r=_plus(r,contextptr);
      i=_plus(i,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_neg){
      reim(f,r,i,contextptr);
      r=-r;
      i=-i;
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_polar_complex && f.type==_VECT && f._VECTptr->size()==2){
      i=f._VECTptr->back();
      f=f._VECTptr->front();
      r=f*cos(i,contextptr);
      i=f*sin(i,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_division){
      reim(f[0]*inv(f[1],contextptr),r,i,contextptr);
      return ;
    }
    if (u==at_sqrt){
      reim(pow(f,plus_one_half,contextptr),r,i,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_prod){
      if (f.type!=_VECT){
	reim(f,r,i,contextptr);
	return;
      }
      vecteur v(*f._VECTptr);
      if (v.empty()){
	r=plus_one;
	i=0;
	return;
      }
      if (v.size()==1){
	reim(v.front(),r,i,contextptr);
	return;
      }
      // cut v in 2 parts and recursive call
      // re(a*b)=re(a)*re(b)-im(a)*im(b)
      const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
      const_iterateur itm=it+(itend-it+1)/2;
      gen a(new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(u,vecteur(it,itm))));
      gen b(new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(u,vecteur(itm,itend))));
      gen ra,rb,ia,ib;
      reim(a,ra,ia,contextptr);
      reim(b,rb,ib,contextptr);
      r=ra*rb-ia*ib;
      i=ra*ib+ia*rb;
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_surd && is_integer(f._VECTptr->back())){
      reim(f._VECTptr->front(),r,i,contextptr);
      if (is_zero(i,contextptr)){
	r=_surd(makesequence(r,f._VECTptr->back()),contextptr);
	return;
      }
    }
    if (u==at_derive && f.type==_VECT && !f._VECTptr->empty()){
      vecteur v=*f._VECTptr;
      reim(v.front(),r,i,contextptr);
      v.front()=r;
      r=symbolic(at_derive,gen(v,f.subtype));
      if (is_zero(i))
	return;
      v.front()=i;
      i=symbolic(at_derive,gen(v,f.subtype));
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_pow){
      gen e=f._VECTptr->front(),expo=f._VECTptr->back();
      if (expo.type==_INT_){
	int n=expo.val;
	if (n==0){
	  r=1;
	  i=0;
	  return;
	}
	reim(e,r,i,contextptr);
	if (n==1)
	  return ;
	if (is_zero(i,contextptr)){
	  r=pow(r,n);
	  return;
	}
	if (is_zero(r,contextptr)){
	  if (n%2){
	    r=zero;
	    i=pow(i,n);
	    if (n%4==3)
	      i=-i;
	    return;
	  }
	  r=pow(i,n);
	  i=0;
	  if (n%4==2)
	    r=-r;
	  return;
	}
	bool n_pos=(n>0);
	if (!n_pos){
	  reim(inv(pow(e,-n),contextptr),r,i,contextptr);
	  return;
	}
	vecteur v=pascal_nth_line(n);
	vecteur sommer,sommei;
	gen signer=1;
	const_iterateur it=v.begin();
	for (int j=0;j<=n;j+=2){
	  sommer.push_back(signer*(*it)*pow(r,n-j)*pow(i,j));
	  ++it;
	  ++it;
	  signer=-signer;
	}
	it=v.begin();
	gen signei=1;
	++it;
	for (int j=1;j<=n;j+=2){
	  sommei.push_back(signei*(*it)*pow(r,n-j)*pow(i,j));
	  ++it;
	  ++it;
	  signei=-signei;
	}
	r=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,sommer));
	i=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,sommei));
	return ;
      } // end integer exponent
      if ( is_zero(im(expo,contextptr),contextptr) && is_zero(im(e,contextptr),contextptr) ){
	if (!is_integer(expo) && is_positive(-e,contextptr)){
	  r=pow(-e,expo,contextptr)*cos(cst_pi*expo,contextptr);
	  i=pow(-e,expo,contextptr)*sin(cst_pi*expo,contextptr);
	}
	else {
	  r=s;
	  i=0;
	}
	return;
      }
      if (is_zero(im(expo,contextptr),contextptr)){
	reim(e,r,i,contextptr);
	gen abse=normal(pow(r,2,contextptr)+pow(i,2,contextptr),contextptr);
	gen arge=arg(e,contextptr);
	arge=expo*arge;
	abse=sqrt(abse,contextptr);
	abse=pow(abse,expo,contextptr);
	r=abse*cos(arge,contextptr);
	i=abse*sin(arge,contextptr);
	return;
      }
    }
    if (u==at_rootof && f.type==_VECT && f._VECTptr->size()==2){
      vecteur tmp=*f._VECTptr;
      // check that the rootof is really real
      if (tmp[1].type==_VECT){
	int nrealposroot=1;
	if (lidnt(tmp[1]).empty()){
	  vecteur w=*tmp[1]._VECTptr;
	  gen pol(symb_horner(w,vx_var));
	  nrealposroot=sturmab(pol,vx_var,0,plus_inf,contextptr);
	  if (nrealposroot==0 && is_zero(im(tmp[1],contextptr))){
	    // complex, perhaps the conjugate is in the same nf
	    gen P;
	    if (conj_in_nf(w,P,contextptr)){
	      // P is a rootof such that conj(rootof(w))=P
	      gen c=horner(conj(tmp[0],contextptr),P);
	      r=normal((s+c)/2,contextptr);
	      i=normal((s-c)/2/cst_i,contextptr);
	      return;
	    }
	  }
	}
	if (nrealposroot>0){
	  reim(tmp[0],r,i,contextptr);
	  r=algtrim(r);
	  if (r.type==_VECT){
	    tmp[0]=r;
	    r=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(u,gen(tmp,f.subtype)));
	  }
	  i=algtrim(i);
	  if (i.type==_VECT){
	    tmp[0]=i;
	    i=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(u,gen(tmp,f.subtype)));
	  }
	  return;
	}
      }
    }
    gen ref,imf;
    if (u==at_integrate){
      if (f.type!=_VECT){
	reim(f,ref,imf,contextptr);
	r=symbolic(at_integrate,ref);
	i=is_exactly_zero(imf)?zero:symbolic(at_integrate,imf);
	return;
      }
      vecteur v=*f._VECTptr;
      if (v.size()<=2 || (v.size()>=4 && is_exactly_zero(im(v[2],contextptr)) && is_exactly_zero(im(v[3],contextptr)))){
	f=v[0];
	reim(f,ref,imf,contextptr);
	v[0]=ref;
	r=is_exactly_zero(ref)?zero:symbolic(at_integrate,gen(v,_SEQ__VECT));
	v[0]=imf;
	i=is_exactly_zero(imf)?zero:symbolic(at_integrate,gen(v,_SEQ__VECT));
	return;
      }
    }
    reim(f,ref,imf,contextptr);
    if (is_zero(imf,contextptr) && equalposcomp(reim_op,u)){
      r=s; i=0; return;
    }
    if (u==at_ln){ // FIXME?? might recurse
      if (do_lnabs(contextptr)){
	r=ln(abs(f,contextptr),contextptr);
	i=arg(f,contextptr);
      }
      else {
	r=s; i=0;
      }
      return ;
    }
    if (u==at_tan){
      reim(rdiv(sin(f,contextptr),cos(f,contextptr),contextptr),r,i,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_tanh){
      reim(rdiv(sinh(f,contextptr),cosh(f,contextptr),contextptr),r,i,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if ((u==at_asin || u==at_acos) && is_zero(imf,contextptr) && is_greater(1,f,contextptr) && is_greater(f,-1,contextptr)){
      r=s; i=0; return;
    }
    if (u==at_inv){
      gen tmp=inv(pow(ref,2)+pow(imf,2),contextptr);
      r=ref*tmp;
      i=-imf*tmp;
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_exp) {
      // FIXME?? exp might recurse
      r=exp(ref,contextptr)*cos(imf,contextptr);
      i=exp(ref,contextptr)*sin(imf,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_cos){
      r=cosh(imf,contextptr)*cos(ref,contextptr);
      i=-sinh(imf,contextptr)*sin(ref,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_sin){
      r=cosh(imf,contextptr)*sin(ref,contextptr);
      i=sinh(imf,contextptr)*cos(ref,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_cosh){
      r=cos(imf,contextptr)*cosh(ref,contextptr);
      i=sin(imf,contextptr)*sinh(ref,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_sinh){
      r=cos(imf,contextptr)*sinh(ref,contextptr);
      i=sin(imf,contextptr)*cosh(ref,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_floor || u==at_ceil || u==at_round){
      r=u(ref,contextptr);
      i=u(imf,contextptr);
      return;
    }
    if (u==at_Si && is_zero(imf)){
      r=_Si(ref,contextptr); return;
    }
    if (u==at_Ei && is_zero(imf)){
      r=_Ei(ref,contextptr); return;
    }
    if (u==at_Ci && is_zero(imf) && is_greater(ref,0,contextptr)){
      r=_Ci(ref,contextptr); return;
    }
    if (u==at_erf){ // works for analytic functions
      gen conjf=symbolic(u,ref-cst_i*imf);
      r=(s+conjf)/2;
      i=-cst_i*(s-conjf)/2;
      return;
    }
    r=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_re,gen(s)));
    i=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_im,gen(s)));
  }

  static void reim_poly(const polynome & p,gen & r,gen & i,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    polynome R(p.dim),I(p.dim);
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator it=p.coord.begin(),itend=p.coord.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      reim(it->value,r,i,contextptr);
      if (!is_zero(r,contextptr))
	R.coord.push_back(monomial<gen>(r,it->index));
      if (!is_zero(i,contextptr))
	I.coord.push_back(monomial<gen>(i,it->index));
    }
    r=R;
    i=I;
  }

  static void reim_vect(const vecteur & v,gen & r,gen & i,int subtype,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
    vecteur R,I;
    R.reserve(itend-it);
    I.reserve(itend-it);
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      reim(*it,r,i,contextptr);
      R.push_back(r);
      I.push_back(i);
    }
    if (subtype==_POLY1__VECT){
      R=trim(R,0);
      I=trim(I,0);
    }
    r=gen(R,subtype);
    i=gen(I,subtype);
  }

  static void reim_spol(const sparse_poly1 & p,gen & r,gen & i,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    sparse_poly1 R,I;
    sparse_poly1::const_iterator it=p.begin(),itend=p.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      reim(it->coeff,r,i,contextptr);
      if (!is_zero(r,contextptr))
	R.push_back(monome(r,it->exponent));
      if (!is_zero(i,contextptr))
	I.push_back(monome(i,it->exponent));
    }
    r=R;
    i=I;
  }

  static gen frac_reim(const gen & n,const gen & d,bool findre,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen dbar(conj(d,contextptr)),tmp(n*dbar);
    tmp=findre?re(tmp,contextptr):im(tmp,contextptr);
    return tmp/(d*dbar);
  }

  // compute simultaneously real and imaginary part
  void reim(const gen & g,gen & r,gen & i,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    switch (g.type ) {
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _ZINT: case _REAL: case _STRNG:
      r=g;
      i=0;
      break;
    case _CPLX:
      r=*g._CPLXptr;
      i=*(g._CPLXptr+1);
      break;
    case _VECT:
      reim_vect(*g._VECTptr,r,i,g.subtype,contextptr);
      break;
    case _IDNT:
      if (is_assumed_real(g,contextptr)){
	r=g;
	i=0;
      }
      else {
	r=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_re,g));
	i=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_im,g));
      }
      break;
    case _SYMB:
      if (equalposcomp(plot_sommets,g._SYMBptr->sommet)){
	reim(g._SYMBptr->feuille,r,i,contextptr);
	r=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(g._SYMBptr->sommet,r));
	i=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(g._SYMBptr->sommet,i));
      }
      else {
	if (expand_re_im(contextptr))
	  symb_reim(*g._SYMBptr,r,i,contextptr);
	else {
	  r=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_re,g));
	  i=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_im,g));
	}
      }
      break;
    case _USER:
      r=g._USERptr->re(contextptr);
      i=g._USERptr->im(contextptr);
      break;
    case _FRAC:
      r=frac_reim(g._FRACptr->num,g._FRACptr->den,true,contextptr);
      i=frac_reim(g._FRACptr->num,g._FRACptr->den,false,contextptr);
      break;
    case _MOD:
      reim(*g._MODptr,r,i,contextptr);
      r=makemod(r,*(g._MODptr+1));
      i=makemod(i,*(g._MODptr+1));
      break;
    case _EXT:
      reim(*g._EXTptr,r,i,contextptr);
      r=algebraic_EXTension(r,*(g._EXTptr+1));
      i=algebraic_EXTension(i,*(g._EXTptr+1));
      break;
    case _POLY:
      reim_poly(*g._POLYptr,r,i,contextptr);
      break;
    case _SPOL1:
      reim_spol(*g._SPOL1ptr,r,i,contextptr);
      break;
    default:
      r=gentypeerr(gettext("reim"));
      i=r;
    }
  }

  static gen symb_re(const symbolic & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    unary_function_ptr u=s.sommet;
    gen f=s.feuille;
    if ( (u==at_re) || (u==at_im) || (u==at_abs) )// re(re), re(im), re(abs)
      return s;
    if (u==at_conj)
      return re(f,contextptr);
    if (u==at_plus)
      return _plus(re(f,contextptr),contextptr);
    if (u==at_neg)
      return -re(f,contextptr);
    if (u==at_pow){
      gen e=f._VECTptr->front(),expo=f._VECTptr->back();
      if (expo.type==_INT_){
	int n=expo.val;
	if (n==0)
	  return plus_one;
	// ? compute conj and use 1/2*(z+-zbar)?
	gen r=re(e,contextptr);
	if (n==1)
	  return r;
	gen i=im(e,contextptr);
	if (n==2)
	  return pow(r,2)-pow(i,2);
	if (is_zero(i,contextptr))
	  return pow(r,n);
	if (is_zero(r,contextptr)){
	  if (n%2)
	    return zero;
	  if (n%4==2)
	    return -pow(i,n);
	  else
	    return pow(i,n);
	}
	bool n_pos=(n>0);
	if (!n_pos)
	  return re(inv(pow(e,-n),contextptr),contextptr);
	vecteur v=pascal_nth_line(n);
	vecteur somme;
	gen signe=plus_one;
	const_iterateur it=v.begin(); //,itend=v.end();
	for (int j=0;j<=n;j+=2){
	  somme.push_back(signe*(*it)*pow(r,n-j)*pow(i,j));
	  ++it;
	  ++it;
	  signe=-signe;
	}
	gen res=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,somme));
	return res;
      } // end integer exponent
      if ( is_zero(im(expo,contextptr),contextptr) && is_zero(im(e,contextptr),contextptr) ){
	gen sgn=atan_tan_no_floor(contextptr)?1:sign(e,contextptr); // workaround for int(sqrt(x+sqrt(x)))
	if (!is_integer(expo)){
	  if (sgn==-1)
	    return pow(-e,expo,contextptr)*cos(cst_pi*expo,contextptr);
	  if (sgn!=1)
	    return symbolic(at_re,s);
	}
	return s;
      }
    }
    if (u==at_ln) // FIXME?? might recurse
      return ln(abs(f,contextptr),contextptr);
    gen r,i;
    symb_reim(s,r,i,contextptr);
    return r;
  }

  gen no_context_re(const gen & a){
    return re(a,context0);
  }

  gen no_context_im(const gen & a){
    return im(a,context0);
  }

  gen no_context_conj(const gen & a){
    return conj(a,context0);
  }

  gen gen::re(GIAC_CONTEXT) const {
    switch (type ) {
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _ZINT: case _REAL: case _STRNG:
      return *this;
    case _CPLX:
      return *_CPLXptr;
    case _VECT:
      return gen(subtype==_POLY1__VECT?trim(_VECTre(*_VECTptr,contextptr),0):_VECTre(*_VECTptr,contextptr),subtype);
    case _MAP:
      return apply(*this,giac_re,contextptr);
    case _IDNT:
      if (is_assumed_real(*this,contextptr))
	return *this;
      if ( (_IDNTptr->value) && (is_zero(_IDNTptr->value->im(contextptr),contextptr)) )
	return *this;
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_re,*this));
    case _SYMB:
      if (equalposcomp(plot_sommets,_SYMBptr->sommet))
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(_SYMBptr->sommet,_SYMBptr->feuille.re(contextptr)));
      if (expand_re_im(contextptr))
	return symb_re(*_SYMBptr,contextptr);
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_re,*this));
    case _USER:
      return _USERptr->re(contextptr);
    case _FRAC:
      return frac_reim(_FRACptr->num,_FRACptr->den,true,contextptr);
    case _MOD:
      return makemod(_MODptr->re(contextptr),*(_MODptr+1));
    case _EXT:
      return algebraic_EXTension(_EXTptr->re(contextptr),*(_EXTptr+1));
    case _POLY:
      return apply(*_POLYptr,contextptr,giac_re);
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Re"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  static vecteur _VECTim(const vecteur & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    vecteur res;
    vecteur::const_iterator it=a.begin(),itend=a.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it)
      res.push_back(it->im(contextptr));
    return res;
  }

  static gen symb_im(const symbolic & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    unary_function_ptr u=s.sommet;
    gen f=s.feuille;
    if ( (u==at_re) || (u==at_im) || (u==at_abs) )// im of a real
      return zero;
    if (u==at_conj)
      return -im(f,contextptr);
    if (u==at_plus)
      return _plus(im(f,contextptr),contextptr);
    if (u==at_neg)
      return -im(f,contextptr);
    if (u==at_pow){
      gen e=f._VECTptr->front(),expo=f._VECTptr->back();
      if (expo.type==_INT_) {
	// ? compute conj and use 1/2*(z+-zbar)?
	gen r=re(e,contextptr);
	gen i=im(e,contextptr);
	int n=f._VECTptr->back().val;
	if (n==0)
	  return zero;
	if (is_zero(i,contextptr))
	  return zero;
	if (is_zero(r,contextptr)){
	  if (n%2==0)
	    return zero;
	  if (n%4==1)
	    return pow(i,n);
	  else
	    return -pow(i,n);
	}
	bool n_pos=(n>0);
	if (!n_pos)
	  return im(inv(pow(e,-n),contextptr),contextptr);
	vecteur v=pascal_nth_line(n);
	vecteur somme;
	gen signe=plus_one;
	const_iterateur it=v.begin(); // ,itend=v.end();
	++it;
	for (int j=1;j<=n;j+=2){
	  somme.push_back(signe*(*it)*pow(r,n-j)*pow(i,j));
	  ++it;
	  ++it;
	  signe=-signe;
	}
	gen res=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,somme));
	return res;
      } // end integer exponent
      if ( is_zero(im(expo,contextptr),contextptr) && is_zero(im(e,contextptr),contextptr) ){
	// e must also be positive for non-integral power
	if (!is_integer(expo)){
	  gen sgn=atan_tan_no_floor(contextptr)?1:sign(e,contextptr); // workaround for int(sqrt(x+sqrt(x)))
	  if (sgn==-1)
	    return pow(-e,expo,contextptr)*sin(cst_pi*expo,contextptr);
	  if (sgn!=1)
	    return symbolic(at_im,s);
	}
	return zero;
      }
    }
    if (u==at_ln)
      return arg(f,contextptr);
    gen r,i;
    symb_reim(s,r,i,contextptr);
    return i;
  }

  gen gen::im(GIAC_CONTEXT) const {
    switch (type) {
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _ZINT: case _REAL: case _STRNG:
      return 0;
    case _CPLX:
      return *(_CPLXptr+1);
    case _VECT:
      return gen(subtype==_POLY1__VECT?trim(_VECTim(*_VECTptr,contextptr),0):_VECTim(*_VECTptr,contextptr),subtype);
    case _MAP:
      return apply(*this,giac_im,contextptr);
    case _IDNT:
      if (is_inf(*this) || is_undef(*this))
	return undef;
      if (is_assumed_real(*this,contextptr))
	return zero;
      if ( (_IDNTptr->value) && (is_zero(_IDNTptr->value->im(contextptr),contextptr)) )
	return zero;
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_im,*this));
    case _SYMB:
      if (equalposcomp(plot_sommets,_SYMBptr->sommet))
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(_SYMBptr->sommet,_SYMBptr->feuille.im(contextptr)));
      if (expand_re_im(contextptr))
	return symb_im(*_SYMBptr,contextptr);
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_im,*this));
    case _USER:
      return _USERptr->im(contextptr);
    case _FRAC:
      return frac_reim(_FRACptr->num,_FRACptr->den,false,contextptr);
    case _MOD:
      return makemod(_MODptr->im(contextptr),*(_MODptr+1));
    case _EXT:
      return algebraic_EXTension(_EXTptr->im(contextptr),*(_EXTptr+1));
    case _POLY:
      return apply(*_POLYptr,contextptr,giac_im);
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Im"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  static gen _VECTabs(const vecteur & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen res(0);
    vecteur::const_iterator it=a.begin(), itend=a.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      res=max(res,abs(*it,contextptr),contextptr);
    }
    return res;
  }

  static gen real_abs(const gen & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen tmp=evalf_double(s,1,contextptr);
    if (tmp.type==_DOUBLE_){
      if (tmp._DOUBLE_val>epsilon(contextptr))
	return s;
      if (tmp._DOUBLE_val<-epsilon(contextptr))
	return -s;
      if (has_num_coeff(s))
	return 0.0;
      else {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	tmp=accurate_evalf(s,ABS_NBITS_EVALF+10)*pow(2,ABS_NBITS_EVALF,contextptr);
	if (!is_greater(1,abs(tmp,contextptr),contextptr)){
	  if (is_positive(tmp,contextptr))
	    return s;
	  return -s;
	}
#else
	return 0;
#endif
      }
    }
    if (tmp.type==_FLOAT_){
      if (tmp._FLOAT_val>epsilon(contextptr))
	return s;
      if (tmp._FLOAT_val<-epsilon(contextptr))
	return -s;
      return 0.0;
    }
    int j=sturmsign(s,false,contextptr);
    if (!j || j==-2)
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_abs,gen(s)));
    return j*s;
  }

  static gen idnt_abs(const gen & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (is_inf(s))
      return plus_inf;
    if (is_undef(s))
      return s;
    if (!eval_abs(contextptr) || has_num_coeff(s))
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_abs,s));
    gen r,i;
    reim(s,r,i,contextptr);
    if (is_zero(i,contextptr))
      return real_abs(s,contextptr);
    else {
      if (i.type==_SYMB && i._SYMBptr->sommet==at_im && !lop(r,at_re).empty())
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_abs,s));
      gen r2i2=pow(r,2)+pow(i,2);
      if (has_op(r2i2,*at_cos) || has_op(r2i2,*at_sin)){
	r2i2=_tlin(r2i2,contextptr); // _tcollect?
	vecteur l=lvar(r2i2);
	unsigned count=0;
	for (unsigned i=0;i<l.size();++i){
	  if (l[i].is_symb_of_sommet(at_sin) || l[i].is_symb_of_sommet(at_cos))
	    ++count;
	}
	if (count>=2)
	  r2i2=_tcollect(r2i2,contextptr);
      }
      return sqrt(r2i2,contextptr);
    }
  }

  static gen symb_abs(const symbolic & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    unary_function_ptr u=s.sommet;
    gen f=s.feuille;
    if (u==at_abs) // abs(abs)
      return s;
    if (u==at_neg)
      return abs(f,contextptr);
    if (!complex_mode(contextptr)){
      if (u==at_ln)
	return real_abs(s,contextptr);
      if (!has_i(s)){
	if (u==at_exp || ( (u==at_sqrt && is_positive(f,contextptr)) || (u==at_pow && f[1]==plus_one_half && is_positive(f[0],contextptr)) ) )
	  return s;
	// if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1 && u==at_pow && f.type==_VECT && f._VECTptr->size()==2 && f._VECTptr->back()==plus_one_half && is_positive(f[0],contextptr)) return s;
      }
    }
    else {
      if (do_lnabs(contextptr) && u==at_ln)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_abs,s));
      if (u==at_exp)
	return exp(re(f,contextptr),contextptr);
    }
    if ( (u==at_pow) && (is_zero(im(f._VECTptr->back(),contextptr),contextptr))){
      gen fback=f._VECTptr->back();
      if (fback.type==_INT_ && (fback.val % 2==0))
	return pow(abs(f._VECTptr->front(),contextptr),fback,contextptr);
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(u,makesequence(abs(f._VECTptr->front(),contextptr),f._VECTptr->back())));
    }
    if (u==at_inv)
      return inv(abs(f,contextptr),contextptr);
    if (u==at_prod)
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(u,apply(f,contextptr,abs)));
    return idnt_abs(s,contextptr);
  }

  gen abs(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _INT_:
      return(absint(a.val));
    case _ZINT:
      if (mpz_sgn(*a._ZINTptr)<0)
	return(-a);
      else
	return(a);
    case _REAL:
      return a._REALptr->abs();
    case _CPLX:
#ifdef GIAC_HAS_STO_38
      {
        if (a._CPLXptr->type==_FLOAT_ && (a._CPLXptr+1)->type==_FLOAT_)
        {
          HP_gen r;
          cAbs_g(gen2HP(*a._CPLXptr), gen2HP(*(a._CPLXptr+1)), &r);
          return HP2gen(r);
        }
        return sqrt(sq(*a._CPLXptr)+sq(*(a._CPLXptr+1)),contextptr) ;
      }
#else
      if (a.subtype==3){
	gen * aptr=a._CPLXptr;
	double ar=aptr->_DOUBLE_val,ai=(aptr+1)->_DOUBLE_val;
	return gen(std::sqrt(ar*ar+ai*ai));
      }
      return sqrt(sq(*a._CPLXptr)+sq(*(a._CPLXptr+1)),contextptr) ;
#endif
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return fabs(a._DOUBLE_val);
    case _FLOAT_:
      return fabs(a._FLOAT_val);
    case _VECT:
      if (a.subtype==_POINT__VECT || a.subtype==_GGBVECT)
	return _l2norm(a,contextptr);
      return _VECTabs(*a._VECTptr,contextptr);
    case _IDNT:
      return idnt_abs(a,contextptr);
    case _SYMB:
      if (is_equal(a))
	return apply_to_equal(a,abs,contextptr);
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pnt)){
	if (is3d(a))
	  return _l2norm(_coordonnees(a,contextptr),contextptr);
	return abs(_affixe(a,contextptr),contextptr);
      }
      return symb_abs(*a._SYMBptr,contextptr);
    case _USER:
      return a._USERptr->abs(contextptr);
    case _FRAC:
      if (is_integer(a._FRACptr->num) && is_integer(a._FRACptr->den))
	return fraction(abs(a._FRACptr->num,contextptr),abs(a._FRACptr->den,contextptr));
      return rdiv(abs(a._FRACptr->num,contextptr),abs(a._FRACptr->den,contextptr),contextptr);
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Abs"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  gen linfnorm(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){ // L^inf norm is |re|+|im| for a complex
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _INT_:
      return(absint(a.val));
    case _ZINT:
      if (mpz_sgn(*a._ZINTptr)<0)
	return(-a);
      else
	return(a);
    case _CPLX:
      return(abs(*a._CPLXptr,contextptr)+abs(*(a._CPLXptr+1),contextptr)) ;
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return fabs(a._DOUBLE_val);
    case _FLOAT_:
      return fabs(a._FLOAT_val);
    case _FRAC:
      return linfnorm(a._FRACptr->num)/linfnorm(a._FRACptr->den);
    case _VECT:
      return _VECTabs(*a._VECTptr,contextptr);
    case _USER:
      return a._USERptr->abs(contextptr);
    case _IDNT: case _SYMB:
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_abs,a));
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Linfnorm"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  // workaround for intervals
  static bool is_zero_or_contains(const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    return is_zero(g,contextptr);
#else
    if (is_zero(g,contextptr))
      return true;
    if (g.type!=_REAL)
      return false;
    if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(g._REALptr))
      return ptr->maybe_zero();
    return false;
#endif
  }

  gen arg_CPLX(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen realpart=normal(a.re(contextptr),contextptr),
      imagpart=normal(a.im(contextptr),contextptr);
    if (realpart.type==_FLOAT_ && imagpart.type==_FLOAT_){
#ifdef GIAC_HAS_STO_38
      //grad
      return atan2f(realpart._FLOAT_val,imagpart._FLOAT_val,angle_mode(contextptr));
#else
      return atan2f(realpart._FLOAT_val,imagpart._FLOAT_val,angle_radian(contextptr));
#endif
    }
    if (is_zero_or_contains(realpart,contextptr)){
      if (is_zero_or_contains(imagpart,contextptr))
	return undef;
      return (cst_pi_over_2-atan(realpart/imagpart,contextptr))*sign(imagpart,contextptr);
    }
    if (is_zero_or_contains(imagpart,contextptr))
      return (1-sign(realpart,contextptr))*cst_pi_over_2+atan(imagpart/realpart,contextptr);
    if ( (realpart.type==_DOUBLE_ || realpart.type==_FLOAT_) || (imagpart.type==_DOUBLE_ || imagpart.type==_FLOAT_) )
      return eval(atan(rdiv(imagpart,realpart,contextptr),contextptr)+(1-sign(realpart,contextptr))*sign(imagpart,contextptr)*evalf_double(cst_pi_over_2,1,contextptr),1,contextptr);
    else
      return atan(rdiv(imagpart,realpart,contextptr),contextptr)+(1-sign(realpart,contextptr))*sign(imagpart,contextptr)*cst_pi_over_2;
  }

  static gen _VECTarg(const vecteur & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    vecteur res;
    vecteur::const_iterator it=a.begin(), itend=a.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      res.push_back(arg(*it,contextptr));
    }
    return res;
  }

  gen arg(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (a.type==_CPLX && a._CPLXptr->type==_DOUBLE_ && (a._CPLXptr+1)->type==_DOUBLE_)
      return atan2((a._CPLXptr+1)->_DOUBLE_val,a._CPLXptr->_DOUBLE_val);
    if (!angle_radian(contextptr)){
      //grad
      int mode = get_mode_set_radian(contextptr); //get current mode
      gen res=evalf(arg(a,contextptr),1,contextptr);
      angle_mode(mode,contextptr); //set back to either degree or grads
      if(mode == 1) //if was in degrees
        return 180*res/cst_pi;
      else
        return 200 * res / cst_pi;
    }
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow)){
      gen af=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (af.type==_VECT && af._VECTptr->size()==2){
	gen res=im(ln(af._VECTptr->front(),contextptr)*af._VECTptr->back(),contextptr);
	return _smod(makesequence(res,cst_two_pi),contextptr);
      }
    }
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_exp))
      return _smod(makesequence(im(a._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr),cst_two_pi),contextptr);
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod)){
      const gen & af=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (af.type==_VECT){
	const_iterateur it=af._VECTptr->begin(),itend=af._VECTptr->end();
	gen res;
	int nonzero=0;
	for (;it!=itend;++it){
	  gen tmp(arg(*it,contextptr));
	  if (!is_zero(tmp,contextptr)){
	    res += tmp;
	    ++nonzero;
	  }
	}
	if (nonzero>1)
	  return _smod(makesequence(res,cst_two_pi),contextptr);
	return res;
      }
    }
    if (is_equal(a))
      return apply_to_equal(a,arg,contextptr);
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _INT_: case _ZINT: case _FLOAT_: case _REAL:
      if (is_positive(a,contextptr))
	return 0;
      else
	return cst_pi;
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val>=0?0.0:M_PI;
    case _CPLX:
      return arg_CPLX(a,contextptr);
    case _VECT:
      return _VECTarg(*a._VECTptr,contextptr);
    case _IDNT:
    case _SYMB:
      // if ( is_zero(im(a,contextptr),contextptr) || (evalf(a,eval_level(contextptr),contextptr).type==_CPLX) )
	return arg_CPLX(a,contextptr);
	// return new symbolic(at_arg,a);
    case _USER:
      return a._USERptr->arg(contextptr);
    case _FRAC:
      return arg(a._FRACptr->num*conj(a._FRACptr->den,contextptr),contextptr);
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Arg"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  gen gen::squarenorm(GIAC_CONTEXT) const {
    switch (type ) {
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _ZINT: case _REAL:
      return (*this) * (*this);
    case _CPLX:
      return ( (*_CPLXptr)*(*_CPLXptr)+(*(_CPLXptr+1)*(*(_CPLXptr+1))) );
    case _FRAC:
      return fraction(_FRACptr->num.squarenorm(contextptr),_FRACptr->den.squarenorm(contextptr));
    default:
      {
	gen a,b;
	reim(*this,a,b,contextptr);
	return a*a+b*b;
      }
    }
  }

  gen sq(const gen & a){
    return a*a;
  }

  int gen::bindigits() const{
    int res,valeur;
    switch (type ) {
    case _INT_:
      res=0;
      valeur=val;
      for (;valeur;res++)
	valeur = valeur >> 1;
      return res;
    case _ZINT:
      return mpz_sizeinbase(*_ZINTptr,2)+1;
    case _CPLX:
      return giacmax(_CPLXptr->bindigits(),(_CPLXptr+1)->bindigits() ) ;
    default:
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("Bindigits"));
#endif
      return 0;
    }
    return 0;
  }

  static gen addpoly(const gen & th, const gen & other){
    if ((th.type!=_POLY) || (other.type!=_POLY)){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("addpoly"));
#endif
      return gentypeerr(gettext("addpoly"));
    }
    // Tensor addition
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator a=th._POLYptr->coord.begin();
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator a_end=th._POLYptr->coord.end();
    if (a == a_end) {
      return other;
    }
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator b=other._POLYptr->coord.begin();
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator b_end=other._POLYptr->coord.end();
    if (b==b_end){
      return th;
    }
    ref_polynome * resptr=new ref_polynome(th._POLYptr->dim);
    Add_gen(a,a_end,b,b_end,resptr->t.coord,th._POLYptr->is_strictly_greater);
    return resptr;
  }

  polynome addpoly(const polynome & p,const gen & c){
    if (is_exactly_zero(c))
      return p;
    polynome pcopy(p);
    if ( (!p.coord.empty()) && p.coord.back().index.is_zero() ) {
      pcopy.coord.back().value = pcopy.coord.back().value + c;
      if (is_exactly_zero(pcopy.coord.back().value))
	pcopy.coord.pop_back();
    }
    else
      pcopy.coord.push_back(monomial<gen>(c,pcopy.dim));
    return pcopy;
  }

  gen chkmod(const gen& a,const gen & b){
    if  ( (b.type!=_MOD) || ((a.type==_MOD) && (*(a._MODptr+1)==*(b._MODptr+1)) ))
      return a;
    return makemodquoted(a,*(b._MODptr+1));
  }
  gen makemod(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    if (a.type==_VECT)
      return apply1st(a,b,makemod);
    if (a.type==_POLY){
      polynome res(a._POLYptr->dim);
      vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator it=a._POLYptr->coord.begin(),itend=a._POLYptr->coord.end();
      res.coord.reserve(itend-it);
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	gen tmp=makemod(it->value,b);
	if (!is_exactly_zero(tmp))
	  res.coord.push_back(monomial<gen>(tmp,it->index));
      }
      return res;
    }
    if (a.type==_MOD){
      if (is_exactly_zero(b)) // unmodularize
	return *a._MODptr;
      if (*(a._MODptr+1)==b) // avoid e.g. 7 % 5 % 5
	return a;
    }
    if (a.type==_USER)
      return a;
    if (is_exactly_zero(b))
      return a;
    if (a.type==_DOUBLE_ || a.type==_REAL || a.type==_FLOAT_)
      return gensizeerr(context0);
    gen res=makemodquoted(0,0);
    if ( (b.type==_INT_) || (b.type==_ZINT) )
      *res._MODptr=smod(a,b);
    else {
      if (b.type!=_VECT){
	res=0;
#ifdef NO_STDEXCEPT
	return gensizeerr(gettext("Bad mod:")+b.print(context0));
#else
	setsizeerr(gettext("Bad mod:")+b.print(context0));
#endif
      }
      if (a.type==_VECT)
	*res._MODptr=(*a._VECTptr)%(*b._VECTptr);
      else
	*res._MODptr=a;
    }
    *(res._MODptr+1)=b;
    return res;
  }

  gen makemodquoted(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    gen res;
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) &res) = ulonglong(new ref_modulo(a,b)) << 16;
#else
    res.__MODptr=new ref_modulo(a,b);
#endif
    res.type=_MOD;
    return res;
  }

  static gen modadd(const ref_modulo * a,const ref_modulo *b){
    if (a->modulo!=b->modulo){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      setsizeerr(gettext("Mod are different"));
#endif
    }
    return makemod(a->n+b->n,a->modulo);
  }

  static gen modsub(const ref_modulo * a,const ref_modulo *b){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    if (a->modulo!=b->modulo)
      setsizeerr(gettext("Mod are different"));
#endif
    return makemod(a->n-b->n,a->modulo);
  }

  static gen modmul(const ref_modulo * a,const ref_modulo *b){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    if (a->modulo!=b->modulo)
      setsizeerr(gettext("Mod are different"));
#endif
    return makemod(a->n*b->n,a->modulo);
  }

  static gen modinv(const gen & a){
    gen modu=*(a._MODptr+1);
    if ( ( (modu.type==_INT_) || (modu.type==_ZINT) ) &&
	 a._MODptr->is_cinteger() )
      return makemod(invmod(*a._MODptr,modu),modu);
    if (modu.type==_VECT){
      modpoly polya,u,v,d;
      if (a._MODptr->type!=_VECT)
	polya.push_back(*a._MODptr);
      else
	polya=*a._MODptr->_VECTptr;
      egcd(polya,*modu._VECTptr,0,u,v,d);
      if (d.size()!=1){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
	setsizeerr(gettext("Not invertible"));
#endif
	return 0;
      }
      return makemod(u/d.front(),modu);
    }
    return fraction(makemod(plus_one,*(a._MODptr+1)),a);
  }

  // a and b must be dense univariate polynomials
  // WARNING: may modify a in place (suitable inside a += operator)
  static gen addgen_poly(const gen & a,const gen & b,bool inplace=false){
    vecteur & av=*a._VECTptr;
    vecteur & bv=*b._VECTptr;
    if (inplace){
      /*
      int as=av.size(),bs=bv.size();
      if (as<bs)
	av.insert(av.begin(),bs-as,0);
      */
      gen res(a);
      Addmodpoly(av.begin(),av.end(),bv.begin(),bv.end(),0,av);
      return res;
    }
    gen res(vecteur(0), _POLY1__VECT);
    addmodpoly(av,bv,0,*res._VECTptr);
    return res._VECTptr->empty()?0:res;
  }

  gen & operator_plus_eq(gen &a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef EMCC
    a=operator_plus(a,b,contextptr);
    return a;
#endif
    if (a.type==b.type){

      if (a.type==_DOUBLE_){
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
	a._DOUBLE_val += b._DOUBLE_val; return a;
#else
	*((double *) &a) += *((double *) &b);
	a.type = _DOUBLE_;
	return a;
#endif
      }
      if (a.type==_FLOAT_){
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
	a._FLOAT_val += b._FLOAT_val; return a;
#else
	*((giac_float *) &a) += *((giac_float *) &b);
	a.type = _FLOAT_;
	return a;
#endif
      }
      if (a.type==_INT_){
	longlong tmp=((longlong) a.val+b.val);
	a.val=(int)tmp;
	if (a.val==tmp)
	  return a;
	return a=tmp;
      }
      if (a.type==_ZINT && a.ref_count()==1){
	mpz_t * ptr=a._ZINTptr;
	mpz_add(*ptr,*ptr,*b._ZINTptr);
	if (mpz_sizeinbase(*ptr,2)<32){
	  return a=mpz_get_si(*ptr);
	}
	return a;
      }
      if (a.type==_VECT && a.subtype==_POLY1__VECT && a.ref_count()==1){
	if (addgen_poly(a,b,true)._VECTptr->empty())
	  a=0;
	return a;
      }
    }
    if (a.type==_ZINT && b.type==_INT_ && a.ref_count()==1){
      mpz_t * ptr=a._ZINTptr;
      if (b.val<0)
	mpz_sub_ui(*ptr,*ptr,-b.val);
      else
	mpz_add_ui(*ptr,*ptr,b.val);
      if (mpz_sizeinbase(*ptr,2)<32){
	return a=gen(*ptr);
      }
      return a;
    }
    // if (!( (++control_c_counter) & control_c_counter_mask))
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return a=gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    return a=operator_plus(a,b,contextptr);
  }

  static gen ck_evalf_double(const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen tmp=evalf_double(g,1,contextptr);
    if (tmp.type<=_CPLX)
      return tmp;
    return gensizeerr(contextptr);
  }

  gen operator_plus(const gen & a,const gen & b,unsigned t,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    static bool warnextend=true;
    // if (!( (++control_c_counter) & control_c_counter_mask))
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    register ref_mpz_t * e;
    switch ( t ) {
    case _ZINT__ZINT:
      e =new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_add(e->z,*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr);
      return e;
    case _DOUBLE___DOUBLE_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val+b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _FLOAT___FLOAT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val+b._FLOAT_val;
    case _VECT__VECT:
      if (// abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 &&
	  (a.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT ||b.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT)){
	if (!ckmatrix(a) || !ckmatrix(b))
	  return gensizeerr(contextptr);
	if (a._VECTptr->size()!=b._VECTptr->size() || a._VECTptr->front()._VECTptr->size()!=b._VECTptr->front()._VECTptr->size())
	  return gendimerr(contextptr);
      }
      if (a.subtype==_POLY1__VECT)
	return addgen_poly(a,b);
      if (a.subtype==_PNT__VECT)
	return gen(makenewvecteur(a._VECTptr->front()+b,a._VECTptr->back()),a.subtype);
      if (a.subtype!=_POINT__VECT && equalposcomp((int *) _GROUP__VECT_subtype,a.subtype))
	return sym_add(a,b,contextptr);
      if (b.subtype!=_POINT__VECT && equalposcomp((int *)_GROUP__VECT_subtype,b.subtype))
	return sym_add(b,a,contextptr);
      if (a.subtype==_POINT__VECT && b.subtype==_POINT__VECT)
	return gen(addvecteur(*a._VECTptr,*b._VECTptr),0);
      if (a.subtype==0 && b.subtype==0 && python_compat(contextptr)==2)
	return mergevecteur(*a._VECTptr,*b._VECTptr);
      if (warnextend && a.subtype==0 && b.subtype==0 && python_compat(contextptr)){
	warnextend=false;
	alert(gettext("Warning + is vector addition, run list1.extend(list2) for list concatenation"),contextptr);
      }
      return gen(addvecteur(*a._VECTptr,*b._VECTptr),a.subtype?a.subtype:b.subtype);
    case _MAP__MAP:
      {
	int arows,acols,an,brows,bcols,bn;
	if ( (is_sparse_matrix(a,arows,acols,an) && is_sparse_matrix(b,brows,bcols,bn)) || (is_sparse_vector(a,arows,an) && is_sparse_vector(b,brows,bn)) ){
	  gen_map res;
	  gen g(res);
	  sparse_add(*a._MAPptr,*b._MAPptr,*g._MAPptr);
	  return g;
	}
      }
    case _INT___ZINT:
      e = new ref_mpz_t;
      if (a.val<0)
	mpz_sub_ui(e->z,*b._ZINTptr,-a.val);
      else
	mpz_add_ui(e->z,*b._ZINTptr,a.val);
      return e;
    case _ZINT__INT_:
      e = new ref_mpz_t;
      if (b.val<0)
	mpz_sub_ui(e->z,*a._ZINTptr,-b.val);
      else
	mpz_add_ui(e->z,*a._ZINTptr,b.val);
      return e;
    case _DOUBLE___INT_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val+b.val;
    case _INT___DOUBLE_:
      return a.val+b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _FLOAT___DOUBLE_:
      return a._FLOAT_val+giac_float(b._DOUBLE_val);
    case _FLOAT___INT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val+giac_float(b.val);
    case _FLOAT___FRAC:
      return a+evalf2bcd(b,1,contextptr);
    case _DOUBLE___FRAC:
      return a+ck_evalf_double(b,contextptr);
    case _INT___FLOAT_:
      return b._FLOAT_val+giac_float(a.val);
    case _DOUBLE___FLOAT_:
      return b._FLOAT_val+giac_float(a._DOUBLE_val);
    case _DOUBLE___ZINT:
      return a._DOUBLE_val+mpz_get_d(*b._ZINTptr);
    case _DOUBLE___REAL:
      return a._DOUBLE_val+real2double(*b._REALptr);
    case _REAL__DOUBLE_:
      return b._DOUBLE_val+real2double(*a._REALptr);
    case _ZINT__DOUBLE_:
      return b._DOUBLE_val+mpz_get_d(*a._ZINTptr);
    case _CPLX__INT_:
      if (b.val==0) return a;
    case _CPLX__ZINT: case _CPLX__DOUBLE_: case _CPLX__FLOAT_: case _CPLX__REAL:
      return gen(*a._CPLXptr+b,*(a._CPLXptr+1));
    case _INT___CPLX:
      if (a.val==0) return b;
    case _ZINT__CPLX: case _FLOAT___CPLX: case _DOUBLE___CPLX: case _REAL__CPLX:
      return gen(a+*b._CPLXptr,*(b._CPLXptr+1));
    case _CPLX__CPLX: {
      gen * aptr=a._CPLXptr, *bptr=b._CPLXptr;
      if (aptr->type==_DOUBLE_ && (aptr+1)->type==_DOUBLE_ && bptr->type ==_DOUBLE_ && (bptr+1)->type ==_DOUBLE_)
	return adjust_complex_display(gen(aptr->_DOUBLE_val + bptr->_DOUBLE_val, (aptr+1)->_DOUBLE_val + (bptr+1)->_DOUBLE_val),a,b);
      return adjust_complex_display(gen(*aptr + *bptr, *(aptr+1) + *(bptr+1)),a,b);
    }
    case _POLY__POLY:
      return addpoly(a,b);
    case _FRAC__FRAC:
      return (*a._FRACptr)+(*b._FRACptr);
    case _FRAC__FLOAT_:
      return evalf2bcd(a,1,contextptr)+b;
    case _INT___FRAC: case _ZINT__FRAC:
      return a+(*b._FRACptr);
    case _FRAC__INT_: case _FRAC_ZINT:
      return (*a._FRACptr)+b;
    case _FRAC__DOUBLE_:
      return ck_evalf_double(a,contextptr)+b;
    case _SPOL1__SPOL1:
      return spadd(*a._SPOL1ptr,*b._SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
    case _EXT__EXT:
      return ext_add(a,b,contextptr);
    case _STRNG__STRNG:
      if (is_undef(a)) return a;
      if (is_undef(b)) return b;
      return string2gen('"'+(*a._STRNGptr)+(*b._STRNGptr)+'"');
    case _POLY__INT_: case _POLY__ZINT: case _POLY__DOUBLE_: case _POLY__FLOAT_: case _POLY__CPLX: case _POLY__MOD: case _POLY__USER: case _POLY__REAL:
      return addpoly(*a._POLYptr,b);
    case _INT___POLY: case _ZINT__POLY: case _DOUBLE___POLY: case _FLOAT___POLY: case _CPLX__POLY: case _MOD__POLY: case _USER__POLY: case _REAL__POLY:
      return addpoly(*b._POLYptr,a);
    case _MOD__MOD:
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      return modadd( (ref_modulo *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16),(ref_modulo *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &b) >> 16));
#else
      return modadd(a.__MODptr,b.__MODptr);
#endif
    case _REAL__REAL:
      return (*a._REALptr)+(*b._REALptr);
    case _IDNT__IDNT:
      if (a==unsigned_inf && b==unsigned_inf)
	return undef;
      if (b==undef)
	return b;
      if (a==undef || a==unsigned_inf)
	return a;
      if (b==unsigned_inf)
	return b;
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,b)));
    case _VECT__MAP:
      {
	int brows,bcols,an;
	if (is_sparse_matrix(b,brows,bcols,an)){
	  matrice B;
	  if (!convert(*b._MAPptr,B))
	    return gendimerr(contextptr);
	  return a+B;
	}
      }
    case _MAP__VECT:
      {
	int arows,acols,an;
	if (is_sparse_matrix(a,arows,acols,an)){
	  matrice A;
	  if (!convert(*a._MAPptr,A))
	    return gendimerr(contextptr);
	  return A+b;
	}
      }
    default:
      if (a.type==_INT_ && a.val==0 && b.type!=_STRNG)
	return b;
      if (b.type==_INT_ && b.val==0 && a.type!=_STRNG)
	return a;
      if (is_undef(a))
	return a;
      if (is_undef(b))
	return b;
      if (a.type==_FLOAT_){
	if (is_inf(a))
	  return a;
	if (b.type==_VECT)
	  return sym_add(b,a,contextptr);
	gen b1;
	if (has_evalf(b,b1,1,contextptr) && b.type!=b1.type)
	  return operator_plus(a,b1,contextptr);
	return operator_plus(evalf_double(a,1,contextptr),b,contextptr);
      }
      if (b.type==_FLOAT_){
	if (is_inf(b))
	  return b;
	if (a.type==_VECT)
	  return sym_add(a,b,contextptr);
	gen a1;
	if (has_evalf(a,a1,1,contextptr) && a.type!=a1.type)
	  return operator_plus(a1,b,contextptr);
	return operator_plus(a,evalf_double(b,1,contextptr),contextptr);
      }
      if (a.type==_STRNG)
	return string2gen(*a._STRNGptr+b.print(contextptr),false);
      if (b.type==_STRNG)
	return string2gen(a.print(contextptr)+*b._STRNGptr,false);
      if (a.type==_SPOL1)
	return spadd(*a._SPOL1ptr,gen2spol1(b),contextptr);
      if (b.type==_SPOL1)
	return spadd(gen2spol1(a),*b._SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
      if (a.type==_USER)
	return (*a._USERptr)+b;
      if (b.type==_USER)
	return (*b._USERptr)+a;
      if (a.type==_REAL)
	return a._REALptr->addition(b,contextptr);
      if (b.type==_REAL){
	return b._REALptr->addition(a,contextptr);
      }
      return sym_add(a,b,contextptr);
    }
  }

  gen operator_plus (const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    register unsigned t=(a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type;
    if (!t)
      return((longlong) a.val+b.val);
    return operator_plus(a,b,t,contextptr);
  }

  gen operator + (const gen & a,const gen & b){
    register unsigned t=(a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type;
    if (!t)
      return ((longlong) a.val+b.val);
    return operator_plus(a,b,t,context0);
  }

  // specialization of Tfraction<gen> operator +
  Tfraction<gen> operator + (const Tfraction<gen> & a,const Tfraction<gen> &b){
    if (is_one(a.den))
      return(Tfraction<gen> (a.num+b));
    if (is_one(b.den))
      return(Tfraction<gen> (b.num+a));
    gen da(a.den),db(b.den);
    gen den=simplify3(da,db),num;
    if (a.num.type==_POLY && b.num.type==_POLY && db.type==_POLY && da.type==_POLY)
      num=foisplus(*a.num._POLYptr,*db._POLYptr,*b.num._POLYptr,*da._POLYptr);
    else
      num=foisplus(a.num,db,b.num,da) ; // (a.num*db+b.num*da);
    if (den.type==_FRAC){
      num=num * den._FRACptr->den;
      den=den._FRACptr->num;
    }
    if (is_exactly_zero(num))
      return Tfraction<gen>(num,1);
    simplify3(num,den);
    if (den.type==_CPLX){ // 3 jan 2020, avoid complex denominator
      gen & a=*den._CPLXptr;
      gen & b=*(den._CPLXptr+1);
      num=num*gen(a,-b);
      den=a*a+b*b;
    }
    den=den*da*db;
    return Tfraction<gen> (num,den);
  }


  static gen symbolic_plot_makevecteur(const unary_function_ptr & u,const gen & e,bool project,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if ( (u!=at_pnt) || (e.type!=_VECT) || (e.subtype!=_PNT__VECT) )
      return symbolic(u,e);
    // e is a curve or a pnt
    vecteur w(*e._VECTptr);
    if ( (w.size()!=2) && (w.size()!=3))
      return symbolic(u,e);
    gen a0(w[0]);
    gen a1(w[1]);
    if ( a1.type==_VECT && a1._VECTptr->size()==3 )
      return symbolic(u,gen(makenewvecteur(a0,a1,a1._VECTptr->back()),_PNT__VECT));
    if ( a1.type==_VECT && a1._VECTptr->size()==2 ){
      if (project){
	// we must project a0
	gen param=a1._VECTptr->back(); // v= [ pnt() t ]
	if (param.type==_VECT){
	  vecteur v=*param._VECTptr;
	  v[1]=projection(v[0],a0,contextptr);
	  if (is_undef(v[1]))
	    return v[1];
	  a0=remove_at_pnt(parameter2point(v,contextptr)); // same
	  a1=makenewvecteur(a1._VECTptr->front(),v);
	}
      }
      else
	a1=a1._VECTptr->front();
    }
    return symbolic(u,gen(makenewvecteur(a0,a1),_PNT__VECT));
  }

  gen sym_add(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    bool adeuxpoints=a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_deuxpoints);
    if ( (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_interval) || adeuxpoints)&& a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2)
      return symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front()+b,a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back()+b)); // removed +(adeuxpoints?minus_one:zero) otherwise slicing like v[1:4] does not work
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit)){
      if (is_zero(b))
	return a;
      if (equalposcomp(lidnt(b),cst_pi)!=0)
	return sym_add(a,evalf(b,1,contextptr),contextptr);
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit)){
	vecteur & va=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	vecteur & vb=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	if (va[1]==vb[1])
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_unit,makenewvecteur(operator_plus(va[0],vb[0],contextptr),va[1])));
	gen g=mksa_reduce(vb[1]/va[1],contextptr);
	gen tmp=chk_not_unit(g);
	if (is_undef(tmp)) return tmp;
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_unit,makenewvecteur(operator_plus(va[0],operator_times(g,vb[0],contextptr),contextptr),va[1])));
      }
      if (lidnt(b).empty()){
	gen g=mksa_reduce(a,contextptr);
	gen tmp=chk_not_unit(g);
	if (is_undef(tmp)) return tmp;
	return g+b;
      }
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit)){
      if (is_zero(a))
	return b;
      if (equalposcomp(lidnt(a),cst_pi)!=0)
	return sym_add(evalf(a,1,contextptr),b,contextptr);
      if (lidnt(a).empty()){
	gen g=mksa_reduce(b,contextptr);
	gen tmp=chk_not_unit(g);
	if (is_undef(tmp)) return tmp;
	return a+g;
      }
    }
    if (a.is_approx()){
      gen b1;
      if (has_evalf(b,b1,1,contextptr) && (b.type!=b1.type || b!=b1)){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	if (a.type==_REAL){
	  gen b2;
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(a._REALptr))
	    b2=convert_interval(b,mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup),contextptr);
	  else
#endif
	    b2=accurate_evalf(b,mpfr_get_prec(a._REALptr->inf));
	  if (b2.is_approx())
	    return a+b2;
	}
	if (a.type==_CPLX && a._CPLXptr->type==_REAL){
	  gen b2;
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(a._CPLXptr->_REALptr))
	    b2=convert_interval(b,mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup),contextptr);
	  else
#endif
	    b2=accurate_evalf(b,mpfr_get_prec(a._CPLXptr->_REALptr->inf));
	  if (b2.is_approx())
	    return a+b2;
	}
#endif
	return a+b1;
      }
    }
    if (b.is_approx()){
      gen a1;
      if (has_evalf(a,a1,1,contextptr) && (a.type!=a1.type || a!=a1)){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	if (b.type==_REAL){
	  gen a2;
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(b._REALptr))
	    a2=convert_interval(a,mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup),contextptr);
	  else
#endif
	    a2=accurate_evalf(a,mpfr_get_prec(b._REALptr->inf));
	  if (a2.is_approx())
	    return a2+b;
	}
	if (b.type==_CPLX && b._CPLXptr->type==_REAL){
	  gen a2;
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(b._CPLXptr->_REALptr))
	    a2=convert_interval(a,mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup),contextptr);
	  else
#endif
	    a2=accurate_evalf(a,mpfr_get_prec(b._CPLXptr->_REALptr->inf));
	  if (a2.is_approx())
	    return a2+b;
	}
#endif
	return a1+b;
      }
    }
    if ( (a.type==_SYMB) && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,a._SYMBptr->sommet) ){
      if ( (b.type==_SYMB) && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,b._SYMBptr->sommet) )
	return a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front()+b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front();
      else {
	if (b.type==_VECT)
	  return translation(b,a,contextptr);
	gen a_(a);
	if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_curve) && a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2 && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front().type==_VECT){
	  // adjust param and cartesian eq
	  vecteur v=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front()._VECTptr;
	  if (v.size()==7)
	    v[6] += b;
	  if (v.size()>=6){
	    v[5]=subst(v[5],makevecteur(x__IDNT_e,y__IDNT_e),makevecteur(x__IDNT_e-re(b,contextptr),y__IDNT_e-im(b,contextptr)),false,contextptr);
	    a_=symbolic(at_curve,gen(makevecteur(gen(v,a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front().subtype),a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back()),a._SYMBptr->feuille.subtype));
	  }
	}
	return symbolic_plot_makevecteur( a_._SYMBptr->sommet,a_._SYMBptr->feuille+b,true,contextptr);
      }
    }
    if ( (b.type==_SYMB) && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,b._SYMBptr->sommet) ){
      if (a.type==_VECT)
	return translation(a,b,contextptr);
      return symbolic_plot_makevecteur(b._SYMBptr->sommet,b._SYMBptr->feuille+a,true,contextptr);
    }
    gen var1,var2,res1,res2;
    if (is_algebraic_program(a,var1,res1)){
      if (is_algebraic_program(b,var2,res2)){
	if (var1!=var2 && is_constant_wrt(res2,var1,contextptr)){
	  res2=subst(res2,var2,var1,false,contextptr);
	  var2=var1;
	}
	if (var1==var2)
	  return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var1,0,operator_plus(res1,res2,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
      }
      if (!is_constant_wrt(b,var1,contextptr))
	*logptr(contextptr) << "Warning function+constant with constant dependant of mute variable" << '\n';
      return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var1,0,operator_plus(res1,b,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
    }
    if (is_algebraic_program(b,var2,res2)){
      if (!is_constant_wrt(a,var2,contextptr))
	*logptr(contextptr) << "Warning constant+function with constant dependant of mute variable" << '\n';
      return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var2,0,operator_plus(a,res2,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
    }
    if (a.type==_VECT){
      if (is_zero(b,contextptr))
	return a;
      if (a.subtype==_LIST__VECT)
	return apply1st(a,b,contextptr,operator_plus);
      vecteur res=*a._VECTptr;
      if (res.empty())
	return b;
      if (a.subtype==_VECTOR__VECT && a._VECTptr->size()==2){
	if (b.type==_VECT && b._VECTptr->size()==2){
	  vecteur & bv=*b._VECTptr;
	  if (b.subtype==_VECTOR__VECT && res.front()==bv.back())
	    return _vector(gen(makenewvecteur(bv.front(),bv.back()+res.back()-res.front()),_SEQ__VECT),contextptr);
	  return _vector(gen(makenewvecteur(res.front(),res.back()+bv.back()-bv.front()),_SEQ__VECT),contextptr);
	}
	return _point(b+res.back()-res.front(),contextptr);
      }
      if (b.type==_VECT && b.subtype==_VECTOR__VECT && b._VECTptr->size()==2)
	return a+vector2vecteur(*b._VECTptr);
      if (a.subtype==_POINT__VECT && a._VECTptr->size()==3 && b.type!=_VECT){
	gen reb,imb; reim(b,reb,imb,contextptr);
	res[0] += reb;
	res[1] += imb;
	return res;
      }
      if (equalposcomp((int *)_GROUP__VECT_subtype,a.subtype)){ // add to each element
	iterateur it=res.begin(),itend=res.end();
	for (;it!=itend;++it)
	  *it=*it+b;
	return gen(res,a.subtype);
      }
      if (a.subtype==_PNT__VECT){
	res.front()=res.front()+b;
	return gen(res,_PNT__VECT);
      }
      if (a.subtype!=_POLY1__VECT && ckmatrix(a)){ // matrix+cst
	int s=int(res.size());
	if (unsigned(s)==res.front()._VECTptr->size()){
	  for (int i=0;i<s;i++){
	    vecteur v = *res[i]._VECTptr;
	    v[i] += b;
	    res[i]=gen(v,res[i].subtype);
	  }
	  return gen(res,_MATRIX__VECT);
	}
      }
      // polynomial+cst
      res.back()=res.back()+b;
      if ( (res.size()==1) && is_exactly_zero(res.back()))
          return zero;
      else
          return gen(res,_POLY1__VECT);
    }
    if (b.type==_VECT)
      return sym_add(b,a,contextptr);
    if (is_undef(a))
      return a;
    if (is_undef(b))
      return b;
    if (is_inf(a)){
      if (is_inf(b)){
	if ((a==b) && (a!=unsigned_inf))
	  return a;
	else
	  return undef;
      }
      if (a==unsigned_inf || is_zero(im(b,contextptr)))
	return a;
      return unsigned_inf;
    }
    if (is_inf(b)){
      if (b==unsigned_inf || is_zero(im(a,contextptr)))
	return b;
      return unsigned_inf;
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg) && a==b._SYMBptr->feuille)
      return chkmod(zero,a);
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg) && b==a._SYMBptr->feuille)
      return chkmod(zero,b);
    if (is_exactly_zero(a))
      return b;
    if (is_exactly_zero(b))
      return a;
    if (a.type==_STRNG)
      return string2gen(*a._STRNGptr+b.print(context0),false);
    if (b.type==_STRNG)
      return string2gen(a.print(context0)+*b._STRNGptr,false);
    if (a.type==_FRAC){
      if ( (b.type!=_SYMB) && (b.type!=_IDNT) )
	return (*a._FRACptr)+b;
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
	return a-b._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(b._SYMBptr->feuille))
	return (*a._FRACptr)+fraction(1,b._SYMBptr->feuille);
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod) && b._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT){
	const vecteur & bf=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	if (bf.size()==2 && is_integer(bf[0]) && bf[1].is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(bf[1]._SYMBptr->feuille))
	  return (*a._FRACptr)+fraction(bf[0],bf[1]._SYMBptr->feuille);
      }
      return sym_add(_FRAC2_SYMB(a),b,contextptr);
    }
    if (b.type==_FRAC){
      if ( (a.type!=_SYMB) && (a.type!=_IDNT) )
	return a+(*b._FRACptr);
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
	return b-a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(a._SYMBptr->feuille))
	return fraction(1,a._SYMBptr->feuille)+(*b._FRACptr);
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod) && a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT){
	const vecteur & af=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	if (af.size()==2 && is_integer(af[0]) && af[1].is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(af[1]._SYMBptr->feuille))
	  return fraction(af[0],af[1]._SYMBptr->feuille)+(*b._FRACptr);
      }
      return sym_add(a,_FRAC2_SYMB(b),contextptr);
    }
    if (a.type==_EXT){
      if (a.is_constant() && (b.type==_POLY))
	return addpoly(*b._POLYptr,a);
      /*
      if (b.type==_POLY && b.is_constant())
	return a+b._POLYptr->coord.front().value;
      */
      else
	return algebraic_EXTension(*a._EXTptr+b,*(a._EXTptr+1));
    }
    if (b.type==_EXT){
      if (b.is_constant() && (a.type==_POLY))
	return addpoly(*a._POLYptr,b);
      /*
      if (a.type==_POLY && a.is_constant())
	return a._POLYptr->coord.front().value+b;
      */
      else
	return algebraic_EXTension(a+*b._EXTptr,*(b._EXTptr+1));
    }
    int ia=is_inequality(a),ib=is_inequality(b);
    if (ia){
      vecteur & va=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      if (ia==ib || (ia==1 && ib)){
	if (ia==4) // <> + <>
	  return undef;
	vecteur & vb=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(b._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(va.front()+vb.front(),va.back()+vb.back())));
      }
      if (ia==1 || !ib) // = +
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(va.front()+b,va.back()+b)));
      if ( (ia==5 && ib==6) || (ia==6 && ib==5)){
	vecteur & vb=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_superieur_strict,makesequence(va.front()+vb.front(),va.back()+vb.back())));
      }
    }
    if (ib)
      return b+a;
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_interval)){
      gen & f=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (f.type==_VECT && f._VECTptr->size()==2){
	vecteur & v=*f._VECTptr;
	if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_interval)){
	  gen & g=b._SYMBptr->feuille;
	  if (g.type==_VECT && g._VECTptr->size()==2){
	    vecteur & w=*g._VECTptr;
	    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_interval,gen(makenewvecteur(w[0]+v[0],w[1]+v[1]),_SEQ__VECT)));
	  }
	}
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_interval,gen(makenewvecteur(b+v[0],b+v[1]),_SEQ__VECT)));
      }
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_interval))
      return b+a;
    /* if (xcas_mode(contextptr) && (a.type==_SYMB|| b.type==_SYMB) )
       return liste2symbolique(fusion2liste(symbolique2liste(a),symbolique2liste(b))); */
    if ((a.type==_SYMB) && (b.type==_SYMB)){
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus) {
	if (b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,gen(mergevecteur(*(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr),*(b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr)),_SEQ__VECT)));
	else
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(*a._SYMBptr,b));
      }
      else {
	if (b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(*(b._SYMBptr),a));
	else
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,b)));
      }
    }
    if (b.type==_SYMB){
      if (b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a,b._SYMBptr->sommet,b._SYMBptr->feuille));
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,b)));
    }
    if (a.type==_SYMB){
      if ( a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus && a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()>1 &&
	   ( (b==plus_one && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back()==minus_one) || (b==minus_one && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back()==plus_one) )
	   )
	{
	vecteur v=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	v.pop_back();
	if (v.size()==1)
	  return v.front();
	else
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,gen(v,a._SYMBptr->feuille.subtype)));
      }
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(*a._SYMBptr,b));
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,b)));
    }
    if ( (a.type==_IDNT) || (b.type==_IDNT))
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,b)));
    if (a.type==_MOD)
      return a+makemod(b,*(a._MODptr+1));
    if (b.type==_MOD)
      return makemod(a,*(b._MODptr+1))+b;
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,b)));
    // settypeerr(gettext("sym_add"));
  }

  static gen subpoly(const gen & th, const gen & other){
    if ((th.type!=_POLY) || (other.type!=_POLY)){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("subpoly"));
#endif
      return gentypeerr(gettext("subpoly"));
    }
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator a=th._POLYptr->coord.begin();
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator a_end=th._POLYptr->coord.end();
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator b=other._POLYptr->coord.begin();
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator b_end=other._POLYptr->coord.end();
    if (b==b_end){
      return th;
    }
    ref_polynome * resptr=new ref_polynome(th._POLYptr->dim);
    Sub_gen(a,a_end,b,b_end,resptr->t.coord,th._POLYptr->is_strictly_greater);
    return resptr;
  }

  polynome subpoly(const polynome & p,const gen & c){
    if (is_exactly_zero(c))
      return p;
    polynome pcopy(p);
    if ( (!p.coord.empty()) && p.coord.back().index.is_zero() ) {
      pcopy.coord.back().value = pcopy.coord.back().value - c;
      if (is_exactly_zero(pcopy.coord.back().value))
	pcopy.coord.pop_back();
    }
    else
      pcopy.coord.push_back(monomial<gen>(-c,pcopy.dim));
    return pcopy;
  }

  static polynome subpoly(const gen & c,const polynome & p){
    if (is_exactly_zero(c))
      return -p;
    polynome pcopy(-p);
    if ( (!p.coord.empty()) && p.coord.back().index.is_zero() ) {
      pcopy.coord.back().value = pcopy.coord.back().value + c;
      if (is_exactly_zero(pcopy.coord.back().value))
	pcopy.coord.pop_back();
    }
    else
      pcopy.coord.push_back(monomial<gen>(c,pcopy.dim));
    return pcopy;
  }

  static gen subgen_poly(const gen & a,const gen & b,bool inplace=false){
    vecteur & av=*a._VECTptr;
    vecteur & bv=*b._VECTptr;
    if (inplace){
      /*
      int as=av.size(),bs=bv.size();
      if (as<bs)
	av.insert(av.begin(),bs-as,0);
      */
      gen res(a);
      Submodpoly(av.begin(),av.end(),bv.begin(),bv.end(),0,av);
      return res;
    }
    gen res(vecteur(0), _POLY1__VECT);
    submodpoly(av,bv,0,*res._VECTptr);
    return res._VECTptr->empty()?0:res;
  }

  gen & operator_minus_eq (gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef EMCC
    a=operator_minus(a,b,contextptr);
    return a;
#endif
    if (a.type==b.type){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      if (*(ulonglong *)&a==*(ulonglong *)&b && a.type<=_CPLX)
	return a=0;
#else
      if (&a==&b && a.type<=_CPLX)
	return a=0;
#endif
      if (a.type==_DOUBLE_){
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
	a._DOUBLE_val -= b._DOUBLE_val; return a;
#else
	*((double *) &a) -= *((double *) &b);
	a.type = _DOUBLE_;
	return a;
#endif
      }
      if (a.type==_FLOAT_){
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
	a._FLOAT_val -= b._FLOAT_val; return a;
#else
	*((double *) &a) -= *((double *) &b);
	a.type = _FLOAT_;
	return a;
#endif
      }
      if (a.type==_INT_){
	longlong tmp=((longlong) a.val-b.val);
	a.val=(int)tmp;
	if (a.val==tmp)
	  return a;
	return a=tmp;
      }
      if (a.type==_ZINT && a.ref_count()==1){
	mpz_t * ptr=a._ZINTptr;
	mpz_sub(*ptr,*ptr,*b._ZINTptr);
	if (mpz_sizeinbase(*ptr,2)<32){
	  return a=mpz_get_si(*ptr);
	}
	return a;
      }
      if (a.type==_VECT && a.subtype==_POLY1__VECT && a.ref_count()==1){
	if (subgen_poly(a,b,true)._VECTptr->empty())
	  a=0;
	return a;
      }
    }
    if (a.type==_ZINT && b.type==_INT_ && a.ref_count()==1){
      mpz_t * ptr=a._ZINTptr;
      if (b.val>0)
	mpz_sub_ui(*ptr,*ptr,b.val);
      else
	mpz_add_ui(*ptr,*ptr,-b.val);
      if (mpz_sizeinbase(*ptr,2)<32){
	return a=mpz_get_si(*ptr);
      }
      return a;
    }
    // if (!( (++control_c_counter) & control_c_counter_mask))
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return a=gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    return a=operator_minus(a,b,contextptr);
  }

  gen operator_minus(const gen & a,const gen & b,unsigned t,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    // if (!( (++control_c_counter) & control_c_counter_mask))
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    register ref_mpz_t * e;
    switch ( t) {
    case _ZINT__ZINT:
      e = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_sub(e->z,*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr);
      return e;
    case _DOUBLE___DOUBLE_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val-b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _FLOAT___FLOAT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val-b._FLOAT_val;
    case _VECT__VECT:
      if (// abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 &&
	  (a.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT ||b.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT)){
	if (!ckmatrix(a) || !ckmatrix(b))
	  return gensizeerr(contextptr);
	if (a._VECTptr->size()!=b._VECTptr->size() || a._VECTptr->front()._VECTptr->size()!=b._VECTptr->front()._VECTptr->size())
	  return gendimerr(contextptr);
      }
      if (a.subtype==_POLY1__VECT)
	return subgen_poly(a,b);
      if (a.subtype==_PNT__VECT)
	return gen(makenewvecteur(a._VECTptr->front()-b,a._VECTptr->back()),a.subtype);
      if (a.subtype!=_POINT__VECT && equalposcomp((int *)_GROUP__VECT_subtype,a.subtype))
	return sym_sub(a,b,contextptr);
      if (a.subtype==_POINT__VECT && b.subtype==_POINT__VECT)
	return gen(subvecteur(*a._VECTptr,*b._VECTptr),0);
      return gen(subvecteur(*a._VECTptr,*b._VECTptr),a.subtype);
    case _MAP__MAP:
      {
	int arows,acols,an,brows,bcols,bn;
	if ( (is_sparse_matrix(a,arows,acols,an) && is_sparse_matrix(b,brows,bcols,bn)) || (is_sparse_vector(a,arows,an) && is_sparse_vector(b,brows,bn)) ){
	  gen_map res;
	  gen g(res);
	  sparse_sub(*a._MAPptr,*b._MAPptr,*g._MAPptr);
	  return g;
	}
      }
    case _INT___ZINT:
      e =  new ref_mpz_t;
      if (a.val<0)
	mpz_add_ui(e->z,*b._ZINTptr,-a.val);
      else
	mpz_sub_ui(e->z,*b._ZINTptr,a.val);
      mpz_neg(e->z,e->z);
      return(e);
    case _ZINT__INT_:
      e =  new ref_mpz_t;
      if (b.val<0)
	mpz_add_ui(e->z,*a._ZINTptr,-b.val);
      else
	mpz_sub_ui(e->z,*a._ZINTptr,b.val);
      return(e);
    case _INT___DOUBLE_:
      return a.val-b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _DOUBLE___INT_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val-b.val;
    case _INT___FLOAT_:
      return giac_float(a.val)-b._FLOAT_val;
    case _FLOAT___INT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val-giac_float(b.val);
    case _DOUBLE___FLOAT_:
      return giac_float(a._DOUBLE_val)-b._FLOAT_val;
    case _FLOAT___DOUBLE_:
      return a._FLOAT_val-giac_float(b._DOUBLE_val);
    case _FLOAT___FRAC:
      return a-evalf2bcd(b,1,contextptr);
    case _DOUBLE___FRAC:
      return a-ck_evalf_double(b,contextptr);
    case _FRAC__FLOAT_:
      return evalf2bcd(a,1,contextptr)-b;
    case _FRAC__DOUBLE_:
      return ck_evalf_double(a,contextptr)-b;
    case _ZINT__DOUBLE_:
      return mpz_get_d(*a._ZINTptr)-b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _DOUBLE___ZINT:
      return a._DOUBLE_val-mpz_get_d(*b._ZINTptr);
    case _DOUBLE___REAL:
      return a._DOUBLE_val-real2double(*b._REALptr);
    case _REAL__DOUBLE_:
      return real2double(*a._REALptr)-b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _CPLX__INT_: case _CPLX__ZINT: case _CPLX__DOUBLE_: case _CPLX__FLOAT_: case _CPLX__REAL:
      return gen(*a._CPLXptr-b,*(a._CPLXptr+1));
    case _INT___CPLX: case _ZINT__CPLX: case _DOUBLE___CPLX: case _FLOAT___CPLX: case _REAL__CPLX:
      return gen(a-*b._CPLXptr,-*(b._CPLXptr+1));
    case _CPLX__CPLX:
      return adjust_complex_display(gen(*a._CPLXptr - *b._CPLXptr, *(a._CPLXptr+1) - *(b._CPLXptr+1)),a,b);
    case _POLY__POLY:
      return subpoly(a,b);
    case _FRAC__FRAC:
        return (*a._FRACptr)-(*b._FRACptr);
    case _SPOL1__SPOL1:
      return spsub(*a._SPOL1ptr,*b._SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
    case _EXT__EXT:
      return ext_sub(a,b,contextptr);
    case _POLY__INT_: case _POLY__ZINT: case _POLY__DOUBLE_: case _POLY__FLOAT_: case _POLY__CPLX: case _POLY__MOD: case _POLY__REAL: case _POLY__USER:
      return subpoly(*a._POLYptr,b);
    case _INT___POLY: case _ZINT__POLY: case _DOUBLE___POLY: case _FLOAT___POLY: case _CPLX__POLY: case _MOD__POLY:case _USER__POLY: case _REAL__POLY:
      return subpoly(a,*b._POLYptr);
    case _MOD__MOD:
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      return modsub( (ref_modulo *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16), (ref_modulo *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &b) >> 16) );
#else
      return modsub(a.__MODptr,b.__MODptr);
#endif
    case _REAL__REAL:
      return (*a._REALptr)-(*b._REALptr);
    default:
      if (is_undef(a))
	return a;
      if (is_undef(b))
	return b;
      if (a.type==_FLOAT_){
	gen b1;
	if (b.type==_VECT)
	  return sym_sub(a,b,contextptr);
	if (has_evalf(b,b1,1,contextptr) && b.type!=b1.type)
	  return operator_minus(a,b1,contextptr);
	return operator_minus(evalf_double(a,1,contextptr),b,contextptr);
      }
      if (b.type==_FLOAT_){
	if (a.type==_VECT)
	  return sym_sub(a,b,contextptr);
	gen a1;
	if (has_evalf(a,a1,1,contextptr) && a.type!=a1.type)
	  return operator_minus(a1,b,contextptr);
	return operator_minus(a,evalf_double(b,1,contextptr),contextptr);
      }
      if (a.type==_SPOL1)
	return spsub(*a._SPOL1ptr,gen2spol1(b),contextptr);
      if (b.type==_SPOL1)
	return spsub(gen2spol1(a),*b._SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
      if (a.type==_USER)
	return (*a._USERptr)-b;
      if (b.type==_USER)
	return (-b)+a;
      if (a.type==_REAL)
	return a._REALptr->substract(b,contextptr);
      if (b.type==_REAL)
	return operator_plus(-(*b._REALptr),a,contextptr);
      if (a.type==_STRNG)
	return a;
      return sym_sub(a,b,contextptr);
    }
  }

  gen operator_minus (const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    register unsigned t=(a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type;
    if (!t)
      return((longlong) a.val-b.val);
    return operator_minus(a,b,t,contextptr);
  }

  gen operator - (const gen & a,const gen & b){
    register unsigned t=(a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type;
    if (!t)
      return((longlong) a.val-b.val);
    return operator_minus(a,b,t,context0);
  }

  gen sym_sub(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit) || b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit))
      return a+(-b);
    if ( a.is_approx()){
      gen b1;
      if (has_evalf(b,b1,1,contextptr) && (b.type!=b1.type || b!=b1)){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	if (a.type==_REAL){
	  gen b2=accurate_evalf(b,mpfr_get_prec(a._REALptr->inf));
	  if (b2.is_approx())
	    return a-b2;
	}
#endif
	return a-b1;
      }
    }
    if ( b.is_approx()){
      gen a1;
      if (has_evalf(a,a1,1,contextptr) && (a.type!=a1.type || a!=a1)){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	if (a.type==_REAL){
	  gen a2=accurate_evalf(a,mpfr_get_prec(b._REALptr->inf));
	  if (a2.is_approx())
	    return a2-b;
	}
#endif
	return a1-b;
      }
    }
    if ( (a.type==_SYMB) && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,a._SYMBptr->sommet) ){
      if ( (b.type==_SYMB) && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,b._SYMBptr->sommet) )
	return a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front()-b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front();
      else {
	gen a_(a);
	if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_curve) && a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2 && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front().type==_VECT){
	  // adjust param and cartesian eq
	  vecteur v=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front()._VECTptr;
	  if (v.size()==7)
	    v[6] -= b;
	  if (v.size()>=6){
	    v[5]=subst(v[5],makevecteur(x__IDNT_e,y__IDNT_e),makevecteur(x__IDNT_e+re(b,contextptr),y__IDNT_e+im(b,contextptr)),false,contextptr);
	    a_=symbolic(at_curve,gen(makevecteur(gen(v,a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front().subtype),a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back()),a._SYMBptr->feuille.subtype));
	  }
	}
	return symbolic_plot_makevecteur(a_._SYMBptr->sommet,a_._SYMBptr->feuille-b,true,contextptr);
      }
    }
    if ( (b.type==_SYMB) && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,b._SYMBptr->sommet) )
      return sym_add(-b,a,contextptr);
    gen var1,var2,res1,res2;
    if (is_algebraic_program(a,var1,res1) && is_algebraic_program(b,var2,res2)){
      if (var1!=var2 && is_constant_wrt(res2,var1,contextptr)){
	res2=subst(res2,var2,var1,false,contextptr);
	var2=var1;
      }
      if (var1==var2)
	return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var1,0,operator_minus(res1,res2,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
    }
    if (a.type==_VECT)
      return sym_add(a,-b,contextptr);
    if (b.type==_VECT)
      return sym_add(-b,a,contextptr);
    if (is_undef(a))
      return a;
    if (is_undef(b))
      return b;
    if (is_inf(a)){
      if (is_inf(b)){
	if ((a==plus_inf) && (b==minus_inf))
	  return a;
	if ((a==minus_inf) && (b==plus_inf))
	  return a;
	return undef;
      }
      else
	return a;
    }
    if (a.type==_FRAC){
      if ( (b.type!=_SYMB) && (b.type!=_IDNT) )
        return (*a._FRACptr)-b;
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
	return a+b._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(b._SYMBptr->feuille))
	return (*a._FRACptr)-fraction(1,b._SYMBptr->feuille);
      return sym_sub(_FRAC2_SYMB(a),b,contextptr);
    }
    if (b.type==_FRAC){
      if ( (a.type!=_SYMB) && (a.type!=_IDNT) )
        return a-(*b._FRACptr);
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
	return -(a._SYMBptr->feuille+b);
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(a._SYMBptr->feuille))
	return fraction(1,a._SYMBptr->feuille)-(*b._FRACptr);
      return sym_sub(a,_FRAC2_SYMB(b),contextptr);
    }
    if (a.type==_EXT){
        if (a.is_constant() && (b.type==_POLY))
            return subpoly(a,*b._POLYptr);
        else
            return algebraic_EXTension(*a._EXTptr-b,*(a._EXTptr+1));
    }
    if (b.type==_EXT){
        if (b.is_constant() && (a.type==_POLY))
            return subpoly(*a._POLYptr,b);
        else
            return algebraic_EXTension(a-*b._EXTptr,*(b._EXTptr+1));
    }
    if (a==b)
      return chkmod(zero,a);
    if (is_inf(b))
      return -b;
    if (is_exactly_zero(b))
      return a;
    if (is_exactly_zero(a))
      return -b;
    /*
    if (a.type==_SYMB && a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_equal){
      vecteur & va=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      if (b.type==_SYMB && b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_equal){
	vecteur & vb=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_equal,makesequence(va.front()-vb.front(),va.back()-vb.back())));
      }
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_equal,makesequence(va.front()-b,va.back()-b)));
    }
    if (b.type==_SYMB && b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_equal){
      vecteur & vb=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_equal,makesequence(a-vb.front(),a-vb.back())));
    }
    */
    if (is_inequality(a) || is_inequality(b))
      return a+(-b);
    if ((a.type==_SYMB) && (b.type==_SYMB)){
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus) {
	if (b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,gen(mergevecteur(*(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr),negvecteur(*(b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr))),_SEQ__VECT)));
	else
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(*a._SYMBptr,-b));
      }
      else {
	if (b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(*(-b)._SYMBptr,a));
	else
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,-b)));
      }
    }
    if (b.type==_SYMB){
      if (b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(*(-b)._SYMBptr,a));
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,-b)));
    }
    if (a.type==_SYMB){
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(*a._SYMBptr,-b));
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,-b)));
    }
    if ((a.type==_IDNT) || (b.type==_IDNT))
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,-b)));
    if (a.type==_MOD)
      return a-makemod(b,*(a._MODptr+1));
    if (b.type==_MOD)
      return makemod(a,*(b._MODptr+1))-b;
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,makesequence(a,-b)));
    // settypeerr(gettext("sym_sub"));
  }

  static vecteur negfirst(const vecteur & v){
    vecteur w(v);
    if (!w.empty())
      w.front()=-w.front();
    return w;
  }

  gen operator -(const gen & a){
    ref_mpz_t *e ;
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _INT_:
      return(-a.val);
    case _ZINT:
      e=new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_neg(e->z,*a._ZINTptr);
      return(e);
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return -(a._DOUBLE_val);
    case _FLOAT_:
      return -(a._FLOAT_val);
    case _CPLX: {
      const gen * aptr=a._CPLXptr;
      if (a.subtype==3)
	return adjust_complex_display(gen(-aptr->_DOUBLE_val,-(aptr+1)->_DOUBLE_val),a);
      return adjust_complex_display(gen(-*aptr,-*(aptr+1)),a);
    }
    case _IDNT:
      if ((a==undef) || (a==unsigned_inf))
	return a;
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_neg,a));
    case _SYMB:
      if (a==plus_inf)
	return minus_inf;
      if (a==minus_inf)
	return plus_inf;
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_neg)
	return a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_unit){
	// if (equalposcomp(lidnt(a),cst_pi)!=0) return -evalf(b,1,context0);
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_unit,makenewvecteur(-a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front(),a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back())));
      }
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,gen(negvecteur(*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr),_SEQ__VECT)));
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_interval && a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2){
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_interval,gen(makenewvecteur(-a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back(),-a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front()),_SEQ__VECT)));
      }
      if (equalposcomp(plot_sommets,a._SYMBptr->sommet)){
	return symbolic_plot_makevecteur(a._SYMBptr->sommet,-a._SYMBptr->feuille,false,context0);
      }
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_program)){
	gen a1,b;
	if (is_algebraic_program(a,a1,b))
	  return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(a1,0,-b),_SEQ__VECT));
      }
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_equal || a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_equal2 || a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_different || a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_same)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(-a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front(),-a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back())));
      if (is_inequality(a))
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(-a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back(),-a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front())));
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_neg,a));
    case _VECT:
      if (a.subtype==_VECTOR__VECT && a._VECTptr->size()==2)
	return gen(makenewvecteur(a._VECTptr->back(),a._VECTptr->front()),_VECTOR__VECT);
      if (a.subtype==_PNT__VECT)
	return gen(negfirst(*a._VECTptr),a.subtype);
      return gen(negvecteur(*a._VECTptr),a.subtype);
    case _MAP:{
      gen_map res;
      gen g(res);
      *g._MAPptr=*a._MAPptr;
      sparse_neg(*g._MAPptr);
      return g;
    }
    case _POLY:
      return -(*a._POLYptr);
    case _EXT:
      return algebraic_EXTension(-(*a._EXTptr),*(a._EXTptr+1));
    case _USER:
      return -(*a._USERptr);
    case _MOD:
      return makemod(-*a._MODptr,*(a._MODptr+1));
    case _FRAC:
      return fraction(-(a._FRACptr->num),a._FRACptr->den);
    case _SPOL1:
      return spneg(*a._SPOL1ptr,context0);
    case _STRNG:
      if (is_undef(a)) return a;
      return string2gen("-"+(*a._STRNGptr),false);
    case _REAL:
      return -*a._REALptr;
    default:
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_neg,a));
    }
  }

  static gen mulpoly(const gen & th,const gen & other){
    if ((th.type!=_POLY) || (other.type!=_POLY)){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("mulpoly"));
#endif
      return gentypeerr(gettext("mulpoly"));
    }
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator ita = th._POLYptr->coord.begin();
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator ita_end = th._POLYptr->coord.end();
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator itb = other._POLYptr->coord.begin();
    vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator itb_end = other._POLYptr->coord.end();
    // first some trivial cases
    if (ita==ita_end)
      return(th);
    if (itb==itb_end)
      return(other);
    if (is_one(*th._POLYptr))
      return other;
    if (is_one(*other._POLYptr))
      return th;
    // Now look if length a=1 or length b=1, happens frequently
    // think of x^3*y^2*z translated to internal form
    int c1=int(th._POLYptr->coord.size());
    if (c1==1)
      return other._POLYptr->shift(th._POLYptr->coord.front().index,th._POLYptr->coord.front().value);
    int c2=int(other._POLYptr->coord.size());
    if (c2==1)
      return th._POLYptr->shift(other._POLYptr->coord.front().index,other._POLYptr->coord.front().value);
    ref_polynome * resptr = new ref_polynome(th._POLYptr->dim);
    mulpoly(*th._POLYptr,*other._POLYptr,resptr->t,0);
    return resptr;
  }

  static vecteur multfirst(const gen & a,const vecteur & v){
    vecteur w(v);
    if (!w.empty())
      w.front()=v.front()*a;
    return w;
  }

  static gen multgen_poly(const gen & a,const vecteur & b,int subtype){
    gen res(vecteur(0),subtype);
    multvecteur(a,b,*res._VECTptr);
    return res;
  }

  static gen multgen_poly(const vecteur & a,const vecteur & b){
    gen res(vecteur(0), _POLY1__VECT);
    operator_times(a,b,0,*res._VECTptr);
    return res;
  }

  // a*b -> tmp, modifies tmp in place
  void type_operator_times(const gen & a,const gen &b,gen & tmp){
    register unsigned t=(a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type;
#ifndef EMCC
    if (tmp.type==_DOUBLE_ && t==_DOUBLE___DOUBLE_){
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
      tmp._DOUBLE_val=a._DOUBLE_val*b._DOUBLE_val;
#else
      *((double *) &tmp) = (*((double *) &a)) * (*((double *) &b));
      tmp.type = _DOUBLE_;
#endif
      return ;
    }
#endif
    if (!t && tmp.type==_INT_ ){
      register longlong ab=longlong(a.val)*b.val;
      tmp.val=(int)ab;
#if 1
      if (ab>>31)
	tmp=ab;
#else
      if (tmp.val!=ab)
	tmp=ab;
#endif
      return;
    }
    if (tmp.type==_ZINT && tmp.ref_count()==1){
      mpz_t * ptr=tmp._ZINTptr;
      switch (t){
      case _INT___INT_:
	tmp=longlong(a.val)*b.val;
	return;
      case _ZINT__ZINT:
	mpz_mul(*ptr,*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr);
	return ;
      case _ZINT__INT_:
	if (b.val<0){
	  mpz_mul_ui(*ptr,*a._ZINTptr,-b.val);
	  mpz_neg(*ptr,*ptr);
	}
	else
	  mpz_mul_ui(*ptr,*a._ZINTptr,b.val);
	return;
      case _INT___ZINT:
	if (a.val<0){
	  mpz_mul_ui(*ptr,*b._ZINTptr,-a.val);
	  mpz_neg(*ptr,*ptr);
	}
	else
	  mpz_mul_ui(*ptr,*b._ZINTptr,a.val);
	return;
      }
    }
    tmp=a*b;
  }

  bool is_int_zint_vecteur(const vecteur & m){
    const_iterateur it=m.begin(),itend=m.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      int t=it->type;
      if (t!=_INT_ && t!=_ZINT) return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  void type_operator_plus_times(const gen & a,const gen & b,gen & c){
    register unsigned t=(a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type;
#ifndef EMCC
    if (c.type==_DOUBLE_ && t==_DOUBLE___DOUBLE_){
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
      c._DOUBLE_val += a._DOUBLE_val*b._DOUBLE_val;
#else
      *((double *) &c) += (*((double *) &a)) * (*((double *) &b));
      c.type = _DOUBLE_;
#endif
      return ;
    }
#endif
    if (c.type==_ZINT && c.ref_count()==1){
      switch (t){
      case _ZINT__ZINT:
	mpz_addmul(*c._ZINTptr,*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr);
	return;
      case _ZINT__INT_:
	if (b.val<0)
	  mpz_submul_ui(*c._ZINTptr,*a._ZINTptr,-b.val);
	else
	  mpz_addmul_ui(*c._ZINTptr,*a._ZINTptr,b.val);
	return;
      case _INT___ZINT:
	if (a.val<0){
	  mpz_submul_ui(*c._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr,-a.val);
	}
	else
	  mpz_addmul_ui(*c._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr,a.val);
	return;
      }
    }
    if (c.type==_EXT && a.type==_EXT && b.type==_EXT){
      if ((c._EXTptr+1)->type==_VECT && *(a._EXTptr+1)==*(c._EXTptr+1) && *(b._EXTptr+1)==*(c._EXTptr+1) && a._EXTptr->type==_VECT && b._EXTptr->type==_VECT && c._EXTptr->type==_VECT){
	vecteur & v = *(c._EXTptr+1)->_VECTptr;
	if (v.size()==3 && v[0]==1 && v[1]==0 && a._EXTptr->_VECTptr->size()==2 && b._EXTptr->_VECTptr->size()==2 && c._EXTptr->_VECTptr->size()==2){
	  gen a1=a._EXTptr->_VECTptr->front(),a0=a._EXTptr->_VECTptr->back(),b1=b._EXTptr->_VECTptr->front(),b0=b._EXTptr->_VECTptr->back(),c1=c._EXTptr->_VECTptr->front(),c0=c._EXTptr->_VECTptr->back();
	  gen d1=a1*b0+a0*b1+c1,d0=a0*b0-v[2]*a1*b1+c0;
	  if (is_zero(d1)){ c=d0; return; }
	  gen d=new ref_vecteur(2);
	  d._VECTptr->front()=d1;
	  d._VECTptr->back()=d0;
	  if (c.ref_count()==1)
	    *c._EXTptr=d;
	  else
	    c=algebraic_EXTension(d,*(c._EXTptr+1));
	}
	else {
	  gen d=new ref_vecteur;
	  vecteur ab,rem;
	  operator_times(*a._EXTptr->_VECTptr,*b._EXTptr->_VECTptr,0,ab);
	  addmodpoly(ab,*c._EXTptr->_VECTptr,*d._VECTptr);
	  if (c.ref_count()==1){
	    DivRem(*d._VECTptr,v,0,ab,rem); // take remainder!
	    if (rem.size()<2){ if (rem.empty()) c=0; else c=rem.front();}
	    else {
	      //gen dbg=ext_reduce(d,*(c._EXTptr+1));
	      d._VECTptr->swap(rem);
	      *c._EXTptr=d;
	      //if (dbg!=c) CERR << "error" << '\n';
	    }
	  }
	  else
	    c=ext_reduce(d,*(c._EXTptr+1));
	}
	return;
      }
    }
    if (c.type==_VECT && c.ref_count()==1 && a.type==_VECT && b.type==_VECT && a._VECTptr->size()<KARAMUL_SIZE && b._VECTptr->size()<KARAMUL_SIZE && is_int_zint_vecteur(*a._VECTptr) && is_int_zint_vecteur(*b._VECTptr) && is_int_zint_vecteur(*c._VECTptr)){
      add_mulmodpoly(a._VECTptr->begin(),a._VECTptr->end(),b._VECTptr->begin(),b._VECTptr->end(),0,*c._VECTptr);
      return;
    }
    gen g;
    type_operator_times(a,b,g);
    if (g.type==_ZINT)
      swapgen(c,g);
    c += g;
  }

  void type_operator_minus_times(const gen & a,const gen & b,gen & c){
    register unsigned t=(a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type;
#ifndef EMCC
    if (c.type==_DOUBLE_ && t==_DOUBLE___DOUBLE_){
#ifdef DOUBLEVAL
      c._DOUBLE_val -= a._DOUBLE_val*b._DOUBLE_val;
#else
      *((double *) &c) -= (*((double *) &a)) * (*((double *) &b));
      c.type = _DOUBLE_;
#endif
      return ;
    }
#endif
    if (c.type==_ZINT && c.ref_count()==1){
      switch (t){
      case _ZINT__ZINT:
	mpz_submul(*c._ZINTptr,*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr);
	return;
      case _ZINT__INT_:
	if (b.val<0)
	  mpz_addmul_ui(*c._ZINTptr,*a._ZINTptr,-b.val);
	else
	  mpz_submul_ui(*c._ZINTptr,*a._ZINTptr,b.val);
	return;
      case _INT___ZINT:
	if (a.val<0){
	  mpz_addmul_ui(*c._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr,-a.val);
	}
	else
	  mpz_submul_ui(*c._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr,a.val);
	return;
      }
    }
    gen g;
    type_operator_times(a,b,g);
    c -= g;
  }

  static gen double_times_frac(const gen & a,const fraction & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen n=a*b.num,d=b.den;
    return rdiv(n,d,contextptr);
  }

  static gen mult_cplx(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen * aptr=a._CPLXptr,*bptr=b._CPLXptr;
    unsigned t= (aptr->type | ((aptr+1)->type << 8) | (bptr->type << 16) | ((bptr+1)->type << 24));
    if (t==(_DOUBLE_ | (_DOUBLE_<<8) | (_DOUBLE_ <<16) | (_DOUBLE_ <<24))){
      double ar=aptr->_DOUBLE_val,ai=(aptr+1)->_DOUBLE_val,
	br=bptr->_DOUBLE_val,bi=(bptr+1)->_DOUBLE_val;
      return gen(ar*br-ai* bi, br*ai+ar*bi);
    }
    if (t==(_ZINT | (_ZINT<<8) | (_ZINT <<16) | (_ZINT <<24))){
      mpz_t & ax=*aptr->_ZINTptr;
      mpz_t & ay=*((aptr+1)->_ZINTptr);
      mpz_t & bx=*bptr->_ZINTptr;
      mpz_t & by=*((bptr+1)->_ZINTptr);
      // (ax+i*ay)*(bx+i*by)=ax*bx-ay*by+i*(ax*by+ay*bx)
      // imaginary part is also (ax+ay)*(bx+by)-ax*bx-ay*by, Karatsuba trick
      mpz_t axbx,ayby,r;
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
      mpz_init(axbx); mpz_init(ayby); mpz_init(r);
#else
      int n1=mpz_size(ax)+mpz_size(bx),n2=mpz_size(ay)+mpz_size(by);
      mpz_init2(axbx,n1); mpz_init2(ayby,n2); mpz_init2(r,giacmax(n1,n2)+2);
#endif
      mpz_mul(axbx,ax,bx);
      mpz_add(r,ax,ay);
      mpz_add(ayby,bx,by); // temporary use
      mpz_mul(r,r,ayby);
      mpz_sub(r,r,axbx);
      mpz_mul(ayby,ay,by);
      mpz_sub(r,r,ayby);
      gen I=r;
      mpz_sub(r,axbx,ayby);
      gen R=r;
      R=gen(R,I);
      mpz_clear(r); mpz_clear(ayby); mpz_clear(axbx);
      return R;
    }
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFR && !defined NO_RTTI
    if (t==(_REAL | (_REAL<<8) | (_REAL <<16) | (_REAL <<24))){
      real_object & ax=*aptr->_REALptr;
      real_object & ay=*((aptr+1)->_REALptr);
      real_object & bx=*bptr->_REALptr;
      real_object & by=*((bptr+1)->_REALptr);
      if (!dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(&ax) ||
	  !dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(&ay) ||
	  !dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(&bx) ||
	  !dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(&by) ){
	mpfr_t axbx,ayby,r;
	int nbits=mpfr_get_prec(ax.inf);
	nbits=giacmin(nbits,mpfr_get_prec(bx.inf));
	mpfr_init2(axbx,nbits); mpfr_init2(ayby,nbits); mpfr_init2(r,nbits);
	mpfr_mul(axbx,ax.inf,bx.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
	mpfr_add(r,ax.inf,ay.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
	mpfr_add(ayby,bx.inf,by.inf,MPFR_RNDN); // temporary use
	mpfr_mul(r,r,ayby,MPFR_RNDN);
	mpfr_sub(r,r,axbx,MPFR_RNDN);
	mpfr_mul(ayby,ay.inf,by.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
	mpfr_sub(r,r,ayby,MPFR_RNDN);
	gen I=real_object(r);
	mpfr_sub(r,axbx,ayby,MPFR_RNDN);
	gen R=real_object(r);
	R=gen(R,I);
	mpfr_clear(r); mpfr_clear(ayby); mpfr_clear(axbx);
	return R;
      }
    }
#endif
    return gen(*aptr * (*bptr) - *(aptr+1)* (*(bptr+1)),
	       (*bptr) * (*(aptr+1)) + *(bptr+1) * (*aptr));
  }

  static gen operator_times(const gen & a,const gen & b,unsigned t,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    static bool warnpy=true;
    // COUT << a << "*" << b << '\n';
    // if (!( (++control_c_counter) & control_c_counter_mask))
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    register ref_mpz_t * e;
    switch (t) {
    case _ZINT__ZINT:
      e=new ref_mpz_t(GIAC_MPZ_INIT_SIZE); // ((mpz_size(*b._ZINTptr)+mpz_size(*b._ZINTptr))*mp_bits_per_limb);
      mpz_mul(e->z,*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr);
      return e;
    case _DOUBLE___DOUBLE_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val*b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _FLOAT___FLOAT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val*b._FLOAT_val;
    case _INT___ZINT:
      if (a.val==1) return b;
      e=new ref_mpz_t(GIAC_MPZ_INIT_SIZE); // (mpz_size(*b._ZINTptr)*mp_bits_per_limb);
      if (a.val<0){
	mpz_mul_ui(e->z,*b._ZINTptr,-a.val);
	mpz_neg(e->z,e->z);
      }
      else
	mpz_mul_ui(e->z,*b._ZINTptr,a.val);
      return gen(e);
    case _ZINT__INT_:
      if (b.val==1) return a;
      e=new ref_mpz_t(GIAC_MPZ_INIT_SIZE); // (mpz_size(*a._ZINTptr)*mp_bits_per_limb);
      if (b.val<0){
	mpz_mul_ui(e->z,*a._ZINTptr,-b.val);
	mpz_neg(e->z,e->z);
      }
      else
	mpz_mul_ui(e->z,*a._ZINTptr,b.val);
      return gen(e);
    case _INT___DOUBLE_:
      return a.val*b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _DOUBLE___INT_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val*b.val;
    case _INT___FLOAT_:
      return giac_float(a.val)*b._FLOAT_val;
    case _FLOAT___INT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val*giac_float(b.val);
    case _DOUBLE___FLOAT_:
      return giac_float(a._DOUBLE_val)*b._FLOAT_val;
    case _FLOAT___DOUBLE_:
      return a._FLOAT_val*giac_float(b._DOUBLE_val);
    case _FLOAT___FRAC: case _DOUBLE___FRAC:
      return double_times_frac(a,*b._FRACptr,contextptr);
    case _FRAC__FLOAT_: case _FRAC__DOUBLE_:
      return double_times_frac(b,*a._FRACptr,contextptr);
    case _INT___FRAC: case _ZINT__FRAC:
      return a*(*b._FRACptr);
    case _FRAC__INT_: case _FRAC_ZINT:
      return (*a._FRACptr)*b;
    case _DOUBLE___ZINT:
      return a._DOUBLE_val*mpz_get_d(*b._ZINTptr);
    case _DOUBLE___REAL:
      return a._DOUBLE_val*real2double(*b._REALptr);
    case _REAL__DOUBLE_:
      return b._DOUBLE_val*real2double(*a._REALptr);
    case _ZINT__DOUBLE_:
      return mpz_get_d(*a._ZINTptr)*b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _CPLX__INT_:
      if (b.val==1) return a;
    case _CPLX__ZINT: case _CPLX__DOUBLE_: case _CPLX__FLOAT_: case _CPLX__REAL:
      return gen(*a._CPLXptr*b,*(a._CPLXptr+1)*b);
    case _INT___CPLX:
      return a.val==1?b:gen(a*(*b._CPLXptr),a*(*(b._CPLXptr+1)));
    case _ZINT__CPLX: case _DOUBLE___CPLX: case _FLOAT___CPLX: case _REAL__CPLX:
      return is_one(a)?b:gen(a*(*b._CPLXptr),a*(*(b._CPLXptr+1)));
    case _CPLX__CPLX:
      return adjust_complex_display(mult_cplx(a,b,contextptr),a,b);
#if 1 //ndef GIAC_GGB
    case _INT___STRNG:{
      if (b.subtype==-1) return b;
      string res;
      for (int i=0;i<a.val;++i)
	res += *b._STRNGptr;
      return string2gen(res,false);
    }
    case _STRNG__INT_:{
      if (a.subtype==-1) return a;
      string res;
      for (int i=0;i<b.val;++i)
	res += *a._STRNGptr;
      return string2gen(res,false);
    }
#endif
    case _VECT__INT_:
      if (b.val>=0 && python_compat(contextptr)==2){
	vecteur res;
	res.reserve(a._VECTptr->size()*b.val);
	const_iterateur it,itend=a._VECTptr->end();
	int n=b.val;
	for (int i=0;i<n;++i){
	  for (it=a._VECTptr->begin();it!=itend;++it)
	    res.push_back(*it);
	}
	return gen(res,a.subtype);
      }
    case _VECT__ZINT: case _VECT__DOUBLE_: case _VECT__FLOAT_: case _VECT__CPLX: case _VECT__SYMB: case _VECT__IDNT: case _VECT__POLY: case _VECT__EXT: case _VECT__MOD: case _VECT__FRAC: case _VECT__REAL: {
      gen A(a),B(b);
      if (A.is_approx() && !is_fully_numeric(B))
	B=evalf(b,1,contextptr);
      else {
	if (B.is_approx() && !is_fully_numeric(A)){
	  A=evalf(a,1,contextptr);
	  if (A.type!=_VECT)
	    A=a;
	}
      }
      // matrix * point -> point
      if (B.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pnt)){
	gen tmp=complex2vecteur(remove_at_pnt(B),contextptr);
	if (ckmatrix(A)){
	  tmp=multmatvecteur(*A._VECTptr,*tmp._VECTptr);
	  return _point(tmp,contextptr);
	}
	if (A._VECTptr->size()==tmp._VECTptr->size())
	  return dotvecteur(*A._VECTptr,*tmp._VECTptr);
      }
      if (A.subtype==_VECTOR__VECT && A._VECTptr->size()==2)
	return vector2vecteur(*A._VECTptr)*B;
      if (A.subtype==_PNT__VECT)
	return gen(multfirst(B,*A._VECTptr),_PNT__VECT);
      if (A.subtype==_POLY1__VECT){
	if (is_zero(B,contextptr))
	  return B;
	//if (b.type==_POLY) return a*(*b._POLYptr);
      }
      return multgen_poly(B,*A._VECTptr,A.subtype); // gen(multvecteur(b,*a._VECTptr),a.subtype);
    }
    case _INT___VECT:
      if (a.val>=0 && python_compat(contextptr)==2)
	return operator_times(b,a,contextptr);
      if (warnpy && a.val>=0 && python_compat(contextptr)){
	alert(gettext("Python compatibility, integer*list will do vector multiplication, run list*integer to duplicate list"),contextptr);
	warnpy=false;
      }
    case _ZINT__VECT: case _DOUBLE___VECT: case _FLOAT___VECT: case _CPLX__VECT: case _SYMB__VECT: case _IDNT__VECT: case _POLY__VECT: case _EXT__VECT: case _MOD__VECT: case _FRAC__VECT: case _REAL__VECT: {
      gen A(a),B(b);
      if (A.is_approx() && !is_fully_numeric(B)){
	B=evalf(b,1,contextptr);
	if (B.type!=_VECT)
	  B=b;
      }
      else {
	if (B.is_approx() && !is_fully_numeric(A)){
	  A=evalf(a,1,contextptr);
	}
      }
      if (A.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pnt)){
	gen tmp=complex2vecteur(remove_at_pnt(A),contextptr);
	if (ckmatrix(B))
	  return _point(multvecteurmat(*tmp._VECTptr,*B._VECTptr),contextptr);
	if (tmp._VECTptr->size()==B._VECTptr->size())
	  return dotvecteur(*tmp._VECTptr,*B._VECTptr,contextptr);
      }
      if (B.subtype==_VECTOR__VECT && B._VECTptr->size()==2)
	return A*vector2vecteur(*B._VECTptr);
      if (B.subtype==_PNT__VECT)
	return gen(multfirst(A,*B._VECTptr),_PNT__VECT);
      if (B.subtype==_POLY1__VECT){
	if (is_zero(A,contextptr))
	  return A;
	// if (a.type==_POLY) return b*(*a._POLYptr);
      }
      return multgen_poly(A,*B._VECTptr,B.subtype); // gen(multvecteur(a,*b._VECTptr),b.subtype);
    }
    case _VECT__VECT: {
      gen A(a),B(b);
      if (A.subtype==_SET__VECT && B.subtype==_SET__VECT){
	vecteur res; res.reserve(A._VECTptr->size()*B._VECTptr->size());
	const_iterateur at=A._VECTptr->begin(),aend=A._VECTptr->end(),bt=B._VECTptr->begin(),bend=B._VECTptr->end();
	for (;at!=aend;++at){
	  for (bt=B._VECTptr->begin();bt!=bend;++bt){
	    if (at->type==_VECT && at->subtype==_TUPLE__VECT){
	      if (bt->type==_VECT && bt->subtype==_TUPLE__VECT){
		res.push_back(gen(mergevecteur(*at->_VECTptr,*bt->_VECTptr),_TUPLE__VECT));
	      }
	      else {
		vecteur tmp(*at->_VECTptr);
		tmp.push_back(*bt);
		res.push_back(gen(tmp,_TUPLE__VECT));
	      }
	    }
	    else {
	      if (bt->type==_VECT && bt->subtype==_TUPLE__VECT){
		vecteur tmp(*bt->_VECTptr);
		tmp.insert(tmp.begin(),*at);
		res.push_back(gen(tmp,_TUPLE__VECT));
	      }
	      else
		res.push_back(gen(makevecteur(*at,*bt),_TUPLE__VECT));
	    }
	  }
	}
	return gen(res,_SET__VECT);
      }
      // FIXME should not convert 0 in B if A has intervals
      if (A.is_approx() && !is_fully_numeric(B)){
	bool done=false;
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
	// workaround for lu e.g. a:=ranm(4,4); b:=convert(a,interval); p,l,u:=lu(b):; l*u;
	if (!A._VECTptr->empty() && A._VECTptr->back().type==_VECT && !A._VECTptr->back()._VECTptr->empty() && A._VECTptr->back()._VECTptr->front().type==_REAL){
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(A._VECTptr->back()._VECTptr->front()._REALptr)){
	    B=convert_interval(b,mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup),contextptr);
	    done=true;
	  }
	}
#endif
	if (!done)
	  B=evalf(b,1,contextptr);
	if (B.type!=_VECT)
	  B=b;
      }
      else {
	if (B.is_approx() && !is_fully_numeric(A)){
	  A=evalf(a,1,contextptr);
	  if (A.type!=_VECT)
	    A=a;
	}
      }
      if (// abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 &&
	  (A.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT ||B.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT) && ckmatrix(A) && ckmatrix(B)){
	if (A._VECTptr->front()._VECTptr->size()!=B._VECTptr->size())
	  return gendimerr(contextptr);
	gen res(new ref_vecteur(0),_MATRIX__VECT);
	mmult(*A._VECTptr,*B._VECTptr,*res._VECTptr);
	return res;
      }
      if ( (A.subtype==_POLY1__VECT) || (B.subtype==_POLY1__VECT) )
	return multgen_poly(*A._VECTptr,*B._VECTptr);
      if ( (A.subtype==_LIST__VECT) || (B.subtype==_LIST__VECT) )
	return matrix_apply(A,B,contextptr,operator_times);
      if (A.subtype==_GGBVECT || (b.subtype==_GGBVECT && !ckmatrix(A))){
	gen res=dotvecteur(a,b);
	if (res.type==_VECT) res.subtype=_GGBVECT;
	return res;
      }
      { gen res=ckmultmatvecteur(*A._VECTptr,*B._VECTptr,contextptr);
	if ( (calc_mode(contextptr)==1 || abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38) && res.type==_VECT){
	  res.subtype=B.subtype;
	  if (res.subtype==0)
	    res.subtype=A.subtype;
	}
	return res;
      }
    }
    case _POLY__POLY:
      return mulpoly(a,b);
    case _FRAC__FRAC:
      if (a._FRACptr->num.type==_EXT && b._FRACptr->num.type==_EXT)
	return ((*a._FRACptr)*(*b._FRACptr)).normal();
      return (*a._FRACptr)*(*b._FRACptr);
    case _SPOL1__SPOL1:
      return spmul(*a._SPOL1ptr,*b._SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
    case _EXT__EXT:
      return ext_mul(a,b,contextptr);
    case _MAP__MAP:
      {
	int arows,acols,an,brows,bcols,bn;
	if (is_sparse_matrix(a,arows,acols,an) && is_sparse_matrix(b,brows,bcols,bn)){
	  gen_map res;
	  gen g(res);
	  sparse_mult(*a._MAPptr,*b._MAPptr,*g._MAPptr);
	  return g;
	}
      }
    case _MAP__VECT:
      {
	int arows,acols,an;
	if (is_sparse_matrix(a,arows,acols,an)){
	  if (acols>b._VECTptr->size())
	    return gendimerr(contextptr);
	  if (ckmatrix(b)){
	    vecteur A;
	    convert(*a._MAPptr,A);
	    return A*b;
	  }
	  smatrix as;
	  if (convert(*a._MAPptr,as)){
	    vecteur res;
	    sparse_mult(as,*b._VECTptr,res);
	    return res;
	  }
	  gen_map res;
	  gen g(res);
	  if (!sparse_mult(*a._MAPptr,*b._VECTptr,*g._MAPptr))
	    return gendimerr(contextptr);
	  // Should probably check if g is dense or not
	  return g;
	}
      }
    case _VECT__MAP:
      {
	int brows,bcols,an;
	if (is_sparse_matrix(b,brows,bcols,an)){
	  if (brows>a._VECTptr->size())
	    return gendimerr(contextptr);
	  if (ckmatrix(a)){
	    vecteur B;
	    convert(*b._MAPptr,B);
	    return a*B;
	  }
	  smatrix bs;
	  if (convert(*b._MAPptr,bs)){
	    vecteur res;
	    sparse_mult(*a._VECTptr,bs,res);
	    return res;
	  }
	  gen_map res;
	  gen g(res);
	  if (!sparse_mult(*a._VECTptr,*b._MAPptr,*g._MAPptr))
	    return gendimerr(contextptr);
	  // Should probably check if g is dense or not
	  return g;
	}
      }
    case _INT___MAP: case _ZINT__MAP: case _DOUBLE___MAP: case _FLOAT___MAP: case _CPLX__MAP: case _SYMB__MAP: case _IDNT__MAP: case _POLY__MAP: case _EXT__MAP: case _MOD__MAP: case _FRAC__MAP: case _REAL__MAP: {
      if (is_one(a))
	return b;
      int brows,bcols,bn;
      if (is_sparse_matrix(b,brows,bcols,bn)){
	gen_map res;
	gen g(res);
	if (is_zero(a))
	  return g;
	*g._MAPptr=*b._MAPptr;
	sparse_mult(a,*g._MAPptr);
	return g;
      }
      break;
    }
    case _POLY__INT_: case _POLY__ZINT: case _POLY__DOUBLE_: case _POLY__FLOAT_: case _POLY__CPLX: case _POLY__USER: case _POLY__REAL:
      if (is_one(b))
	return a;
      return (*a._POLYptr) * b;
    case _POLY__MOD:
      return (*a._POLYptr) * b;
    case _INT___POLY: case _ZINT__POLY: case _DOUBLE___POLY: case _FLOAT___POLY: case _CPLX__POLY: case _USER__POLY: case _REAL__POLY:
      if (is_one(a))
	return b;
      return a * (*b._POLYptr);
    case _MOD__POLY:
      return a * (*b._POLYptr);
    case _MOD__MOD:
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      return modmul( (ref_modulo *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16),(ref_modulo *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &b) >> 16) );
#else
      return modmul(a.__MODptr,b.__MODptr);
#endif
    case _MOD__INT_: case _MOD__ZINT:
      return makemod(*a._MODptr*b,*(a._MODptr+1));
    case _INT___MOD: case _ZINT__MOD:
      return makemod(*b._MODptr*a,*(b._MODptr+1));
    case _REAL__REAL:
      return (*a._REALptr)*(*b._REALptr);
    default:
      if (is_undef(a))
	return a;
      if (is_undef(b))
	return b;
      if (a.type==_FLOAT_){
	gen b1;
	if (has_evalf(b,b1,1,contextptr)&& (b.type!=b1.type || b!=b1))
	  return a*b1;
	return operator_times(evalf_double(a,1,contextptr),b,contextptr);
      }
      if (b.type==_FLOAT_){
	gen a1;
	if (has_evalf(a,a1,1,contextptr)&& (a.type!=a1.type || a!=a1))
	  return a1*b;
	return operator_times(a,evalf_double(b,1,contextptr),contextptr);
      }
      if (a.type==_SPOL1)
	return spmul(*a._SPOL1ptr,gen2spol1(b),contextptr);
      if (b.type==_SPOL1)
	return spmul(gen2spol1(a),*b._SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
      if (a.type==_USER)
	return (*a._USERptr)*b;
      if (b.type==_USER)
	return (*b._USERptr)*a;
      if (a.type==_REAL)
	return a._REALptr->multiply(b,contextptr);
      if (b.type==_REAL)
	return b._REALptr->multiply(a,contextptr);
      if (a.type==_STRNG || b.type==_STRNG)
	return gensizeerr(contextptr);
      return sym_mult(a,b,contextptr);
    }
    return undef;
  }

  gen operator_times(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    register unsigned t=(a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type;
    if (!t)
      return gen((longlong) a.val*b.val);
    return operator_times(a,b,t,contextptr);
  }

  gen operator * (const gen & a,const gen & b){
    register unsigned t=(a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type;
    if (!t)
      return gen((longlong) a.val*b.val);
    return operator_times(a,b,t,context0);
  }

  bool has_i(const gen & g){
    if (g.type==_CPLX)
      return true;
    if (g.type==_FRAC)
      return g._FRACptr->num.type==_CPLX || g._FRACptr->den.type==_CPLX;
    if (g.type==_VECT){
      const_iterateur it=g._VECTptr->begin(),itend=g._VECTptr->end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	if (has_i(*it))
	  return true;
      }
      return false;
    }
    if (g.type==_SPOL1){
      sparse_poly1::const_iterator it=g._SPOL1ptr->begin(),itend=g._SPOL1ptr->end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	if (has_i(it->coeff))
	  return true;
      }
      return false;
    }
    if (g.type==_EXT)
      return has_i(*g._EXTptr);
    if (g.type!=_SYMB)
      return false;
    return has_i(g._SYMBptr->feuille);
  }

  gen giac_pow(const gen & base,const gen & exponent,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return pow(base,exponent,contextptr);
  }

  // (-1)^n
  static gen minus1pow(const gen & exponent,GIAC_CONTEXT,bool allow_recursion=true){
    if (exponent.type==_INT_)
      return (exponent.val%2)?-1:1;
    if (exponent.type==_ZINT){
      gen q,g=irem(exponent,2,q);
      if (is_zero(g,contextptr))
	return 1;
      return -1;
    }
    if (is_inf(exponent))
      return undef;
    if (is_undef(exponent))
      return exponent;
    if (exponent.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg)){
      gen tmp=minus1pow(exponent._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
      if (is_assumed_integer(exponent,contextptr))
	return tmp;
      //else return symb_inv(tmp);
    }
    if (exponent.is_symb_of_sommet(at_plus)){
      gen res(1);
      gen & f=exponent._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (f.type!=_VECT)
	return minus1pow(f,contextptr);
      vecteur & v = *f._VECTptr;
      int s=int(v.size());
      for (int i=0;i<s;++i)
	res = res * minus1pow(v[i],contextptr);
      return res;
    }
    if (exponent.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod)){
      gen & f =exponent._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (f.type==_VECT){
	vecteur & v = *f._VECTptr;
	int i,s=int(v.size());
	bool even=false,perhapsone=true;
	gen num=1,den=1;
	for (i=0;i<s;++i){
	  if (v[i].is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv))
	    den=den*v[i]._SYMBptr->feuille;
	  else
	    num=num*v[i];
	  if (is_integer(v[i]) && is_zero(smod(v[i],2),contextptr))
	    even=true;
	  if (!is_assumed_integer(v[i],contextptr))
	    perhapsone=false;
	}
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
	if (allow_recursion && perhapsone){
	  gen num1=undef;
	  try {
	    num1=_irem(makesequence(num,2*den),contextptr);
	  } catch (std::runtime_error & err){
	    num1=undef;
	  }
	  if (!is_undef(num1) && num1!=num) return minus1pow(symb_prod(num1,symb_inv(den)),contextptr,false);
	}
#endif
	if (even && perhapsone)
	  return 1;
	if (num.type==_INT_ && den.type==_INT_ && den.val<=MAX_ALG_EXT_ORDER_SIZE){
	  return exp(cst_i*exponent*cst_pi,contextptr);
	}
      }
    }
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(-1,exponent),_SEQ__VECT)));
  }

  static gen pow_iterative(const gen & base,const gen & exponent,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (is_positive(-exponent,contextptr))
      return pow_iterative(inv(base,contextptr),-exponent,contextptr);
    gen res=1,expo=exponent;
    gen basepow=base;
    while (!is_zero(expo)){
      gen q,r=irem(expo,2,q);
      if (!is_zero(r))
	res = res*basepow;
      expo=q;
      if ( !is_zero(expo) )
	basepow=basepow*basepow;
    }
    return res;
  }

  gen pow(const gen & base,const gen & exponent,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    // if (!( (++control_c_counter) & control_c_counter_mask))
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    if (exponent.type==_INT_){
      if (exponent.val==1) return base;
      if (exponent.val==2 && base.type<=_CPLX){
	if (base.type==_CPLX && base.subtype==3){
	  double a=base._CPLXptr->_DOUBLE_val,b=(base._CPLXptr+1)->_DOUBLE_val;
	  return gen(a*a-b*b,2.0*a*b);
	}
	return operator_times(base,base,contextptr);
      }
    }
    if (is_undef(base))
      return base;
    if (is_undef(exponent))
      return exponent;
    {
      gen a,b;
      if (is_algebraic_program(base,a,b))
	return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(a,0,pow(b,exponent,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
      if (is_algebraic_program(exponent,a,b))
	return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(a,0,pow(base,b,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
    }
    if (base.type==_VECT && base.subtype!=_POLY1__VECT && !is_squarematrix(base)){
      *logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning, ^ is ambiguous on non square matrices. Use .^ to apply ^ element by element.") << '\n';
      if (exponent.type==_VECT)
	return apply(base,exponent,contextptr,giac_pow);
      if (base.subtype!=_LIST__VECT && (exponent.type==_INT_ && exponent.val %2==0) )
	return pow(dotvecteur(*base._VECTptr,*base._VECTptr,contextptr),exponent.val/2,contextptr);
      return apply1st(base,exponent,contextptr,&giac_pow);
    }
    if (exponent.type==_VECT)
      return apply2nd(base,exponent,contextptr,&giac_pow);
    if (exponent.type==_FRAC){
      if (base.type<_POLY || base.type==_FLOAT_){
	if (exponent==plus_one_half)
	  return sqrt(base,contextptr);
	if (exponent==minus_one_half)
	  return inv(sqrt(base,contextptr),contextptr);
      }
      if (exponent._FRACptr->num==1 && exponent._FRACptr->den==2 && base.type==_SYMB){
	vecteur v=lvar(base);
	if (v.size()==1 && v.front().is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow) && v.front()._SYMBptr->feuille[1]==plus_one_half && is_integer(v.front()._SYMBptr->feuille[0])){
	  gen a,b,c=v.front()._SYMBptr->feuille[0];
	  if (is_linear_wrt(base,v.front(),b,a,contextptr) && (is_integer(a) ||a.type==_FRAC) && (is_integer(b) || b.type==_FRAC)){
	    gen d=a*a-b*b*c;
	    if (is_positive(d,contextptr)){
	      d=sqrt(d,contextptr);
	      if (is_integer(d) || d.type==_FRAC){
		return sqrt((a+d)/2,contextptr)+sign(b,contextptr)*sqrt((a-d)/2,contextptr);
	      }
	    }
	  }
	}
      }
      return pow(base,new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,makesequence(exponent._FRACptr->num,symb_inv(exponent._FRACptr->den)))),contextptr);
    }
    if (is_inf(base)){
      if (is_zero(exponent,contextptr))
	return undef;
      if (exponent==plus_inf){
	if (base==plus_inf)
	  return base;
	return unsigned_inf;
      }
      if (exponent==minus_inf)
	return 0;
      gen d;
      bool b=has_evalf(exponent,d,1,contextptr);
      if (b && is_strictly_positive(-exponent,contextptr) )
	return 0;
      if (b && base==plus_inf &&is_strictly_positive(exponent,contextptr))
	return plus_inf;
      if ( (exponent.type==_INT_) ){
	if (exponent.val % 2)
	  return base;
	else
	  return plus_inf; // for unsigned_inf in _DOUBLE_ mode only!!
      }
      if (b && is_strictly_positive(exponent,contextptr))
	return unsigned_inf;
      return undef;
    }
    if (base.type==_SYMB){
      unary_function_ptr & u =base._SYMBptr->sommet;
      if (u==at_unit){
	vecteur & v=*base._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	gen v1=v[1];
	vecteur w;
	if (v1.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod))
	  w=gen2vecteur(v1._SYMBptr->feuille);
	else
	  w.push_back(v1);
	for (unsigned i=0;i<w.size();++i){
	  gen & v1=w[i];
	  if (v1.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow))
	    v1=pow(v1._SYMBptr->feuille[0],v1._SYMBptr->feuille[1]*exponent,contextptr);
	  else
	    v1=pow(v1,exponent,contextptr);
	}
	if (w.size()==1) v1=w.front(); else v1=symbolic(at_prod,gen(w,_SEQ__VECT));
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_unit,makenewvecteur(pow(v[0],exponent,contextptr),v1)));
      }
      if (u==at_abs && exponent.type==_INT_ && !complex_mode(contextptr) && !has_i(base)){
	int n=exponent.val,m;
	if (n<0 && n%2)
	  m=n-1;
	else
	  m=(n/2)*2; // or m=n%2?n-1:n;
	gen basep=pow(base._SYMBptr->feuille,m);
	if (n%2)
	  return base*basep;
	else
	  return basep;
      }
      if (u==at_pnt && exponent.type==_INT_ && exponent.val%2==0){
	return pow(abs_norm2(remove_at_pnt(base),contextptr),exponent.val/2,contextptr);
      }
      if (u==at_sign && exponent.type==_INT_ && !complex_mode(contextptr) && !has_i(base)){
	int n=exponent.val;
	if (n%2)
	  return base;
	else
	  return 1;
      }
      if (u==at_exp){
	// (e^a)^b=e^(a*b)
	// but we keep (e^a)^b if b is integer and e^(a*b) is not simplified
	// for rational dependance
	gen res=exp(base._SYMBptr->feuille*exponent,contextptr);
	if (exponent.type!=_INT_ || !res.is_symb_of_sommet(at_exp))
	  return res;
      }
      if (u==at_inv && base._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_SYMB && (base._SYMBptr->feuille._SYMBptr->sommet==at_exp ||base._SYMBptr->feuille._SYMBptr->sommet==at_pow))
	return inv(pow(base._SYMBptr->feuille,exponent,contextptr),contextptr);
      if (u==at_pow && !has_i(base)){
	vecteur & v=*base._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	gen & v1=v[1];
	gen new_exp=v1*exponent;
	if (new_exp.type>_IDNT)
	  new_exp=normal(new_exp,contextptr);
	if ( v1.type==_INT_ && v1.val%2==0
	     && (new_exp.type!=_INT_ || new_exp.val%2 )
	     && !complex_mode(contextptr) )
	  return pow(abs(v[0],contextptr),new_exp,contextptr);
	else
	  return pow(v[0],new_exp,contextptr);
      }
      if (u==at_equal || u==at_equal2){
	vecteur & vb=*base._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(base._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(pow(vb.front(),exponent,contextptr),pow(vb.back(),exponent,contextptr))));
      }
      if (exponent.type==_INT_){
	if (exponent.val==0)
	  return 1;
	if (exponent.val==1)
	  return base;
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makevecteur(base,exponent),_SEQ__VECT)));
      }
    }
    if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 && !complex_mode(contextptr) && is_exactly_zero(base) && is_exactly_zero(exponent)) // was is_zero(,.contextptr) changed so that MINREAL^0 is not undef but 1
      return undef;
    switch ( (base.type<< _DECALAGE) | exponent.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_: case _ZINT__INT_: case _REAL__INT_: case _CPLX__INT_: case _IDNT__INT_:
      return pow(base,exponent.val);
    case _DOUBLE___DOUBLE_:
      if (exponent._DOUBLE_val==int(std::floor(exponent._DOUBLE_val+.25)))
	return pow(base,int(std::floor(exponent._DOUBLE_val+.25)));
      if (base._DOUBLE_val>=0)
#ifdef _SOFTMATH_H
	return std::giac_gnuwince_pow(base._DOUBLE_val,exponent._DOUBLE_val);
#else
	return std::pow(base._DOUBLE_val,exponent._DOUBLE_val);
#endif
      else
	return exp(exponent*log(base,contextptr),contextptr);
    case _FRAC__DOUBLE_:
      return exp(exponent*log(base,contextptr),contextptr);
    case _FLOAT___FLOAT_:
      if (exponent._FLOAT_val==get_int(exponent._FLOAT_val))
	return pow(base,get_int(exponent._FLOAT_val));
      if (is_strictly_positive(-base,contextptr))
	return exp(exponent*ln(base,contextptr),contextptr);
      return fpow(base._FLOAT_val,exponent._FLOAT_val);
    case _INT___FLOAT_:
      if (exponent._FLOAT_val==get_int(exponent._FLOAT_val))
	return pow(base,get_int(exponent._FLOAT_val));
      if (is_strictly_positive(-base,contextptr))
	return exp(exponent*ln(base,contextptr),contextptr);
      return fpow(giac_float(base.val),exponent._FLOAT_val);
    case _FLOAT___INT_:
      return fpow(base._FLOAT_val,giac_float(exponent.val));
    case _DOUBLE___INT_:
      if (base._DOUBLE_val>=0)
#ifdef _SOFTMATH_H
	return std::giac_gnuwince_pow(base._DOUBLE_val,exponent.val);
#else
      return std::pow(base._DOUBLE_val,exponent.val);
#endif
      else
	return (exponent.val%2?-1:1)*std::pow(-base._DOUBLE_val,exponent.val);//exp(exponent*log(-base,contextptr),contextptr);
    case _INT___DOUBLE_:
#ifdef _SOFTMATH_H
      return std::giac_gnuwince_pow(base.val,exponent._DOUBLE_val);
#else
      return std::pow(double(base.val),exponent._DOUBLE_val);
#endif
    case _ZINT__DOUBLE_:
#ifdef _SOFTMATH_H
      return std::giac_gnuwince_pow(mpz_get_d(*base._ZINTptr),exponent._DOUBLE_val);
#else
      return std::pow(mpz_get_d(*base._ZINTptr),exponent._DOUBLE_val);
#endif
    case _DOUBLE___ZINT:
      if (base._DOUBLE_val>=0)
#ifdef _SOFTMATH_H
	return std::giac_gnuwince_pow(base._DOUBLE_val,mpz_get_d(*exponent._ZINTptr));
#else
      return std::pow(base._DOUBLE_val,mpz_get_d(*exponent._ZINTptr));
#endif
      else
	return exp(exponent*log(base,contextptr),contextptr);
    case _POLY__INT_:
      if (exponent.val<0)
	return fraction(1,pow(*base._POLYptr,-exponent.val));
      else
	return pow(*base._POLYptr,exponent.val);
    case _MAP__INT_:
      if (exponent.val>=0)
	return pow(base,exponent.val);
    case _FRAC__INT_:
      return pow(*base._FRACptr,exponent.val);
    case _EXT__INT_: case _MOD__INT_: case _VECT__INT_: case _USER__INT_:
      return pow(base,exponent.val);
    case _MOD__ZINT:
      return makemod(powmod(*base._MODptr,exponent,*(base._MODptr+1)),*(base._MODptr+1));
    default:
      if (is_undef(base))
	return base;
      if (is_undef(exponent))
	return exponent;
      if (base.type==_STRNG || exponent.type==_STRNG)
	return gensizeerr(contextptr);
      if (is_one(base) && !is_inf(exponent))
	return base;
      if (exponent.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod) && exponent._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && exponent._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2){
	gen e1=exponent._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front();
	gen e2=exponent._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back();
	if (e1.is_symb_of_sommet(at_ln) && e2.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && e2._SYMBptr->feuille.is_symb_of_sommet(at_ln) && base==e2._SYMBptr->feuille._SYMBptr->feuille)
	  return e1._SYMBptr->feuille;
      }
      if (is_squarematrix(base)){
	if ((exponent.type==_REAL || exponent.type==_DOUBLE_ || exponent.type==_FLOAT_))
	  return matpow(*base._VECTptr,exponent,contextptr);
	if (exponent.type>=_IDNT)
	  *logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Use matpow to force computation of a power of matrix via jordanisation") << '\n';
      }
      if (base.type==_REAL || base.type==_DOUBLE_ ||
	  (base.type==_CPLX
	   // && base.subtype==3
	   )
	  || base.type==_FLOAT_ || ( (base.type<_POLY || base.type==_FLOAT_) && (exponent.type==_REAL || exponent.type==_DOUBLE_ || exponent.type==_FLOAT_)))
	return exp(exponent*log(base,contextptr),contextptr);
      /*
	 if (base.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
	 return minus1pow(exponent)*pow(base._SYMBptr->feuille,exponent);
      */
      if ((base.type==_INT_) && (base.val<0)){
	if (exponent==plus_one_half)
	  return cst_i*sqrt(-base.val,contextptr);
	// if (exponent==-one_half)
	//  return rdiv(cst_i,sqrt(-base.val));
      }
      if (is_exactly_zero(base)){
	gen d;
#if 1
	// 0^k should return 0 if k is assumed to be positive
	d=sign(exponent,contextptr);
	if (is_one(d))
	  return base;
	if (is_minus_one(d))
	  return unsigned_inf;
#else
	bool b=has_evalf(exponent,d,1,contextptr);
	if (b && is_positive(exponent,contextptr))
	  return base;
	if (b && is_positive(-exponent,contextptr))
	  return unsigned_inf;
#endif
	return undef;
      }
      if (base.type==_SPOL1)
	return sppow(*base._SPOL1ptr,exponent,contextptr);
      if (is_integer(base) && is_positive(-base,contextptr)){
#if 0
	if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 && !complex_mode(contextptr))
	  return gensizeerr(gettext("Negative to a fractional power"));
#endif
	return minus1pow(exponent,contextptr)*pow(-base,exponent,contextptr);
      }
      if (is_inf(exponent)){
	if (base.type==_VECT)
	  return gensizeerr(contextptr);
	return exp(exponent*ln(base,contextptr),contextptr);
      }
      // extract integral powers in a product exponent
      if ((exponent.type==_SYMB) && (exponent._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod)){
	gen subexponent_num(1),subexponent_deno(1);
	gen superexponent(1);
	const_iterateur it=exponent._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->begin(),itend=exponent._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->end();
	for (;it!=itend;++it){
	  if (it->type==_INT_){
	    superexponent = superexponent * (*it);
	    continue;
	  }
	  if ( (it->type==_SYMB) && (it->_SYMBptr->sommet==at_inv))
	    subexponent_deno = subexponent_deno * (it->_SYMBptr->feuille);
	  else
	    subexponent_num = subexponent_num * (*it);
	}
	if (superexponent.type!=_INT_
	    || (!lidnt(exponent).empty() && absint(superexponent.val)>MAX_COMMON_ALG_EXT_ORDER_SIZE)
	    )
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(base,exponent),_SEQ__VECT)));
	if (subexponent_deno.type!=_INT_){
	  if (is_one(superexponent))
	    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(base,_FRAC2_SYMB(subexponent_num,subexponent_deno)),_SEQ__VECT)));
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(base,_FRAC2_SYMB(subexponent_num,subexponent_deno)),_SEQ__VECT))),superexponent),_SEQ__VECT)));
	}
	int q=superexponent.val / subexponent_deno.val;
	int r=superexponent.val % subexponent_deno.val;
	gen res(1);
	if (r){
	  if (complex_mode(contextptr) && fastsign(base,contextptr)==-1){ // is_strictly_positive(-base,contextptr)){
	    gen base1=-base;
	    res=exp((cst_i*cst_pi*subexponent_num)/subexponent_deno,contextptr);
	    res=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(pow(base1,subexponent_num,contextptr),inv(subexponent_deno,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT)))*res;
	  }
	  else
	    res=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(pow(base,subexponent_num,contextptr),inv(subexponent_deno,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT)));
	  if (r!=1)
	    res=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(res,r),_SEQ__VECT)));
	}
	if (!q)
	  return res;
	if (q==1){
	  if (is_one(subexponent_num))
	    return res*base;
	  return res*new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(base,subexponent_num),_SEQ__VECT)));
	}
	if (q==-1)
	  return res*inv(pow(base,subexponent_num,contextptr),contextptr);
	return res*new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(pow(base,subexponent_num,contextptr),q),_SEQ__VECT)));
      }
      gen var1,var2,res1,res2;
      if (is_algebraic_program(base,var1,res1) && is_algebraic_program(exponent,var2,res2)){
	if (var1!=var2 && is_constant_wrt(res2,var1,contextptr)){
	  res2=subst(res2,var2,var1,false,contextptr);
	  var2=var1;
	}
	if (var1==var2)
	  return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var1,0,pow(res1,res2,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
      }
      if (exponent.type==_ZINT){
	if (base.type==_USER)
	  return pow_iterative(base,exponent,contextptr);
	return exp(exponent*log(base,contextptr),contextptr);
      }
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(base,exponent),_SEQ__VECT)));
    }
  }

  gen sym_mult(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    if (is_undef(a))
      return a;
    if (is_undef(b))
      return b;
    if (is_inequality(a) && !is_equal(a)){
      int bs=fastsign(b,contextptr);
      if (bs==-1)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back()*b,a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front()*b)));
      if (bs==1)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front()*b,a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back()*b)));
    }
    if (is_inequality(b) && !is_equal(b)){
      int bs=fastsign(a,contextptr);
      if (bs==-1)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(b._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(a*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back(),a*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front())));
      if (bs==1)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(b._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(a*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front(),a*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back())));
    }
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit)){
      if (equalposcomp(lidnt(b),cst_pi)!=0)
	return sym_mult(a,evalf(b,1,contextptr),contextptr);
      vecteur & va=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit)){
	vecteur & v=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	gen res=va[1]*v[1];
	res=ratnormal(res,contextptr);
	if (is_one(res))
	  return va[0]*v[0];
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_unit,makenewvecteur(operator_times(va[0],v[0],contextptr),res)));
      }
      else {
	if (lidnt(b).empty())
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_unit,makenewvecteur(operator_times(va[0],b,contextptr),va[1])));
      }
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit)){
      if (equalposcomp(lidnt(a),cst_pi)!=0)
	return sym_mult(evalf(a,1,contextptr),b,contextptr);
      if (lidnt(a).empty()){
	vecteur & v=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_unit,makenewvecteur(operator_times(a,v[0],contextptr),v[1])));
      }
    }
    gen var1,var2,res1,res2;
    if (is_algebraic_program(a,var1,res1)){
      if (is_algebraic_program(b,var2,res2)){
	if (var1!=var2 && is_constant_wrt(res2,var1,contextptr)){
	  res2=subst(res2,var2,var1,false,contextptr);
	  var2=var1;
	}
	if (var1==var2)
	  return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var1,0,operator_times(res1,res2,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
      }
      if (!is_constant_wrt(b,var1,contextptr))
	*logptr(contextptr) << "Warning function*constant with constant dependant of mute variable" << '\n';
      return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var1,0,operator_times(res1,b,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
    }
    if (is_algebraic_program(b,var2,res2)){
      if (!is_constant_wrt(a,var2,contextptr))
	*logptr(contextptr) << "Warning constant*function with constant dependant of mute variable" << '\n';
      return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var2,0,operator_times(a,res2,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
    }
    if (is_inf(a)){
      if (is_exactly_zero(normal(b,contextptr)))
	return undef;
      int s=fastsign(a,contextptr)*fastsign(b,contextptr);
      if (s==1)
	return plus_inf;
      if (s)
	return minus_inf;
      return unsigned_inf;
    }
    if (is_inf(b)){
      if (is_exactly_zero(normal(a,contextptr)))
	return undef;
      int s=fastsign(a,contextptr)*fastsign(b,contextptr);
      if (s==1)
	return plus_inf;
      if (s)
	return minus_inf;
      return unsigned_inf;
    }
    if (a.type==_INT_ && a.val==0 )
      return a;
    if (a.type==_DOUBLE_ && a._DOUBLE_val==0 )
      return a;
    if (a.type==_FLOAT_ && is_zero(a._FLOAT_val) )
      return a;
    if (b.type==_INT_ && b.val==0)
      return b;
    if (b.type==_DOUBLE_ && b._DOUBLE_val==0 )
      return b;
    if (b.type==_FLOAT_ && is_zero(b._FLOAT_val) )
      return b;
    if ( a.is_approx()){
      gen b1;
      if (has_evalf(b,b1,1,contextptr)&& (b.type!=b1.type || b!=b1)){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	if (a.type==_REAL){
	  gen b2;
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(a._REALptr))
	    b2=convert_interval(b,mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup),contextptr);
	  else
#endif
	    b2=accurate_evalf(b,mpfr_get_prec(a._REALptr->inf));
	  if (b2.is_approx())
	    return (*a._REALptr)*b2;
	}
	if (a.type==_CPLX && a._CPLXptr->type==_REAL){
	  gen b2;
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(a._CPLXptr->_REALptr))
	    b2=convert_interval(b,mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup),contextptr);
	  else
#endif
	    b2=accurate_evalf(b,mpfr_get_prec(a._CPLXptr->_REALptr->inf));
	  if (b2.is_approx())
	    return a*b2;
	}
#endif
	return a*b1;
      }
    }
    if ( b.is_approx()){
      gen a1;
      if (has_evalf(a,a1,1,contextptr) && (a.type!=a1.type || a!=a1)){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	if (b.type==_REAL){
	  gen a2;
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(b._REALptr))
	    a2=convert_interval(a,mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup),contextptr);
	  else
#endif
	    a2=accurate_evalf(a,mpfr_get_prec(b._REALptr->inf));
	  if (a2.is_approx())
	    return a2*b;
	}
	if (b.type==_CPLX && b._CPLXptr->type==_REAL){
	  gen a2;
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
	  if (real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(b._CPLXptr->_REALptr))
	    a2=convert_interval(a,mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup),contextptr);
	  else
#endif
	    a2=accurate_evalf(a,mpfr_get_prec(b._CPLXptr->_REALptr->inf));
	  if (a2.is_approx())
	    return a2*b;
	}
#endif
	return a1*b;
      }
    }
    if (is_one(a) && ((a.type!=_MOD) || (b.type==_MOD) ))
      return b;
    if (is_one(b) && ((b.type!=_MOD) || (a.type==_MOD) ))
      return a;
    if ((a.type==_SYMB) && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,a._SYMBptr->sommet)){
      gen tmp=remove_at_pnt(a);
      if (tmp.type==_VECT && tmp.subtype==_VECTOR__VECT){
	if (b.type==_SYMB && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,b._SYMBptr->sommet)){
	  gen tmpb=remove_at_pnt(b);
	  return dotvecteur(vector2vecteur(*tmp._VECTptr),vector2vecteur(*tmpb._VECTptr));
	}
	return _vector(vector2vecteur(*tmp._VECTptr)*b,contextptr);
      }
      if ((b.type==_SYMB) && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,b._SYMBptr->sommet)){
	gen tmpb=complex2vecteur(remove_at_pnt(b),contextptr);
	tmp=complex2vecteur(tmp,contextptr);
	if (tmpb._VECTptr->size()==tmp._VECTptr->size())
	  return dotvecteur(*tmp._VECTptr,*tmpb._VECTptr,contextptr);
	return gensizeerr(gettext("Unable to multiply two graphic objects"));
      }
      return symbolic_plot_makevecteur(a._SYMBptr->sommet,a._SYMBptr->feuille*b,false,contextptr);
    }
    if ((b.type==_SYMB) && equalposcomp(plot_sommets,b._SYMBptr->sommet)){
      gen tmp=remove_at_pnt(b);
      if (tmp.type==_VECT && tmp.subtype==_VECTOR__VECT)
	return _vector(a*vector2vecteur(*tmp._VECTptr),contextptr);
      gen b_(b);
      if (b_.is_symb_of_sommet(at_curve) && b_._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && b_._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2 && b_._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front().type==_VECT){
	  // adjust param and cartesian eq
	vecteur v=*b_._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front()._VECTptr;
	if (v.size()==7)
	  v[6] =v[6]*a;
	if (v.size()>=6){
	  gen ax,ay;
	  reim(inv(a,contextptr),ax,ay,contextptr);
	  v[5]=subst(v[5],makevecteur(x__IDNT_e,y__IDNT_e),makevecteur(ax*x__IDNT_e-ay*y__IDNT_e,ax*y__IDNT_e+ay*x__IDNT_e),false,contextptr);
	  b_=symbolic(at_curve,gen(makevecteur(gen(v,b_._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front().subtype),b_._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back()),b_._SYMBptr->feuille.subtype));
	}
      }
      return symbolic_plot_makevecteur(b_._SYMBptr->sommet,b_._SYMBptr->feuille*a,false,contextptr);
    }
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg)){
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
	return operator_times(a._SYMBptr->feuille,b._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
      return -operator_times(a._SYMBptr->feuille,b,contextptr);
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
      return -operator_times(a,b._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
    if (a.type==_FRAC){
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(b._SYMBptr->feuille))
	return (*a._FRACptr)*fraction(1,b._SYMBptr->feuille);
      if ( (b.type!=_SYMB) && (b.type!=_IDNT) ) {
	if (b.type==_EXT)
	  return fraction(a._FRACptr->num*b,a._FRACptr->den).normal();
        return (*a._FRACptr)*b;
      }
      return sym_mult(_FRAC2_SYMB(a),b,contextptr);
    }
    if (b.type==_FRAC){
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(a._SYMBptr->feuille))
	return fraction(1,a._SYMBptr->feuille)*(*b._FRACptr);
      if ( (a.type!=_SYMB) && (a.type!=_IDNT) ){
	if (a.type==_EXT)
	  return fraction(a*b._FRACptr->num,b._FRACptr->den).normal();
        return a*(*b._FRACptr);
      }
      return sym_mult(a,_FRAC2_SYMB(b),contextptr);
    }
    if (is_cinteger(a) && b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(b._SYMBptr->feuille))
      return a/b._SYMBptr->feuille;
    if (is_cinteger(b) && a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && is_cinteger(a._SYMBptr->feuille))
      return b/a._SYMBptr->feuille;
    if (a.type<=_CPLX && b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv)&& b._SYMBptr->feuille.type<=_CPLX)
      return fraction(a,b._SYMBptr->feuille).normal();
    if (b.type<=_CPLX && a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv)&& a._SYMBptr->feuille.type<=_CPLX)
      return fraction(b,a._SYMBptr->feuille).normal();
    if ((a.type<=_REAL || a.type==_FLOAT_) && is_strictly_positive(-a,contextptr))
      return -sym_mult(-a,b,contextptr);
    if ((b.type<=_REAL || b.type==_FLOAT_) && is_strictly_positive(-b,contextptr))
      return -sym_mult(a,-b,contextptr);
    if (a.type==_EXT){
      if (a.is_constant() && (b.type==_POLY))
	return a*(*b._POLYptr);
      else
	return algebraic_EXTension(b*(*a._EXTptr),*(a._EXTptr+1));
    }
    if (b.type==_EXT){
      if (b.is_constant() && (a.type==_POLY))
	return (*a._POLYptr)*b;
      else
	return algebraic_EXTension(a*(*b._EXTptr),*(b._EXTptr+1));
    }
    if ( (a.type==_INT_) && (a.val<0) && (a.val!=1<<31)){
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && (b._SYMBptr->feuille.type<_POLY || b._SYMBptr->feuille.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg)))
	return sym_mult(-a,inv(-b._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr),contextptr);
      else
	return -sym_mult(-a,b,contextptr);
    }
    if ( (b.type==_INT_) && (b.val<0) && (b.val!=1<<31)){
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv))
	return sym_mult(-b,inv(-a._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr),contextptr);
      else
	return -sym_mult(-b,a,contextptr);
    }
    if (is_equal(a)){
      vecteur & va=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      if (is_equal(b)){
	vecteur & vb=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,gen(makenewvecteur(va.front()*vb.front(),va.back()*vb.back()),_SEQ__VECT)));
      }
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,gen(makenewvecteur(va.front()*b,va.back()*b),_SEQ__VECT)));
    }
    if (is_equal(b)){
      vecteur & vb=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(b._SYMBptr->sommet,gen(makenewvecteur(a*vb.front(),a*vb.back()),_SEQ__VECT)));
    }
    if ((a.type==_SYMB)&& (b.type==_SYMB)){
      if ((a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod) && (b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod))
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,gen(mergevecteur(*(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr),*(b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr)),_SEQ__VECT)));
      else {
	if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod)
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(*a._SYMBptr,b));
	else {
	  if (b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod)
	    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a,b._SYMBptr->sommet,b._SYMBptr->feuille));
	  else
	    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,gen(makenewvecteur(a,b),_SEQ__VECT)));
	}
      }
    }
    if (b.type==_SYMB){
      if (b._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a,b._SYMBptr->sommet,b._SYMBptr->feuille));
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,gen(makenewvecteur(a,b),_SEQ__VECT)));
    }
    if (a.type==_SYMB){
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(*a._SYMBptr,b));
      else
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,gen(b.type==_INT_?makenewvecteur(b,a):makenewvecteur(a,b),_SEQ__VECT)));
    }
    if ((a.type==_IDNT) || (b.type==_IDNT))
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,gen(makenewvecteur(a,b),_SEQ__VECT)));
    if (a.type==_MOD)
      return a*makemod(b,*(a._MODptr+1));
    if (b.type==_MOD)
      return b*makemod(a,*(b._MODptr+1));
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,gen(makenewvecteur(a,b),_SEQ__VECT)));
    // settypeerr(gettext("sym_mult"));
  }

  static vecteur inv__VECT(const vecteur & v,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    vecteur w;
    if (is_squarematrix(v))
      w=minv(v,contextptr);
    else {
      vecteur::const_iterator it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it)
	w.push_back(inv(*it,contextptr));
    }
    return w;
  }

  static vecteur invfirst(const vecteur & v){
    vecteur w(v);
    if (!w.empty())
      w.front()=inv(w.front(),context0);
    return w;
  }

  static gen invdistrib(const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (g.type!=_SYMB)
      return inv(g,contextptr);
    gen & f=g._SYMBptr->feuille;
    if (g._SYMBptr->sommet==at_inv)
      return f;
    if (g._SYMBptr->sommet==at_pow)
      return symbolic(at_pow,gen(makevecteur(f[0],-f[1]),_SEQ__VECT));
    if (g._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod && f.type==_VECT){
      vecteur v = *f._VECTptr;
      iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it)
	*it=invdistrib(*it,contextptr);
      return symbolic(at_prod,gen(v,_SEQ__VECT));
    }
    return inv(g,contextptr);
  }

  gen inv_distrib(const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod)){
      gen f=b._SYMBptr->feuille;
      return symbolic(at_prod,inv_distrib(f,contextptr));
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow))
      return pow(b._SYMBptr->feuille[0],-b._SYMBptr->feuille[1],contextptr);
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv))
      return b._SYMBptr->feuille;
    if (b.type==_VECT){
      vecteur v(*b._VECTptr);
      for (unsigned i=0;i<v.size();++i){
	v[i]=inv_distrib(v[i],contextptr);
      }
      return gen(v,b.subtype);
    }
    return unitpow(b,-1);
  }

  gen inv(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    if ( (a.type==_DOUBLE_ || a.type==_FLOAT_ )? a==0 : is_exactly_zero(a))
      return unsigned_inf;
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _INT_: case _ZINT:
      if (is_one(a) || (is_minus_one(a)) )
	return a;
      else
	return fraction(1,a);
    case _REAL:
      return a._REALptr->inv();
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return 1/a._DOUBLE_val;
    case _FLOAT_:
      return finv(a._FLOAT_val);
    case _CPLX:
      if (is_exactly_zero(*a._CPLXptr)){
	if (is_one(abs(*(a._CPLXptr+1),contextptr)))
	  return -a;
      }
      if ( a._CPLXptr->type==_DOUBLE_ || a._CPLXptr->type==_FLOAT_ ||a._CPLXptr->type==_REAL || (a._CPLXptr+1)->type==_DOUBLE_ || (a._CPLXptr+1)->type==_FLOAT_ || (a._CPLXptr+1)->type==_REAL ){
	gen a2=no_context_evalf(a.squarenorm(contextptr));
	if (is_inf(a2)){
	  gen theta=arg(a,contextptr);
	  theta=cos(theta,contextptr)-cst_i*sin(theta,contextptr);
	  a2=re(a*theta,contextptr);
	  return inv(a2,contextptr)*theta;
	}
	return gen(rdiv(no_context_evalf(a.re(contextptr)),a2,contextptr),rdiv(no_context_evalf(-a.im(contextptr)),a2,contextptr));
      }
      return fraction(1,a);
    case _IDNT:
      if (a==undef)
	return undef;
      if (a==unsigned_inf)
	return 0;
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_inv,a));
    case _SYMB:
      if ((a==plus_inf) || (a==minus_inf))
	return 0;
      {
	vecteur v=alg_lvar(a); // change for limit(1/(1+sqrt(2)*cos(x))*sin(x-3*pi/4),x=3*pi/4); maybe we should only do evalf test and return undef
	if (v.size()==1 && v.front().type==_VECT && v.front()._VECTptr->empty() && is_zero(evalf(a,1,contextptr)) && is_exactly_zero(recursive_normal(a,contextptr)))
	return unsigned_inf;
      }
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit)){
	if (equalposcomp(lidnt(a),cst_pi)!=0)
	  return inv(evalf(a,1,contextptr),contextptr);
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_unit,makenewvecteur(inv(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front(),contextptr),inv_distrib(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back(),contextptr))));
      }
      if (equalposcomp(plot_sommets,a._SYMBptr->sommet))
	return symbolic_plot_makevecteur( a._SYMBptr->sommet,inv(a._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr),false,contextptr);
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_inv)
	return a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_NTHROOT && a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2){
	return symbolic(at_NTHROOT,makesequence(-a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front(),a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back()));
      }
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_neg)
	return -inv(a._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
      else {
	if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod)
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,gen(inv__VECT(*(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr),contextptr),a._SYMBptr->feuille.subtype)));
	else
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_inv,a));
      }
    case _VECT:
      if (a.subtype==_PNT__VECT)
	return gen(invfirst(*a._VECTptr),a.subtype);
      if (a.subtype==_POLY1__VECT)
	return fraction(gen(vecteur(1,plus_one),_POLY1__VECT),a);
      if (a.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT && !is_squarematrix(a))
	return gensizeerr(gettext("Inv of non-square matrix"));
      return gen(inv__VECT(*a._VECTptr,contextptr),a.subtype);
    case _EXT:
      return inv_EXT(a);
    case _SPOL1:
      return spdiv(gen2spol1(1),*a._SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
    case _USER:
      return a._USERptr->inv();
    case _MOD:
      return modinv(a);
    case _FRAC:
      if (a._FRACptr->num.type==_CPLX)
	return fraction(a._FRACptr->den,a._FRACptr->num).normal();
      if (is_positive(a._FRACptr->num,contextptr))
	return fraction(a._FRACptr->den,a._FRACptr->num);
      else
	return fraction(-a._FRACptr->den,-a._FRACptr->num);
    default:
      if (is_undef(a))
	return a;
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_inv,a));
      // settypeerr(gettext("Inv"));
    }

  }

  /*
  gen inv(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return inv(a,context0);
  }
  */

  gen gen::inverse(GIAC_CONTEXT) const  { return inv(*this,contextptr); }

  static void inpow(const gen & base,unsigned long int exponent,gen & res){
#if 0
    res=1;
    gen basepow=base;
    while (exponent){
      if (exponent%2)
	res = res*basepow;
      if ( (exponent /=2) )
	basepow=basepow*basepow;
    }
#else
    if (exponent==1)
      res=base;
    else {
      inpow(base,exponent/2,res);
      res=res*res;
      if (exponent %2)
	res=res*base;
    }
#endif
  }

  gen pow(const gen & base, unsigned long int exponent){
    // if (!( (++control_c_counter) & control_c_counter_mask))
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    ref_mpz_t * e;
    gen res;
    switch (base.type ) {
    case _INT_:
      if (base.val<0 && (exponent % 2))
	return(-pow(-base.val,exponent));
      else
	return(pow(absint(base.val),exponent));
    case _DOUBLE_:
#ifdef _SOFTMATH_H
      return std::giac_gnuwince_pow(base._DOUBLE_val,double(exponent));
#else
      return std::pow(base._DOUBLE_val,double(exponent));
#endif
    case _FLOAT_:
      return fpow(base._FLOAT_val,giac_float(double(exponent)));
    case _ZINT:
      e=new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_pow_ui(e->z,*base._ZINTptr,exponent);
      return e;
    case _VECT:
      if (base.subtype==_POLY1__VECT && base._VECTptr->size()<5){
	vecteur res;
	if (miller_pow(*base._VECTptr,exponent,res))
	  return gen(res,_POLY1__VECT);
      }
      /* no break, _VECT handled by next case */
    case _CPLX: case _REAL: case _EXT: case _MOD: case _USER:
      // gauss integer power
      if (!exponent){
	if (ckmatrix(base))
	  return midn(int(base._VECTptr->size()));
	if (base.type==_USER)
	  return base*inv(base,context0);
	return 1;
      }
      inpow(base,exponent,res);
      return(res);
    case _IDNT:
      if (is_undef(base))
	return base;
      if (!exponent)
	return 1;
      if (exponent==1)
	return base;
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(base,(longlong)exponent),_SEQ__VECT)));
    case _SYMB:
      if (!exponent)
	return 1;
      if (exponent==1)
	return base;
      if (base._SYMBptr->sommet==at_pow){
	res= (*((base._SYMBptr->feuille)._VECTptr))[1];
	return pow( (base._SYMBptr->feuille)._VECTptr->front(),gen((longlong) (exponent)) * res,context0) ;
      }
      if ((exponent % 2==0) && base._SYMBptr->sommet==at_abs)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(base._SYMBptr->feuille,(longlong) exponent),_SEQ__VECT)));
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_pow,gen(makenewvecteur(base,(longlong) exponent),_SEQ__VECT)));
    case _POLY:
      return pow(*base._POLYptr,(int) exponent);
    case _FRAC:
      return pow(*base._FRACptr,(int) exponent);
    case _MAP:{
      gen res;
      inpow(base,exponent,res);
      return res;
    }
    default:
      if (is_undef(base))
	return base;
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Pow")) ;
    }
    return 0;
  }

  gen pow(const gen & base, int exponent){
    if (base==zero){
      if (exponent>0)
	return base;
      if (!exponent)
	return undef;
      if (exponent %2)
	return unsigned_inf;
      return plus_inf;
    }
    if (exponent<0){
      if (-exponent<0)
	return gensizeerr("pow: int exponent underflow");
      return inv(pow(base,-exponent),context0);
    }
    if (is_one(base))
      return base;
    if (is_minus_one(base))
      return exponent%2?-1:1;
    unsigned long int expo=exponent;
    gen b;
    if (base.type<=_ZINT && has_evalf(base,b,0,context0) && !is_inf(b) &&
	is_greater(abs(exponent*log(abs(b,context0),context0),context0),powlog2float,context0)){
      return gensizeerr("Exponent overflow");
      *logptr(context0) << "Exponent overflow" << '\n';
      if (is_strictly_greater(1,abs(b,context0),context0))
	return 0;
      return (exponent%2==0 || is_greater(b,0,context0))?plus_inf:minus_inf; // overflow
      // return pow(b,expo);
    }
    return(pow(base,expo));
  }

  gen pow(unsigned long int base, unsigned long int exponent){
    ref_mpz_t *e=new ref_mpz_t;
#ifdef EMCC
    if (base==int(base)){
      mpz_set_si(e->z,1);
      for (unsigned long int i=0;i<exponent;++i){
	mpz_mul_ui(e->z,e->z,int(base));
      }
      return e;
    }
#endif
    mpz_ui_pow_ui(e->z,base,exponent);
    return e;
  }

  static void _ZINTdiv (const gen & a,const gen & b,ref_mpz_t * & quo){
    // at least one is not an int, uncoerce remaining int
    ref_mpz_t *aptr,*bptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr=a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr=new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    if (b.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      bptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &b) >> 16);
#else
      bptr=b.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      bptr=new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(bptr->z,b.val);
    }
    quo=new ref_mpz_t;
    mpz_tdiv_q(quo->z,aptr->z,bptr->z);
    if (a.type==_INT_){
      delete aptr;
    }
    if (b.type==_INT_){
      delete bptr;
    }
  }

  // a and b must be integers or Gaussian integers
  static gen iquobest(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    if (is_strictly_positive(-a,0))
      return -iquobest(-a,b);
    return iquo(a+iquo(b,2),b);
  }

  // a and b must be integers or Gaussian integers
  static gen iquocmplx(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    gen b2=b.squarenorm(0);
    gen ab=a*b.conj(0);
    gen res(iquobest(re(ab,context0),b2),iquobest(im(ab,context0),b2)); // ok
    return res;
  }

  static polynome iquopoly(const polynome & a,const gen & b){
    polynome res(a);
    vector< monomial<gen> >::iterator it=res.coord.begin(),itend=res.coord.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it)
      it->value=iquo(it->value,b);
    return res;
  }

  // integer quotient, use rdiv for symbolic division
  gen iquo(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    if ((b.type==_INT_)){
      switch (b.val){
      case 1:
	return a;
      case -1:
	return -a;
      case 0:
	return gensizeerr(gettext("Division by 0"));
      }
    }
    if (a.type==_POLY) // may be called by resulant interpolation
      return iquopoly(*a._POLYptr,b);
    ref_mpz_t * quo;
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_:
      return(a.val/b.val);
    case _ZINT__ZINT: case _INT___ZINT: case _ZINT__INT_:
      _ZINTdiv(a,b,quo);
      return quo;
    case _CPLX__INT_:  case _CPLX__ZINT:
      return gen(iquo(*a._CPLXptr,b),iquo(*(a._CPLXptr+1),b));
    case _INT___CPLX: case _ZINT__CPLX:
      return iquocmplx(a,b);
    case _CPLX__CPLX:
      return adjust_complex_display(iquocmplx(a,b),a,b);
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("iquo"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  // a and b must be integer or Gaussian integers
  static gen rdivsimp(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    if (is_positive(-b,context0)) // ok
      return rdivsimp(-a,-b);
    gen c(gcd(a,b,context0));
    if (c.type==_CPLX)
      c=gcd(c.re(context0),c.im(context0),context0); // ok
    return fraction(iquo(a,c),iquo(b,c));
  }

  static gen divpoly(const polynome & p, const gen & e){
    if (p.coord.empty())
      return zero;
    gen coefft; int pt=coefftype(p,coefft);
    if (pt==_MOD || pt==_USER){
      polynome res(p);
      mulpoly(res,coefft/(e*coefft),res);
      return res;
    }
    gen d=gcd(Tcontent<gen>(p),e,context0);
    if (d.type==_EXT)
      d=_gcd(*d._EXTptr,context0);
    if (is_one(d)){
      if (e==cst_i || e==minus_one || e==-cst_i)
	return p/e;
      return fraction(p,e);
    }
    gen den(rdiv(e,d,context0));
    gen iden(inv(den,context0));
    if ( (iden.type!=_SYMB) && (iden.type!=_FRAC))
      return (p/d)*iden;
    else
      return fraction(p/d,den);
  }

  static gen divpoly(const gen & e,const polynome & p){
    if (is_exactly_zero(e))
      return e;
    if (Tis_constant<gen>(p)&& p.coord.front().value.type<_POLY)
      return rdiv(e,p.coord.front().value,context0);
    gen d=gcd(Tcontent<gen>(p),e,context0);
    gen tmp=polynome(rdiv(e,d,context0),p.dim);
    return fraction(tmp,p/d);
  }

  static gen divpolypoly(const gen & a,const gen &b){
    polynome ap(*a._POLYptr),bp(*b._POLYptr);
    polynome q(ap.dim),r(ap.dim);
    if (divrem1(ap,bp,q,r) && r.coord.empty())
      return q;
    return normal(fraction(a,b),context0); // ok
  }

  gen rdiv(const gen &a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    // if (!( (++control_c_counter) & control_c_counter_mask))
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    control_c();
#endif
    if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
      interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
    }
    if (b.type==_MOD)
      return a*inv(b,contextptr);
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_: case _ZINT__INT_: case _ZINT__ZINT:
      if (is_exactly_zero(b)){
	if (is_exactly_zero(a))
	  return undef;
	return unsigned_inf;
      }
      if (a==b)
	return 1;
      if (a==-b)
	return -1;
      if (is_exactly_zero(a%b))
	return iquo(a,b);
      else
	return rdivsimp(a,b);
    case _CPLX__INT_: case _CPLX__ZINT:
      if ( (a._CPLXptr->type==_DOUBLE_ || a._CPLXptr->type==_FLOAT_) || ((a._CPLXptr+1)->type==_DOUBLE_ || (a._CPLXptr+1)->type==_FLOAT_) )
	return rdiv(no_context_evalf(a),no_context_evalf(b),contextptr);
      if (a._CPLXptr->type==_REAL){
	if ((a._CPLXptr+1)->type==_REAL)
	  return rdiv(*a._CPLXptr,b,contextptr)+cst_i*rdiv(*(a._CPLXptr+1),b,contextptr);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	return rdiv(*a._CPLXptr,b,contextptr)+cst_i*rdiv(real_object(*(a._CPLXptr+1),mpfr_get_prec(a._CPLXptr->_REALptr->inf)),b,contextptr);
#else
	return rdiv(*a._CPLXptr,b,contextptr)+cst_i*rdiv(real_object(*(a._CPLXptr+1)),b,contextptr);
#endif
      }
      if ((a._CPLXptr+1)->type==_REAL){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	return rdiv(real_object(*a._CPLXptr,mpfr_get_prec((a._CPLXptr+1)->_REALptr->inf)),b,contextptr)+cst_i*rdiv(*(a._CPLXptr+1),b,contextptr);
#else
	return rdiv(real_object(*a._CPLXptr),b)+cst_i*rdiv(*(a._CPLXptr+1),b,contextptr);
#endif
      }
      if (is_exactly_zero(b))
	return unsigned_inf;
      if (is_exactly_zero(a%b))
	return iquo(a,b);
      else
	return rdivsimp(a,b);
    case _CPLX__CPLX:
      return adjust_complex_display(rdiv(a*conj(b,contextptr),b.squarenorm(contextptr),contextptr),a,b);
    case _DOUBLE___CPLX: case _FLOAT___CPLX: case _INT___CPLX: case _ZINT__CPLX: case _REAL__CPLX:
      if (is_one(a))
	return inv(b,contextptr);
      return rdiv(a*conj(b,contextptr),b.squarenorm(contextptr),contextptr);
    case _DOUBLE___DOUBLE_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val/b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _DOUBLE___INT_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val/b.val;
    case _INT___DOUBLE_:
      return a.val/b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _FLOAT___FLOAT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val/b._FLOAT_val;
    case _FLOAT___INT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val/giac_float(b.val);
    case _INT___FLOAT_:
      return giac_float(a.val)/b._FLOAT_val;
#ifdef BCD
    case _FLOAT___ZINT:
      return a._FLOAT_val/giac_float(b._ZINTptr);
    case _ZINT__FLOAT_:
      return giac_float(a._ZINTptr)/b._FLOAT_val;
#endif
    case _FLOAT___DOUBLE_:
      return a._FLOAT_val/giac_float(b._DOUBLE_val);
    case _DOUBLE___FLOAT_:
      return giac_float(a._DOUBLE_val)/b._FLOAT_val;
    case _ZINT__DOUBLE_:
      return mpz_get_d(*a._ZINTptr)/b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _CPLX__DOUBLE_: case _CPLX__REAL:
      return gen(rdiv(*a._CPLXptr,b,contextptr),rdiv(*(a._CPLXptr+1),b,contextptr));
    case _DOUBLE___ZINT:
      return a._DOUBLE_val/mpz_get_d(*b._ZINTptr);
      // _CPLX__DOUBLE_, _DOUBLE___CPLX, _CPLX__CPLX, _ZINT__CPLX, _INT___CPLX
    case _VECT__INT_: case _VECT__ZINT: case _VECT__DOUBLE_: case _VECT__FLOAT_: case _VECT__CPLX: case _VECT__FRAC:
    case _VECT__SYMB: case _VECT__IDNT: case _VECT__POLY: case _VECT__EXT:
      if (a.subtype==_VECTOR__VECT)
	return a*inv(b,contextptr);
      return gen(divvecteur(*a._VECTptr,b),a.subtype);
    case _MAP__INT_: case _MAP__ZINT: case _MAP__DOUBLE_: case _MAP__FLOAT_: case _MAP__CPLX:
    case _MAP__SYMB: case _MAP__IDNT: case _MAP__POLY: case _MAP__EXT: {
      gen_map m;
      gen g(m);
      *g._MAPptr=*a._MAPptr;
      sparse_div(*g._MAPptr,b);
      return g;
    }
    case _VECT__VECT:
      if (a.subtype==_POLY1__VECT || b.subtype==_POLY1__VECT)
	return fraction(a,b).normal();
      if (is_squarematrix(b)){
	if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38){
	  *logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning: A/B with B a square matrix is a misleading notation interpreted as inv(B)*A") << '\n';
	  return inv(b,contextptr)*a;
	}
	*logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning, pointwise division of a by b. For matrix division, please use inv(b)*a or a*inv(b)") << '\n';
      }
      if (b._VECTptr->size()==1)
	return rdiv(a,b._VECTptr->front(),contextptr);
      return apply(a,b,contextptr,rdiv);
    case _POLY__POLY:
      return divpolypoly(a,b);
    case _FRAC__FRAC:
      if (a._FRACptr->num.type==_CPLX || a._FRACptr->den.type==_CPLX ||
	  b._FRACptr->num.type==_CPLX || b._FRACptr->den.type==_CPLX){
	gen d=gcd(a._FRACptr->den,b._FRACptr->den,contextptr);
	return (a._FRACptr->num*(b._FRACptr->den/d))/((a._FRACptr->den/d)*b._FRACptr->num);
      }
      return (*a._FRACptr)/(*b._FRACptr);
    case _SPOL1__SPOL1:
      return spdiv(*a._SPOL1ptr,*b._SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
    case _POLY__DOUBLE_: case _POLY__FLOAT_: case _POLY__REAL:
      return (*a._POLYptr)/b;
    case _POLY__INT_:
      if (b.val==1) return a;
    case _POLY__ZINT: case _POLY__CPLX:
      return divpoly(*a._POLYptr,b);
    case _INT___POLY: case _ZINT__POLY: case _CPLX__POLY:
      return divpoly(a,*b._POLYptr);
    case _INT___FRAC: case _ZINT__FRAC:
      if (is_positive(-b._FRACptr->num,contextptr)){
	// if (is_one(a)) return fraction(-b._FRACptr->den,-b._FRACptr->num);
	return (-b._FRACptr->den*a)/(-b._FRACptr->num);
      }
      // if (is_one(a)) return fraction(b._FRACptr->den,b._FRACptr->num);
      return (b._FRACptr->den*a)/b._FRACptr->num;
    case _INT___VECT: case _ZINT__VECT: case _CPLX__VECT: case _DOUBLE___VECT: case _FLOAT___VECT: case _SYMB__VECT:
      if (b.subtype==_LIST__VECT)
	return apply2nd(a,b,contextptr,rdiv);
      if (ckmatrix(b))
	return a*inv(b,contextptr);
      if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1 && b.subtype!=_POLY1__VECT)
	return apply2nd(a,b,contextptr,rdiv);
      return fraction(a,b);
    default:
#ifdef TIMEOUT
      control_c();
#endif
      if (ctrl_c || interrupted) {
	interrupted = true; ctrl_c=false;
	return gensizeerr(gettext("Stopped by user interruption."));
      }
      if (is_undef(a))
	return a;
      if (is_undef(b))
	return b;
      if (a.type==_STRNG || b.type==_STRNG)
	return gensizeerr("string /");
      {
	gen var1,var2,res1,res2;
	if (is_algebraic_program(a,var1,res1)){
	  if (is_algebraic_program(b,var2,res2)){
	    if (var1!=var2 && is_constant_wrt(res2,var1,contextptr)){
	      res2=subst(res2,var2,var1,false,contextptr);
	      var2=var1;
	    }
	    if (var1==var2)
	      return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var1,0,rdiv(res1,res2,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
	  }
	  if (!is_constant_wrt(b,var1,contextptr))
	    *logptr(contextptr) << "Warning function/constant with constant dependant of mute variable" << '\n';
	  return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var1,0,rdiv(res1,b,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
	}
	if (is_algebraic_program(b,var2,res2)){
	  if (!is_constant_wrt(a,var2,contextptr))
	    *logptr(contextptr) << "Warning constant/function with constant dependant of mute variable" << '\n';
	  return symbolic(at_program,gen(makevecteur(var2,0,rdiv(a,res2,contextptr)),_SEQ__VECT));
	}
      }
      if (a.type==_FLOAT_)
	return rdiv(evalf_double(a,1,contextptr),b,contextptr);
      if (b.type==_FLOAT_)
	return rdiv(a,evalf_double(b,1,contextptr),contextptr);
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit) || b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_unit))
	return operator_times(a,inv(b,contextptr),contextptr);
      if (is_one(b))
	return chkmod(a,b);
      if (is_minus_one(b))
	return chkmod(-a,b);
      if (is_exactly_zero(a)){
	if (!is_exactly_zero(normal(b,contextptr)))
	  return a;
	else
	  return undef;
      }
      if (is_exactly_zero(b))
	return unsigned_inf;
      if (is_inf(a)){
	if (is_inf(b))
	  return undef;
	if (is_zero(b))
	  return unsigned_inf;
	return a*b;
      }
      if (is_inf(b)){
	if (is_inf(a))
	  return undef;
	else
	  return zero;
      }
      if (a==b && a.type!=_REAL && b.type!=_REAL)
	return chkmod(plus_one,a);
      if (a.is_approx()){
	gen b1;
	if (has_evalf(b,b1,1,contextptr) && (b.type!=b1.type || b!=b1)){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	if (a.type==_REAL){
	  gen b2=accurate_evalf(b,mpfr_get_prec(a._REALptr->inf));
	  if (b2.is_approx())
	    return rdiv(a,b2,contextptr);
	}
	if (a.type==_CPLX && a._CPLXptr->type==_REAL){
	  gen b2=accurate_evalf(b,mpfr_get_prec(a._CPLXptr->_REALptr->inf));
	  if (b2.is_approx())
	    return rdiv(a,b2,contextptr);
	}
#endif
	  return rdiv(a,b1,contextptr);
	}
      }
      if (b.is_approx()){
	gen a1;
	if (has_evalf(a,a1,1,contextptr) && (a.type!=a1.type || a!=a1)){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	  if (b.type==_REAL){
	    gen a2=accurate_evalf(a,mpfr_get_prec(b._REALptr->inf));
	    if (a2.is_approx())
	      return rdiv(a2,b,contextptr);
	  }
	  if (b.type==_CPLX && b._CPLXptr->type==_REAL){
	    gen a2=accurate_evalf(a,mpfr_get_prec(b._CPLXptr->_REALptr->inf));
	    if (a2.is_approx())
	      return rdiv(a2,b,contextptr);
	  }
#endif
	  return rdiv(a1,b,contextptr);
	}
      }
      if (a.type==_REAL)
	return (*a._REALptr)*inv(b,contextptr);
      if (b.type==_REAL)
	return a*b._REALptr->inv();
      if (a.type==_SPOL1)
	return spdiv(*a._SPOL1ptr,gen2spol1(b),contextptr);
      if (b.type==_SPOL1)
	return spdiv(gen2spol1(a),*b._SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
      if (a.type==_USER && b.type!=_USER)
	return (*a._USERptr)/b;
      if (a.type==_USER || b.type==_USER)
	return a*inv(b,contextptr);
      if (a.type==_FRAC){
	if ( (b.type!=_SYMB) && (b.type!=_IDNT) )
	  return (*a._FRACptr)/b;
	return rdiv(_FRAC2_SYMB(a),b,contextptr);
      }
      if (b.type==_FRAC){
	if ( a.type!=_SYMB && a.type!=_IDNT && !(a.type==_VECT && a.subtype==_POLY1__VECT) ) // POLY1__VECT check added feb 2017 for poly hermite normal form
	  return a/(*b._FRACptr);
	//return rdiv(a,_FRAC2_SYMB(b),contextptr);
	// return symbolic(at_prod,makesequence(a,b._FRACptr->den,symbolic(at_inv,b._FRACptr->num)));
	return (b._FRACptr->den*a)/b._FRACptr->num;
      }
      if (is_equal(a)){
	vecteur & va=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	if (is_equal(b)){
	  vecteur & vb=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(rdiv(va.front(),vb.front(),contextptr),rdiv(va.back(),vb.back(),contextptr))));
	}
	else
	  return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(a._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(rdiv(va.front(),b,contextptr),rdiv(va.back(),b,contextptr))));
      }
      if (is_equal(b)){
	vecteur & vb=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(b._SYMBptr->sommet,makesequence(rdiv(a,vb.front(),contextptr),rdiv(a,vb.back(),contextptr))));
      }
      /* commented since * is not always commutative
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod) && a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT){
	int i=equalposcomp(*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr,b);
	if (i){
	  vecteur v(*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr);
	  v.erase(v.begin()+i-1);
	  if (v.size()==1)
	    return v.front();
	  else
	    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,v));
	}
      }
      */
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
	return -rdiv(a,b._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
      if ((b.type<=_REAL || b.type==_FLOAT_) && is_strictly_positive(-b,context0))
	return -rdiv(a,-b,contextptr);
      if ( (a.type==_SYMB) || (a.type==_IDNT) || (a.type==_FUNC) || (b.type==_SYMB) || (b.type==_IDNT) || (b.type==_FUNC) ){
	if (is_one(a)) return symb_inv(b);
	if (is_minus_one(a)) return -symb_inv(b);
	if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod) && a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT){
	  ref_vecteur * vptr = new_ref_vecteur(0);
	  vptr->v.reserve(a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()+1);
	  vptr->v=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	  vptr->v.push_back(symb_inv(b));
	  return symbolic(at_prod,gen(vptr,_SEQ__VECT));
	}
	return operator_times(a,symb_inv(b),contextptr);
      }
      if (a.type==_STRNG || b.type==_STRNG)
	return gentypeerr(gettext("rdiv"));
      return fraction(a,b).normal();
    }
  }

  /* Tests */
  // 0 if unknown, 1 if >0, -1 if <0
  // no test for symbolics if context_ptr=0
  int fastsign(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (is_zero(a,contextptr) || is_undef(a))
      return 0;
    if (is_inf(a)){
      if (a==plus_inf)
	return 1;
      if (a==minus_inf)
	return -1;
      return 0;
    }
    switch (a.type) {
    case _INT_:
      if (a.val>0)
	return 1;
      else
	return -1;
    case _ZINT:
      return signint(mpz_cmp_si(*a._ZINTptr,0));
    case _FRAC:
      return fastsign(a._FRACptr->num,contextptr)*fastsign(a._FRACptr->den,contextptr);
    case _CPLX:
      return 0;
    case _DOUBLE_:
      if (a._DOUBLE_val>0)
	return 1;
      else
	return -1;
    case _FLOAT_:
      return fsign(a._FLOAT_val);
    case _REAL:
      if (a._REALptr->maybe_zero())
	return 0;
      return a._REALptr->is_positive(); // this is the sign
    case _SYMB:
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_neg)
	return -fastsign(a._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_inv)
	return fastsign(a._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_abs || (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_exp && is_real(a._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr)))
	return 1;
    }
    if (a.type==_SYMB){
      bool aplus=a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_plus);
      if (aplus || a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod)){
	gen f=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
	if (f.type==_VECT){
	  vecteur & v=*f._VECTptr;
	  int i=0,fs=v.size(),curs=0;
	  for (;i<fs;++i){
	    int news=fastsign(v[i],contextptr);
	    if (news==0)
	      break;
	    if (i==0) {
	      curs=news;
	      continue;
	    }
	    if (aplus && curs!=news)
	      break;
	    if (!aplus)
	      curs=curs*news;
	  }
	  if (i==fs)
	    return curs;
	}
     }
     if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow)){
	gen & f =a._SYMBptr->feuille;
	if (f.type==_VECT && f._VECTptr->size()==2){
	  gen & ex = f._VECTptr->back();
	  if (ex.type==_INT_){
	    if (ex.val%2==0)
	      return 1;
	    return fastsign(f._VECTptr->front(),contextptr);
	  }
	  if (ex.type==_FRAC && ex._FRACptr->den.type==_INT_ && ex._FRACptr->den.val % 2 ==0 )
	    return 1;
	}
      }
    }
    if (is_inf(a)){
      if (a==plus_inf)
	return 1;
      if (a==minus_inf)
	return -1;
      return 0;
    }
    if (a.type==_IDNT){
      vecteur v;
      if (find_range(a,v,contextptr) && v.size()==1 && v.front().type==_VECT && v.front()._VECTptr->size()==2){
	if (is_positive(v.front()._VECTptr->front(),contextptr))
	  return 1;
	if (is_positive(-v.front()._VECTptr->back(),contextptr))
	  return -1;
      }
    }
    gen approx;
    if (has_evalf(a,approx,1,contextptr) && (a.type!=approx.type ||a!=approx))
      return fastsign(approx,contextptr);
    // FIXME GIAC_CONTEXT??
    /*
    if (contextptr){
      gen test=superieur_strict(a,0,contextptr);
      if (test.type==_INT_){
	if (test.val)
	  return test.val;
	test=inferieur_strict(a,0,contextptr);
	if (test.type==_INT_)
	  return -test.val;
      }
    }
    */
    return 0;
  }

  bool is_greater(const gen & a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen test=superieur_egal(a,b,contextptr);
    if ((test.type==_INT_) && (test.val==1))
      return true;
    else
      return false;
  }

  bool is_strictly_greater(const gen & a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen test=superieur_strict(a,b,contextptr);
    if ((test.type==_INT_) && (test.val==1))
      return true;
    else
      return false;
  }

  bool is_positive(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    switch (a.type){
    case _INT_:
      return a.val>=0;
    case _CPLX:
      return is_zero(*(a._CPLXptr+1)) && is_positive(*a._CPLXptr,contextptr);
    case _REAL:
      return (a._REALptr->is_positive()>0) || a._REALptr->is_zero();
    case _ZINT:
      if (mpz_sgn(*a._ZINTptr)==-1)
	return false;
      else
	return true;
    case _POLY:
      return is_positive(a._POLYptr->coord.front());
    case _FRAC:
      return (is_positive(a._FRACptr->num,contextptr) && is_positive(a._FRACptr->den,contextptr)) || (is_positive(-a._FRACptr->num,contextptr) && is_positive(-a._FRACptr->den,contextptr));
    case _EXT:
      return false;
    case _SYMB:
      if (a==plus_inf)
	return true;
      if (a==minus_inf)
	return false;
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_exp)
	return true;
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_ln)
	return is_positive(a._SYMBptr->feuille-1,contextptr);
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_program)
	return true;
      return is_greater(a,0,contextptr);
    case _FUNC:
      return true;
    default:
      return is_greater(a,0,contextptr);
    }
  }

  bool is_strictly_positive(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (a.type==_REAL){
      if (a._REALptr->maybe_zero())
	return false;
    } else {
      if (is_exactly_zero(a))
	return false;
    }
    return is_positive(a,contextptr);
  }

  bool ck_is_greater(const gen & a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (a==b)
      return true;
    gen test=superieur_strict(a,b,contextptr);
    if (test.type!=_INT_)
      cksignerr(test);
    if (test.val==1)
      return true;
    else
      return false;
  }

  bool ck_is_strictly_greater(const gen & a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen test=superieur_strict(a,b,contextptr);
    if (test.type!=_INT_)
      cksignerr(test);
    if (test.val==1)
      return true;
    else
      return false;
  }

  bool ck_is_positive(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    switch (a.type){
    case _INT_:
      return a.val>=0;
    case _ZINT:
      if (mpz_sgn(*a._ZINTptr)==-1)
	return false;
      else
	return true;
    case _SYMB:
      if (a==plus_inf)
	return true;
      if (a==minus_inf)
	return false;
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_exp)
	return true;
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_ln)
	return ck_is_positive(a._SYMBptr->feuille-1,contextptr);
      return ck_is_greater(a,0,contextptr);
    default:
      return ck_is_greater(a,0,contextptr);
    }
  }

  bool ck_is_strictly_positive(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (is_zero(a,contextptr))
      return false;
    return ck_is_positive(a,contextptr);
  }

  gen min(const gen & a, const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (a.type==_DOUBLE_ && b.type==_DOUBLE_)
      return a._DOUBLE_val<b._DOUBLE_val?a._DOUBLE_val:b._DOUBLE_val;
    if (a.type==_REAL && b.type==_REAL){
      gen s=sign(a-b,contextptr);
      if (s==1) return b;
      if (s==-1) return a;
    }
    if (a==b)
      return a;
    if (is_inf(a)){
      if (a==plus_inf)
	return b;
      if (a==minus_inf)
	return a;
      if (!is_inf(b))
	return undef;
    }
    if (is_inf(b)){
      if (b==plus_inf)
	return a;
      if (b==minus_inf)
	return b;
      return undef;
    }
    if (is_undef(a))
      return a;
    if (is_undef(b))
      return b;
    gen test=superieur_strict(a,b,contextptr);
    if (test.type==_INT_){
      if (test.val==1)
	return b;
      else
	return a;
    }
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_min,makesequence(a,b)));
  }

  gen max(const gen & a, const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (a.type==_INT_ && b.type==_INT_)
      return a.val<b.val?b.val:a.val;
    if (a.type==_DOUBLE_ && b.type==_DOUBLE_)
      return a._DOUBLE_val<b._DOUBLE_val?b._DOUBLE_val:a._DOUBLE_val;
    if (a.type==_REAL && b.type==_REAL){
      gen s=sign(a-b,contextptr);
      if (s==1) return a;
      if (s==-1) return b;
    }
    if (a==b)
      return a;
    if (is_inf(a)){
      if (a==plus_inf)
	return a;
      if (a==minus_inf)
	return b;
      if (!is_inf(b))
	return undef;
    }
    if (is_inf(b)){
      if (b==plus_inf)
	return b;
      if (b==minus_inf)
	return a;
      return undef;
    }
    if (is_undef(a))
      return a;
    if (is_undef(b))
      return b;
    gen test=superieur_strict(a,b,contextptr);
    if (test.type==_INT_){
      if (test.val==1)
	return a;
      else
	return b;
    }
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_max,makesequence(a,b)));
  }

  gen operator !(const gen & a){
    if (is_undef(a)) return a;
    switch (a.type){
    case _INT_: case _ZINT: case _CPLX: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_:
      return change_subtype(is_zero(a,context0),_INT_BOOLEAN);
    default:
      bool as=a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_superieur_strict);
      bool ae=a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_superieur_egal);
      if (as || ae){
	gen f=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
	if (f.type==_VECT && f._VECTptr->size()==2){
	  return symbolic(ae?at_superieur_strict:at_superieur_egal,makesequence(f._VECTptr->back(),f._VECTptr->front()));
	}
      }
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_and)){
	gen f=_not(a._SYMBptr->feuille,context0);
	return symbolic(at_ou,f);
      }
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_ou)){
	gen f=_not(a._SYMBptr->feuille,context0);
	return symbolic(at_and,f);
      }
      return symb_not(a);
    }
  }

  struct islesscomplexthanf_compare {
    islesscomplexthanf_compare() {}
    bool operator ()(const gen & a,const gen &b){ return islesscomplexthanf(a,b); }
  };

  void islesscomplexthanf_sort(iterateur it,iterateur itend){
    islesscomplexthanf_compare m;
    sort(it,itend,m);
  }

  struct f_compare {
    bool (*f)(const gen &a,const gen &b);
    f_compare():f(islesscomplexthanf){}
    f_compare(bool (*f_)(const gen &a,const gen &b)):f(f_){}
    inline bool operator () (const gen & a,const gen &b){ return f(a,b); }
  };

  void gen_sort_f(iterateur it,iterateur itend,bool (*f)(const gen &a,const gen &b)){
    f_compare m(f);
    sort(it,itend,m);
  }


  // equality of vecteurs representing geometrical lines
  static bool geo_equal(const vecteur &v,const vecteur & w,int subtype,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    int vs=int(v.size()),ws=int(w.size());
    if (vs!=ws)
      return false;
    if (v==w)
      return true;
    if ( (subtype==_LINE__VECT)  && (vs==2)){
      if (v[1]==v[0])
	return v==w;
      // v[1]!=v[0]
      if (!is_zero(im(rdiv(w[0]-v[0],v[1]-v[0],contextptr),contextptr),contextptr))
	return false;
      if (!is_zero(im(rdiv(w[1]-v[0],v[1]-v[0],contextptr),contextptr),contextptr))
	return false;
      return true;
    }
    if (subtype==_SET__VECT){
      vecteur w1(w),v1(v);
#if 1
      islesscomplexthanf_sort(w1.begin(),w1.end());
      islesscomplexthanf_sort(v1.begin(),v1.end());
#else
      sort(w1.begin(),w1.end(),islesscomplexthanf);
      sort(v1.begin(),v1.end(),islesscomplexthanf);
#endif
      return w1==v1;
    }
    return false;
  }

  bool operator_equal(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_:
      return (a.val==b.val);
    case _INT___MOD: case _ZINT__MOD:
      return a==*b._MODptr;
    case _MOD__INT_: case _MOD__ZINT:
      return b==*a._MODptr;
    case _INT___ZINT:
      return (mpz_cmp_si(*b._ZINTptr,a.val)==0);
    case _INT___DOUBLE_:
      return double(a.val)==b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _DOUBLE___INT_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val==double(b.val);
    case _REAL__INT_: case _INT___REAL: case _REAL__ZINT: case _ZINT__REAL: case _REAL__FRAC: case _FRAC__REAL: case _DOUBLE___FRAC: case _FRAC__DOUBLE_: case _FRAC__FLOAT_: case _FLOAT___FRAC:
      return is_exactly_zero(a-b);
    case _INT___FLOAT_:
      return giac_float(a.val)==b._FLOAT_val;
    case _FLOAT___INT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val==giac_float(b.val);
    case _ZINT__INT_:
      return (mpz_cmp_si(*a._ZINTptr,b.val)==0);
    case _ZINT__ZINT:
      return (mpz_cmp(*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr)==0);
    case _INT___CPLX: case _ZINT__CPLX:
      return ( operator_equal(a,re(b,contextptr),contextptr) && is_zero(im(b,contextptr),contextptr));
    case _CPLX__ZINT: case _CPLX__INT_:
      return ( operator_equal(re(a,contextptr),b,contextptr) && is_zero(im(a,contextptr),contextptr)) ;
    case _CPLX__CPLX:
      return( operator_equal(*a._CPLXptr,*b._CPLXptr,contextptr) && operator_equal(*(a._CPLXptr+1),*(b._CPLXptr+1),contextptr) );
    case _DOUBLE___DOUBLE_:
      if (a._DOUBLE_val==b._DOUBLE_val)
	return true;
      if (my_isnan(a._DOUBLE_val) && my_isnan(b._DOUBLE_val))
	return true; // avoid infinite loop in evalf
      return  absdouble(a._DOUBLE_val-b._DOUBLE_val)<absdouble(a._DOUBLE_val)*epsilon(contextptr);
    case _FLOAT___FLOAT_:
      if (a._FLOAT_val==b._FLOAT_val)
	return true;
#ifdef BCD
      if (fis_nan(a._FLOAT_val) && fis_nan(b._FLOAT_val))
	return true; // avoid infinite loop in evalf
      return false;
#else
      if (my_isnan(a._FLOAT_val) && my_isnan(b._FLOAT_val))
	return true; // avoid infinite loop in evalf
#endif
      return fabs(a._FLOAT_val-b._FLOAT_val)<giac_float(epsilon(contextptr));
    case _IDNT__IDNT:
      // return a.subtype==b.subtype && (a._IDNTptr->name==b._IDNTptr->name || *a._IDNTptr->name==*b._IDNTptr->name);
      return a._IDNTptr->id_name==b._IDNTptr->id_name || strcmp(a._IDNTptr->id_name,b._IDNTptr->id_name)==0;
    case _SYMB__SYMB:
      if (a._SYMBptr==b._SYMBptr)
	return true;
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet!=b._SYMBptr->sommet)
	return false;
      return (a._SYMBptr->feuille==b._SYMBptr->feuille);
    case _VECT__VECT:
      if (a._VECTptr==b._VECTptr)
	return true;
      if (a.subtype!=b.subtype){
	if ( (a.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT && b.subtype==0) ||
	     (b.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT && a.subtype==0) )
	  ; // don't consider them different
	else
	  return false;
      }
      if (a.subtype)
	return geo_equal(*a._VECTptr,*b._VECTptr,a.subtype,contextptr);
      return *a._VECTptr==*b._VECTptr;
    case _POLY__POLY:
      if (a._POLYptr==b._POLYptr)
	return true;
      return (a._POLYptr->dim==b._POLYptr->dim) && (a._POLYptr->coord==b._POLYptr->coord);
    case _FRAC__FRAC:
      return (a._FRACptr->num==b._FRACptr->num) && (a._FRACptr->den==b._FRACptr->den);
    case _STRNG__STRNG:
      if (is_undef(a)) return false;
      if (is_undef(b)) return false;
      return (a._STRNGptr==b._STRNGptr) || (*a._STRNGptr==*b._STRNGptr);
    case _FUNC__FUNC:
      return (a._FUNCptr==b._FUNCptr) || (*a._FUNCptr==*b._FUNCptr);
    case _MOD__MOD:
      return ( (*a._MODptr==*b._MODptr) && (*(a._MODptr+1)==*(b._MODptr+1)) );
    case _EXT__EXT:
      return ( change_subtype(*a._EXTptr,_POLY1__VECT)==change_subtype(*b._EXTptr,_POLY1__VECT) && (*(a._EXTptr+1)==*(b._EXTptr+1)) );
    case _SPOL1__SPOL1:
      return *a._SPOL1ptr==*b._SPOL1ptr;
    default: // Check pointers, type subtype
      if ((a.type==b.type) && (a.subtype==b.subtype) && (a.val==b.val) && a._ZINTptr==b._ZINTptr)
	return true;
      if (a.type<=_REAL && b.type<=_REAL)
	return is_zero(a-b,contextptr);
      if ( (a.type==_FLOAT_ || a.type==_DOUBLE_ || a.type==_REAL) && (b.type<=_REAL || b.type==_FRAC || b.type==_FLOAT_))
	return is_zero(a-evalf(b,1,contextptr));
      if ( (b.type==_FLOAT_ || b.type==_DOUBLE_ || b.type==_REAL) && (a.type<=_REAL || a.type==_FRAC || a.type==_FLOAT_))
	return is_zero(evalf(a,1,contextptr)-b);
      if (a.type==_USER)
	return *a._USERptr==b;
      if (b.type==_USER)
	return *b._USERptr==a;
      if (a.type==_INT_ && a.subtype==_INT_TYPE && b.type==_FUNC){
	if (a==_STRNG && b==at_string) return true;
	if (a==_VECT && b==at_vector) return true;
	if (a==_FLOAT_ && b==at_float) return true;
	if (a==_DOUBLE_ && b==at_real) return true;
	if (a==_CPLX && b==at_complex) return true;
	if ( (a==_INT_||a==_ZINT) && b==at_int) return true;
      }
      if (b.type==_INT_ && b.subtype==_INT_TYPE && a.type==_FUNC)
	return operator_equal(b,a,contextptr);
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool identificateur::operator ==(const identificateur & i){
    return id_name==i.id_name || !strcmp(id_name,i.id_name);
  }

  bool operator ==(const gen & a,const identificateur & i){
    return a.type==_IDNT && (a._IDNTptr->id_name==i.id_name || !strcmp(a._IDNTptr->id_name,i.id_name));
  }

  bool identificateur::operator ==(const gen & i){
    return i.type==_IDNT && (id_name==i._IDNTptr->id_name || !strcmp(id_name,i._IDNTptr->id_name));
  }

  bool operator ==(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    return operator_equal(a,b,context0);
  }

  bool operator !=(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    return !(a==b);
  }

  gen equal(const gen & a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (a.type==_VECT && b.type==_VECT && !b._VECTptr->empty()){
      if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1 && a.subtype==_GGBVECT && b.subtype==_GGBVECT){
	return symbolic(at_equal,makesequence(a,b));
      }
      else {
	if (a._VECTptr->size()==b._VECTptr->size())
	  return apply(a,b,contextptr,equal);
	return apply2nd(a,b,contextptr,equal);
      }
    }
    if (is_equal(a)) // so that equal(a=0 ,1) returns a=1, used for fsolve
      return equal(a._SYMBptr->feuille[0],b,contextptr);
    // only in ggb mode, because we want to be able to do subst(x[1],x=[1,2])
    if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1 && a.type==_IDNT && b.type==_VECT && b.subtype!=_SEQ__VECT && b.subtype!=_GGB__VECT){
      vecteur v=*b._VECTptr;
      for (unsigned i=0;i<v.size();++i){
	v[i]=symbolic(at_equal,makesequence(a,v[i]));
      }
      return gen(v,b.subtype);
    }
    gen res=symbolic(at_equal,makesequence(a,b));
    if (a.type==_INT_ && a.subtype==_INT_PLOT && io_graph(contextptr))
      __interactive.op(res,contextptr);
    return res;
  }

  gen equal2(const gen & a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (is_equal(a)) // so that equal(a=0 ,1) returns a=1, used for fsolve
      return equal(a._SYMBptr->feuille[0],b,contextptr);
    // only in ggb mode, because we want to be able to do subst(x[1],x=[1,2])
    if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1 && a.type==_IDNT && b.type==_VECT){
      vecteur v=*b._VECTptr;
      for (unsigned i=0;i<v.size();++i){
	v[i]=symbolic(at_equal2,makesequence(a,v[i]));
      }
      return gen(v,b.subtype);
    }
    gen res=symbolic(at_equal2,makesequence(a,b));
    if (a.type==_INT_ && a.subtype==_INT_PLOT && io_graph(contextptr))
      __interactive.op(res,contextptr);
    return res;
  }

  gen sign(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (is_equal(a))
      return apply_to_equal(a,sign,contextptr);
    if (complex_mode(contextptr)==0 && !has_i(a)){
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_exp))
	return 1;
      if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow)){
	gen f=a._SYMBptr->feuille[1];
	if (f.type==_FRAC && f._FRACptr->den.type==_INT_ && f._FRACptr->den.val %2==0)
	  return 1;
      }
    }
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg) && !is_inf(a))
      return -sign(a._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv))
      return sign(a._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod)){
      vecteur v=gen2vecteur(a._SYMBptr->feuille);
      gen res=1;
      for (int i=0;i<int(v.size());++i){
	res=res*sign(v[i],contextptr);
      }
      return res;
    }
    if (is_exactly_zero(a)){
      if (a.type==_DOUBLE_ || a.type==_FLOAT_)
	return 0.0;
      else
	return 0;
    }
    if (a==plus_inf)
      return 1;
    if (a==minus_inf)
      return -1;
    if (is_undef(a))
      return a;
    if (is_inf(a))
      return undef;
    double eps=epsilon(contextptr);
    if (eps>1e-6)
      *logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning, sign might return 0 incorrectly because the value of eps is too large ") << eps << '\n';
    switch (a.type){
    case _INT_: case _ZINT:
      if (is_positive(a,contextptr))
	return 1;
      else
	return -1;
    case _DOUBLE_:
      if (a._DOUBLE_val>eps)
	return 1.0;
      if (a._DOUBLE_val<-eps)
	return -1.0;
      return 0.0;
    case _FLOAT_: // NOTE: does not follow eps rule
      if (a._FLOAT_val>0)
	return giac_float(1.0);
      if (a._FLOAT_val<0)
	return giac_float(-1.0);
      return giac_float(0.0);
    case _REAL:
      {
	if (a._REALptr->is_zero())
	  return 0;
	if (a._REALptr->maybe_zero())
	  return undef;
	int res=a._REALptr->is_positive();
	if (res)
	  return res;
	return undef;
      }
      return -1;
    case _CPLX:
      return a/abs(a,contextptr);
    case _FRAC:
      return sign(a._FRACptr->num,contextptr)*sign(a._FRACptr->den,contextptr);
    }
    int fs=fastsign(a,contextptr);
    if (fs)
      return fs;
    gen b=evalf_double(a,1,contextptr);
    if (b.type==_DOUBLE_){
      if (b._DOUBLE_val>eps)
	return plus_one;
      if (b._DOUBLE_val<-eps)
	return minus_one;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR // FIXME try to avoid rounding errors
      b=accurate_evalf(eval(a,1,contextptr),1000);
      if (is_greater(b,1e-250,contextptr))
	return plus_one;
      if (is_greater(-1e-250,b,contextptr))
	return minus_one;
#endif
      // return zero; // returning 0 is wrong, sign(a) is much better!
    }
    if (b.type==_FLOAT_){
      if (b._FLOAT_val>eps)
	return plus_one;
      if (b._FLOAT_val<-eps)
	return minus_one;
      return zero;
    }
    if (is_zero(im(a,contextptr),contextptr)){
      int s=sturmsign(a,true,contextptr);
      if (s && s!=-2)
	return s;
    }
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_sign,a));
  }

  static gen sym_is_greater(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (is_undef(a))
      return a;
    if (is_undef(b))
      return b;
    if (a==unsigned_inf || b==unsigned_inf || a.type==_VECT || b.type==_VECT)
      return undef;
    if (a==b)
      return false;
    if ( (b==plus_inf) || (a==minus_inf) )
      return false;
    if ( (b==minus_inf) || (a==plus_inf) )
      return true;
    if (is_equal(a) && is_equal(b) ){
      gen & af=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      gen & bf=b._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (af.type==_VECT && bf.type==_VECT && af._VECTptr->size()==2 && bf._VECTptr->size()==2 && af._VECTptr->front()==bf._VECTptr->front())
	return sym_is_greater(af._VECTptr->back(),bf._VECTptr->back(),contextptr);
    }
    if (a.type==_STRNG && b.type==_STRNG)
      return *a._STRNGptr>=*b._STRNGptr;
    if (a.type==_USER)
      return (*a._USERptr>b);
    if (b.type==_USER)
      return (*b._USERptr<=a);
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_superieur_strict) || a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_superieur_egal) || a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inferieur_strict) || a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inferieur_egal) )
      return false;
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_superieur_strict) || b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_superieur_egal) || b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inferieur_strict) || b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inferieur_egal) )
      return false;
    if (a.type==_CPLX || b.type==_CPLX)
      return symb_superieur_strict(a,b);
    gen approx;
    if (has_evalf(a,approx,1,contextptr) && approx.type==_CPLX && !is_zero(im(approx,contextptr)/re(approx,contextptr),contextptr))
      return symb_superieur_strict(a,b);
    if (has_evalf(a-b,approx,1,contextptr)){
      if (approx.type==_CPLX && is_zero(im(approx,contextptr)/re(approx,contextptr),contextptr))
	approx=re(approx,contextptr);
      if (approx.type==_DOUBLE_ ){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	// FIXME?? try to avoid rounding error with more digits
	if (fabs(approx._DOUBLE_val)<1e-5 && (a-b).type!=_FRAC){
	  gen tmp=accurate_evalf(eval(a-b,1,contextptr),1000);
	  tmp=evalf_double(tmp,1,contextptr);
	  if (tmp.type==_DOUBLE_)
	    approx=tmp;
	}
#endif
	return (approx._DOUBLE_val>0);
      }
      if (approx.type==_REAL)
	return is_strictly_positive(approx,contextptr);
      if (approx.type==_FLOAT_ )
	return (approx._FLOAT_val>0);
    }
    gen g=sign(a-b,contextptr);
    if (is_one(g))
      return plus_one;
    if (is_minus_one(g))
      return false;
    return symb_superieur_strict(a,b);
  }

  gen superieur_strict(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_:
      return (a.val>b.val);
    case _INT___ZINT:
      return (mpz_cmp_si(*b._ZINTptr,a.val)<0);
    case _ZINT__INT_:
      return (mpz_cmp_si(*a._ZINTptr,b.val)>0);
    case _ZINT__ZINT:
      return (mpz_cmp(*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr)>0);
    case _DOUBLE___DOUBLE_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val>b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _FRAC__FRAC:
      if (is_positive(a._FRACptr->den,contextptr) && is_positive(b._FRACptr->den,contextptr))
	return superieur_strict(a._FRACptr->num*b._FRACptr->den,a._FRACptr->den*b._FRACptr->num,contextptr);
      break;
    case _FRAC__INT_:
      if (is_positive(a._FRACptr->den,contextptr))
	return superieur_strict(a._FRACptr->num,a._FRACptr->den*b,contextptr);
      break;
    case _INT___FRAC:
      if (is_positive(b._FRACptr->den,contextptr))
	return superieur_strict(b._FRACptr->den*a,b._FRACptr->num,contextptr);
      break;
    case _DOUBLE___INT_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val>b.val;
    case _INT___DOUBLE_:
      return a.val>b._DOUBLE_val;
    case _FLOAT___FLOAT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val>b._FLOAT_val;
    case _FLOAT___INT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val>b.val;
    case _INT___FLOAT_:
      return a.val>b._FLOAT_val;
    case _DOUBLE___ZINT:
      return a._DOUBLE_val>mpz_get_d(*b._ZINTptr);
    case _ZINT__DOUBLE_:
      return mpz_get_d(*a._ZINTptr)>b._DOUBLE_val;
    }
    if (a.type<=_REAL && b.type<=_REAL)
      return is_strictly_positive(a-b,contextptr);
    return sym_is_greater(a,b,contextptr);
  }

  gen inferieur_strict(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return superieur_strict(b,a,contextptr);
  }

  gen superieur_egal(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if ( (a.type==_REAL && b.type<=_REAL) ||
	 (b.type==_REAL && a.type<=_REAL) ){
      if (is_positive(a-b,contextptr))
	return 1;
      return 0;
    }
    gen g=!superieur_strict(b,a,contextptr);
    if (is_undef(g)) return g;
    if (g.type==_INT_)
      return g;
    return symb_superieur_egal(a,b);
  }

  gen inferieur_egal(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    return superieur_egal(b,a,contextptr);
  }

  bool has_inf_or_undef(const gen & g){
    if (g.type!=_VECT)
      return is_inf(g) || is_undef(g);
    const_iterateur it=g._VECTptr->begin(),itend=g._VECTptr->end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      if (has_inf_or_undef(*it))
	return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  bool is_inf(const gen & e){
    switch (e.type){
    case _IDNT:
      return !strcmp(e._IDNTptr->id_name,string_infinity);
    case _SYMB:
      return is_inf(e._SYMBptr->feuille);
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return my_isinf(e._DOUBLE_val);
    case _FLOAT_:
      return fis_inf(e._FLOAT_val);
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }
  bool is_undef(const vecteur & v){
    return !v.empty() && is_undef(v.front());
  }
  bool is_undef(const polynome & p){
    return !p.coord.empty() && is_undef(p.coord.front());
  }
  // we are using exponent as undef marker because coeff=undef is used
  // for Landau notation O(x^exponent)
  bool is_undef(const sparse_poly1 & s){
    return !s.empty() && is_undef(s.front().exponent);
  }
  bool is_undef(const gen & e){
    switch (e.type){
    case _IDNT:
      return !strcmp(e._IDNTptr->id_name,string_undef);
    case _STRNG:
      return e.subtype==-1;
    case _VECT:
      return !e._VECTptr->empty() && is_undef(e._VECTptr->front());
    case _POLY:
      return !e._POLYptr->coord.empty() && is_undef(e._POLYptr->coord.front().value);
    case _SPOL1:
      return !e._SPOL1ptr->empty() && is_undef(e._SPOL1ptr->front().exponent);
    case _FLOAT_:
      return fis_nan(e._FLOAT_val);
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return my_isnan(e._DOUBLE_val);
    case _CPLX:
      return is_undef(*e._CPLXptr) || is_undef(*(e._CPLXptr+1));
    case _FRAC:
      return is_undef(e._FRACptr->num);
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool is_zero__VECT(const vecteur & v,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    vecteur::const_iterator it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      if (!is_zero(*it,contextptr))
	return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  bool is_zero(const gen & a,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _INT_:
      return !a.val;
    case _ZINT:
      return (!mpz_sgn(*a._ZINTptr));
    case _REAL:
      return fabs(evalf_double(a,1,contextptr)._DOUBLE_val)<=epsilon(contextptr);// return a._REALptr->is_zero();
    case _CPLX:
      return (is_zero(*a._CPLXptr,contextptr) && is_zero(*(a._CPLXptr+1),contextptr));
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return (fabs(a._DOUBLE_val)<=epsilon(contextptr));
    case _FLOAT_:
      return is_exactly_zero(a._FLOAT_val);
    case _VECT:
      return is_zero__VECT(*a._VECTptr,contextptr);
    case _POLY:
      return a._POLYptr->coord.empty();
    case _FRAC:
      return is_zero(a._FRACptr->num,contextptr);
    case _MOD:
      return is_zero(*a._MODptr,contextptr);
    case _USER:
      return a._USERptr->is_zero();
    case _SYMB:
      if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_unit)
	return is_zero(a._SYMBptr->feuille[0]);
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool is_exactly_zero(const gen & a){
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _INT_:
      return !a.val;
    case _ZINT:
      return (!mpz_sgn(*a._ZINTptr));
    case _REAL:
      return a._REALptr->is_zero();
    case _CPLX:
      return (is_exactly_zero(*a._CPLXptr) && is_exactly_zero(*(a._CPLXptr+1)));
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val==0;
    case _FLOAT_:
      return fis_exactly_zero(a._FLOAT_val);
    case _POLY:
      return a._POLYptr->coord.empty();
    case _FRAC:
      return is_exactly_zero(a._FRACptr->num);
    case _MOD:
      return is_exactly_zero(*a._MODptr);
    case _USER:
      return a._USERptr->is_zero();
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool is_one(const gen & a){
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _INT_:
      return a.val==1;
    case _ZINT:
      return mpz_cmp_si(*a._ZINTptr,1)==0;
    case _CPLX:
      return is_one(*a._CPLXptr) && is_zero(*(a._CPLXptr+1));
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val==1;
    case _FLOAT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val==giac_float(1);
    case _REAL:
      return is_exactly_zero(a-1);
    case _VECT:
      return a._VECTptr->size()==1 && is_one(a._VECTptr->front());
    case _POLY:
      return Tis_constant(*a._POLYptr) && (is_one(a._POLYptr->coord.front().value));
    case _FRAC:
      return a._FRACptr->num == a._FRACptr->den;
    case _MOD:
      return is_one(*a._MODptr);
    case _USER:
      return a._USERptr->is_one();
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool is_minus_one(const gen & a){
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _INT_:
      return a.val==-1;
    case _ZINT:
      return mpz_cmp_si(*a._ZINTptr,-1)==0;
    case _CPLX:
      return (is_minus_one(*a._CPLXptr) && is_zero(*(a._CPLXptr+1),context0));
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return a._DOUBLE_val==-1;
    case _FLOAT_:
      return a._FLOAT_val==giac_float(-1);
    case _REAL:
      return is_exactly_zero(a+1);
    case _VECT:
      return a._VECTptr->size()==1 && is_minus_one(a._VECTptr->front());
    case _POLY:
      return Tis_constant(*a._POLYptr) && (is_minus_one(a._POLYptr->coord.front().value));
    case _FRAC:
      return a._FRACptr->num == -a._FRACptr->den;
    case _MOD:
      if (*(a._MODptr+1)==plus_two)
	return is_one(*a._MODptr);
      else
	return is_minus_one(*a._MODptr);
    case _SYMB:
      return a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_neg && is_one(a._SYMBptr->feuille);
    case _USER:
      return a._USERptr->is_minus_one();
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool is_sq_minus_one(const gen & a){
    switch (a.type ) {
    case _CPLX: case _MOD: case _USER:
      return is_minus_one(a*a);
    case _VECT:
      return a._VECTptr->size()==1 && is_sq_minus_one(a._VECTptr->front());
    case _POLY:
      return Tis_constant(*a._POLYptr) && (is_sq_minus_one(a._POLYptr->coord.front().value));
    default:
      return false;
    }
  }

  gen gen::operator [] (int i) const{
    return operator_at(i,context0);
  }

  gen gen::operator_at(int i,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    if (type==_SYMB){
      if (!i)
	return _SYMBptr->sommet;
      if (_SYMBptr->feuille.type!=_VECT){
	if (i==1)
	  return _SYMBptr->feuille;
	else
	  return gendimerr(contextptr);
      }
      if (unsigned(i)>_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size())
	return gendimerr(contextptr);
      return (*(_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr))[i-1];
    }
    if (type==_MOD){
      if (!i)
	return _MOD;
      if (i==1)
	return *_MODptr;
      if (i==2)
	return *(_MODptr+1);
      return gendimerr(contextptr);
    }
    if (type==_IDNT)
      return symb_at(makesequence(*this,i));
    if (type==_FUNC){
      if (*this==at_ln){
	i=i+array_start(contextptr); // (xcas_mode(contextptr)!=0);
	return inv(ln(i,contextptr),contextptr)*(*this);
      }
      if (*this==at_maple_root){
	identificateur tmp(" x");
	gen g=symb_program(tmp,zero,new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_makesuite,i,tmp)),contextptr);
	g=makesequence(at_maple_root,g);
	return symb_compose(g);
      }
    }
    if (this->type!=_VECT){
      if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1)
	return *this;
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Gen [int]"));
    }
    if (i<0) i+=_VECTptr->size();
    if (unsigned(i)>=_VECTptr->size()){
      if (array_start(contextptr))//(xcas_mode(contextptr)!=0 || abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38)
	++i;
      return gendimerr(gettext("Index outside range : ")+ print_INT_(i)+", vector size is "+print_INT_(int(_VECTptr->size()))
#ifndef GIAC_HAS_STO_38
		       +", syntax compatibility mode "+print_program_syntax(xcas_mode(contextptr))
#endif
		       +"\n");
    }
    return (*(this->_VECTptr))[i];
  }

  gen gen::operator [] (const gen & i) const {
    return operator_at(i,context0);
  }

  gen gen::operator_at(const gen & i,GIAC_CONTEXT) const {
    if (type==_STRNG && subtype==-1) return *this;
    if (i.type==_DOUBLE_){
      double id=i._DOUBLE_val;
      if (int(id)==id)
	return (*this)[int(id)];
    }
    if (i.type==_FLOAT_){
      giac_float id=i._FLOAT_val;
      if (giac_float(get_int(id))==id)
	return (*this)[get_int(id)];
    }
    if (i.type==_REAL){
      double id=i.evalf_double(1,contextptr)._DOUBLE_val;
      if (int(id)==id)
	return (*this)[int(id)];
    }
    if ((type==_STRNG) && (i.type==_INT_)){
      int s=int(_STRNGptr->size()),I=i.val;
      if (I<0) I+=s;
      if ( (I<s) && (I>=0))
	return string2gen(string()+'"'+(*_STRNGptr)[I]+'"');
    }
    if (type==_IDNT)
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_at,gen(makenewvecteur(*this,i),_SEQ__VECT)));
    if (type==_USER)
      return (*_USERptr)[i];
    if (type==_MAP){
      gen_map::const_iterator it=_MAPptr->find(i),itend=_MAPptr->end();
      if (it!=itend)
	return it->second;
      if (subtype==_SPARSE_MATRIX)
	return 0;
    }
    if (type==_SPOL1){
      sparse_poly1::const_iterator it=_SPOL1ptr->begin(),itend=_SPOL1ptr->end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	if (it->exponent==i)
	  return it->coeff;
      }
      return 0;
    }
    if (is_symb_of_sommet(at_at)){ // add i at the end of the index
      if (_SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && _SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2){
	gen operand=_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front();
	vecteur indice=makevecteur(_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back());
	indice.push_back(i);
	return symb_at(makenewvecteur(operand,gen(indice,_SEQ__VECT)));
      }
    }
    if (i.type==_DOUBLE_)
      return (*this)[(int) i._DOUBLE_val];
    if (i.type==_FLOAT_)
      return (*this)[ get_int(i._FLOAT_val) ];
    if (i.type==_SYMB){
      bool ideuxpoints=i._SYMBptr->sommet==at_deuxpoints;
      if (i._SYMBptr->sommet==at_interval || ideuxpoints) {
	gen i1=_ceil(i._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front(),contextptr);
	gen iback=i._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back();
	int step=1;
	if (ideuxpoints && iback.is_symb_of_sommet(at_deuxpoints)){
	  gen istep=iback._SYMBptr->feuille;
	  iback=istep[0];
	  istep=istep[1]+array_start(contextptr);
	  if (!is_integral(istep) || istep.type!=_INT_ || istep.val==0)
	    return gendimerr(contextptr);
	  step=istep.val;
	  if (step<0 && is_zero(i1))
	    i1=minus_one;
	  if (0 && step<0 && is_zero(iback)){ // detected during translation
	    *logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning, using :0:-step, use :-1:-step for ::") << '\n';
	  }
	}
	gen i2=_floor(iback,contextptr);
	if (is_integral(i1) && is_integral(i2)){
	  int debut=i1.val,fin=i2.val+(ideuxpoints?(step<0?1:-1):0);
	  int S=1;
	  if (type==_STRNG) S=int(_STRNGptr->size());
	  if (type==_VECT) S=int(_VECTptr->size());
	  if (debut>=S)
	    return (type==_STRNG)?string2gen("",false):gen(vecteur(0),subtype);
	  if (debut<0) debut+=S;
	  if (fin<0) fin+=S;
	  fin=giacmin(fin,S-1);
	  debut=giacmin(debut,S-1);
	  if (debut<0 || step*double(fin-debut)<0 )
	    return (type==_STRNG)?string2gen("",false):gen(vecteur(0),subtype); // swap(debut,fin);
	  if (step==1){
	    if (type==_STRNG)
	      return string2gen('"'+_STRNGptr->substr(debut,fin-debut+1)+'"');
	    if (type==_VECT)
	      return gen(vecteur(_VECTptr->begin()+debut,_VECTptr->begin()+fin+1),subtype);
	  }
	  if (type==_STRNG){
	    const string & s=*_STRNGptr;
	    string res;
	    if (step<0){
	      for (;debut>=fin;debut+=step)
		res += s[debut];
	    }
	    else {
	      for (;debut<=fin;debut+=step)
		res += s[debut];
	    }
	    return string2gen(res,false);
	  }
	  if (type==_VECT){
	    const vecteur & v=*_VECTptr;
	    vecteur res;
	    res.reserve(absint(fin-debut)/step+1);
	    if (step<0){
	      for (;debut>=fin;debut+=step)
		res.push_back(v[debut]);
	    }
	    else {
	      for (;debut<=fin;debut+=step)
		res.push_back(v[debut]);
	    }
	    return gen(res,subtype);
	  }
	}
      }
    }
    if (i.type==_VECT){
      const_iterateur it=i._VECTptr->begin(),itend=i._VECTptr->end();
      gen res (*this);
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	if (it->type==_VECT){
	  vecteur tmp;
	  const_iterateur jt=it->_VECTptr->begin(),jtend=it->_VECTptr->end();
	  for (;jt!=jtend;++jt){
	    tmp.push_back(res[*jt]);
	  }
	  return gen(tmp,it->subtype);
	}
	bool itdeuxpoints=it->type==_SYMB && it->_SYMBptr->sommet==at_deuxpoints;
	if ( (it->type==_SYMB) && (it->_SYMBptr->sommet==at_interval || itdeuxpoints) && (it+1!=itend) ){
	  // submatrix extraction
	  gen i1=it->_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front(),iback=it->_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->back();
	  int step=1;
	  if (itdeuxpoints && iback.is_symb_of_sommet(at_deuxpoints)){
	    gen istep=iback._SYMBptr->feuille;
	    iback=istep[0];
	    istep=istep[1]+array_start(contextptr);
	    if (!is_integral(istep) || istep.type!=_INT_ || istep==0)
	      return gendimerr(contextptr);
	    step=istep.val;
	    if (step<0 && is_zero(i1))
	      i1=minus_one;
	    if (step<0 && is_zero(iback)){
	      *logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning, using :0:-step, use :-1:-step for ::") << '\n';
	    }
	  }
	  if (i1.type==_INT_ && iback.type==_INT_){
	    int debut=i1.val,fin=iback.val+(itdeuxpoints?(step<0?1:-1):0);
	    if (res.type==_VECT){
	      int S=int(res._VECTptr->size());
	      if (debut<0) debut +=S;
	      if (fin<0) fin +=S;
	      fin=giacmin(fin,S-1);
	      debut=giacmin(debut,S-1);
	      if (debut<0 || step*double(fin-debut)<0 )
		return gendimerr(contextptr);
	      iterateur jt=res._VECTptr->begin()+debut,jtend=_VECTptr->begin()+fin;
	      gen fin_it(vecteur(it+1,itend),_SEQ__VECT);
	      vecteur v;
	      v.reserve(absint(jtend-jt)/step+1);
	      if (step<0){
		for (;jt>=jtend;jt+=step)
		  v.push_back((*jt)[fin_it]);
	      }
	      else {
		for (;jt<=jtend;jt+=step)
		  v.push_back((*jt)[fin_it]);
	      }
	      if (res.subtype==_MATRIX__VECT && !ckmatrix(v))
		return v;
	      return gen(v,res.subtype);
	    }
	  }
	}
	res = res[*it];
      }
      return res;
    }
    if (i.type!=_INT_)
      return symb_at(makesequence(*this,i));
    return this->operator_at(i.val,contextptr);
  }

  /*
  gen & gen::operator [](int i){
    if (this->type!=_VECT)
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Gen [int]"));
    if (i>=_VECTptr->size())
      return gendimerr(contextptr);
    return (*(this->_VECTptr))[i];
  }

  gen & gen::operator [] (const gen & i) {
    if (i.type==_DOUBLE_)
      return (*this)[(int) i._DOUBLE_val];
    if (i.type!=_INT_)
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Gen [gen]"));
    if (this->type!=_VECT)
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Gen [gen]"));
    if (i.val>=_VECTptr->size())
      return gendimerr(gettext("Gen [_VECT]"));
    return (*(this->_VECTptr))[i.val];
  }
  */

  gen gen::operator () (const gen & i,const context * contextptr) const{
    return (*this)(i,undef,contextptr);
  }

  gen gen::operator () (const gen & i,const gen & progname,const context * contextptr) const{
    bool isprog=type==_FUNC || this->is_symb_of_sommet(at_program) || this->is_symb_of_sommet(*at_program);
    if (!isprog){
      if (i.is_symb_of_sommet(at_equal))
	return _subst(makesequence(*this,i),contextptr);
      if (i.type==_VECT){
	vecteur & v = *i._VECTptr;
	vecteur vin,vout;
	for (unsigned j=0;j<v.size();++j){
	  if (!v[j].is_symb_of_sommet(at_equal))
	    break;
	  vin.push_back(v[j]._SYMBptr->feuille[0]);
	  vout.push_back(v[j]._SYMBptr->feuille[1]);
	}
	if (vin.size()==v.size())
	  return subst(*this,vin,vout,false,contextptr);
      }
    }
    if (type==_SYMB){
      // Functional case for sommet
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_program) {
	gen tmp=_SYMBptr->feuille;
	if (tmp.type!=_VECT)
	  return gensizeerr(contextptr);
	vecteur tmpv=*tmp._VECTptr; tmpv[1]=i;
	return _program(gen(tmpv,tmp.subtype),progname,contextptr);
      }
#ifndef RTOS_THREADX
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_rpn_prog){
	vecteur pile;
	if (rpn_mode(contextptr))
	  pile=history_out(contextptr);
	if ( (i.type!=_VECT) || (i.subtype!=_SEQ__VECT))
	  pile.push_back(i);
	else
	  pile=mergevecteur(pile,*i._VECTptr);
	vecteur prog;
	if (_SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT)
	  prog=*_SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
	else
	  prog=vecteur(1,_SYMBptr->feuille);
	return gen(rpn_eval(prog,pile,contextptr),_RPN_STACK__VECT);
      }
#endif
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_compose){
	gen tmp=_SYMBptr->feuille;
	if (tmp.type!=_VECT)
	  return tmp(i,contextptr);
	gen res=i;
	const_iterateur it=tmp._VECTptr->begin(),itend=tmp._VECTptr->end();
	for (;itend!=it;){
	  --itend;
	  res=(*itend)(res,contextptr);
	}
	return res;
      }
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_composepow){
	gen tmp=_SYMBptr->feuille;
	if (tmp.type!=_VECT || tmp._VECTptr->size()!=2 || tmp._VECTptr->back().type!=_INT_)
	  return symb_of(tmp,i);
	gen res=i;
	int n=tmp._VECTptr->back().val;
	if (n<0){
	  // try to invert the function
	  gen x(identificateur("xinvert")),y(identificateur("yinvert"));
	  gen f=tmp._VECTptr->front();
	  gen s=_solve(makesequence(symb_equal(f(x,contextptr),y),x),contextptr);
	  if (s.type!=_VECT || s._VECTptr->size()<1 || is_undef(s._VECTptr->front()))
	    return gensizeerr("Unable to invert function");
	  if (s._VECTptr->size()>1)
	    *logptr(contextptr) << "Choosing first solution in "<<s<<'\n';
	  f=symb_program(y,0,s._VECTptr->front(),contextptr);
	  n=-n;
	  tmp=makesequence(f,n);
	}
	if (!n)
	  return i;
	int ratnormal_test=MAX_RECURSION_LEVEL/2;
	// otherwise f(x):=-3x+2; g:=(f@@300)(x):; simplifier(g); might segfault
	tmp=tmp._VECTptr->front();
	for (int j=0;j<n;++j){
	  res=tmp(res,contextptr);
	  if (j%ratnormal_test==ratnormal_test-1)
	    res=ratnormal(res);
	}
	return res;
      }
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_derive || _SYMBptr->sommet==at_function_diff || _SYMBptr->sommet==at_of || _SYMBptr->sommet==at_at)
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_of,makesequence(*this,i)));
      gen & f=_SYMBptr->feuille;
      // distributions laws: add arguments and reeval
      if (is_distribution(_SYMBptr->sommet)){
	vecteur args(gen2vecteur(f));
	if (i.type==_VECT && i.subtype==_SEQ__VECT)
	  args=mergevecteur(args,*i._VECTptr);
	else
	  args.push_back(i);
	return _SYMBptr->sommet(gen(args,_SEQ__VECT),contextptr);
      }
      if (string(_SYMBptr->sommet.ptr()->s)=="pari"){
	vecteur argv(gen2vecteur(f));
	if (i.type==_VECT && i.subtype!=_SEQ__VECT)
	  argv=mergevecteur(argv,vecteur(1,i));
	else
	  argv=mergevecteur(argv,gen2vecteur(i));
	return _SYMBptr->sommet(gen(argv,_SEQ__VECT),contextptr);
      }
      if (f==makenewvecteur(zero)){
	return _SYMBptr->sommet(i,contextptr);
      }
      // other case, apply feuille to i then apply sommet
      if (f.type!=_VECT)
	return _SYMBptr->sommet(f(i,contextptr),contextptr);
      vecteur lid(lidnt(*this));
      if (lid.size()==1 && !has_algebraic_program(*this)){
	if (lid.front()==vx_var)
	// suspect something like P:=x^3+1 then P(2)
	  *logptr(contextptr) << "Warning, evaluating univariate expression of x(value) like if expression was a function.\nYou should write subst(" << *this << "," << lid.front() << "," << i << ")" << '\n';
	else
	  return gensizeerr("Expression used like a function "+this->print(contextptr)+"\nYou should write subst("+this->print(contextptr)+","+lid.front().print(contextptr)+","+i.print(contextptr)+")");
	return subst(*this,lid.front(),i,false,contextptr);
      }
      vecteur res(*f._VECTptr);
      iterateur it=res.begin(),itend=res.end();
      bool warn=false;
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	if (it->type==_IDNT)
	  warn=true;
	*it=(*it)(i,contextptr);
      }
      if (warn)
	*logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning, evaluating (") << *this << ")(" << i << ") as a function not as a product" << '\n';
      return _SYMBptr->sommet(res,contextptr);
    }
    if (type==_FUNC){
      if ( (i.type==_VECT) && (i.subtype==_SEQ__VECT) && (i._VECTptr->size()==1))
	return (*_FUNCptr)(i._VECTptr->front(),contextptr);
      else
	return (*_FUNCptr)(i,contextptr);
    }
    if (i.type==_DOUBLE_ && giac_floor(i._DOUBLE_val)==i._DOUBLE_val )
      return (*this)((int) i._DOUBLE_val,contextptr);
    if (i.type==_FLOAT_ && ffloor(i._FLOAT_val)==i._FLOAT_val )
      return (*this)(get_int(i._FLOAT_val),contextptr);
    if (type==_INT_ && subtype==_INT_TYPE && i.type==_VECT){
      return gen(*i._VECTptr,type);
    }
    if (type<_IDNT )
      return *this;
    if (type==_USER)
      return (*_USERptr)(i,contextptr);
    if (type==_STRNG){
      gen ii(i);
      if (!is_integral(ii))
	return gensizeerr(gettext("Bad index"));
      if (ii.val<1 || ii.val>int(_STRNGptr->size()))
	return gendimerr(gettext("Index out of range"));
      return string2gen(string(1,(*_STRNGptr)[ii.val-1]),false);
    }
    if (type==_VECT){
      if (of_pointer_38 && _VECTptr->size()==2 && _VECTptr->front().type==_POINTER_ && _VECTptr->front().subtype==_APPLET_POINTER && _VECTptr->back().type==_POINTER_ && _VECTptr->back().subtype==_VARFUNCDEF_POINTER )
	return of_pointer_38(_VECTptr->front()._POINTER_val,_VECTptr->back()._POINTER_val,i);
      if (1 ||
	  abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38){
	if (i.type==_VECT){
	  gen res=*this;
	  int is=int(i._VECTptr->size());
	  for (int k=0;k<is;++k){
	    res=res(i[k],contextptr);
	  }
	  return res;
	}
	if (i.is_symb_of_sommet(at_interval)){
	  const gen & ife =i._SYMBptr->feuille;
	  if (ife.type==_VECT && ife._VECTptr->size()==2){
	    const gen & if1=ife._VECTptr->front();
	    const gen & if2=ife._VECTptr->back();
	    if (if1.type==_INT_ && if2.type==_INT_ && if1.val>=1 && if2.val>=1 && if1.val<=if2.val && if1.val<=int(_VECTptr->size()) && if2.val<=int(_VECTptr->size()))
	      return gen(vecteur(_VECTptr->begin()+if1.val-1,_VECTptr->begin()+if2.val),subtype);
	  }
	}
	gen tmp=_floor(i,contextptr);
	if (tmp.type!=_INT_)
	  return gendimerr(contextptr);
	if (tmp.val<1 || tmp.val>int(_VECTptr->size()) )
	  return gendimerr(contextptr);
	return (*_VECTptr)[tmp.val-1];
      }
      // Old code for _VECT type was just return (*this)[i];
      vecteur w(*_VECTptr);
      iterateur it=w.begin(),itend=w.end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it)
	*it=(*it)(i,contextptr);
      return gen(w,subtype);
    }
    else {
      if (has_inf_or_undef(i))
	return undef;
      return symb_of(*this,i);
    }
  }

  static bool compare_VECT(const vecteur & v,const vecteur & w){
    int s1=int(v.size()),s2=int(w.size());
    if (s1!=s2)
      return s1<s2;
    const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end(),jt=w.begin();
    for (;it!=itend;++it,++jt){
      if (*it!=*jt){
	return it->islesscomplexthan(*jt);
      }
    }
    // setsizeerr(); should not happen... commented because it happens!
    return false;
  }

  // return true if *this is "strictly less complex" than other
  bool gen::islesscomplexthan (const gen & other ) const {
    // FIXME it is not the natural order, but used for pivot selection
    if (type<_IDNT && is_zero(*this,context0)){
      // if (type==_INT_ && other.type==_INT_) return val<other.val;
      return false;
    }
    if (other.type<_IDNT && is_zero(other,context0))
      return true;
    if (type != other.type)
      return type < other.type;
    if (*this==other)
      return false;
    if (type<_POLY && type!=_CPLX && *this==-other)
      return is_strictly_positive(*this,context0);
    switch ( type) {
    case _INT_:
      return absint(val)<absint(other.val);
    case _ZINT:
      return is_greater(abs(other,context0),abs(*this,context0),context0);
    case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _REAL:
      return is_greater(abs(*this,context0),abs(other,context0),context0);
    case _CPLX:
      {
	gen a1=abs(*this,context0),a2=abs(other,context0);
	if (a1!=a2)
	  return is_strictly_greater(a1,a2,context0);
	a1=re(context0);
	a2=other.re(context0);
	if (a1!=a2)
	  return is_strictly_greater(a1,a2,context0);
	a1=im(context0);
	a2=other.im(context0);
	return is_greater(a1,a2,context0);
      }
    case _IDNT:
      return strcmp(_IDNTptr->id_name,other._IDNTptr->id_name)<0;
    case _POLY:
      if (_POLYptr->coord.size()!=other._POLYptr->coord.size())
	return _POLYptr->coord.size()<other._POLYptr->coord.size();
      return _POLYptr->coord.front().value.islesscomplexthan(other._POLYptr->coord.front().value);
    case _MOD:
      if (*(_MODptr+1)!=*(other._MODptr+1)){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
	setsizeerr(gettext("islesscomplexthan mod"));
#endif
      }
      return _MODptr->islesscomplexthan(*other._MODptr);
    case _SYMB:
      if (_SYMBptr->sommet !=other._SYMBptr->sommet ){
#ifdef GIAC_HAS_STO_38 // otherwise 1 test of chk_xavier fails, needs to check
	int c=strcmp(_SYMBptr->sommet.ptr()->s,other._SYMBptr->sommet.ptr()->s);
	if (c) return c<0;
#endif
	return (alias_type) _SYMBptr->sommet.ptr() <(alias_type) other._SYMBptr->sommet.ptr();
      }
      return _SYMBptr->feuille.islesscomplexthan(other._SYMBptr->feuille);
      // return false;
    case _VECT:
      return compare_VECT(*_VECTptr,*other._VECTptr);
    case _EXT:
      if (*(_EXTptr+1)!=*(other._EXTptr+1))
	return (_EXTptr+1)->islesscomplexthan(*(other._EXTptr+1));
      return _EXTptr->islesscomplexthan(*(other._EXTptr));
    case _STRNG:
      return *_STRNGptr<*other._STRNGptr;
    default:
      return this->print(context0)< other.print(context0);
    }
  }

  bool islesscomplexthanf(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    return a.islesscomplexthan(b);
  }

  static gen monomial_degree(const gen & a){
    if (a.type<_IDNT)
      return 0;
    if (a.type==_IDNT){
      // detect constants of integration
      if (strlen(a._IDNTptr->id_name)>=3 && a._IDNTptr->id_name[0]=='c' && a._IDNTptr->id_name[1]=='_')
	return 0;
      return 1;
    }
    if (a.type!=_SYMB)
      return 0;
    if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_neg)
      return monomial_degree(a._SYMBptr->feuille);
    if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_inv)
      return -monomial_degree(a._SYMBptr->feuille);
    if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_pow && a._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==2)
      return (*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr)[1];
    if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus){
      gen af=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (af.type!=_VECT)
	return monomial_degree(af);
      gen res(0);
      for (unsigned i=0;i<af._VECTptr->size();++i){
	res = max(res,monomial_degree((*af._VECTptr)[i]),context0);
      }
      return res;
    }
    if (a._SYMBptr->sommet!=at_prod)
      return 0;
    gen af=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
    if (af.type!=_VECT)
      return monomial_degree(af);
    gen res(0);
    for (unsigned i=0;i<af._VECTptr->size();++i){
      res += monomial_degree((*af._VECTptr)[i]);
    }
    return res;
  }

  static bool is_monomial(const gen & a){
    if (a.type<=_IDNT)
      return true;
    if (a.type!=_SYMB)
      return false;
    if (a._SYMBptr->sommet==at_pow)
      return true;
    if (a._SYMBptr->sommet!=at_prod && a._SYMBptr->sommet!=at_plus && a._SYMBptr->sommet!=at_neg && a._SYMBptr->sommet!=at_inv)
      return false;
    gen af=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
    if (af.type!=_VECT)
      return is_monomial(af);
    for (unsigned i=0;i<af._VECTptr->size();++i){
      if (!is_monomial((*af._VECTptr)[i]))
	return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  static bool islesscomplexthanf2(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (a==b)
      return false;
    if (a.type==_VECT && b.type==_VECT && a._VECTptr->size()==2 && b._VECTptr->size()==2){
      gen & a2=a._VECTptr->back();
      gen & b2=b._VECTptr->back();
      if (a2!=b2)
	return islesscomplexthanf2(a2,b2,contextptr);
    }
    if (is_monomial(a) && is_monomial(b)){
      gen da=monomial_degree(a);
      gen db=monomial_degree(b);
      if (da!=db)
	return increasing_power(contextptr)?is_greater(db,da,contextptr):is_greater(da,db,contextptr);
    }
    if (a.type==b.type)
      return a.islesscomplexthan(b);
    if (a.type==_FRAC && b.type>=_POLY)
      return false;
    if (a.type>=_POLY && b.type==_FRAC)
      return true;
    return !a.islesscomplexthan(b);
  }

  struct f_compare_context {
    bool (*f)(const gen &a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT);
    const context * ptr;
    f_compare_context():f(islesscomplexthanf2),ptr(context0){}
    f_compare_context(bool (*f_)(const gen &a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT),GIAC_CONTEXT):f(f_),ptr(contextptr){}
    inline bool operator () (const gen & a,const gen &b){ return f(a,b,ptr); }
  };

  void gen_sort_f_context(iterateur it,iterateur itend,bool (*f)(const gen &a,const gen &b,GIAC_CONTEXT),GIAC_CONTEXT){
    f_compare_context m(f,contextptr);
    sort(it,itend,m);
  }

  int gen::symb_size () const {
    if (type==_SYMB)
      return _SYMBptr->size();
    else
      return 1;
  }

  bool symb_size_less(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    return a.symb_size() < b.symb_size();
  }

  bool gen::is_symb_of_sommet(const unary_function_ptr & u) const {
    return type==_SYMB && _SYMBptr->sommet==u;
  }

  bool gen::is_symb_of_sommet(const unary_function_ptr * u) const {
    return type==_SYMB && _SYMBptr->sommet==u;
  }

  gen operator && (const gen & a,const gen & b){
    if (is_zero(a,context0)){
      if (b.type==_DOUBLE_)
	return 0.0;
      if (b.type==_FLOAT_)
	return giac_float(0);
      return change_subtype(!is_zero(a),_INT_BOOLEAN);
    }
    if (is_zero(b,context0)){
      if (a.type==_DOUBLE_ )
	return 0.0;
      if (a.type==_FLOAT_)
	return giac_float(0);
      return change_subtype(!is_zero(b),_INT_BOOLEAN);
    }
    if (a.type<=_CPLX || a.type==_FLOAT_ || a.type==_FRAC){
      if (b.type<=_CPLX || b.type==_FLOAT_ || b.type==_FRAC)
	return change_subtype(!is_zero(b),_INT_BOOLEAN);
      return b;
    }
    if (b.type<=_CPLX || b.type==_FLOAT_ || b.type==_FRAC){
      if (a.type<=_CPLX || a.type==_FLOAT_ || a.type==_FRAC)
	return change_subtype(!is_zero(a),_INT_BOOLEAN);
      return a;
    }
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_and)){
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_and))
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_and,gen(mergevecteur(*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr,*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr),_SEQ__VECT)));
      vecteur v=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      v.push_back(b);
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_and,v));
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_and)){
      vecteur v=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      v.push_back(a);
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_and,v));
    }
    if ( ((a.type==_IDNT) || (a.type==_SYMB)) || ((b.type==_IDNT) || (b.type==_SYMB)) )
      return symb_and(a,b);
    if ( (a.type==_DOUBLE_) || (b.type==_DOUBLE_) )
      return 1.0;
    if ( (a.type==_FLOAT_) || (b.type==_FLOAT_) )
      return giac_float(1);
    return change_subtype(plus_one,_INT_BOOLEAN);
  }

  gen operator || (const gen & a,const gen & b){
    if (is_zero(a,context0))
      return change_subtype(!is_zero(b),_INT_BOOLEAN);
    if (is_zero(b,context0))
      return change_subtype(!is_zero(a),_INT_BOOLEAN);
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_ou)){
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_ou))
	return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_ou,gen(mergevecteur(*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr,*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr),_SEQ__VECT)));
      vecteur v=*a._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      v.push_back(b);
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_ou,v));
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_ou)){
      vecteur v=*b._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr;
      v.push_back(a);
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_ou,v));
    }
    if ( ((a.type==_IDNT) || (a.type==_SYMB)) || ((b.type==_IDNT) || (b.type==_SYMB)) )
      return symb_ou(a,b);
    if ( (a.type==_DOUBLE_) || (b.type==_DOUBLE_) )
      return 1.0;
    if ( (a.type==_FLOAT_) || (b.type==_FLOAT_) )
      return giac_float(1);
    return change_subtype(plus_one,_INT_BOOLEAN);
  }

  gen collect(const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (g.type==_VECT)
      return apply(g,collect,contextptr);
    if (is_inf(g))
      return g;
    return liste2symbolique(symbolique2liste(g,contextptr));
  }

  static bool modified_islesscomplexthanf(const gen& a,const gen& b){
    if (a.type!=b.type && (a.type<=_CPLX || b.type<=_CPLX))
      return a.type<b.type;
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg)){
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
	return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a._SYMBptr->feuille,b._SYMBptr->feuille);
      return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a._SYMBptr->feuille,b);
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
      return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a,b._SYMBptr->feuille);
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv)){
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv))
	return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a._SYMBptr->feuille,b._SYMBptr->feuille);
      if (a._SYMBptr->feuille.type<_IDNT)
	return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a._SYMBptr->feuille,b);
      return false;
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv)){
      if (b._SYMBptr->feuille.type<_IDNT)
	return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a,b._SYMBptr->feuille);
      return true;
    }
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow)){
      if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow))
	return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a._SYMBptr->feuille[0],b._SYMBptr->feuille[0]);
      return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a._SYMBptr->feuille[0],b);
    }
    if (b.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow))
      return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a,b._SYMBptr->feuille[0]);
    if (a.type!=b.type){
      if (a.type==_FRAC && b.type>=_POLY)
	return true;
      if (b.type==_FRAC && a.type>=_POLY)
	return false;
    }
    return islesscomplexthanf(a,b);
  }

  class modified_compare {
  public:
    modified_compare(){}
    bool operator ()(const gen &a,const gen &b){ return modified_islesscomplexthanf(a,b);}
  };

  // return true if a is -basis^exp
  static bool power_basis_exp(const gen& a,gen & basis,gen & expa){
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg))
      return !power_basis_exp(a._SYMBptr->feuille,basis,expa);
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv)){
      gen & tmp=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      bool b=power_basis_exp(tmp,basis,expa);
      expa=-expa;
      return b;
    } // de-commented 2/2/2013 so that regrouper(x^2/x) works
    if (a.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow)){
      gen & tmp=a._SYMBptr->feuille;
      if (tmp.type!=_VECT || tmp._VECTptr->size()!=2){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
	setsizeerr(gettext("power_basis_exp"));
#endif
	return false;
      }
      expa=tmp._VECTptr->back();
      basis=tmp._VECTptr->front();
    }
    else {
      basis=a;
      expa=plus_one;
    }
    return false;
  }

  static gen regroup_inv(const vecteur & vtmp){
    vecteur vtmp1,vtmp2;
    gen tt(1);
    for (unsigned i=0;i<vtmp.size();++i){
      if (vtmp[i].is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv))
	vtmp2.push_back(vtmp[i]._SYMBptr->feuille);
      else
	vtmp1.push_back(vtmp[i]);
    }
    if (!vtmp1.empty()){
      if (vtmp1.size()==1)
	tt=vtmp1.front();
      else
	tt=new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,gen(vtmp1,_SORTED__VECT)));
    }
    if (!vtmp2.empty()){
      if (vtmp2.size()==1)
	tt=tt/vtmp2.front();
      else
	tt=tt/new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_prod,gen(vtmp2,_SORTED__VECT)));
    }
    return tt;
  }

  // Helpers for symbolic addition
  // from a product returns a list with the numeric coeff and the monomial
  static vecteur terme2unitaire(const gen & x,bool sorted,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (x.type<_POLY)
      return makevecteur(x,plus_one);
    gen tmp;
    if (x.type!=_SYMB || x._SYMBptr->sommet==at_program || x._SYMBptr->sommet==at_when)
      return makevecteur(1,x);
    if (x._SYMBptr->sommet==at_neg){
      vecteur v=terme2unitaire(x._SYMBptr->feuille,sorted,contextptr);
      v[0]=-v[0];
      return v;
    }
    if (x._SYMBptr->sommet==at_binary_minus){
      vecteur v=terme2unitaire(x._SYMBptr->feuille,sorted,contextptr);
      v[1]=-v[1];
      return v;
    }
    if (x._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod && (tmp=x._SYMBptr->feuille).type==_VECT && !tmp._VECTptr->empty() ){
      vecteur & v = *tmp._VECTptr;
      int s=int(v.size());
      if (s==2 && (sorted || tmp.subtype==_SORTED__VECT))
	return makevecteur(v[0],v[1]);
      vecteur vtmp(v.begin(),v.end());
      for (unsigned i=0;i<vtmp.size();++i){
	vtmp[i]=simplifier(vtmp[i],contextptr);
	if (vtmp[i].is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && vtmp[i]._SYMBptr->feuille.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pow)){
	  gen f= vtmp[i]._SYMBptr->feuille._SYMBptr->feuille;
	  if (f.type==_VECT && f._VECTptr->size()==2)
	    vtmp[i]=symbolic(at_pow,makesequence(f._VECTptr->front(),-f._VECTptr->back()));
	}
      }
      if (equalposcomp(vtmp,undef))
	return makevecteur(1,undef);
      if (equalposcomp(vtmp,0)){
	if (equalposcomp(vtmp,unsigned_inf))
	  return makevecteur(1,undef);
	return makevecteur(0,plus_one);
      }
#if 1 // def NSPIRE
      // COUT << "modified " << (int) modified_islesscomplexthanf << '\n'; wait_key_pressed() ;
      modified_compare m;
      sort(vtmp.begin(),vtmp.end(),m);
      // COUT << "after modified " << '\n'; wait_key_pressed() ;
#else
      sort(vtmp.begin(),vtmp.end(),modified_islesscomplexthanf);
#endif
      // collect term with the same power
      const_iterateur it=vtmp.begin(),itend=vtmp.end();
      vecteur vsorted;
      vsorted.reserve(itend-it);
      gen precbasis,precexpo,basis,expo,constcoeff(plus_one);
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	if (it->type<=_CPLX)
	  constcoeff=constcoeff*(*it);
	else {
	  if (it->is_symb_of_sommet(at_inv) && it->_SYMBptr->feuille.type<=_CPLX)
	    constcoeff=constcoeff/it->_SYMBptr->feuille;
	  else
	    break;
	}
      }
      if (!is_one(constcoeff))
	vsorted.push_back(constcoeff);
      bool isneg(false),hasneg(false);
      if (it!=itend){
	power_basis_exp(*it,precbasis,precexpo);
	precexpo=zero;
	for (;it!=itend;++it){
	  if (power_basis_exp(*it,basis,expo)){
	    isneg=!isneg;
	    hasneg=true;
	  }
	  if (!vsorted.empty() && basis==vsorted.back()){
	    vsorted.pop_back();
	    expo+=1;
	  }
	  if (basis==precbasis)
	    precexpo=precexpo+expo;
	  else {
	    if (!is_zero(precexpo,contextptr)){
	      if (is_strictly_positive(-precexpo,contextptr))
		vsorted.push_back(inv(pow(precbasis,-precexpo,contextptr),contextptr));
	      else
		vsorted.push_back(pow(precbasis,precexpo,contextptr));
	    }
	      // vsorted.push_back(pow(precbasis,precexpo,contextptr));
	    precbasis=basis;
	    precexpo=expo;
	  }
	}
	if (!is_zero(precexpo,contextptr)){
	  if (is_strictly_positive(-precexpo,contextptr)){
	    gen tmp=pow(precbasis,-precexpo,contextptr);
	    if (tmp.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod))
	      tmp=symbolic(at_inv,tmp);
	    else
	      tmp=inv(tmp,contextptr);
	    vsorted.push_back(tmp);
	  }
	  else
	    vsorted.push_back(pow(precbasis,precexpo,contextptr));
	}
      }
      vecteur res;
      if (hasneg){
	res=terme2unitaire(_prod(vsorted,contextptr),sorted,contextptr);
	if (isneg)
	  res[0]=-res[0];
	return res;
      }
      if (vsorted.empty())
	vsorted.push_back(1);
      if (vsorted.front().type<_POLY || vsorted.front().type==_FRAC){
	vtmp=vecteur(vsorted.begin()+1,vsorted.end());
	gen tt(1);
	if (!vtmp.empty()){
	  if (vtmp.size()==1)
	    tt=vtmp.front();
	  else
	    tt=regroup_inv(vtmp);
	}
	res=makevecteur(vsorted.front(),tt);
      }
      else
	res=makevecteur(plus_one,regroup_inv(vsorted));
      return res;
    }
    // recurse
    if (x._SYMBptr->sommet==at_pow)
      return makevecteur(plus_one,x._SYMBptr->sommet(collect(x._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr),contextptr));
    tmp=collect(x._SYMBptr->feuille,contextptr);
    if (x._SYMBptr->sommet==at_inv){
      if (is_zero(tmp))
	return makevecteur(1,unsigned_inf);
    }
    return makevecteur(plus_one,new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(x._SYMBptr->sommet,tmp)));
  }

  // assumes v is a sorted list, shrink it
  // should be written to a gen of type _VECT and subtype _SORTED__VECT
  static vecteur fusionliste(const vecteur & v){
    const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
    if (itend-it<2)
      return v;
    vecteur res;
    gen current=(*it)[1];
    gen current_coeff=(*it)[0];
    ++it;
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      if ((*it)[1].type!=current.type || (current.type==_DOUBLE_ && current._DOUBLE_val!=(*it)[1]._DOUBLE_val) || (*it)[1]!=current ){
	res.push_back(makenewvecteur(current_coeff,current));
	current_coeff=(*it)[0];
	current=(*it)[1];
      }
      else
	current_coeff=current_coeff+(*it)[0];
    }
    res.push_back(makenewvecteur(current_coeff,current));
    return res;
  }

  struct tri_context {
    const context * contextptr;
    bool operator()(const gen & a,const gen &b){ return islesscomplexthanf2(a,b,contextptr); }
    tri_context(const context * ptr):contextptr(ptr){};
    tri_context():contextptr(0){};
  };

  // from a sum in x returns a list of [coeff monomial]
  // e.g. 5+2x+3*x*y -> [ [5 1] [2 x] [ 3 x*y] ]
  vecteur symbolique2liste(const gen & x,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (!x.is_symb_of_sommet(at_plus))
      return vecteur(1,terme2unitaire(x,false,contextptr));
    bool sorted=x._SYMBptr->feuille.subtype==_SORTED__VECT;
    gen number;
    vecteur varg=gen2vecteur(x._SYMBptr->feuille);
    vecteur vres;
    const_iterateur it=varg.begin(),itend=varg.end();
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      if (it->type<_POLY || it->type==_FRAC)
	number=number+(*it);
      else
	vres.push_back(terme2unitaire(*it,sorted,contextptr));
    }
    if (!is_exactly_zero(number))
      vres.push_back(makenewvecteur(1,number));
    if (x._SYMBptr->feuille.subtype==_SORTED__VECT)
      return vres;
    sort(vres.begin(),vres.end(),tri_context(contextptr));
    return fusionliste(vres);
  }

  /*
  // assumes v1, v2 are sorted and shrinked, merge them -> sorted and shrinked
  static vecteur fusion2liste(const vecteur & v1,const vecteur & v2){
    const_iterateur it=v1.begin(),itend=v1.end(),jt=v2.begin(),jtend=v2.end();
    vecteur res;
    gen tmp;
    for (;it!=itend;){
      if (jt==jtend){
	for (;it!=itend;++it)
	  res.push_back(*it);
	return res;
      }
      // both iterator are valid
      vecteur & vi=*it->_VECTptr;
      vecteur & vj=*jt->_VECTptr;
      if (vi[1]==vj[1]){
	tmp=vi[0]+vj[0];
	if (!is_exactly_zero(tmp))
	  res.push_back(makenewvecteur(tmp,vi[1]));
	++it;
	++jt;
      }
      else {
	if (vi[1].islesscomplexthan(vj[1])){
	  res.push_back(*it);
	  ++it;
	}
	else {
	  res.push_back(*jt);
	  ++jt;
	}
      } // end tests
    } // end for loop
    // finish jt
    for (;jt!=jtend;++jt)
      res.push_back(*jt);
    return res;
  }
  */

  // v should be sorted and shrinked
  gen liste2symbolique(const vecteur & v){
    vecteur res;
    const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
    res.reserve(itend-it);
    for (;it!=itend;++it){
      vecteur & vtmp(*it->_VECTptr);
      gen & tmp = vtmp.back();
      gen coeff=eval(vtmp.front(),1,context0);
      if (is_exactly_zero(coeff))
	continue;
      if (tmp.is_symb_of_sommet(at_prod) && tmp._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && tmp._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->size()==1){
	res.push_back(coeff*tmp._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->front());
	continue;
      }
      if (coeff.is_symb_of_sommet(at_neg)){
	res.push_back(-(coeff._SYMBptr->feuille*tmp));
	continue;
      }
      if ( (coeff.type==_FRAC || is_integer(coeff)) && is_positive(-coeff,context0))
	res.push_back(-((-coeff)*tmp));
      else
	res.push_back(coeff*tmp);
    }
    int s=int(res.size());
    if (!s)
      return zero;
    if (s==1)
      return res.front();
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,gen(res,_SORTED__VECT)));
  }

  /* Euclidean-like Arithmetic */
  static void swap(int & a,int & b){
    int t=a;
    a=b;
    b=t;
  }

  int absint(int a){
    if (a<0)
      return -a;
    else
      return a;
  }

  double absdouble(double a){
    if (a<0)
      return -a;
    else
      return a;
  }

  int giacmin(int a, int b){
    if (a<b)
      return a;
    else
      return b;
  }

  int giacmax(int a, int b){
    if (a<b)
      return b;
    else
      return a;
  }

  int invmod(int a,int b){
    if (a==1 || a==-1 || a==1-b)
      return a;
    int aa(1),ab(0),ar(0);
    div_t qr;
    while (b){
      qr=div(a,b);
      ar=aa-qr.quot*ab;
      a=b;
      b=qr.rem;
      aa=ab;
      ab=ar;
    }
    if (a==1)
      return aa;
    if (a!=-1){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      setsizeerr(gettext("Not invertible"));
#endif
      return 0;
    }
    return -aa;
  }

  unsigned invmod(unsigned a,int b){
    int i=invmod(int(a),int(b));
    if (i<0)
      i+=b;
    return unsigned(i);
  }

  int invmod(longlong a,int b){
    return invmod(int(a%b),b);
  }

#ifdef INT128
  int invmod(int128_t a,int b){
    return invmod(int(a%b),b);
  }
#endif

  longlong invmodll(longlong a,longlong b){
    if (a==1 || a==-1 || a==1-b)
      return a;
    longlong aa(1),ab(0),ar(0);
#ifdef VISUALC
    longlong q,r;
    while (b){
      q=a/b;
      r=a-q*b;
      ar=aa-q*ab;
      a=b;
      b=r;
      aa=ab;
      ab=ar;
    }
#else
    lldiv_t qr;
    while (b){
      qr=lldiv(a,b);
      ar=aa-qr.quot*ab;
      a=b;
      b=qr.rem;
      aa=ab;
      ab=ar;
    }
#endif
    if (a==1)
      return aa;
    if (a!=-1){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      setsizeerr(gettext("Not invertible"));
#endif
      return 0;
    }
    return -aa;
  }

  /*
  int powmod(int a,unsigned long n,int m){
    if (!n)
      return 1;
    int b=powmod(a,n/2,m);
    longlong tmp=b;
    b=(tmp*b) % m;
    tmp=b;
    if (n % 2)
      return (tmp*a) % m;
    else
      return b;
  }
  */

  int powmod(int a,unsigned long n,int m){
    if (!n)
      return 1;
    if (n==1)
      return a;
    if (n==2)
      return (a*longlong(a))%m;
    int b=a%m,c=1;
    if (m<46340){
      while (n>0){
	if (n%2)
	  c=(c*b)%m;
	n /= 2;
	b=(b*b)%m;
      }
    }
    else {
      while (n>0){
	if (n%2)
	  c=(c*longlong(b))%m;
	n /= 2;
	b=(b*longlong(b))%m;
      }
    }
    return c;
  }

  int smod(int r,int m){
    if (m<=0){
      if (!m)
	return r;
      m=-m;
    }
    r = r % m;
#if 1
    r += (unsigned(r)>>31)*m; // make positive
    return r-(unsigned((m>>1)-r)>>31)*m;
#else
    longlong tmp= longlong(r)+r;
    if (tmp>m)
      return r-m;
    if (tmp<=-m)
      return r+m;
    return r;
#endif
  }

  int smod(longlong r,int m){
    int R=r%m;
    R += (unsigned(R)>>31)*m; // make positive
    int res2=R-(unsigned((m>>1)-R)>>31)*m;
    return res2;
    int res1=(R>m/2)?R-m:R;
    if (res1!=res2)
      CERR << "smod longlong " << r << " " << m << '\n';
    return res1;
    //return smod(R,m);
  }

  longlong smodll(longlong a,longlong b){
    longlong r=a%b;
    if (r>b/2)
      r -= b;
    else {
      if (r<=-b/2)
	r += b;
    }
    return r;
  }

  int gcd(int a,int b){
    if (a!=b){
      int r;
      while (b){
	r=a%b;
	a=b;
	b=r;
      }
    }
    return absint(a);
  }

#ifdef EMCC
  void my_mpz_gcd(mpz_t &z,const mpz_t & A,const mpz_t & B){
    mpz_t a,b;
    mpz_init_set(a,A);
    mpz_init_set(b,B);
    while (mpz_cmp_si(b,0)){
      mpz_cdiv_r(z,a,b);
      mpz_swap(a,b);
      mpz_swap(b,z);
    }
    mpz_set(z,a);
    mpz_abs(z,z);
    mpz_clear(a);
    mpz_clear(b);
  }
  void my_mpz_gcdext(mpz_t & d,mpz_t & u,mpz_t &v,const mpz_t & a,const mpz_t & b){
    mpz_t q,r1,r2,u1,u2,v1,v2;
    // mpz_t r3,u3,v3;
    mpz_init_set(r1,a); mpz_init_set(r2,b);
    mpz_init_set_ui(u1,1); mpz_init_set_ui(u2,0);
    mpz_init_set_ui(v1,0); mpz_init_set_ui(v2,1);
    mpz_init(q);
    // mpz_init(r3); mpz_init(u3); mpz_init(v3);
    while (mpz_cmp_si(r2,0)){
      // CERR << "iegcd " << gen(r1) << " " << gen(r2) << '\n';
      mpz_cdiv_qr(q,r1,r1,r2);
      mpz_swap(r1,r2);
      mpz_submul(u1,q,u2);
      mpz_swap(u1,u2);
      mpz_submul(v1,q,v2);
      mpz_swap(v1,v2);
    }
    if (mpz_cmp_si(r1,0)<0){
      mpz_neg(r1,r1); mpz_neg(u1,u1); mpz_neg(v1,v1);
    }
    mpz_swap(d,r1); mpz_swap(u,u1); mpz_swap(v,v1);
#if 0 // debugging
    CERR << gen(d) << " " << gen(u) << " " << gen(v) << '\n';
    mpz_gcdext(d,u,v,a,b);
    CERR << gen(d) << " " << gen(u) << " " << gen(v) << '\n';
#endif
    mpz_clear(q); mpz_clear(r1); mpz_clear(r2);
    mpz_clear(u1); mpz_clear(u2);
    mpz_clear(v1); mpz_clear(v2);
    // mpz_clear(u3); mpz_clear(v3); mpz_clear(r3);
  }
  bool my_mpz_invert(mpz_t & ainv,const mpz_t & a,const mpz_t & m){
    mpz_t d,v;
    mpz_init(d); mpz_init(v);
    my_mpz_gcdext(d,ainv,v,a,m);
    mpz_clear(v);
    bool ok=mpz_cmp_si(d,1)==0;
    mpz_clear(d);
    return ok;
  }
#else
  void my_mpz_gcd(mpz_t &z,const mpz_t & a,const mpz_t & b){
    mpz_gcd(z,a,b);
  }
  void my_mpz_gcdext(mpz_t & d,mpz_t & u,mpz_t &v,const mpz_t & a,const mpz_t & b){
    mpz_gcdext(d,u,v,a,b);
  }
  bool my_mpz_invert(mpz_t & ainv,const mpz_t & a,const mpz_t & m){
    return mpz_invert(ainv,a,m)!=0;
  }
#endif

  int simplify(int & a,int & b){
    int d=gcd(a,b);
    a=a/d;
    b=b/d;
    return d;
  }

  static gen _CPLXgcd(const gen & a,const gen & b){ // a & b must be gen
    if (!is_cinteger(a) || !is_cinteger(b) )
      return plus_one;
    gen acopy(a),bcopy(b),r;
    for (;;){
      if (is_exactly_zero(bcopy)){
	complex<double> c=gen2complex_d(acopy);
	double d=arg(c);
	int quadrant=int(std::floor((2*d)/M_PI));
	switch (quadrant){
	case 0:
	  return acopy;
	case 1:
	  return acopy*(-cst_i);
	case -1:
	  return acopy*cst_i;
	case 2: case -2:
	  return -acopy;
	default:
	  return acopy;
	}
      }
      r=acopy%bcopy;
      acopy=bcopy;
      bcopy=r;
    }
  }

  static gen polygcd(const polynome & a,const polynome & b){
    ref_polynome * resptr=new ref_polynome(a.dim);
    gcd(a,b,resptr->t);
    return resptr;
  }

  // gcd(undef,x)=x to be used inside series
  static gen symgcd(const gen & a,const gen& b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (is_exactly_zero(a) || is_undef(a) || (is_one(b)))
      return b;
    if (is_one(a) || is_undef(b) || (is_exactly_zero(b)))
      return a;
    if (a==b)
      return a;
    if ( (a.type==_MOD) && (b.type==_MOD) && (a._MODptr->type<=_CPLX) && (b._MODptr->type<= _CPLX) )
      return chkmod(plus_one,a);
    if (a.type==_MOD || b.type==_MOD || a.type==_DOUBLE_ || a.type==_FLOAT_ || a.type==_REAL || b.type==_DOUBLE_ || b.type==_FLOAT_ || b.type==_REAL )
      return plus_one;
    if ( (a.type==_POLY) && (b.type==_POLY) )
      return polygcd(*a._POLYptr,*b._POLYptr);
    if ( (a.type==_EXT) && (b.type ==_EXT) ){
      if ( (*(a._EXTptr+1)!=*(b._EXTptr+1)) || (a._EXTptr->type!=_VECT) || (b._EXTptr->type!=_VECT) )
	return plus_one;
      environment *env=new environment;
      vecteur g=gcd(*a._EXTptr->_VECTptr,*b._EXTptr->_VECTptr,env);
      delete env;
      return ext_reduce(g,*(a._EXTptr+1));
    }
    if ( (a.type==_FRAC) || (b.type==_FRAC))
        return plus_one;
    if (a.type==_EXT){
      if (a._EXTptr->type!=_VECT)
	return gentypeerr(gettext("symgcd"));
      if ( (a._EXTptr+1)->type!=_VECT)
	return symgcd(ext_reduce(a),b,contextptr);
      gen aa(lgcd(*a._EXTptr->_VECTptr));
      gen res=gcd(aa,b,contextptr),b2(rdiv(b,res,contextptr));
      if (is_one(b2) || is_minus_one(b2))// || b2.type==_POLY)
	return res;
      vecteur ua,u,v,dd;
      divvecteur(*(a._EXTptr->_VECTptr),aa,ua);
      const vecteur & uv=*((a._EXTptr+1)->_VECTptr);
      egcd(ua,uv,0,u,v,dd);
      // u and v are not used but we can't use gcd here because we want to
      // "factor" dd=extension(ua,uv)*extension(u,uv)
      gen dd0(dd.front());
      simplify(b2,dd0);
      if (is_one(dd0))
	return res*algebraic_EXTension(ua,*(a._EXTptr+1));
      return res;
    }
    if (b.type==_EXT)
      return symgcd(b,a,contextptr);
    if (a.type==_POLY)
      return gcd(*a._POLYptr,polynome(b,a._POLYptr->dim));
    if (b.type==_POLY)
      return gcd(*b._POLYptr,polynome(a,b._POLYptr->dim));
    if ( a.type!=_DOUBLE_ && a.type!=_FLOAT_ && a.type!=_VECT && b.type!=_DOUBLE_ && b.type!=_FLOAT_ && b.type!=_VECT )
      return rationalgcd(a,b,contextptr);
    return plus_one; // return gentypeerr(gettext("symgcd"));
  }

  gen simplify(gen & n, gen & d){
    if ( (d.type==_DOUBLE_ || d.type==_FLOAT_) ||
	 ( (d.type==_CPLX) &&
	   ((d._CPLXptr->type==_DOUBLE_ || d._CPLXptr->type==_FLOAT_) ||
	    ((d._CPLXptr+1)->type==_DOUBLE_ || (d._CPLXptr+1)->type==_FLOAT_)) )
	 ){
      gen dd=no_context_evalf(d);
      gen nn=no_context_evalf(n);
      // if (d==dd && n==nn) return 1; // avoid infinite recursion?
      n=rdiv(nn,dd,context0);
      d=plus_one;
      return dd;
    }
    if ( (n.type==_DOUBLE_ || n.type==_FLOAT_) ||
	 ( (n.type==_CPLX) &&
	   ((n._CPLXptr->type==_DOUBLE_ || n._CPLXptr->type==_FLOAT_) ||
	    ((n._CPLXptr+1)->type==_DOUBLE_ || (n._CPLXptr+1)->type==_FLOAT_)) )
	 ){
      gen nn=no_context_evalf(n);
      n=plus_one;
      d=rdiv(no_context_evalf(d),nn,context0);
      return nn*simplify(n,d);
    }
    if (n.type==_FRAC || d.type==_FRAC)
      return plus_one;
    if (is_one(d))
      return d;
    if (is_zero(d)){
      n=undef;
      d=1;
      return n;
    }
    if (is_zero(n)){
      gen tmp=d;
      d=1;
      return tmp;
    }
    if ( (n.type==_MOD) && (d.type!=_MOD) )
      d=makemod(d,*(n._MODptr+1));
    if (d.type==_MOD){
      if (d._MODptr->is_cinteger()){
	gen dd(d);
	n=n*inv(dd,context0);
	d=makemodquoted(plus_one,*(d._MODptr+1));
	return dd;
      }
    }
    if (is_one(n))
      return n;
    if ((n.type==_POLY) && (d.type==_POLY)){
      polynome np(*n._POLYptr),dp(*d._POLYptr);
      if (np.dim && dp.dim && np.dim!=dp.dim)
	return gensizeerr(gettext("simplify: Polynomials do not have the same dimension"));
      polynome g(np.dim);
      g=simplify(np,dp);
      n=np;
      d=dp;
      return g;
    }
    if (n.type==_VECT){
      if (d.type==_VECT){
	environment * env=new environment;
	vecteur g=gcd(*n._VECTptr,*d._VECTptr,env);
	delete env;
	n=gen(*n._VECTptr/g,_POLY1__VECT);
	d=gen(*d._VECTptr/g,_POLY1__VECT);
	return gen(g,_POLY1__VECT);
      }
      gen gg=lgcd(*n._VECTptr,d);
      if (!is_one(gg)){
	n=divvecteur(*n._VECTptr,gg);
	d=d/gg;
      }
      return gg;
      // old code
      gen nd=_gcd(n,context0);
      gen g=simplify(nd,d);
      if (!is_one(g)) n=divvecteur(*n._VECTptr,g);
      return g;
    }
    if (d.type==_VECT){
      gen dd=_gcd(d,context0);
      gen g=simplify(n,dd);
      d=divvecteur(*d._VECTptr,g);
      return g;
    }
    if (d.type==_EXT){
      if ( (d._EXTptr->type==_INT_) || (d._EXTptr->type==_ZINT) ){
	n=n*inv(d,context0);
	gen d_copy=d;
	d=1;
	return d_copy;
      }
      if ( (d._EXTptr+1)->type==_EXT || (d._EXTptr+1)->type==_FRAC){
	d=ext_reduce(d);
	return simplify(n,d);
      }
      if (d._EXTptr->type==_VECT){
	vecteur u,v,dd;
	if ( (d._EXTptr+1)->type!=_VECT)
	  return gensizeerr(gettext("gen.cc:simplify"));
	egcd(*(d._EXTptr->_VECTptr),*((d._EXTptr+1)->_VECTptr),0,u,v,dd);
        gen tmp=algebraic_EXTension(u,*((d._EXTptr+1)->_VECTptr));
	if (tmp.type!=_EXT){
	  return gensizeerr(gettext("gen.cc:simplify/tmp.type!=_EXT"));
	  // return 1;
	}
	n=n*tmp;
	d=d*tmp;
	return simplify(n,d)*inv_EXT(tmp);
      }
      return gentypeerr(gettext("simplify"));
    }
    if (n.type==_EXT){
      gen n_EXT=*n._EXTptr;
      gen g=simplify(n_EXT,d);
      n=algebraic_EXTension(n_EXT,*(n._EXTptr+1));
      return g;
    }
    if (n.type==_POLY) {
      return simplify3(n,d); // changed made 18 dec 2016 for speed
      polynome np(*n._POLYptr),dp(d,n._POLYptr->dim);
      polynome g(np.dim);
      g=simplify(np,dp);
      n=np;
      d=dp;
      return g;
    }
    if (d.type==_POLY){
      polynome np(n,d._POLYptr->dim),dp(*d._POLYptr);
      polynome g(np.dim);
      g=simplify(np,dp);
      n=np;
      d=dp;
      return g;
    }
    vecteur l(lvar(n));
    lvar(d,l);
    gen num=e2r(n,l,context0),den=e2r(d,l,context0),g=gcd(num,den,context0); // ok
    den=rdiv(den,g,context0);
    if (is_exactly_zero(re(den,context0))){ //ok
      den=cst_i*den;
      g=-cst_i*g;
    }
    if (is_positive(-den,context0)){  // ok
      den=-den;
      g=-g;
    }
    n=r2sym(rdiv(num,g,context0),l,context0); // ok
    d=r2sym(den,l,context0); // ok
    return r2sym(g,l,context0); // ok
  }

  gen gcd(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    return gcd(a,b,context0);
  }
  gen gcd(const gen & a,const gen & b,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    ref_mpz_t * res;
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_:
      return(gcd(a.val,b.val));
    case _INT___ZINT:
      if (a.val)
	return(int(mpz_gcd_ui(NULL,*b._ZINTptr,absint(a.val))));
      else
	return is_positive(b,contextptr)?b:-b;
    case _ZINT__INT_:
      if (b.val)
	return(int(mpz_gcd_ui(NULL,*a._ZINTptr,absint(b.val))));
      else
	return is_positive(a,contextptr)?a:-a;
    case _ZINT__ZINT:
#ifndef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
      {
	int test=mpz_cmp(*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr);
	if (test==0 || (test>0 && mpz_divisible_p(*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr)))
	  return abs(b,contextptr);
	if (test<0 && mpz_divisible_p(*b._ZINTptr,*a._ZINTptr))
	  return abs(a,contextptr);
      }
#endif
      res = new ref_mpz_t;
      my_mpz_gcd(res->z,*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr);
      return(res);
    case _INT___CPLX: case _ZINT__CPLX:
    case _CPLX__INT_: case _CPLX__ZINT:
    case _CPLX__CPLX:
      return _CPLXgcd(a,b);
    case _POLY__POLY:
      return polygcd(*a._POLYptr,*b._POLYptr);
    case _VECT__VECT:
      return gen(gcd(*a._VECTptr,*b._VECTptr,0,ntl_on(contextptr) && a._VECTptr->size()>=NTL_MODGCD && b._VECTptr->size()>=NTL_MODGCD),_POLY1__VECT);
    case _FRAC__FRAC:
      return fraction(gcd(a._FRACptr->num,b._FRACptr->num,contextptr),lcm(a._FRACptr->den,b._FRACptr->den));
    default:
      if (a.type==_FRAC)
	return fraction(gcd(a._FRACptr->num,b,contextptr),a._FRACptr->den);
      if (b.type==_FRAC)
	return fraction(gcd(b._FRACptr->num,a,contextptr),b._FRACptr->den);
      if (a.type==_USER)
	return a._USERptr->gcd(b);
      if (b.type==_USER)
	return b._USERptr->gcd(a);
      {
	gen aa(a),bb(b);
	if (is_integral(aa) && is_integral(bb))
	  return gcd(aa,bb,contextptr);
      }
      return symgcd(a,b,contextptr);
    }
  }

  gen lcm(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    return normal(rdiv(a,gcd(a,b,context0),context0),context0)*b; // ok
  }

  static void ciegcd(const gen &a_orig,const gen &b_orig, gen & u,gen &v,gen &d ){
    gen a(a_orig),b(b_orig),au(plus_one),bu(zero),q,r,ru;
    while (!is_exactly_zero(b)){
      q=iquo(a,b);
      r=a-b*q;
      a=b;
      b=r;
      ru=au-bu*q;
      au=bu;
      bu=ru;
    }
    u=au;
    d=a;
    v=iquo(d-a_orig*u,b_orig);
  }

  int iegcd(int a_,int b_,int &u,int & v){
    int a(a_),b(b_),au(1),bu(0),r,ru;
    longlong q;
    while (b){
      q=a/b;
      r=a-b*q;
      a=b;
      b=r;
      ru=au-bu*q;
      au=bu;
      bu=ru;
    }
    u=au;
    v=(a-longlong(a_)*u)/b_;
    return a;
  }

  void egcd(const gen &ac,const gen &bc, gen & u,gen &v,gen &d ){
    gen a(ac),b(bc);
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_: case _INT___ZINT: case _ZINT__INT_: case _ZINT__ZINT:
      if (a.type==_INT_)
	a.uncoerce();
      if (b.type==_INT_)
	b.uncoerce();
      if (!u.type)
	u.uncoerce();
      if (!v.type)
	v.uncoerce();
      if (!d.type)
	d.uncoerce();
      my_mpz_gcdext(*d._ZINTptr,*u._ZINTptr,*v._ZINTptr,*a._ZINTptr,*b._ZINTptr);
      if (mpz_sizeinbase(*u._ZINTptr,2)<32)
	u=mpz_get_si(*u._ZINTptr);
      if (mpz_sizeinbase(*v._ZINTptr,2)<32)
	v=mpz_get_si(*v._ZINTptr);
      if (mpz_sizeinbase(*d._ZINTptr,2)<32)
	d=mpz_get_si(*d._ZINTptr);
      break;
    default:
      ciegcd(a,b,u,v,d);
      break;
    }
  }

  static void _ZINTmod (const gen & a,const gen & b,ref_mpz_t * & rem){
    if (is_strictly_positive(-b,context0))
      return _ZINTmod(a,-b,rem);
    // at least one is not an int, uncoerce remaining int
    ref_mpz_t *aptr,*bptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr=a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr=new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    if (b.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      bptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &b) >> 16);
#else
      bptr=b.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      bptr=new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(bptr->z,b.val);
    }
    rem=new ref_mpz_t;
    mpz_tdiv_r(rem->z,aptr->z,bptr->z);
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      delete aptr;
    if (b.type==_INT_)
      delete bptr;
  }

  gen operator %(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    ref_mpz_t * rem;
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_:
      if (b.val)
	return(a.val % b.val);
      else
	return a.val;
    case _ZINT__ZINT: case _INT___ZINT: case _ZINT__INT_:
      _ZINTmod(a,b,rem);
      return(rem);
    case _CPLX__INT_: case _CPLX__ZINT:
      return gen(smod((*a._CPLXptr), b), smod(*(a._CPLXptr+1), b) );
    case _INT___CPLX: case _ZINT__CPLX: case _CPLX__CPLX:
      return(a-b*iquo(a,b));
    case _VECT__VECT:
      return (*a._VECTptr)%(*b._VECTptr);
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("%"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  bool is_multiple(const gen & a,const gen &b){
    if (a.type==_INT_){
      if (b.type!=_INT_)
	return false;
      return a.val%b.val==0;
    }
    if (a.type!=_ZINT)
      return false;
    if (b.type==_INT_)
      return modulo(*a._ZINTptr,b.val)==0;
    return a%b==0;
  }

  static void _ZINTrem(const gen & a,const gen &b,gen & q,ref_mpz_t * & rem){
    // COUT << a << " irem " << b << '\n';
    ref_mpz_t *aptr,*bptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr=a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    if (b.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      bptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &b) >> 16);
#else
      bptr=b.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      bptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(bptr->z,b.val);
    }
    rem=new ref_mpz_t;
    q.uncoerce();
    mpz_tdiv_qr(*q._ZINTptr,rem->z,aptr->z,bptr->z);
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      delete aptr;
    if (b.type==_INT_)
      delete bptr;
  }

  gen irem(const gen & a,const gen & b,gen & q){
    ref_mpz_t * rem;
    register int r;
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_:
      if (!b.val)
	return a;
      r=a.val % b.val;
      /*
      if (r<0){
	if (b.val>0){
	  q=gen(a.val/b.val-1);
	  r += b.val;
	}
	else {
	  q=gen(a.val/b.val+1);
	  r -= b.val;
	}
      }
      else
      */
      q=gen(a.val/b.val);
      return r;
    case _ZINT__ZINT: case _INT___ZINT: case _ZINT__INT_:
      _ZINTrem(a,b,q,rem);
      return(rem);
    case _INT___CPLX: case _ZINT__CPLX: case _CPLX__CPLX: case _CPLX__INT_: case _CPLX__ZINT:
      q=iquo(a,b);
      return(a-b*q);
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("irem"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  static void _ZINTsmod(const gen & a, const gen & b, ref_mpz_t * & rem){
    // at least one is not an int, uncoerce remaining int
    ref_mpz_t *aptr,*bptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr=a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    if (b.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      bptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &b) >> 16);
#else
      bptr=b.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      bptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(bptr->z,b.val);
    }
    rem = new ref_mpz_t;
    mpz_t rem1,rem2,rem3;
    mpz_init(rem1); mpz_init(rem2); mpz_init(rem3);
    mpz_mod(rem1,aptr->z,bptr->z); // rem1 positive remainder
    if (mpz_sgn(bptr->z)>0)
      mpz_sub(rem2,rem1,bptr->z); // negative remainder
    else
      mpz_add(rem2,rem1,bptr->z);
    // choose smallest one in abs value
    mpz_neg(rem3,rem2);
    if (mpz_cmp(rem1,rem3)>0)
      mpz_set(rem->z,rem2);
    else
      mpz_set(rem->z,rem1);
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      delete aptr;
    if (b.type==_INT_)
      delete bptr;
    mpz_clear(rem1); mpz_clear(rem2); mpz_clear(rem3);
  }

  void smod(const vecteur & v,const gen & g,vecteur & w){
    const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
    w.resize(itend-it);
    iterateur jt=w.begin();
    for (;it!=itend;++jt,++it)
      *jt=smod(*it,g);
  }

  vecteur smod(const vecteur & v,const gen & g){
    vecteur w(v);
    smod(w,g,w);
    return w;
  }

  static gen smodSYMB(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    vecteur lv(lvar(a));
    gen n,d,f;
    f=e2r(a,lv,context0); // ok
    fxnd(f,n,d);
    n=smod(n,b);
    d=smod(d,b);
    f=n/d;
    return r2e(f,lv,context0); // ok
  }

  static gen fixfracmod(const gen & res, int modulo){
    gen n=res._FRACptr->num,d=res._FRACptr->den;
    if (n.type!=_POLY)
      return res;
    if (d.type==_INT_)
      return invmod(d.val,modulo)*n;
    if (d.type!=_POLY)
      return res;
    polynome np=*n._POLYptr,dp=*d._POLYptr,tmp,quo,rem;
    np=smod(np,modulo);
    tmp=gcdmod(np,dp,modulo);
    divremmod(np,tmp,modulo,quo,rem);
    np=quo;
    divremmod(dp,tmp,modulo,quo,rem);
    dp=quo;
    if (is_one(dp))
      return np;
    return fraction(np,dp);
  }

  gen smod(const gen & a,const gen & b){
    if (b.type==_INT_ && b.val==0)
      return a;
    ref_mpz_t * rem;
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | b.type ) {
    case _INT___INT_:
      return smod(a.val,b.val);
    case _ZINT__INT_:
      return smod(modulo(*a._ZINTptr,absint(b.val)),b.val);
    case _INT___ZINT: case _ZINT__ZINT:
      _ZINTsmod(a,b,rem);
      return(rem);
    case _CPLX__INT_: case _CPLX__ZINT:
      return gen(smod(*a._CPLXptr,b),smod(*(a._CPLXptr+1),b));
    case _POLY__INT_: case _POLY__ZINT:
      return smod(*a._POLYptr,b);
    case _VECT__INT_: case _VECT__ZINT:
      if (a.ref_count()==1){
	smod(*a._VECTptr,b,*a._VECTptr);
	if (a.subtype==_POLY1__VECT)
	  *a._VECTptr=trim(*a._VECTptr,0);
	return a;
      }
      {
	gen res(new_ref_vecteur(*a._VECTptr),a.subtype);
	smod(*res._VECTptr,b,*res._VECTptr);
	if (a.subtype==_POLY1__VECT)
	  *res._VECTptr=trim(*res._VECTptr,0);
	return res;
      }
    default:
      if (a.type==_SYMB)
	return smodSYMB(a,b);
      if (a.type==_FRAC && is_integer(b) && is_integer(a._FRACptr->den))
	return smod(a._FRACptr->num*invmod(a._FRACptr->den,b),b);
      if (a.type==_FRAC && b.type==_INT_)
	return fixfracmod(a,b.val);
      if ( (b.type==_INT_) || (b.type==_ZINT) )
	return a;
      // error, b must be _DOUBLE_
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      throw(std::runtime_error("smod 2nd argument must be _DOUBLE_"));
#endif
      return undef;
    }
  }

  static bool _ZINTinvmod(const gen & a,const gen & modulo, ref_mpz_t * & res){
    ref_mpz_t *aptr,*bptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr = a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    if (modulo.type)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      bptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &modulo) >> 16);
#else
      bptr = modulo.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      bptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(bptr->z,modulo.val);
    }
    res = new ref_mpz_t;
    bool ok=my_mpz_invert(res->z,aptr->z,bptr->z)!=0;
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      delete aptr;
    if (!modulo.type)
      delete bptr;
    if (!ok){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      setsizeerr(gettext("Not invertible ")+a.print(context0)+" mod "+modulo.print(context0));
#endif
      delete res;
      res=0;
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  gen invmod(const gen & a,const gen & modulo){
    if (a.type==_USER)
      return a._USERptr->inv();
    if (a.type==_MOD){
      if (*(a._MODptr+1)!=modulo)
	return gensizeerr("Incompatible modulo "+a.print(context0)+","+modulo.print(context0));
      return inv(a,context0);
    }
    if (a.type==_CPLX){
      gen r=re(a,context0),i=im(a,context0); // ok
      gen n=invmod(r*r+i*i,modulo);
      return smod(r*n,modulo)-cst_i*smod(i*n,modulo);
    }
    if (a.type==_POLY)
      return fraction(1,a);
    ref_mpz_t * res;
    switch ( (a.type<< _DECALAGE) | modulo.type) {
    case _INT___INT_:
      return(invmod(a.val,modulo.val));
    case _INT___ZINT: case _ZINT__INT_: case _ZINT__ZINT:
      if (!_ZINTinvmod(a,modulo,res))
	return gentypeerr(gettext("invmod"));
      return gen(res);
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("invmod"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  bool in_fracmod(const gen &m,const gen & a,mpz_t & d,mpz_t & d1,mpz_t & absd1,mpz_t &u,mpz_t & u1,mpz_t & ur,mpz_t & q,mpz_t & r,mpz_t &sqrtm,mpz_t & tmp,gen & num,gen & den){
    mpz_set(d,*m._ZINTptr);
    mpz_set(d1,*a._ZINTptr);
    mpz_set_si(u,0);
    mpz_set_si(u1,1);
    mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(q,*m._ZINTptr,1);
    mpz_sqrt(sqrtm,q);
    // int signe;
    for (;;){
      mpz_abs(absd1,d1);
      if (mpz_cmp(absd1,sqrtm)<=0)
	break;
      mpz_fdiv_qr(q,r,d,d1);
      // u-q*u1->ur, v-q*v1->vr
      mpz_mul(tmp,q,u1);
      mpz_sub(ur,u,tmp);
      // u1 -> u, ur -> u1 ; v1 -> v, vr -> v1, d1 -> d, r -> d1
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
      mpz_set(u,u1);
      mpz_set(u1,ur);
      mpz_set(d,d1);
      mpz_set(d1,r);
#else
      mpz_swap(u,u1);
      mpz_swap(u1,ur);
      mpz_swap(d,d1);
      mpz_swap(d1,r);
#endif
    }
    // u1*a+v1*m=d1 -> a=d1/u1 modulo m
    if (mpz_sizeinbase(d1,2)<=30)
      num=int(mpz_get_si(d1));
    else
      num=d1;
    if (mpz_sizeinbase(u1,2)<=30)
      den=int(mpz_get_si(u1));
    else
      den=u1;
    mpz_set(q,*m._ZINTptr);
    my_mpz_gcd(r,q,u1);
    bool ok=mpz_cmp_ui(r,1)==0;
    if (!ok){
      CERR << "Bad reconstruction " << a << " " << m << " " << gen(r) << '\n';
      simplify3(num,den);
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  bool alloc_fracmod(const gen & a_orig,const gen & modulo,gen & res,mpz_t & d,mpz_t & d1,mpz_t & absd1,mpz_t &u,mpz_t & u1,mpz_t & ur,mpz_t & q,mpz_t & r,mpz_t &sqrtm,mpz_t & tmp){
    // write a as p/q with |p| and |q|<sqrt(modulo/2)
    if (a_orig.type==_VECT){
      const_iterateur it=a_orig._VECTptr->begin(),itend=a_orig._VECTptr->end();
      vecteur v;
      v.reserve(itend-it);
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	if (!alloc_fracmod(*it,modulo,res,d,d1,absd1,u,u1,ur,q,r,sqrtm,tmp))
	  return false;
	v.push_back(res);
      }
      res=gen(v,a_orig.subtype);
      return true;
    }
    if (a_orig.type==_POLY){
      vector< monomial<gen> >::const_iterator it=a_orig._POLYptr->coord.begin(),itend=a_orig._POLYptr->coord.end();
      polynome v(a_orig._POLYptr->dim);
      v.coord.reserve(itend-it);
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	if (!alloc_fracmod(it->value,modulo,res,d,d1,absd1,u,u1,ur,q,r,sqrtm,tmp))
	  return false;
	v.coord.push_back(monomial<gen>(res,it->index));
      }
      res=gen(v);
      return true;
    }
    if (a_orig.type==_CPLX){
      gen reres,imres;
      if ( !alloc_fracmod(*a_orig._CPLXptr,modulo,reres,d,d1,absd1,u,u1,ur,q,r,sqrtm,tmp) || !alloc_fracmod(*(a_orig._CPLXptr+1),modulo,imres,d,d1,absd1,u,u1,ur,q,r,sqrtm,tmp) )
	return false;
      res=reres+cst_i*imres;
      return true;
    }
    gen a(a_orig),m(modulo),num,den;
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      a.uncoerce();
    if (m.type==_INT_)
      m.uncoerce();
    if ( (a.type!=_ZINT) || (m.type!=_ZINT) )
      return false;
    bool ok=in_fracmod(m,a,d,d1,absd1,u,u1,ur,q,r,sqrtm,tmp,num,den);
    if (num.type==_ZINT && mpz_sizeinbase(*num._ZINTptr,2)<=30)
      num=int(mpz_get_si(*num._ZINTptr));
    if (den.type==_ZINT && mpz_sizeinbase(*den._ZINTptr,2)<=30)
      den=int(mpz_get_si(*den._ZINTptr));
    if (is_positive(den,context0)) // ok
      res=fraction(num,den);
    else
      res=fraction(-num,-den);
    return ok;
  }

  bool fracmod(const gen & a_orig,const gen & modulo,gen & res){
    unsigned prealloc=a_orig.type==_ZINT?mpz_sizeinbase(*a_orig._ZINTptr,2):0;
    mpz_t u,d,u1,d1,absd1,sqrtm,q,ur,r,tmp;
    mpz_init2(u,prealloc);
    mpz_init2(d,prealloc);
    mpz_init2(u1,prealloc);
    mpz_init(d1);
    mpz_init(absd1);
    mpz_init(sqrtm);
    mpz_init(q);
    mpz_init2(ur,prealloc);
    mpz_init2(r,prealloc);
    mpz_init2(tmp,prealloc);
    bool b=alloc_fracmod(a_orig,modulo,res,d,d1,absd1,u,u1,ur,q,r,sqrtm,tmp);
    mpz_clear(d);
    mpz_clear(u);
    mpz_clear(u1);
    mpz_clear(d1);
    mpz_clear(absd1);
    mpz_clear(sqrtm);
    mpz_clear(q);
    mpz_clear(ur);
    mpz_clear(r);
    mpz_clear(tmp);
    return b;
  }

  gen fracmod(const gen & a_orig,const gen & modulo){
    if (a_orig==0)
      return a_orig;
    gen res;
    if (!fracmod(a_orig,modulo,res))
      return gensizeerr(gettext("Reconstructed denominator is not prime with modulo"));
    return res;
  }

  static void _ZINTpowmod(const gen & base,const gen & expo,const gen & modulo, ref_mpz_t * & res){
    ref_mpz_t *aptr,*bptr;
    if (base.type)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &base) >> 16);
#else
      aptr=base.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,base.val);
    }
    if (modulo.type)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      bptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &modulo) >> 16);
#else
      bptr=modulo.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      bptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(bptr->z,modulo.val);
    }
    res = new ref_mpz_t;
    if (!expo.type)
      mpz_powm_ui(res->z,aptr->z,expo.val,*modulo._ZINTptr);
    else
      mpz_powm (res->z,aptr->z,*expo._ZINTptr,bptr->z);
    if (!base.type)
      delete aptr;
    if (!modulo.type)
      delete bptr;
  }

  gen powmod(const gen &base,const gen & expo,const gen & modulo){
    if (is_exactly_zero(modulo))
      return pow(base,expo,context0);
    if (base.type==_VECT){
      const_iterateur it=base._VECTptr->begin(),itend=base._VECTptr->end();
      vecteur res;
      for (;it!=itend;++it)
	res.push_back(powmod(*it,expo,modulo));
      return gen(res,base.subtype);
    }
    if ((expo.type!=_INT_) && (expo.type!=_ZINT))
      return gensizeerr(gettext("powmod")); // exponent must be a _DOUBLE_ integer
    if (!is_positive(expo,context0)) // ok
      return(powmod(invmod(base,modulo),-expo,modulo));
    if (modulo.type==_INT_){
      // try converting base to int and expo to a long
      gen mybase(base % modulo);
      if ( (expo.type==_INT_) && (mybase.type==_INT_) ){
	unsigned long tmp=expo.val;
	return powmod(mybase.val,tmp,modulo.val);
      }
    }
    ref_mpz_t * res;
    switch ( (base.type<< _DECALAGE) | modulo.type) {
    case _INT___INT_: case _INT___ZINT: case _ZINT__INT_: case _ZINT__ZINT:
      _ZINTpowmod(base,expo,modulo,res);
      return(res);
    default:
      return gentypeerr(gettext("powmod"));
    }
    return 0;
  }

  // assuming amod and bmod are prime together, find c such that
  // c = a mod amod  and c = b mod bmod
  // hence a + A*amod = b + B*bmod
  // or A*amod -B*bmod = b - a
  gen ichinrem(const gen & a,const gen &b,const gen & amod, const gen & bmod){
    if (a.type==_INT_ && b.type==_INT_ && amod.type==_INT_ && bmod.type==_INT_ && gcd(amod.val,bmod.val)==1){
      int amodinv=invmod(amod.val,bmod.val);
      longlong res=a.val+((longlong(amodinv)*(b.val-longlong(a.val)))%bmod.val)*amod.val;
      return res;
    }
    gen A,B,d,q;
    egcd(amod,bmod,A,B,d);
    if (is_one(d))
      q=b-a;
    else
      if (!is_exactly_zero(irem(b-a,d,q)))
	return gensizeerr(gettext("No Integer Solution"));
    A=A*q;
    return smod(A*amod+a,amod*bmod);
  }

  gen isqrt(const gen & a){
    if ( (a.type!=_INT_) && (a.type!=_ZINT))
      return gentypeerr(gettext("isqrt"));
    ref_mpz_t *aptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr=a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    ref_mpz_t *res = new ref_mpz_t;
    mpz_sqrt(res->z,aptr->z);
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      delete aptr;
    return res;
  }

  int is_perfect_square(const gen & a){
    if ( (a.type!=_INT_) && (a.type!=_ZINT))
      return false;
    ref_mpz_t *aptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr=a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    int res= mpz_perfect_square_p(aptr->z);
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      delete aptr;
    return res;
  }

  int is_probab_prime_p(const gen & a){
    if ( (a.type!=_INT_) && (a.type!=_ZINT)){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("is_probab_prime_p"));
#endif
      return false;
    }
    if (a.type==_INT_ && a.val<2)
      return false;
    if (a.type==_INT_ && a.val<(1<<20)){
      for (int i=0;;++i){
	int p=giac_primes[i];
	if (p*p>a.val)
	  return true;
	if (a.val%p==0)
	  return false;
      }
    }
    ref_mpz_t *aptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr=a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    int res= mpz_probab_prime_p(aptr->z,TEST_PROBAB_PRIME);
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      delete aptr;
    return res;
  }

  gen nextprime(const gen & a){
    if ( (a.type!=_INT_) && (a.type!=_ZINT))
      return gentypeerr(gettext("nextprime"));
    gen res(a);
    if (is_exactly_zero(smod(res,plus_two)))
      res=res+1;
    for ( ; ; res=res+2){
#ifdef TIMEOUT
      control_c();
#endif
      if (ctrl_c || interrupted)
	return gensizeerr(gettext("Interrupted"));
      if (is_probab_prime_p(res))
	return(res);
    }
  }

  gen prevprime(const gen & a){
    if ( (a.type!=_INT_) && (a.type!=_ZINT))
      return gentypeerr(gettext("prevprime"));
    if (a==2)
      return a;
    if (is_greater(2,a,context0))
      return gensizeerr(context0);
    gen res(a);
    if (is_exactly_zero(smod(res,plus_two)))
      res=res-1;
    for ( ; res.type==_ZINT || (res.type==_INT_ && res.val>1); res=res-2){
#ifdef TIMEOUT
      control_c();
#endif
      if (ctrl_c || interrupted)
	return gensizeerr(gettext("Interrupted"));
      if (is_probab_prime_p(res))
	return(res);
    }
    return zero;
  }

  int jacobi(const gen & a, const gen &b){
    if ( (a.type!=_INT_ && a.type!=_ZINT) || (b.type!=_INT_ && b.type!=_ZINT)){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("jacobi"));
#endif
      return -RAND_MAX;
    }
    ref_mpz_t *aptr,*bptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr = a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    if (b.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      bptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &b) >> 16);
#else
      bptr=b.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      bptr = new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(bptr->z,b.val);
    }
    int res= mpz_jacobi(aptr->z,bptr->z);
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      delete aptr;
    if (b.type==_INT_)
      delete bptr;
    return res;
  }

  int legendre(const gen & a, const gen & b){
    if ( (a.type!=_INT_ && a.type!=_ZINT) || (b.type!=_INT_ && b.type!=_ZINT)){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("legendre"));
#endif
      return -RAND_MAX;
    }
    ref_mpz_t *aptr,*bptr;
    if (a.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      aptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &a) >> 16);
#else
      aptr=a.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      aptr= new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(aptr->z,a.val);
    }
    if (b.type!=_INT_)
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      bptr= (ref_mpz_t *) (* ((ulonglong * ) &b) >> 16);
#else
      bptr=b.__ZINTptr;
#endif
    else {
      bptr= new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_si(bptr->z,b.val);
    }
    int res=mpz_legendre(aptr->z,bptr->z);
    if (a.type==_INT_)
      delete aptr;
    if (b.type==_INT_)
      delete bptr;
    return res;
  }

  bool has_denominator(const gen & n){
    switch (n.type ) {
    case _INT_: case _ZINT: case _CPLX: case _DOUBLE_: case _FLOAT_: case _IDNT: case _EXT: case _POLY: case _MOD: case _USER: case _REAL: case _VECT:
      return false;
    case _SYMB: case _FRAC:
      return true;
    default:
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("has_denominator"));
#endif
      return false;
    }
    return 0;
  }


  gen factorial(unsigned long int i){
    if (i>(unsigned long int)FACTORIAL_SIZE_LIMIT){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      setstabilityerr();
#endif
      return plus_inf;
    }
    ref_mpz_t * e = new ref_mpz_t;
    mpz_fac_ui(e->z,i);
    return e;
  }

  gen comb(unsigned long int i,unsigned long j){
    if (i>(unsigned long int)FACTORIAL_SIZE_LIMIT){
      double d=std::min(j,i-j)*std::log10(double(i));
      if (d>2*FACTORIAL_SIZE_LIMIT){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
	setstabilityerr();
#endif
	return undef;
      }
    }
    ref_mpz_t * e = new ref_mpz_t;
    if (i<j)
      return e;
#ifdef mpz_bin_uiui
    mpz_bin_uiui(e->z,i,j);
#else
    mpz_set_ui(e->z,1);
    for (unsigned long int k=i;k>i-j;--k)
      mpz_mul_ui(e->z,e->z,k);
    mpz_t tmp;
    mpz_init(tmp);
    mpz_fac_ui(tmp,j);
    mpz_fdiv_q(e->z,e->z,tmp);
    mpz_clear(tmp);
#endif
    return e;
  }

  gen perm(unsigned long int i,unsigned long j){
    if (i>(unsigned long int)FACTORIAL_SIZE_LIMIT){
      double d=j*std::log10(double(i));
      if (d>2*FACTORIAL_SIZE_LIMIT){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
	setstabilityerr();
#endif
	return undef;
      }
    }
    ref_mpz_t * e = new ref_mpz_t;
    if (i<j)
      return e;
    mpz_set_ui(e->z,1);
    for (unsigned long int k=i;k>i-j;--k)
      mpz_mul_ui(e->z,e->z,k);
    return e;
  }

  /* I/O: Input routines */

  gen chartab2gen(char * s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    gen res;
    // subtype=0;
    // initialize as a null _INT_
    // type = _INT_;
    // val = 0;
    if (!*s)
      return res;
#ifdef EMCC
    int base=10;
#else
    int base=(abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 || calc_mode(contextptr)==1)?10:0;
#endif
    if (s[0]=='#' || s[0]=='0') {
      if (s[1]=='x' || s[1]=='X'){
	s[0]='0';
	s[1]='0';
	base=16;
      }
      if (s[1]=='o' || s[1]=='O'){
	s[0]='0';
	s[1]='0';
	base=8;
      }
    }
    if (s[1]=='b' || s[1]=='B'){
      s[0]='0';
      s[1]='0';
      base=2;
    }
#ifdef _LIB_CE_ERRNO_H
#ifndef BESTA_OS
    __set_errno(0);
#endif
#else
     errno = 0;
#endif
    char * endchar;
#ifdef VISUALC
    longlong ll=strtol(s,&endchar,base);
#else
    longlong ll=strtoll(s,&endchar,base);
#endif
    int l =int(strlen(s));
    if (l>0 && s[l-1]=='.'){
      // make a copy of s, call chartab2gen recursivly,
      // because some implementations of strtod do not like a . at the end
#if 1 // def FREERTOS
      ALLOCA(char, scopy, l+2);
#else
      char * scopy=(char *)alloca(l+2);
#endif
      strcpy(scopy,s);
      scopy[l]='0';
      scopy[l+1]=0;
      return chartab2gen(scopy,contextptr);
    }
    if (*endchar) {// non integer
      int digits=decimal_digits(contextptr);
      // count numeric char
      int delta=0;
      if (l && s[0]=='0')
	++delta;
      for (int k=0;k<l;++k){
	if (s[k]=='e' || s[k]=='E'){
	  delta += l-k;
	  break;
	}
	if (s[k]<'0' || s[k]>'9')
	  ++delta;
      }
      if (l>digits+delta)
	digits=l-delta;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR // #ifndef GIAC_HAS_STO_38
      if (digits>14){
#if 1 // def HAVE_LIBMPFR
	int nbits=digits2bits(digits);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
	int locked=pthread_mutex_trylock(&mpfr_mutex);
	if (!locked)
	  mpfr_set_default_prec(nbits);
	// mpf_set_default_prec (decimal_digits);
	real_object r;
	int res=mpfr_set_str(r.inf,s,10,MPFR_RNDN);
	if (!locked)
	  pthread_mutex_unlock(&mpfr_mutex);
#else
	real_object r;
	mpfr_set_default_prec(nbits);
	int res=mpfr_set_str(r.inf,s,10,MPFR_RNDN);
#endif // HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
#else // LIBMPFR
	real_object r;
	int res=mpf_set_str(r.inf,s,10);
#endif // LIBMPFR
	gen rg(r);
	// rg.dbgprint();
	if (!res)
	  return rg;
      } // end if (digits>14)
#endif // LIBMPFR was GIAC_HAS_STO_38
      double d;
#if defined NSPIRE || defined FXCG
#ifdef NSPIRE
      d=Strtod(s,&endchar);
#else
      d=strtod(s,&endchar);
#endif // NSPIRE
#else // NSPIRE || FXCG
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
      int locked=pthread_mutex_trylock(&locale_mutex);
      if (!locked){
	char * lc=setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,(char *)NULL);
	setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,"POSIX");
	d=strtod(s,&endchar);
	setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,lc);
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&locale_mutex);
      }
      else
	d=strtod(s,&endchar);
#else
      char * lc=setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,(char const *)NULL);
      setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,"POSIX");
      d=strtod(s,&endchar);
      setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,lc);
#endif // PTHREAD
#endif // NSPIRE
      if (*endchar){
#ifdef BCD
	giac_float gf;
	gf=strtobcd(s,(const char **)&endchar);
	if (!*endchar)
	  return gf;
	for (int i=0;i<l;++i){
	  unsigned si=(unsigned char)s[i];
	  if (si==226 || si==194)
	    return gf;
	}
	// if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38) return gensizeerr(gettext("Invalid float"));
#endif
	for (int i=0;i<l;++i){
	  unsigned si=(unsigned char)s[i];
	  if (si==226 || si==194)
	    return undef;
	}
	return gen(string(s),contextptr);
      }
      return gen(d);
    } // end non integer if (*endchar)
    if (!errno ){
      // this converts 0xFFFFFFFF to -1, because we want two's complement, if possible
      // it makes positive numbers 0x80000000 to 0xFFFFFFFF unavailable (only in base-2 notation),
      // but I am aware of that
      if (ll==int(ll) ||
	  ( (base == 2 ||base == 8 || base == 16) &&
	    ll == (unsigned int)(ll) )
	  )
	return gen ( int(ll));
      else
	return gen(longlong(ll));
    }
    // check if a non 0-9 char is there
    if (!base){
      base=10;
      for (int i=0;i<l;++i){
	if ((s[i]<'0') || (s[i]>'9'))
	  base=16;
      }
    }
    int maxsize = 5 + (s[0]=='-');
    if (base==10 && l<maxsize){
      res.type=_INT_;
      res.val = atoi(s);
      return res;
    }
    else {
      ref_mpz_t * ptr= new ref_mpz_t;
      mpz_set_str(ptr->z,s,base);
      res= gen(ptr);
      return res;
    }
  }

  gen string2gen(const string & ss,bool remove_ss_quotes){
    gen res;
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
    * ((ulonglong * ) &res) = ulonglong(new ref_string(remove_ss_quotes?ss.substr(1,ss.size()-2):ss)) << 16;
#else
    res.__STRNGptr = new ref_string(remove_ss_quotes?ss.substr(1,ss.size()-2):ss);
#endif
    res.type=_STRNG;
    return res;
  }

  int giac_yyparse(void * scanner);

  static int try_parse(const string & s_orig,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    string s=s_orig;
    if (1 || abs_calc_mode(contextptr)!=38){
      // remove leading spaces
      for (int i=0;i<s.size();++i){
	if (s[i]!=' '){
	  if (i)
	    s=s.substr(i,s.size()-i);
	  break;
	}
      }
      if (s.size()>10 && (s.substr(0,5)=="\"def " || s.substr(0,10)=="\"function ")){
	string news="";
	int ss=s.size()-1;
	for (;ss>5;--ss){
	  if (s[ss]=='"')
	    break;
	}
	for (int i=1;i<ss;++i){
	  char ch=s[i];
	  if (ch==char(0xa)){
	    news+='\n';
	    continue;
	  }
	  if (ch=='"' && s[i+1]=='"')
	    ++i;
	  if (ch=='`')
	    news+='"';
	  else
	    news+=ch;
	}
	s=news;
      }
      s=python2xcas(s,contextptr);
      if (s.empty()){
	parsed_gen(undef,contextptr);
	return 1;
      }
    }
#if !defined(WIN32) && defined(HAVE_PTHREAD_H)
    if (contextptr && thread_param_ptr(contextptr)->stackaddr && thread_param_ptr(contextptr)->stacksize/2){
      gen er;
      short int err=s.size();
      if (debug_infolevel>10000)
	CERR << (size_t) &err << " " << ((size_t) thread_param_ptr(contextptr)->stackaddr)+4*65536 << '\n';
      if ( ((size_t) &err) < ((size_t) thread_param_ptr(contextptr)->stackaddr)+4*65536){
	gensizeerr(gettext("Too many recursion levels"),er);
	parsed_gen(er,contextptr);
	return 1;
      }
    }
#endif // pthread
    int res;
    int isqrt=i_sqrt_minus1(contextptr);
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    try {
#endif
      void * scanner;
      YY_BUFFER_STATE state=set_lexer_string(s,scanner,contextptr);
      if (xcas_mode(contextptr)==0 && try_parse_i(contextptr))
	i_sqrt_minus1(0,contextptr);
      res=giac_yyparse(scanner);
      delete_lexer_string(state,scanner);
      // if xcas_mode(contextptr)<=0 scan for i:=something, if not present replace i by sqrt(-1)
      if (xcas_mode(contextptr)==0 && try_parse_i(contextptr)){
	const gen& p = parsed_gen(contextptr);
	if (1) { // p.type==_SYMB || p.type==_VECT){
	  vecteur v(rlvarx(p,i__IDNT_e));
	  if (!v.empty()){
	    vecteur w=lop(v,at_program);
	    int i,vs=int(w.size());
	    for (i=0;i<vs;i++){
	      gen & args = w[i]._SYMBptr->feuille;
	      if (args.type!=_VECT || args._VECTptr->empty())
		continue;
	      if (contains(args._VECTptr->front(),i__IDNT_e)){
		*logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning, i is usually sqrt(-1), I'm using a symbolic variable instead but you should check your input") << '\n';
		return res;
	      }
	    }
	    w=lop(v,at_local);
	    vs=int(w.size());
	    for (i=0;i<vs;i++){
	      gen & args = w[i]._SYMBptr->feuille;
	      if (args.type!=_VECT || args._VECTptr->empty())
		continue;
	      if (contains(args._VECTptr->front(),i__IDNT_e)){
		*logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning, i is usually sqrt(-1), I'm using a symbolic variable instead but you should check your input") << '\n';
		return res;
	      }
	    }
	    v=lop(v,at_sto);
	    vs=int(v.size());
	    for (i=0;i<vs;i++){
	      if (v[i]._SYMBptr->feuille[1]==i__IDNT_e){
		*logptr(contextptr) << gettext("Warning, i is usually sqrt(-1), I'm using a symbolic variable instead but you should check your input") << '\n';
		break;
	      }
	    }
	    if (i==vs){
#ifndef NSPIRE
	      my_ostream * log = logptr(contextptr);
	      logptr(0,contextptr);
#endif
	      i_sqrt_minus1(1,contextptr);
	      void * scanner2;
	      YY_BUFFER_STATE state2=set_lexer_string(s,scanner2,contextptr);
	      res=giac_yyparse(scanner2);
#ifndef NSPIRE
	      logptr(log,contextptr);
#endif
	      delete_lexer_string(state2,scanner2);
	    }
	  }
	}
      } // end if (xcas_mode(contextptr)==0 ...
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    }
    catch (std::runtime_error & error){
      i_sqrt_minus1(isqrt,contextptr);
     if (!first_error_line(contextptr))
	first_error_line(lexer_line_number(contextptr),contextptr);
      parser_error(error.what(),contextptr);
#ifdef HAVE_SIGNAL_H_OLD
      messages_to_print += string(error.what()) + '\n';
#endif
      return 1;
    }
#endif
    i_sqrt_minus1(isqrt,contextptr);
    return res;
  }

  static gen aplatir_plus(const gen & g){
    // Quick check for embedded + at the left coming from parser
    if (g.is_symb_of_sommet(at_plus) && g._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT){
      iterateur it=g._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->begin(),itend=g._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->end();
      if (it==itend)
	return 0;
      vecteur v;
      v.reserve(itend-it+1);
      gen f;
      for (;it!=itend;){
	for (--itend;itend!=it;--itend)
	  v.push_back(aplatir_fois_plus(*itend));
	if (!it->is_symb_of_sommet(at_plus)){
	  v.push_back(aplatir_fois_plus(*it));
	  break;
	}
	f=it->_SYMBptr->feuille;
	if (f.type!=_VECT){
	  v.push_back(*it);
	  break;
	}
	it=f._VECTptr->begin();
	itend=f._VECTptr->end();
      }
      reverse(v.begin(),v.end());
      return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,gen(v,_SEQ__VECT)));
    }
    return g;
  }

  gen aplatir_fois_plus(const gen & g){
    if (g.type==_VECT){
      vecteur v(*g._VECTptr);
      iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it)
	*it=aplatir_fois_plus(*it);
      return gen(v,g.subtype);
    }
    if (g.type!=_SYMB)
      return g;
    if (g._SYMBptr->sommet==at_pow && g._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT && g._SYMBptr->feuille.subtype!=_SEQ__VECT)
      return symbolic(at_pow,change_subtype(g._SYMBptr->feuille,_SEQ__VECT));
    if (g._SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus)
      return aplatir_plus(g);
    gen & f=g._SYMBptr->feuille;
    if (g._SYMBptr->sommet==at_prod && f.type==_VECT && f._VECTptr->size()==2)
      return sym_mult(aplatir_fois_plus(f._VECTptr->front()),aplatir_fois_plus(f._VECTptr->back()),context0);
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(g._SYMBptr->sommet,aplatir_fois_plus(f)));
  }

  static gen aplatir_plus_only(const gen & g){
    if (g.type==_VECT){
      const vecteur & v=*g._VECTptr;
      vecteur w(v);
      const_iterateur it=v.begin(),itend=v.end();
      iterateur jt=w.begin();
      for (;it!=itend;++jt,++it)
	*jt=aplatir_plus_only(*it);
      return gen(w,g.subtype);
    }
    if (g.type!=_SYMB)
      return g;
    // Quick check for embedded + at the left coming from parser
    if (g.is_symb_of_sommet(at_plus) && g._SYMBptr->feuille.type==_VECT){
      const_iterateur it=g._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->begin(),itend=g._SYMBptr->feuille._VECTptr->end();
      if (it==itend)
	return 0;
      vecteur v;
      v.reserve(itend-it+1);
      register const gen * f;
      for (;it!=itend;){
	for (--itend;itend!=it;--itend)
	  v.push_back(*itend);
	// Check first element of the vector g, if it's not a + add it to v and end
	if (it->type!=_SYMB || it->_SYMBptr->sommet!=at_plus || (f=&it->_SYMBptr->feuille,f->type!=_VECT) ){
	  v.push_back(*it);
	  break;
	}
	// first element was a plus, restart with all it's arguments
	itend=f->_VECTptr->end();
	it=f->_VECTptr->begin();
      }
      reverse(v.begin(),v.end());
      return gen(new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_plus,gen(v,_SEQ__VECT)))).change_subtype(g.subtype);
    }
    return gen(new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(g._SYMBptr->sommet,aplatir_plus_only(g._SYMBptr->feuille)))).change_subtype(g.subtype);
  }

  static int protected_giac_yyparse(const string & chaine,gen & parse_result,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    int s;
    s=int(chaine.size());
    if (!s)
      return 1;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
    static pthread_mutex_t parse_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
    int locked = pthread_mutex_lock(&parse_mutex);
#else // HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
    int locked = 0;
#endif
    int res = 1;
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    try {
#endif
      res=try_parse(chaine,contextptr);
      gen g=parsed_gen(contextptr);
      if (g.type<=_FLOAT_){
	parse_result=aplatir_plus_only(g);
	// parse_result=aplatir_fois_plus(g);
	if (g.type==_SYMB && parse_result.type==_SYMB)
	  parse_result.subtype=g.subtype;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
        if (!locked)
          pthread_mutex_unlock(&parse_mutex);
#endif
	return res;
      }
      parsed_gen(0,contextptr);
      parse_result.type=0;
      parse_result=0;
      CERR << "Incomplete parse" << '\n';
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
      if (!locked)
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&parse_mutex);
#endif
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    } catch (std::runtime_error &e) {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
      if (!locked)
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&parse_mutex);
#endif
    }
#endif // exception
     return res;
  }

  gen::gen(const string & s,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    subtype=0;
    string ss(s);
    /*
      string::iterator it=ss.begin(),itend=ss.end();
      for (;it!=itend;++it)
      if (*it=='\\')
      *it=' ';
      */
    type=_INT_;
    if (s==string(s.size(),' ')){
      *this=undef;
      return;
    }
    if (protected_giac_yyparse(s,*this,contextptr)){
      if (ss.empty())
	ss="""""";
      if (ss[0]!='"')
	ss = '"'+ss;
      if ((ss.size()==1) || (ss[ss.size()-1]!='"'))
	ss += '"';
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_string(ss.substr(1,ss.size()-2))) << 16;
      subtype=0;
#else
      __STRNGptr = new ref_string(ss.substr(1,ss.size()-2));
#endif
      type=_STRNG;
    }
  }

  gen genfromstring(const string & s){
    return gen(s,context0);
  }

  /*
  gen::gen(const string & s,const vecteur & l,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    type=_INT_;
    if (protected_giac_yyparse(s,*this,contextptr)){
      string ss(s);
      if (ss.empty())
	ss="""""";
      if (ss[0]!='"')
	ss = '"'+ss;
      if ((ss.size()==1) || (ss[ss.size()-1]!='"'))
	ss += '"';
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_string(ss.substr(1,ss.size()-2))) << 16;
#else
      __STRNGptr = new ref_string(ss.substr(1,ss.size()-2));
#endif
      type=_STRNG;
    }
    subtype=0;
  }
  */

  gen::gen(const wchar_t * ws,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    size_t l=0;
    const wchar_t * ptr=ws;
    for (;*ptr;++ptr){ ++l; }
    char * line=new char[4*l+1];
    unicode2utf8(ws,line,int(l));
    string ss(line);
    delete [] line;
    subtype=0;
    type=_INT_;
    if (ss==string(ss.size(),' ')){
      *this=undef;
      return;
    }
#ifdef HAVE_SSTREAM
    ostringstream warnstream;
#endif // HAVE_SSTREAM
#ifndef NSPIRE
    my_ostream * oldptr = logptr(contextptr);
#ifdef WITH_MYOSTREAM
    my_ostream newptr(&warnstream);
    logptr(&newptr,contextptr);
#else
#if !defined HAVE_SSTREAM || defined NSPIRE
    logptr(&COUT,contextptr);
#else
#ifndef KHICAS
    logptr(&warnstream,contextptr);
#endif
#endif // HAVE_SSTREAM
#endif // WITH_MYIOSTREAM
#endif // NSPIRE
    if (protected_giac_yyparse(ss,*this,contextptr)){
      if (ss.empty())
	ss="""""";
      if (ss[0]!='"')
	ss = '"'+ss;
      if ((ss.size()==1) || (ss[ss.size()-1]!='"'))
	ss += '"';
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_string(ss.substr(1,ss.size()-2))) << 16;
      subtype=0;
#else
      __STRNGptr = new ref_string(ss.substr(1,ss.size()-2));
#endif
      type=_STRNG;
    }
#ifndef NSPIRE
    logptr(oldptr,contextptr);
#endif
#if !defined HAVE_SSTREAM || defined NSPIRE
#else
    if (!warnstream.str().empty())
      parser_error(warnstream.str(),contextptr);
#endif
  }

  /* I/O: Print routines */
int sprint_int(char * s,int r){
  char * ptr=s;
  if (r<0){
    *ptr='-';
    ++ptr;
    r=-r;
  }
  int i;
  if (r==0){
    *ptr='0';
    *(ptr+1)=0;
    return 1;
  }
  *(ptr+10)=0;
  for (i=9;r;--i){
    *(ptr+i)='0'+r%10;
    r/=10;
  }
  ++i;
  if (i>0){ // shift left i char
    char * buf;
    for (buf=ptr+i;buf<=ptr+9;++buf){
      *(buf-i)=*buf;
    }
    *(buf-i)=0;
    ptr=buf-i;
  }
  else
    ptr += 10;
  return ptr-s;
}

void sprint_double(char * s,double d){
  char * buf=s;
  if (d==0){
    strcpy(buf,"0.0");
    return;
  }
  if (d<0){
    *buf='-';
    ++buf;
    d=-d;
  }
  int i=d;
  if (i==d && d<1e9){
    sprint_int(buf,i);
    return;
  }
  for (i=0;i<280 && d>=1.0;i+=14){
    d=d*1e-14;
  }
  for (;i>-280 && d<1.0;i-=14){
    d=d*1e14;
  }
  for (;i<310 && d>=1.0;++i){
    d=d*.1;
  }
  if (i==310){
    strcpy(buf,"inf");
    return;
  }
  for (;i>-310 && d<1.0;--i){
    d=d*10;
  }
  if (i==-310){
    strcpy(buf,"0.0");
    return;
  }
  // 1.0<=d<10, d*10^i
  d=d/10; ++i; // 0.1<=d<1, d*10^i
  *buf='.';
  char * ptr=buf;
  ++buf;
  int r=(int)(d*1e9+.5);
  if (r>=1e9){
    r=r/10;
    ++i;
  }
  buf += sprint_int(buf,r);
  if (i>0 && i<7){
    // move . i positions to the right
    for (int j=0;j<i;++j){
      *ptr=*(ptr+1);
      ++ptr;
    }
    *ptr='.';
    i=0;
  }
  for (;;--buf){
    char ch=*(buf-1);
    if (ch!='0'){
      *buf=0;
      break;
    }
  }
  if (i!=0){
    if (!os_shell){
      *buf='*';
      ++buf;
      *buf='1';
      ++buf;
      *buf='0';
      ++buf;
      *buf='^';
      ++buf;
    } else {
      *buf='e';
      ++buf;
    }
    sprint_int(buf,i);
  }
}

  string print_DOUBLE_(double d,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#if defined KHICAS && !defined NSPIRE_NEWLIB
    {
      char s[256];
      sprint_double(s,d);
      return s;
    }
#endif
    if (my_isnan(d))
      return calc_mode(contextptr)==1?"?":"undef";
    if (my_isinf(d))
      return "infinity";
#ifdef BCD
    if (bcd_printdouble(contextptr))
      return print_FLOAT_(giac_float(d),contextptr);
#endif
#ifndef DOUBLEVAL
    // roundoff
    unsigned char * u = (unsigned char *)(&d);
    *u &= 0xe0;
#endif
    if (d<0 && calc_mode(contextptr)==38)
      return "−"+print_DOUBLE_(-d,contextptr);
    string & forme=format_double(contextptr);
    if (!forme.empty()){
      char ch=forme[0];
      if (tolower(ch)!='g' && tolower(ch)!='a' && tolower(ch)!='f' && tolower(ch)!='e' )
	ch='g';
      if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1)
	ch=toupper(ch);
      if (forme.size()<2 || forme.size()>3 || forme[1]<'0' || forme[1]>'9' || (forme.size()==3 && forme[2]<'0' && forme[2]>'9'))
	return "invalid format";
      if (my_isnan(d))
	return "undef";
      if (my_isinf(d))
	return "infinity";
      char s[256];
      string f2=string("%.")+forme.substr(1,forme.size()-1)+ch;
      sprintfdouble(s,f2.c_str(),d);
      return s;
    }
    if (xcas_mode(contextptr)==3 && double(int(d))==d)
      return print_INT_(int(d));
    char s[256];
#ifdef SOFTMATH
    sprintfdouble(s,"%.14g",d);
    return s;
#else
    string form("%."+print_INT_(giacmin(decimal_digits(contextptr),14)));
    int sf=scientific_format(contextptr);
    switch (sf){
    case 0: case 2:
      if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38)
	form += 'G';
      else
	form += "g";
      break;
    case 1:
      form += "e"; // or "f" ??
      break;
    case 3:
      form += "a";
    }
    if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1)
      form[form.size()-1]=toupper(form[form.size()-1]);
    if (sf==2){
      // engineering format
      int ndigits=int(giac_floor(std::log10(d)+0.5));
      ndigits = 3*(ndigits /3);
      sprintfdouble(s,form.c_str(),d/std::pow(10.0,ndigits));
      return s+("e"+print_INT_(ndigits));
    }
    sprintfdouble(s,form.c_str(),d);
    // 1073741824=2^30, fixme always try with a .0 for large numbers if longfloat not available?
    if (sf
#if 1 // def HAVE_LIBMPFR
	|| d>=1073741824 || d<=-1073741824
#endif
	)
      return s;
    for (int i=0;s[i];++i){
      if (s[i]=='.' || s[i]==',' || s[i]=='e' || s[i]=='E')
	return s;
    }
    return string(s)+".0";
#endif
  }

  gen maptoarray(const gen_map & m,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    vecteur res;
    gen_map::const_iterator it=m.begin(),itend=m.end();
    if (it==itend)
      return gendimerr(gettext("Empty array"));
    gen_map::const_reverse_iterator lastit=m.rbegin();
    // find index ranges
    gen premidx=it->first,lastidx=lastit->first;
    if (premidx.type!=_VECT || lastidx.type!=_VECT)
      return gentypeerr(gettext("Bad array indexes"));
    vecteur & pv=*premidx._VECTptr;
    vecteur & lv=*lastidx._VECTptr;
    unsigned ps=unsigned(pv.size());
    vector<int> indexes(ps);
    if (ps==0)
      return res;
    if (lv.size()!=ps )
      return gendimerr(contextptr);
    for (unsigned i=0;i<ps;++i){
      res.push_back(symb_interval(pv[i]+array_start(contextptr),lv[i]+array_start(contextptr))); // res.push_back(symb_interval(pv[i]+(xcas_mode(contextptr)!=0),lv[i]+(xcas_mode(contextptr)!=0)));
      if (lv[i].type!=_INT_ || pv[i].type!=_INT_ || lv[i].val<pv[i].val)
	return gendimerr(contextptr);
      indexes[i]=(lv[i]-pv[i]).val+1;
    }
    if (ps==1){
      vecteur tmp;
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	tmp.push_back(it->second);
      }
      res.push_back(tmp);
    }
    else {
      vecteur tmp(indexes[ps-1]);
      for (int i=ps-2;i>=0;--i){
	vecteur newtmp;
	for (int j=0;j<indexes[i];++j)
	  newtmp.push_back(tmp);
	tmp=newtmp;
      }
      gen tab=tmp;
      for (;it!=itend;++it){
	gen * tmpptr=&tab;
	if (tmpptr->type!=_VECT)
	  return gendimerr(contextptr);
	for (unsigned i=0;i<ps;++i){
	  int pos=(it->first[i]-pv[i]).val;
	  if (pos<0 || unsigned(pos)>=tmpptr->_VECTptr->size())
	    return gendimerr(contextptr);
	  tmpptr=&((*tmpptr->_VECTptr)[pos]);
	}
	*tmpptr = it->second;
      }
      res.push_back(tmp);
    }
    return new_ref_symbolic(symbolic(at_array,res));
  }

  static string printmap(const gen_map & m,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    string s("table(\n");
    gen_map::const_iterator it=m.begin(),itend=m.end();
    for (;it!=itend;){
      gen bb=it->first;
      if (bb.type!=_STRNG && array_start(contextptr)){
	if (bb.type==_VECT)
	  bb=bb+vecteur(bb._VECTptr->size(),plus_one);
	else
	  bb=bb+plus_one;
      }
      if (bb.type==_VECT && bb.subtype==_SEQ__VECT)
	s+='(';
      s += bb.print(contextptr);
      if (bb.type==_VECT && bb.subtype==_SEQ__VECT)
	s+=')';
      s += " = " + it->second.print(contextptr);
      ++it;
      if (it!=itend)
	s += ',';
      s += '\n';
    }
    return s+")";
  }

  std::string printmpf_t(const mpf_t & inf,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifndef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef VISUALC
    char * ptr=new char[decimal_digits(contextptr)+30];
#else
    char ptr[decimal_digits(contextptr)+30];
#endif
    bool negatif=mpf_sgn(inf)<0;
    mp_exp_t expo;
    if (negatif){
      mpf_t inf2;
      mpf_init(inf2);
      mpf_neg(inf2,inf);
      mpf_get_str(ptr,&expo,10,decimal_digits(contextptr),inf2);
      mpf_clear(inf2);
    }
    else
      mpf_get_str(ptr,&expo,10,decimal_digits(contextptr),inf);
    std::string res(ptr),reste(res.substr(1,res.size()-1));
#ifdef VISUALC
    delete [] ptr;
#endif
    res=res[0]+("."+reste);
    if (expo!=1)
      res += "e"+print_INT_(expo-1);
    if (negatif)
      return "-"+res;
    else
      return res;
#else // USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#if defined NSPIRE || defined FXCG || defined KHICAS
    return "mpf_t not implemented";
#else
    std::ostringstream out;
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    out << std::setprecision(decimal_digits(contextptr)) << inf;
#else
    out << std::setprecision(decimal_digits(contextptr)) << *inf;
#endif
    return out.str();
#endif // NSPIRE
#endif // USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
  }


  string print_ZINT(const mpz_t & a){
    /*
    char * s =mpz_get_str (NULL, 10,a) ;
    string res(s);
    free(s);
    return res;
    */
    size_t l=mpz_sizeinbase (a, 10) + 2;
    if (l>unsigned(MAX_PRINTABLE_ZINT))
      return "Integer_too_large_for_display";
#if defined( VISUALC ) || defined( BESTA_OS )
    ALLOCA(char, s, l); //s = ( char * )alloca( l );
#else
    char s[l];
#endif
    mpz_get_str (s, 10,a) ;
    string tmp(s);

    return tmp;
  }

  string hexa_print_ZINT(const mpz_t & a){
    size_t l=mpz_sizeinbase (a, 16) + 2;
    if (l>unsigned(MAX_PRINTABLE_ZINT))
      return "Integer_too_large";
#if defined( VISUALC ) || defined( BESTA_OS )
    ALLOCA(char, s, l);//char * s = ( char * )alloca( l );
#else
    char s[l];
#endif
    string res("0x");
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
    if (mpz_sgn(a) == -1){
      mpz_t tmpint;
      mpz_init(tmpint);
      mpz_neg(tmpint, a);
      mpz_get_str(s,16,tmpint);
      mpz_clear(tmpint);

      res = "-" + res + s;
    }
    else {
      mpz_get_str(s,16,a);
      res += s;
    }
#else
    mpz_get_str (s,16,a) ;
    res += s;
#endif // USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS

    return res;
  }

  string octal_print_ZINT(const mpz_t & a){
    size_t l=mpz_sizeinbase (a, 8) + 2;
    if (l>unsigned(MAX_PRINTABLE_ZINT))
      return "Integer_too_large";
#if defined( VISUALC ) || defined( BESTA_OS )
    ALLOCA(char, s, l);//char * s = ( char * )alloca( l );
#else
    char s[l];
#endif
    string res("0");
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
    if (mpz_sgn(a) == -1){
      mpz_t tmpint;
      mpz_init(tmpint);
      mpz_neg(tmpint, a);
      mpz_get_str(s,8,tmpint);
      mpz_clear(tmpint);
      res = "-" + res + s;
    }
    else {
      mpz_get_str(s,8,a);
      res += s;
    }
#else
    mpz_get_str (s,8,a) ;
    res += s;
#endif // USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS

    return res;
  }

  string binary_print_ZINT(const mpz_t & a){
    size_t l=mpz_sizeinbase (a, 2) + 2;
    if (l>unsigned(MAX_PRINTABLE_ZINT))
      return "Integer_too_large";
#if defined( VISUALC ) || defined( BESTA_OS )
    ALLOCA(char, s, l);//char * s = ( char * )alloca( l );
#else
    char s[l];
#endif
    string res("0b");
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
    if (mpz_sgn(a) == -1){
      mpz_t tmpint;
      mpz_init(tmpint);
      mpz_neg(tmpint, a);
      mpz_get_str(s,2,tmpint);
      mpz_clear(tmpint);
      res = "-" + res + s;
    }
    else {
      mpz_get_str(s,2,a);
      res += s;
    }
#else
    mpz_get_str (s,2,a) ;
    res += s;
#endif // USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS

    return res;
  }

  string printinner_VECT(const vecteur & v, int subtype,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    string s;
    return add_printinner_VECT(s,v,subtype,contextptr);
  }

  string & add_printinner_VECT(string & s,const vecteur &v,int subtype,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    vecteur::const_iterator it=v.begin(), itend=v.end();
    if (it==itend)
      return s;
    for(;;){
      if ( (subtype==_RPN_FUNC__VECT) && (it->type==_SYMB) && (it->_SYMBptr->sommet==at_quote))
	s += "'"+it->_SYMBptr->feuille.print(contextptr)+"'";
      else {
	if ( (it->type==_SYMB && it->_SYMBptr->sommet==at_sto)
	     // || (it->type==_VECT && it->subtype==_SEQ__VECT && it->_VECTptr->size()>=2)
	     )
	  s += "("+it->print(contextptr)+")";
	else
	  add_print(s,*it,contextptr); // s += it->print(contextptr);
      }
      ++it;
      if (it==itend){
	return s;
      }
      if ( (subtype!=_RPN_FUNC__VECT) &&
	   //	   (subtype || (!rpn_mode(contextptr)) ) &&
	   ( ((it-1)->type!=_SYMB) || ((it-1)->_SYMBptr->sommet!=at_comment) )
	   )
	s += ',';
      else
	s += ' ';
    }
  }

  string begin_VECT_string(int subtype,bool tex,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    string s;
    switch (subtype){
    case _SEQ__VECT:
      break;
    case _SET__VECT:
      if (xcas_mode(contextptr)>0 || calc_mode(contextptr)==1){
	if (tex)
	  s+="\\{";
	else
	  s="{";
      }
      else
	s="set[";
      break;
    case _RPN_STACK__VECT:
      s="stack(";
      break;
    case _RPN_FUNC__VECT:
      s="<< ";
      break;
    case _GROUP__VECT:
      s="group[";
      break;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    case _INTERVAL__VECT:
      s="i[";
      break;
#endif
    case _LINE__VECT:
      s="line[";
      break;
    case _VECTOR__VECT:
      s="vector[";
      break;
    case _GGBVECT:
      s=(calc_mode(contextptr)==1?"ggbvect(":"ggbvect[");
      break;
#ifndef EMCC
    case _LOGO__VECT:
      s="logo[";
      break;
#endif
    case _PNT__VECT:
      s="pnt[";
      break;
    case _POINT__VECT:
      s="point[";
      break;
    case _TUPLE__VECT:
      s="tuple[";
      break;
    case _MATRIX__VECT:
      if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1)
	s="{";
      else {
	// s="matrix[";
	if (!os_shell)
	  s="[";
	else
	  s=abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38?"[":"matrix[";
      }
      break;
    case _POLY1__VECT:
      if (!os_shell)
	s="[";
      else
	s="poly1[";
      break;
    case _ASSUME__VECT:
      s = "assume[";
      break;
    case _FOLDER__VECT:
      s = "folder[";
      break;
    case _POLYEDRE__VECT:
      s= "polyedre[";
      break;
    case _RGBA__VECT:
      s= "rgba[";
      break;
    case _LIST__VECT:
      if (!os_shell)
	s="[";
      else {
	if (tex)
	  s="\\{";
	else
	  s=abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38?"{":"list[";
      }
      break;
    case _GGB__VECT:
      if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1)
	s="("; // warning: can not be reparsed from giac
      else
	s="ggbpnt[";
      break;
    case _TABLE__VECT:
      s="{/";
      break;
    default:
      s=calc_mode(contextptr)==1?"{":"[";
    }
    return s;
  }

  string end_VECT_string(int subtype,bool tex,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    string s;
    switch (subtype){
    case _SEQ__VECT:
      return s;
    case _SET__VECT:
      if (xcas_mode(contextptr)>0 || calc_mode(contextptr)==1){
	if (tex)
	  return "\\}";
	else
	  return "}";
      }
      else
	return "]";
    case _RPN_STACK__VECT:
      return ")";
    case _RPN_FUNC__VECT:
      return " >>";
    case _LIST__VECT:
      if (tex)
	return "\\}";
      else
	return abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38?"}":"]";
    case _GGB__VECT:
      if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1)
	return ")";
      else
	return "]";
    case _POINT__VECT: case _VECTOR__VECT: case _POLY1__VECT: case _PNT__VECT:
      return "]";
    case _GGBVECT:
      return calc_mode(contextptr)==1?")":"]";
    case 0: case _MATRIX__VECT:
      return calc_mode(contextptr)==1?"}":"]";
    case _TABLE__VECT:
      return "/}";
    default:
      return calc_mode(contextptr)==1?"}":"]";
    }
  }

  const char * svg2doutput(const gen & g,string & S,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef EMCC
    bool fullview=true;
    vector<double> vx,vy,vz;
    double window_xmin,window_xmax,window_ymin,window_ymax,window_zmin,window_zmax;
    bool ortho=autoscaleg(g,vx,vy,vz,contextptr);
    autoscaleminmax(vx,window_xmin,window_xmax,fullview);
    autoscaleminmax(vy,window_ymin,window_ymax,fullview);
    double xscale=window_xmax-window_xmin,yscale=window_ymax-window_ymin;
    double ratio=yscale/xscale;
    double gratio=0.6,gwidth=9;
#ifndef GIAC_GGB
    gwidth=EM_ASM_DOUBLE_V({
	var hw=window.innerWidth;
	if (hw>=1000)
	  return 9.0*hw/1000.0;
	else
	  return hw/60.0;
      });
#endif // GIAC_GGB
    //CERR << gwidth << '\n';
    int maxgratio=ortho?10:3;
    if (ratio<gratio/maxgratio || ratio>maxgratio*gratio) ortho=false; else ortho=true;
    if (ortho){
      if (ratio>gratio){ // yscale>gratio*xscale, use yscale for x
	double xc=(window_xmax+window_xmin)/2;
	window_xmin=xc-yscale/(2*gratio);
	window_xmax=xc+yscale/(2*gratio);
      }
      else { // xscale>yscale/gratio
	double yc=(window_ymax+window_ymin)/2;
	window_ymin=yc-gratio*xscale/2;
	window_ymax=yc+gratio*xscale/2;
      }
      ratio=gratio;
      ortho=false;
    }
    bool axes=overwrite_viewbox(g,window_xmin,window_xmax,window_ymin,window_ymax,window_zmin,window_zmax);
    xscale=window_xmax-window_xmin;yscale=window_ymax-window_ymin;
    ratio=yscale/xscale;
    //COUT << window_xmin << " " << window_xmax << " " << window_ymin << " " << window_ymax << '\n';
    //g=_symetrie(makesequence(_droite(makesequence(0,1),contextptr),g),contextptr);
    //S='"'+svg_preamble(7,7,gnuplot_xmin,gnuplot_xmax,gnuplot_ymin,gnuplot_ymax,ortho,false)+gen2svg(g,contextptr)+svg_grid(gnuplot_xmin,gnuplot_xmax,gnuplot_ymin,gnuplot_ymax)+"</svg>\"";
    S='"'+svg_preamble_pixel(g,gwidth,gwidth*gratio,window_xmin,window_xmax,window_ymin,window_ymax,ortho,false);
    plot_attr P;
    title_legende(g,P);
    S= S+(gen2svg(g,window_xmin,window_xmax,window_ymin,window_ymax,ratio/gratio,contextptr,false)+(axes?svg_grid(window_xmin,window_xmax,window_ymin,window_ymax,P)+"</svg>\"":""));
#endif
    return S.c_str();
  }

  string print_VECT(const vecteur & v,int subtype,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (v.empty()){
      switch (subtype){
      case _SEQ__VECT:
	return xcas_mode(contextptr)==1?"NULL":"seq[]";
      case _SET__VECT:
	if (xcas_mode(contextptr)>0 || calc_mode(contextptr)==1)
	  return "{ }";
	else
	  return "set[ ]";
      case _RPN_FUNC__VECT:
        return "<< >>";
      case _RPN_STACK__VECT:
        return "stack()";
      }
    }
#if 1 // for debugging/profiling pixon_print
    if (!v.empty() && is_pnt_or_pixon(v.back())){
      gen f=v.back();
      if (f.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pnt)){
	f=f._SYMBptr->feuille;
	if (f.type==_VECT)
	  f=f._VECTptr->front();
      }
      if (f.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pixon)){
	string S;
	pixon_print(v,S,contextptr);
	return S;
      }
    }
#endif
    string s;
    if (subtype==_SPREAD__VECT && !v.empty() && v.front().type==_VECT){
#ifdef EMCC
      bool add_quotes=true;
      s = "[";
#else
      bool add_quotes=false;
      s = "spreadsheet[";
#endif
      int nr=int(v.size());
      int nc=int(v.front()._VECTptr->size());
      for (int i=0;;){
	int save_r,save_c;
	vecteur & w=*v[i]._VECTptr;
	s +='[';
	for (int j=0;;){
	  save_r=printcell_current_row(contextptr);
	  save_c=printcell_current_col(contextptr);
	  printcell_current_row(contextptr)=i;
	  printcell_current_col(contextptr)=j;
	  if (add_quotes){
	    gen tmp=w[j];
	    if (tmp.type==_VECT && tmp._VECTptr->size()>=2){
	      vecteur & w=*tmp._VECTptr;
	      s += "['"+w[0].print(contextptr)+"',";
	      s += "'"+w[1].print(contextptr)+"',";
	      // COUT << i << " " << j << " " << w[1] << '\n';
	      if (w[1].type==_STRNG && *w[1]._STRNGptr=="")
		s += "'&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;']";
	      else {
		string ms;
		if (w[1].is_symb_of_sommet(at_pnt)){
		  svg2doutput(w[1],ms,contextptr); // remove quotes
		  if (ms[0]=='"' && ms[ms.size()-1]=='"')
		    ms=ms.substr(1,ms.size()-2);
		}
#ifndef GIAC_HAS_STO_38
		else
		  ms=*_mathml(makesequence(w[1],1),contextptr)._STRNGptr;
#endif
		string res;
		int l=ms.size();
		res.reserve(l);
		const char * ch=ms.c_str();
		for (int i=0;i<l;++i,++ch){
		  res+= (*ch=='\n'? ' ': *ch);
		}
		s += "'&nbsp;"+res+"&nbsp;']";
	      }
	    }
	    else
	      s += w[j].print(contextptr);
	  }
	  else
	    s += w[j].print(contextptr);
	  printcell_current_row(contextptr)=save_r;
	  printcell_current_col(contextptr)=save_c;
	  ++j;
	  if (j==nc)
	    break;
	  else
	    s+=',';
	}
	s+=']';
	++i;
	if (i==nr)
	  break;
	else
	  s+=',';
      }
      return s+']';
    }
    if ( ( subtype==_SEQ__VECT) && (v.size()==1) && !xcas_mode(contextptr))
      return "seq["+v.front().print(contextptr)+"]";
    else
      s=begin_VECT_string(subtype,false,contextptr);
    s += printinner_VECT(v,subtype,contextptr);
    return s+end_VECT_string(subtype,false,contextptr);
  }

  string print_SPOL1(const sparse_poly1 & p,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (p.empty())
      return "0";
    int sf=series_flags(contextptr);
    if (sf & (1<<5) && !(sf & (1<<4))){
      identificateur tt(string(1,series_variable_name(contextptr)));
      gen remains,g=sparse_poly12gen(p,tt,remains,!(sf & (1<<6)));
      if ( (sf & (1<<6)) && !is_zero(remains))
	g += symb_of(gen(abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38?"b":"O",contextptr),remains);
      return g.print(contextptr);
    }
    string s;
    sparse_poly1::const_iterator it=p.begin(), itend=p.end();
    bool paren=itend-it>1;
    if (paren) s+='(';
    for(;;){
      s += it->print(contextptr);
      ++it;
      if (it==itend){
	if (paren)
	  return s+')';
	return s;
      }
      s += '+';
    }
  }

  string print_the_type(int val,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (xcas_mode(contextptr)==1){
      switch(val){
      case _INT_:
	return "integer";
      case _DOUBLE_:
	return "double";
      case _FLOAT_:
	return "float";
      case _ZINT:
	return "integer";
      case _CPLX:
	return "complex";
      case _VECT:
	return "vector";
      case _IDNT:
	return "symbol";
      case _SYMB:
	return "algebraic";
      case _FRAC:
	return "rational";
      case _MAPLE_LIST:
	return "list";
      }
    }
    if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)!=38){
      switch(val){
      case _DOUBLE_:
	return "real";
      case _ZINT:
	return "integer";
      case _CPLX:
	return "complex";
      case _VECT:
	return "vector";
      case _IDNT:
	return "identifier";
      case _SYMB:
	return "expression";
      case _FRAC:
	return "rational";
      case _STRNG:
	return "string";
      case _FUNC:
	return "func";
      }
    }
    switch(val){
    case _INT_:
      return "DOM_int";
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return "DOM_FLOAT";
    case _FLOAT_:
      return "DOM_SPECIALFLOAT";
    case _ZINT:
      return "DOM_INT";
    case _CPLX:
      return "DOM_COMPLEX";
    case _VECT:
      return "DOM_LIST";
    case _IDNT:
      return "DOM_IDENT";
    case _SYMB:
      return "DOM_SYMBOLIC";
    case _FRAC:
      return "DOM_RAT";
    case _STRNG:
      return "DOM_STRING";
    case _FUNC:
      return "DOM_FUNC";
    case _REAL:
      return "DOM_LONGFLOAT";
    case _MAP:
      return "DOM_MAP";
    case _SPOL1:
      return "DOM_SERIES";
    }
    return print_INT_(val);
  }

  string print_STRNG(const string & s){
    string res("\"");
    int l=int(s.size());
    for (int i=0;i<l;++i){
      res += s[i];
      if (s[i]=='"')
	res += '"';
    }
    return res+'"';
  }

  const char * printi(GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef KHICAS
    return os_shell?"i":"��";
#endif
    if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1)
      return "ί";
    if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38)
      return ""; // "\xe2\x81\xb1";
    if (xcas_mode(contextptr)==3)
      return "\xa1";
    if (xcas_mode(contextptr)>0)
      return "I";
    else
      return "i";
  }

  static string print_EQW(const eqwdata & e){
    string s;
    s += "eqwdata(position"+print_INT_(e.x)+","+print_INT_(e.y)+",dxdy,"+print_INT_(e.dx)+","+print_INT_(e.dy);
    s += ",font,"+print_INT_(e.eqw_attributs.fontsize);
    s += ",background," +print_INT_(e.eqw_attributs.background);
    s += ",text_color," +print_INT_(e.eqw_attributs.text_color)+",";
    if (e.selected)
      s +="selected,";
    if (e.active)
      s +="active,";
    s += e.g.print(context0)+")";
    return s;
  }

  string gen::print() const{
    return print(context0);
  }

  // FIXME!!!
  int gen::sprint(std::string * sptr,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    return 0;
  }

  string gen::print_universal(GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    int lang=language(contextptr);
    language(-1,contextptr);
    string res;
#ifdef NO_STDEXCEPT
    res=print(contextptr);
#else
    try {
      res=print(contextptr);
    }
    catch (...){ }
#endif
    language(lang,contextptr);
    return res;
  }

  wchar_t * gen::wprint(GIAC_CONTEXT) const {
    string s=print(contextptr);
    unsigned int ss=unsigned(s.size());
    wchar_t * ptr = (wchar_t *) malloc(sizeof(wchar_t)*(ss+1));
    /*
    unsigned int l=utf82unicode(s.c_str(),ptr,ss);
    if (l<ss){ // realloc
      wchar_t * newptr=(wchar_t *)malloc(sizeof(wchar_t)*(l+1));
      wstrcpy(newptr,ptr);
      free(ptr);
      ptr=newptr;
    }
    */
    return ptr;
  }

  string printint32(int val,int subtype,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (subtype==_INT_TYPE)
      return print_the_type(val,contextptr);

    if (subtype==_INT_SOLVER){
      switch (val){
      case _UNFACTORED:
	return "unfactored";
      case _BISECTION_SOLVER:
	return "bisection_solver";
      case _FALSEPOS_SOLVER:
	return "falsepos_solver";
      case _BRENT_SOLVER:
	return "brent_solver";
      case _NEWTON_SOLVER:
	return "newton_solver";
      case _DNEWTON_SOLVER:
	return "dnewton_solver";
      case _NEWTONJ_SOLVER:
	return "newtonj_solver";
      case _SECANT_SOLVER:
	return "secant_solver";
      case _STEFFENSON_SOLVER:
	return "steffenson_solver";
      case _HYBRIDSJ_SOLVER:
	return "hybridsj_solver";
      case _HYBRIDJ_SOLVER:
	return "hybridj_solver";
      case _HYBRIDS_SOLVER:
	return "hybrids_solver";
      case _HYBRID_SOLVER:
	return "hybrid_solver";
      case _GOLUB_REINSCH_DECOMP:
	return "golub_reinsch_decomp";
      case _GOLUB_REINSCH_MOD_DECOMP:
	return "golub_reinsch_mode_decomp";
      case _JACOBI_DECOMP:
	return "jacobi_decomp";
      case _MINOR_DET:
	return "minor_det";
      case _HESSENBERG_PCAR:
	return "hessenberg_pcar";
      case _RATIONAL_DET:
	return "rational_det";
      case _KEEP_PIVOT:
	return "keep_pivot";
      case _FADEEV:
	return "fadeev";
      case _BAREISS:
	return "bareiss";
      case _RECTANGLE_GAUCHE:
	return "left_rectangle";
      case _RECTANGLE_DROIT:
	return "right_rectangle";
      case _POINT_MILIEU:
	return "middle_point";
      case _TRAPEZE:
	return "trapezoid";
      case _SIMPSON:
	return "simpson";
      case _ROMBERGT:
	return "rombergt";
      case _ROMBERGM:
	return "rombergm";
      case _GAUSS15:
	return "gauss15";
      default:
	return print_INT_(val);
      }
    }
    if (subtype==_INT_BOOLEAN){
      if (python_compat(contextptr)){
	if (val)
	  return "True";
	else
	  return "False";
      }
      if (xcas_mode(contextptr)==2){
	if (val)
	  return "TRUE";
	else
	  return "FALSE";
      }
      else {
	if (val)
	  return "true";
	else
	  return "false";
      }
    }
    if (subtype==_INT_COLOR){
      switch (language(contextptr)){
      case 1:
	switch (val){
	case _BLACK:
	  return "noir";
	case _RED:
	  return "rouge";
	case _GREEN:
	  return "vert";
	case _YELLOW:
	  return "jaune";
	case _BLUE:
	  return "bleu";
	case _MAGENTA:
	  return "magenta";
	case _CYAN:
	  return "cyan";
	case _WHITE:
	  return "blanc";
	case _FILL_POLYGON:
	  return "rempli";
	case _QUADRANT2:
	  return "quadrant2";
	case _QUADRANT3:
	  return "quadrant3";
	case _QUADRANT4:
	  return "quadrant4";
	case _POINT_LOSANGE:
	  return "point_losange";
	case _POINT_CARRE:
	  return "point_carre";
	case _POINT_PLUS:
	  return "point_plus";
	case _POINT_TRIANGLE:
	  return "point_triangle";
	case _POINT_ETOILE:
	  return "point_etoile";
	case _POINT_POINT:
	  return "point_point";
	case _POINT_INVISIBLE:
	  return "point_invisible";
	case 49:
	  return "gomme";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_2:
	  return "epaisseur_ligne_2";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_3:
	  return "epaisseur_ligne_3";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_4:
	  return "epaisseur_ligne_4";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_5:
	  return "epaisseur_ligne_5";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_6:
	  return "epaisseur_ligne_6";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_7:
	  return "epaisseur_ligne_7";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_8:
	  return "epaisseur_ligne_8";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_2:
	  return "epaisseur_point_2";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_3:
	  return "epaisseur_point_3";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_4:
	  return "epaisseur_point_4";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_5:
	  return "epaisseur_point_5";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_6:
	  return "epaisseur_point_6";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_7:
	  return "epaisseur_point_7";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_8:
	  return "epaisseur_point_8";
	case _HIDDEN_NAME:
	  return "nom_cache";
	case _DASH_LINE:
	  return "ligne_tiret";
	case _DOT_LINE:
	  return "ligne_point";
	case _DASHDOT_LINE:
	  return "ligne_tiret_point";
	case _DASHDOTDOT_LINE:
	  return "ligne_tiret_pointpoint";
	case _CAP_FLAT_LINE:
	  return "ligne_chapeau_plat";
	case _CAP_ROUND_LINE:
	  return "ligne_chapeau_rond";
	case _CAP_SQUARE_LINE:
	  return "ligne_chapeau_carre";
	}
	break;
      case 4:
	switch (val){
	case _BLACK:
	  return "black";
	case _RED:
	  return "red";
	case _GREEN:
	  return "green";
	case _YELLOW:
	  return "yellow";
	case _BLUE:
	  return "blue";
	case _MAGENTA:
	  return "magenta";
	case _CYAN:
	  return "cyan";
	case _WHITE:
	  return "white";
	case _FILL_POLYGON:
	  return "filled";
	case _QUADRANT2:
	  return "quadrant2";
	case _QUADRANT3:
	  return "quadrant3";
	case _QUADRANT4:
	  return "quadrant4";
	case _POINT_LOSANGE:
	  return "ρομβοειδές_σημείο";
	case _POINT_CARRE:
	  return "τετραγωνικό_σημείο";
	case _POINT_PLUS:
	  return "σταυροειδές_σημείο";
	case _POINT_TRIANGLE:
	  return "τριγωνικό_σημείο";
	case _POINT_ETOILE:
	  return "αστροειδές_σημείο";
	case _POINT_POINT:
	  return "point_point";
	case _POINT_INVISIBLE:
	  return "αόρατο_σημείο";
	case 49:
	  return "gomme";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_2:
	  return "εύρος_γραμμής_2";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_3:
	  return "εύρος_γραμμής_3";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_4:
	  return "εύρος_γραμμής_4";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_5:
	  return "εύρος_γραμμής_5";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_6:
	  return "εύρος_γραμμής_6";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_7:
	  return "εύρος_γραμμής_7";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_8:
	  return "εύρος_γραμμής_8";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_2:
	  return "εύρος_σημείου_2";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_3:
	  return "εύρος_σημείου_3";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_4:
	  return "εύρος_σημείου_4";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_5:
	  return "εύρος_σημείου_5";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_6:
	  return "εύρος_σημείου_6";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_7:
	  return "εύρος_σημείου_7";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_8:
	  return "εύρος_σημείου_8";
	case _HIDDEN_NAME:
	  return "hidden_name";
	case _DASH_LINE:
	  return "γραμμή_διακεκομμένη";
	case _DOT_LINE:
	  return "παύλα_τελεία";
	case _DASHDOT_LINE:
	  return "γραμμή_παύλα_τελεία";
	case _DASHDOTDOT_LINE:
	  return "γραμμή_παύλα_τελείατελεία";
	case _CAP_FLAT_LINE:
	  return "γραμμή_επίπεδο_καβούκι";
	case _CAP_ROUND_LINE:
	  return "γραμμή_στρογγυλό_καβούκι";
	case _CAP_SQUARE_LINE:
	  return "γραμμή_τετράγωνο_καβούκι";
	}
      default:
	switch (val){
	case _BLACK:
	  return "black";
	case _RED:
	  return "red";
	case _GREEN:
	  return "green";
	case _YELLOW:
	  return "yellow";
	case _BLUE:
	  return "blue";
	case _MAGENTA:
	  return "magenta";
	case _CYAN:
	  return "cyan";
	case _WHITE:
	  return "white";
	case _FILL_POLYGON:
	  return "filled";
	case _QUADRANT2:
	  return "quadrant2";
	case _QUADRANT3:
	  return "quadrant3";
	case _QUADRANT4:
	  return "quadrant4";
	case _POINT_LOSANGE:
	  return "rhombus_point";
	case _POINT_CARRE:
	  return "square_point";
	case _POINT_PLUS:
	  return "plus_point";
	case _POINT_TRIANGLE:
	  return "triangle_point";
	case _POINT_ETOILE:
	  return "star_point";
	case _POINT_POINT:
	  return "point_point";
	case _POINT_INVISIBLE:
	  return "invisible_point";
	case 49:
	  return "gomme";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_2:
	  return "line_width_2";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_3:
	  return "line_width_3";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_4:
	  return "line_width_4";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_5:
	  return "line_width_5";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_6:
	  return "line_width_6";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_7:
	  return "line_width_7";
	case _LINE_WIDTH_8:
	  return "line_width_8";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_2:
	  return "point_width_2";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_3:
	  return "point_width_3";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_4:
	  return "point_width_4";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_5:
	  return "point_width_5";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_6:
	  return "point_width_6";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_7:
	  return "point_width_7";
	case _POINT_WIDTH_8:
	  return "point_width_8";
	case _HIDDEN_NAME:
	  return "hidden_name";
	case _DASH_LINE:
	  return "dash_line";
	case _DOT_LINE:
	  return "dot_line";
	case _DASHDOT_LINE:
	  return "dashdot_line";
	case _DASHDOTDOT_LINE:
	  return "dashdotdot_line";
	case _CAP_FLAT_LINE:
	  return "cap_flat_line";
	case _CAP_ROUND_LINE:
	  return "cap_round_line";
	case _CAP_SQUARE_LINE:
	  return "cap_square_line";
	}
      }
      // switch (val){ }
    }
    if (subtype==_INT_PLOT){
      switch(val){
      case _ADAPTIVE:
	return "adaptive";
      case _AXES:
	return "axes";
      case _COLOR:
	return "color";
      case _FILLED:
	return "filled";
      case _FONT:
	return "font";
      case _LABELS:
	return "labels";
      case _LEGEND:
	return "legend";
      case _LINESTYLE:
	return "linestyle";
      case _RESOLUTION:
	return "resolution";
      case _SAMPLE:
	return "sample";
      case _SCALING:
	return "scaling";
      case _STYLE:
	return "style";
      case _SYMBOL:
	return "symbol";
      case _SYMBOLSIZE:
	return "symbolsize";
      case _THICKNESS:
	return "thickness";
      case _TITLE:
	return "title";
      case _TITLEFONT:
	return "titlefont";
      case _VIEW:
	return "view";
      case _AXESFONT:
	return "axesfont";
      case _COORDS:
	return "coords";
      case _LABELFONT:
	return "labelfont";
      case _LABELDIRECTIONS:
	return "labeldirections";
      case _NUMPOINTS:
	return "numpoints";
      case _TICKMARKS:
	return "tickmarks";
      case _XTICKMARKS:
	return "xtickmarks";
      case _NSTEP:
	return "nstep";
      case _XSTEP:
	return "xstep";
      case _YSTEP:
	return "ystep";
      case _ZSTEP:
	return "zstep";
      case _TSTEP:
	return "tstep";
      case _USTEP:
	return "ustep";
      case _VSTEP:
	return "vstep";
      case _FRAMES:
	return "frames";
      case _GL_TEXTURE:
	return "gl_texture";
      case _GL_LIGHT0:
	return "gl_light0";
      case _GL_LIGHT1:
	return "gl_light1";
      case _GL_LIGHT2:
	return "gl_light2";
      case _GL_LIGHT3:
	return "gl_light3";
      case _GL_LIGHT4:
	return "gl_light4";
      case _GL_LIGHT5:
	return "gl_light5";
      case _GL_LIGHT6:
	return "gl_light6";
      case _GL_LIGHT7:
	return "gl_light7";
      case _GL_AMBIENT:
	return "gl_ambient";
      case _GL_SPECULAR:
	return "gl_specular";
      case _GL_DIFFUSE:
	return "gl_diffuse";
      case _GL_POSITION:
	return "gl_position";
      case _GL_SPOT_DIRECTION:
	return "gl_spot_direction";
      case _GL_SPOT_EXPONENT:
	return "gl_spot_exponent";
      case _GL_SPOT_CUTOFF:
	return "gl_spot_cutoff";
      case _GL_CONSTANT_ATTENUATION:
	return "gl_constant_attenuation";
      case _GL_LINEAR_ATTENUATION:
	return "gl_linear_attenuation";
      case _GL_QUADRATIC_ATTENUATION:
	return "gl_quadratic_attenuation";
      case _GL_OPTION:
	return "gl_option";
      case _GL_SMOOTH:
	return "gl_smooth";
      case _GL_FLAT:
	return "gl_flat";
      case _GL_SHININESS:
	return "gl_shininess";
      case _GL_FRONT:
	return "gl_front";
      case _GL_BACK:
	return "gl_back";
      case _GL_FRONT_AND_BACK:
	return "gl_front_and_back";
      case _GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE:
	return "gl_ambient_and_diffuse";
      case _GL_EMISSION:
	return "gl_emission";
      case _GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT:
	return "gl_light_model_ambient";
      case _GL_LIGHT_MODEL_LOCAL_VIEWER:
	return "gl_light_model_local_viewer";
      case _GL_LIGHT_MODEL_TWO_SIDE:
	return "gl_light_model_two_side";
      case _GL_LIGHT_MODEL_COLOR_CONTROL:
	return "gl_light_model_color_control";
      case _GL_BLEND:
	return "gl_blend";
      case _GL_SRC_ALPHA:
	return "gl_src_alpha";
      case _GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA:
	return "gl_one_minus_src_alpha";
      case _GL_SEPARATE_SPECULAR_COLOR:
	return "gl_separate_specular_color";
      case _GL_SINGLE_COLOR:
	return "gl_single_color";
      case _GL_MATERIAL:
	return "gl_material";
      case _GL_COLOR_INDEXES:
	return "gl_color_indexes";
      case _GL_LIGHT:
	return "gl_light";
      case _GL_PERSPECTIVE:
	return "gl_perspective";
      case _GL_ORTHO:
	return "gl_ortho";
      case _GL_QUATERNION:
	return "gl_quaternion";
      case _GL_ROTATION_AXIS:
	return "gl_rotation_axis";
      case _GL_X:
	return "gl_x";
      case _GL_Y:
	return "gl_y";
      case _GL_Z:
	return "gl_z";
      case _GL_XTICK:
	return "gl_xtick";
      case _GL_YTICK:
	return "gl_ytick";
      case _GL_ZTICK:
	return "gl_ztick";
      case _GL_ANIMATE:
	return "gl_animate";
      case _GL_SHOWAXES:
	return "gl_showaxes";
      case _GL_SHOWNAMES:
	return "gl_shownames";
      case _GL_X_AXIS_NAME:
	return "gl_x_axis_name";
      case _GL_Y_AXIS_NAME:
	return "gl_y_axis_name";
      case _GL_Z_AXIS_NAME:
	return "gl_z_axis_name";
      case _GL_X_AXIS_UNIT:
	return "gl_x_axis_unit";
      case _GL_Y_AXIS_UNIT:
	return "gl_y_axis_unit";
      case _GL_Z_AXIS_UNIT:
	return "gl_z_axis_unit";
      case _GL_LOGX:
	return "gl_logx";
      case _GL_LOGY:
	return "gl_logy";
      case _GL_LOGZ:
	return "gl_logz";
      }
    }
    if (subtype==_INT_MAPLELIB){
      switch (val){
      case _LINALG:
	return "linalg";
      case _NUMTHEORY:
	return "numtheory";
      case _GROEBNER:
	return "groebner";
      }
    }
    if (subtype==_INT_MAPLECONVERSION){
      switch (val){
      case _MAPLE_LIST:
	return "list";
      case _SET__VECT:
	return "set";
      case _MATRIX__VECT:
	return "matrix";
      case _POLY1__VECT:
	return "polynom";
      case _TRIG:
	return "trig";
      case _EXPLN:
	return "expln";
      case _PARFRAC:
	return "parfrac";
      case _FULLPARFRAC:
	return "fullparfrac";
      case _CONFRAC:
	return "confrac";
      case _BASE:
	return "base";
      case _POSINT:
	return "posint";
      case _NEGINT:
	return "negint";
      case _NONPOSINT:
	return "nonposint";
      case _NONNEGINT:
	return "nonnegint";
      case _LP_ASSUME:
	return "lp_assume";
      case _LP_BINARY:
	return "lp_binary";
      case _LP_BINARYVARIABLES:
	return "lp_binaryvariables";
      case _LP_DEPTHLIMIT:
	return "lp_depthlimit";
      case _LP_MAXIMIZE:
	return "lp_maximize";
      case _LP_NONNEGATIVE:
	return "lp_nonnegative";
      case _LP_NONNEGINT:
	return "lp_nonnegint";
      case _LP_VARIABLES:
	return "lp_variables";
      case _LP_INTEGER:
	return "lp_integer";
      case _LP_INTEGERVARIABLES:
	return "lp_integervariables";
      }
    }
    if (subtype==_INT_MUPADOPERATOR){
      switch (val){
      case _DELETE_OPERATOR:
	return "Delete";
      case _PREFIX_OPERATOR:
	return "Prefix";
      case _POSTFIX_OPERATOR:
	return "Postfix";
      case _BINARY_OPERATOR:
	return "Binary";
      case _NARY_OPERATOR:
	return "Nary";
      }
    }
    if (subtype==_INT_GROEBNER){
      switch (val){
      case _REVLEX_ORDER:
	return "revlex";
      case _PLEX_ORDER:
	return "plex";
      case _TDEG_ORDER:
	return "tdeg";
      case _WITH_COCOA:
	return "with_cocoa";
      case _WITH_F5:
	return "with_f5";
      case _MODULAR_CHECK:
	return "modular_check";
      case _RUR_REVLEX:
	return "rur";
      }
    }
    return print_INT_(val);
  }

  static void print_float(const float & f,char * ch){
    sprintfdouble(ch,"%.14g",f);
  }

  string print_FLOAT_(const giac_float & f,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    char ch[64];
#ifdef BCD
#ifndef CAS38_DISABLED
    int i=get_int(f);
    if (is_zero(f-i))
      return print_INT_(i)+'.';
#endif
    print_float(f,ch);
#else
    print_float(f,ch);
#endif
    return ch;
  }

  static string print_FRAC(const gen & f,GIAC_CONTEXT){
    if (f._FRACptr->num.type==_INT_ && f._FRACptr->den.type==_INT_){
      string s(f._FRACptr->num.print(contextptr));
      s += "/";
      add_print(s,f._FRACptr->den,contextptr);
      return s;
    }
    if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1 && f._FRACptr->den.type==_CPLX){
      gen n=f._FRACptr->num,d=f._FRACptr->den,dr,di;
      reim(d,dr,di,contextptr);
      n=n*gen(dr,-di);
      d=dr*dr+di*di;
      gen nd=fraction(n,d);
      if (nd.type==_FRAC)
	return print_FRAC(nd,contextptr);
      else
	return nd.print(contextptr);
    }
    return _FRAC2_SYMB(f).print(contextptr);
  }

  string gen::print(GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    switch (type ) {
    case _INT_:
      if (val<0 && val != (1<<31) && calc_mode(contextptr)==38)
	return "−"+(-*this).print(contextptr);
      if (subtype)
	return localize(printint32(val,subtype,contextptr),language(contextptr));
      switch (integer_format(contextptr)){
      case 16:
	return hexa_print_INT_(val);
      case 8:
	return octal_print_INT_(val);
      case 2:
	return binary_print_INT_(val);
      default:
	return print_INT_(val);
      }
    case _DOUBLE_:
      return print_DOUBLE_(_DOUBLE_val,contextptr);
    case _FLOAT_:
      if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 && is_strictly_positive(-*this,contextptr)) return "−"+print_FLOAT_(-_FLOAT_val,contextptr);
      return print_FLOAT_(_FLOAT_val,contextptr);
    case _ZINT:
      if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 && is_strictly_positive(-*this,contextptr))
	return "−"+(-*this).print(contextptr);
      switch (integer_format(contextptr)){
      case 16:
	return hexa_print_ZINT(*_ZINTptr);
      case 8:
	return octal_print_ZINT(*_ZINTptr);
      default:
	return print_ZINT(*_ZINTptr);
      }
    case _REAL:
      return _REALptr->print(contextptr);
    case _CPLX:
      // if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38) return "("+_CPLXptr->print(contextptr)+","+(_CPLXptr+1)->print(contextptr)+")";
      if (is_exactly_zero(*(_CPLXptr+1)))
	return _CPLXptr->print(contextptr);
#ifndef GIAC_GGB
      if (*complex_display_ptr(*this) &1){
#ifdef BCD
	if (_CPLXptr->type==_FLOAT_ && (_CPLXptr+1)->type==_FLOAT_)
#ifdef GIAC_HAS_STO_38
    //grad
	  return abs(*this,contextptr).print(contextptr)+"\xe2\x88\xa1"+print_FLOAT_(atan2f(_CPLXptr->_FLOAT_val,(_CPLXptr+1)->_FLOAT_val,angle_radian(contextptr)?AMRad:(angle_degree(contextptr)?AMDeg:AMGrad)),contextptr);
#else
	return abs(*this,contextptr).print(contextptr)+"\xe2\x88\xa1"+print_FLOAT_(atan2f(_CPLXptr->_FLOAT_val,(_CPLXptr+1)->_FLOAT_val,angle_radian(contextptr)),contextptr);
#endif
#endif
	// return abs(*this,contextptr).print(contextptr)+"\xe2\x88\xa1"+(angle_radian(contextptr)?arg(*this,contextptr):arg(*this,contextptr)*rad2deg_g).print(contextptr);
	return abs(*this,contextptr).print(contextptr)+"\xe2\x88\xa1"+arg(*this,contextptr).print(contextptr);
      }
#endif // GIAC_GGB
      if (is_exactly_zero(*_CPLXptr)){
	if (is_one(*(_CPLXptr+1)))
	  return printi(contextptr);
	if (is_minus_one(*(_CPLXptr+1)))
	  return (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38?string("−"):string("-"))+printi(contextptr);
	return ((_CPLXptr+1)->print(contextptr) + string("*"))+printi(contextptr);
      }
      if (is_one(*(_CPLXptr+1)))
	return (_CPLXptr->print(contextptr) + string("+"))+printi(contextptr);
      if (is_minus_one(*(_CPLXptr+1)))
	return (_CPLXptr->print(contextptr) + string("-"))+printi(contextptr);
      if (is_positive(-(*(_CPLXptr+1)),contextptr))
	return (_CPLXptr->print(contextptr) + string("-") + (-(*(_CPLXptr+1))).print(contextptr) + "*")+printi(contextptr);
      return (_CPLXptr->print(contextptr) + string("+") + (_CPLXptr+1)->print(contextptr) + "*")+printi(contextptr);
    case _IDNT:
      if (calc_mode(contextptr)==1 && (is_inf(*this) || is_undef(*this)))
	return "?";
      return _IDNTptr->print(contextptr);
    case _SYMB:
      {
	int d=depth(*this,0,print_max_depth);
	if (d>=print_max_depth)
	  return "Too many embeddings";
      }
      if (is_inf(_SYMBptr->feuille)){
	if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_plus){
#ifdef KHICAS
	  return "oo";
#else
	  if (
	      // calc_mode(contextptr)!=1
	      abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38
	      )
	    return "∞";
	  else
	    return "+infinity";
#endif
	}
	if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_neg){
#ifdef KHICAS
	  return "-oo";
#else
	  if (
	      // calc_mode(contextptr)!=1
	      abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38
	      )
	    return "-∞";
	  else
	    return "-infinity";
#endif
	}
      }
      if (subtype==_SPREAD__SYMB){
	if (_SYMBptr->sommet==at_sto)
	  return "=("+_SYMBptr->print(contextptr)+")";
	return "="+_SYMBptr->print(contextptr);
      }
      else
	return _SYMBptr->print(contextptr);
    case _VECT:
      if (subtype==_GRAPH__VECT){
	string s;
	if (is_graphe(*this,s,contextptr))
	  return '"'+s+'"';
      }
      return print_VECT(*_VECTptr,subtype,contextptr);
    case _POLY:
      return _POLYptr->print() ;
    case _SPOL1:
      return print_SPOL1(*_SPOL1ptr,contextptr);
    case _EXT: {
      string s("%%{");
      s += _EXTptr->print(contextptr);
      s += ':';
      s += (*(_EXTptr+1)).print(contextptr);
      s += "%%}";
      return s;
    }
    case _USER:
      return _USERptr->print(contextptr);
    case _MOD:
#ifdef GIAC_HAS_STO_38
      if ( (_MODptr->type==_SYMB && _MODptr->_SYMBptr->sommet!=at_pow) || (_MODptr->type==_VECT && _MODptr->subtype==_SEQ__VECT) )
	return "("+_MODptr->print(contextptr)+") %% "+(*(_MODptr+1)).print(contextptr);
      return _MODptr->print(contextptr)+" %% "+(*(_MODptr+1)).print(contextptr);
#else
      if ( (_MODptr->type==_SYMB && _MODptr->_SYMBptr->sommet!=at_pow) || (_MODptr->type==_VECT && _MODptr->subtype==_SEQ__VECT) )
	return "("+_MODptr->print(contextptr)+")"+(python_compat(contextptr)?" mod ":" % ")+(*(_MODptr+1)).print(contextptr);
      return _MODptr->print(contextptr)+(python_compat(contextptr)?" mod ":" % ")+(*(_MODptr+1)).print(contextptr);
#endif
    case _FRAC:
      return print_FRAC(*this,contextptr);
    case _STRNG:
#ifdef GIAC_HAS_STO_38
      // if (subtype==-1)
      // return AspenPrintErrorString(*_STRNGptr);
#endif
      return print_STRNG(*_STRNGptr);
    case _FUNC:
      if (*this==at_return){
	if (xcas_mode(contextptr)==3)
	  return "Return";
	else
	  return "return ;";
      }
      if (rpn_mode(contextptr) || _FUNCptr->ptr()->printsommet==&printastifunction || subtype==0)
	return _FUNCptr->ptr()->print(contextptr);
      else
	return string("'")+_FUNCptr->ptr()->print(contextptr)+"'";
    case _MAP:
      if (subtype==1)
	return maptoarray(*_MAPptr,contextptr).print(contextptr);
      else
	return printmap(*_MAPptr,contextptr);
    case _EQW:
      return print_EQW(*_EQWptr);
    case _POINTER_: {
      // handle 64 bits pointers
      unsigned long long u=(unsigned long long)_POINTER_val;
      if (u<(1U<<31))
	return "pointer("+hexa_print_INT_(int((alias_type)_POINTER_val))+","+print_INT_(subtype)+")";
      gen z=longlong(u);
      return "pointer("+hexa_print_ZINT(*z._ZINTptr)+","+print_INT_(subtype)+")";
    }
    default:
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      settypeerr(gettext("print"));
#endif
      return "print error";
    }
    return "print error";
  }

#ifdef ConnectivityKit
  const char * gen::dbgprint() const { return "Done";}
#else
#if defined(VISUALC) && !defined(MS_SMART)
  const char * gen::dbgprint() const { ATLTRACE2("%s\r\n", this->print(0).c_str()); return "Done";}
#else
  const char * gen::dbgprint() const{
    if (this->type==_POLY)
      return _POLYptr->dbgprint();
    static string *sptr=0;
    if (!sptr) sptr=new string;
    *sptr=this->print(context0);
#if 0 // ndef NSPIRE
    COUT << *sptr;
#endif
    return sptr->c_str();
  }
#endif
#endif

#ifdef KHICAS
 stdostream & operator << (stdostream & os,const gen & a){
   return os << a.print(context0);
 }
#endif
#ifndef NSPIRE
  ostream & operator << (ostream & os,const gen & a) { return os << a.print(context0); }
#endif

  string monome::print(GIAC_CONTEXT) const {
    // if (abs_calc_mode(contextptr)==38 )
      return "%%%{" + coeff.print(contextptr) + ',' + exponent.print(contextptr) + "%%%}" ;
      //return "<<" + coeff.print(contextptr) + ',' + exponent.print(contextptr) + ">>" ;
  }

  const char * monome::dbgprint() const {
    static string *sptr=0;
    if (!sptr) sptr=new string;
    *sptr=this->print(context0);
#if 0 // ndef NSPIRE
    COUT << *sptr;
#endif
    return sptr->c_str();
  }

#ifndef NSPIRE
  ostream & operator << (ostream & os,const monome & m){
    return os << m.print(context0) ;
  }
#endif

  /*
  gen string2_ZINT(string s,int l,int & pos){
    char ss[l+1];
    int neg=1;
    if (s[pos]=='-'){
      pos++;
      neg=-1;
    }
    int i=0;
    for (;(pos<l) && (s[pos]>='0') && (s[pos]<='9');pos++,i++)
      ss[i]=s[pos];
    if ((!i) && (s[pos]=='i') || (s[pos]=='I')){
      return(neg);
    }
    assert(i);
    ss[i]=char(0);
    mpz_t *mpzin = new mpz_t[1];
    mpz_init(*mpzin);
    mpz_set_str (*mpzin, ss, 10);
    if (neg>0)
      return(gen(mpzin));
    else
      return(-gen(mpzin));
  }

  istream & operator >> (istream & is,gen & a){
    string s;
    is >> s;
    int l=s.size();
    int pos=0;
    a=gen(0);
    while (pos<l){
      if ((s[pos]=='i') || (s[pos]=='I')){
	a=a+gen(0,1);
	pos++;
      }
      else {
	if (s[pos]=='+')
	  pos++;
	else {
	  gen tmp(string2_ZINT(s,l,pos));
	  if (s[pos]=='*'){
	    pos++;
	    assert( (s[pos]=='i') || (s[pos]=='I') );
	    pos++; // skip *I
	    a=a+tmp*cst_i;
	  }
	  else {
	    if ((s[pos]=='i') || (s[pos]=='I')){
	      pos++; // skip I
	      a=a+tmp*cst_i;
	    }
	    else
	      a=a+tmp;
	  }
	}
      }
    }
    return is;
  }
  */
#ifdef NSPIRE
  template<class T> nio::ios_base<T> & operator>>(nio::ios_base<T> & is,gen & a){
    string s;
    is >> s;
    a = gen(s,context0);
    return is;
  }
#else
  istream & operator >> (istream & is,gen & a){
    string s;
    is >> s;
    a = gen(s,context0);
    return is;
  }
#endif

  /* Some string utilities not use anymore */
  // Note that this function should be optimized for large input
  string cut_string(const string & chaine,int nchar,vector<int> & ligne_end) {
    // CERR << CLOCK() << '\n';
    int pos;
    if (ligne_end.empty())
      pos=0;
    else
      pos=ligne_end.back()+1;
    int l=int(chaine.size());
    string res;
    for (int i=0;i<l;){
      // look for \n between i and l
      int k=int(chaine.find_first_of('\n',i));
      if ( (l-i<nchar) && ((k<i)||(k>=l-1)) ){
	ligne_end.push_back(pos+l);
	// CERR << CLOCK() << '\n';
	return res+chaine.substr(i,l-i);
      }
      if ((k>=i) && (k<i+nchar+4*(i==0)) ){
	ligne_end.push_back(pos+k);
	res += chaine.substr(i,k+1-i);
	i=k+1;
      }
      else {
	int j;
	int j1=int(chaine.find_last_of('+',i+nchar+4*(i==0)));
	int j2=int(chaine.find_last_of('-',i+nchar+4*(i==0)));
	int j3=int(chaine.find_last_of(',',i+nchar+4*(i==0)));
	j=giacmax(j1,giacmax(j2,j3));
	if ((j-i)<(nchar/2))
	  j=i+nchar+4*(i==0);
	ligne_end.push_back(pos+giacmin(j,l));
	res += chaine.substr(i,j-i);
	i=j;
	if (i<l){
	  res +="\\\n     ";
	  pos +=7;
	}
      }
    }
    // CERR << CLOCK() << '\n';
    return res;
  }

  string calc_endlines_positions(const vecteur & history_in,const vecteur & history_out,int nchar,vector<int> & endlines,vector<int> & positions){
    string res;
    endlines.clear();
    positions.clear();
    int s_in=int(history_in.size()),s_out=int(history_out.size());
    int s=giacmax(s_in,s_out);
    for (int i=0;i<s;++i){
      string chaine;
      if (rpn_mode(context0))
	chaine=print_INT_(s-i)+": ";
      else
	chaine=print_INT_(i)+": ";
      if (!rpn_mode(context0)){
	if (i<s_in)
	  chaine+=history_in[i].print(context0)+" = ";
      }
      else
	chaine +="   ";
      if (i<s_out)
	chaine += history_out[i].print(context0);
      if (i)
	res +='\n';
      res += cut_string(chaine,nchar,endlines);
      positions.push_back(endlines.back());
    }
    return res;
  }

  bool is_operator_char(char c){
    switch(c){
    case '+': case '-': case '*': case '/': case '^': case '%':
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  static bool is_operator_char(char c,char op){
    switch(c){
    case '+': case '-':
      return true;
    case '*': case '/': case '^': case '%':
      return c==op;
    }
    return false;
  }

  bool matchpos(const string & s,int & pos){
    char c=s[pos];
    char c_orig=c;
    int l=int(s.size());
    int counter1=0,counter2=0,counter3=0,incr;
    if ( (c==')') || (c==']') || (c=='}') )
      incr=-1;
    else
      incr=1;
    for (;(pos>=0) && (pos<l);pos+=incr){
      switch (c=s[pos]){
      case '(':
	counter1++;
	break;
      case ')':
	counter1--;
	break;
      case '[':
	counter2++;
	break;
      case ']':
	counter2--;
	break;
      case '{':
	counter3++;
	break;
      case '}':
	counter3--;
	break;
      }
      if ( (!counter1) && (!counter2) && (!counter3) ){
	bool res=false;
	switch (c_orig){
	case '(':
	  res=c==')';
	  break;
	case '[':
	  res=c==']';
	  break;
	case '{':
	  res=c=='}';
	  break;
	case ')':
	  res=c=='(';
	  break;
	case ']':
	  res=c=='[';
	  break;
	case '}':
	  res=c=='{';
	  break;
	}
	return res;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  static void find_left(const string & s,int & pos1,int & pos2){
    int l=int(s.size());
    pos1=giacmin(giacmax(pos1,0),l);
    int pos1orig=pos1;
    if (!pos1)
      return;
    pos2=giacmax(giacmin(pos2,l),0);
    int counter1=0,counter2=0;
    if (pos2==l){
      int i=pos2;
      for (;i>pos1;){
	--i;
	char ch = s[i];
	if (ch=='(')
	  ++counter1;
	if (ch==')')
	  --counter1;
	if (ch=='[')
	  ++counter2;
	if (ch==']')
	  --counter2;
      }
    }
    for (;pos1>=0;--pos1){
      char ch=s[pos1];
      if ( (!counter1) && (!counter2) && ( (ch=='(') || (ch=='[') || (ch=='+') || (ch=='-') || (ch==',')  )){
	if ( (pos1<pos1orig) && ( (ch!='(') || (s[pos2-1]!=')') ) )
	  ++pos1;
	break;
      }
      if (ch=='('){
	++counter1;
	if ( (!counter1) && (!counter2) ){
	  if (s[pos2-1]==')')
	    break;
	  if ( pos1 && isalphan(s[pos1-1])){
	    --pos1;
	    for (;pos1>=0;--pos1)
	      if (!isalphan(s[pos1]))
		break;
	    ++pos1;
	  }
	  break;
	}
      }
      if (ch==')')
	--counter1;
      if (ch=='['){
	++counter2;
	if ( (!counter1) && (!counter2) ){
	  if (s[pos2-1]==']')
	    break;
	  if ( pos1 && isalphan(s[pos1-1])){
	    --pos1;
	    for (;pos1>=0;--pos1)
	      if (!isalphan(s[pos1]))
		break;
	    ++pos1;
	  }
	  break;
	}
      }
      if (ch==']')
	--counter2;
    }
  }

  static void find_right(const string & s,int & pos1,int & pos2){
    int l=int(s.size());
    pos1=giacmin(giacmax(pos1,0),l);
    pos2=giacmax(giacmin(pos2,l),0);
    int pos2orig=pos2;
    int counter1=0,counter2=0;
    for (int i=pos1;(i<pos2-1) && (i<l);++i){
      char ch=s[i];
      if (ch=='(')
	++counter1;
      if (ch==')')
	--counter1;
      if (ch=='[')
	++counter2;
      if (ch==']')
	--counter2;
      if ( (counter1<0) && (pos1) ){ // restart at an earlier position
	pos1=int(s.find_last_of('(',pos1-1));
	if (pos1<0)
	  pos1=0;
	i=pos1-1;
	counter1=0;
	counter2=0;
      }
    }
    for (;pos2<=l;++pos2){
      char ch=s[pos2-1];
      if ( (!counter1) && (!counter2) && ( (ch==')') ||  (ch==']') || (ch=='+') || (ch=='-') || (ch==',')  ) && (pos2>pos2orig)){
	--pos2;
	break;
      }
      if (ch=='(')
	++counter1;
      if (ch==')'){
	--counter1;
	if ( (!counter1) && (!counter2) ){
	  if ( (pos1>0) && (s[pos1]=='(') && isalphan(s[pos1-1])){
	    --pos1;
	    for (;pos1>=0;--pos1)
	      if (!isalphan(s[pos1]))
		break;
	    ++pos1;
	  }
	  break;
	}
      }
      if (ch=='[')
	++counter2;
      if (ch==']'){
	--counter2;
	if ( (!counter1) && (!counter2) ){
	  if ( (pos1>0) && (s[pos1]=='[') && isalphan(s[pos1-1])){
	    --pos1;
	    for (;pos1>=0;--pos1)
	      if (!isalphan(s[pos1]))
		break;
	    ++pos1;
	  }
	  break;
	}
      }
    }
    if (pos2==l+1)
      find_left(s,pos1,pos2);
  }

  void increase_selection(const string & s,int & pos1,int& pos2){
    int l=int(s.size());
    int pos1_orig(pos1),pos2_orig(pos2);
    // adjust selection (does not change anything on a valid selection)
    find_left(s,pos1,pos2);
    find_right(s,pos1,pos2);
    if ( (pos1!=pos1_orig) || (pos2!=pos2_orig) )
      return;
    if (pos1 && (pos2<l) && ( (s[pos1-1]=='(') || (s[pos1-1]==',')) && (s[pos2]!=')') && (s[pos2]!=',')){
      ++pos2;
      find_right(s,pos1,pos2);
      return;
    }
    if (pos1>1){
      char op=s[pos1-1];
      --pos1;
      for (;pos1;--pos1){
	if (s[pos1]==',')
	  op=0;
	if (!is_operator_char(s[pos1],op))
	  break;
      }
      if (s[pos1]=='(' && pos1){
	--pos1;
	for (;pos1;--pos1){
	  if (!isalphan(s[pos1]))
	    break;
	}
	++pos1;
      }
      find_left(s,pos1,pos2);
      find_right(s,pos1,pos2);
      return;
    }
    pos1=0;
    ++pos2;
    find_right(s,pos1,pos2);
  }

  void decrease_selection(const string & s,int & pos1,int& pos2){
    int l=int(s.size());
    int pos2_orig(pos2);
    // adjust selection (does not change anything on a valid selection)
    find_left(s,pos1,pos2);
    if (pos2!=l)
      --pos2;
    if (!pos2)
      return;
    int counter1=0,counter2=0;
    char op=' ';
    if (pos2<l-1)
      op=s[pos2+1];
    for (;pos2>pos1;--pos2){
      char ch=s[pos2];
      if (ch=='('){
	++counter1;
	if ( (!counter1) && (!counter2) && pos2_orig && (s[pos2_orig-1]==')') ){
	  pos1=pos2+1;
	  pos2=pos2_orig-1;
	  return;
	}
      }
      if (ch==')')
	--counter1;
      if (ch=='[')
	++counter2;
      if (ch==']')
	--counter2;
      if (ch==',')
	op=0;
      if ( (!counter1) && (!counter2) && ( is_operator_char(ch,op) || (ch==',')) )
	return;
    }
    for (;pos1<l;++pos1){
      char ch=s[pos1];
      if ( (ch=='(') ||  (ch=='[') || (ch=='+') || (ch==','))
	break;
    }
    ++pos1;
    pos2=pos1+1;
    find_right(s,pos1,pos2);
  }

  void move_selection_right(const string & s,int & pos1, int & pos2){
    int l=int(s.size());
    // int pos1_orig(pos1),pos2_orig(pos2);
    // adjust selection (does not change anything on a valid selection)
    find_right(s,pos1,pos2);
    pos1=pos2;
    char op=s[pos1];
    for (;pos1<l;++pos1){
      if (s[pos1]==',')
	op=0;
      if (!is_operator_char(s[pos1],op) && (s[pos1]!=')') && (s[pos1]!=']'))
	break;
    }
    pos2=pos1+1;
    find_right(s,pos1,pos2);
  }

  void move_selection_left(const string & s,int & pos1, int & pos2){
    // int l=s.size();
    // int pos1_orig(pos1),pos2_orig(pos2);
    // adjust selection (does not change anything on a valid selection)
    find_left(s,pos1,pos2);
    pos2=pos1-1;
    char op=s[pos2];
    for (;pos2>0;--pos2){
      if (s[pos2-1]==',')
	op=0;
      if (!is_operator_char(s[pos2-1],op) && (s[pos2-1]!='(') && (s[pos2-1]!='[') )
	break;
    }
    if (pos2<=0){
      pos1=0;
      pos2=0;
      return;
    }
    pos1=pos2-1;
    find_left(s,pos1,pos2);
    find_right(s,pos1,pos2);
  }

  string remove_extension(const string & chaine){
    int s=int(chaine.size());
    if (s>4 && chaine.substr(s-4,4)==".tns")
      return remove_extension(chaine.substr(0,s-4));
    int l=int(chaine.find_last_of('.',s));
    int ll=int(chaine.find_last_of('/',s));
    if (l>0 && l<s){
      if ( ll<=0 || ll>=s || l>ll)
	return chaine.substr(0,l);
    }
    return chaine;
  }

  //environment * env=new environment;

  // Real object and real interval functions

  real_object & real_object::operator = (const real_object & g) {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_clear(inf);
    mpfr_init2(inf,mpfr_get_prec(g.inf));
    mpfr_set(inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_clear(inf);
    mpf_init_set(inf,g.inf);
#endif
    return *this;
  }

#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
  real_interval::real_interval(const mpfi_t & interv) {
    int nbits=mpfi_get_prec(interv);
    mpfr_set_prec(inf,nbits);
    mpfi_get_fr(inf,interv);
    mpfi_init2(infsup,nbits);
    mpfi_set(infsup,interv);
  }
#endif

  real_object & real_interval::operator = (const real_interval & g) {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_clear(inf);
#else
    mpf_clear(inf);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_clear(infsup);
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_clear(sup);
#else
    mpf_clear(sup);
#endif
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_init2(inf,mpfr_get_prec(g.inf));
    mpfr_set(inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_init_set(inf,g.inf);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_init2(infsup,mpfi_get_prec(g.infsup));
    mpfi_set(infsup,g.infsup);
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_init2(sup,mpfr_get_prec(g.sup));
    mpfr_set(sup,g.sup,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_init_set(sup,g.sup);
#endif
#endif
    return *this;
  }

  real_object & real_interval::operator = (const real_object & g) {
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    const real_interval * ptr=0;
#else
    const real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<const real_interval *> (&g);
#endif
    if (ptr)
      return *this=*ptr;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_clear(inf);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_clear(infsup);
#else
    mpfr_clear(sup);
#endif
    mpfr_init2(inf,mpfr_get_prec(g.inf));
    mpfr_set(inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_init2(infsup,mpfr_get_prec(g.inf));
    mpfi_set_fr(infsup,g.inf);
#else
    mpfr_init2(sup,mpfr_get_prec(g.inf));
    mpfr_set(sup,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#endif
#else // HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpf_clear(inf);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_clear(infsup);
#else
    mpf_clear(sup);
#endif
    mpf_init_set(inf,g.inf);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_init_set_fr(infsup,g.inf);
#else
    mpf_init_set(sup,g.inf);
#endif
#endif // HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return *this;
  }

  real_object::real_object() {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_init(inf);
#else
    mpf_init(inf);
#endif
  }

  real_object::real_object(const real_object & g){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_init2(inf,mpfr_get_prec(g.inf));
    mpfr_set(inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_init_set(inf,g.inf);
#endif
  }

  real_object::real_object(double d) {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_init_set_d(inf,d,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_init_set_d(inf,d);
#endif
  }

#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
  real_object::real_object(const mpfr_t & d) {
    mpfr_init2(inf,mpfr_get_prec(d));
    mpfr_set(inf,d,MPFR_RNDN);
  }
#endif

  real_object::real_object(const mpf_t & d) {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_init(inf);
    mpfr_set_f(inf,d,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_init_set(inf,d);
#endif
  }

  real_object::real_object(const gen & g){
    switch (g.type){
    case _INT_:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      mpfr_init_set_si(inf,g.val,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
      mpf_init_set_si(inf,g.val);
#endif
      return;
    case _DOUBLE_:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      mpfr_init_set_d(inf,g._DOUBLE_val,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
      mpf_init_set_d(inf,g._DOUBLE_val);
#endif
      return;
    case _ZINT:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      mpfr_init(inf);
      mpfr_set_z(inf,*g._ZINTptr,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
      mpf_init(inf);
      mpf_set_z(inf,*g._ZINTptr);
#endif
      return;
    case _REAL:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      mpfr_init2(inf,mpfr_get_prec(g._REALptr->inf));
      mpfr_set(inf,g._REALptr->inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
      mpf_init_set(inf,g._REALptr->inf);
#endif
      return;
    }
    if (g.type==_FRAC){
      gen tmp=real_object(g._FRACptr->num)/real_object(g._FRACptr->den);
      if (tmp.type==_REAL){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	mpfr_init2(inf,mpfr_get_prec(tmp._REALptr->inf));
	mpfr_set(inf,tmp._REALptr->inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
	mpf_init_set(inf,tmp._REALptr->inf);
#endif
	return;
      }
    }
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    setsizeerr(gettext("Unable to convert to real ")+g.print(context0));
#endif
    return;
  }

  real_object::real_object(const gen & g,unsigned int precision){
    switch (g.type){
    case _INT_:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      mpfr_init2(inf,precision);
      mpfr_set_si(inf,g.val,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
      mpf_init_set_si(inf,g.val);
#endif
      return;
    case _DOUBLE_:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      mpfr_init2(inf,precision);
      mpfr_set_d(inf,g._DOUBLE_val,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
      mpf_init_set_d(inf,g._DOUBLE_val);
#endif
      return;
    case _ZINT:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      mpfr_init2(inf,precision);
      mpfr_set_z(inf,*g._ZINTptr,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
      mpf_init(inf);
      mpf_set_z(inf,*g._ZINTptr);
#endif
      return;
    case _REAL:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      mpfr_init2(inf,precision);
      mpfr_set(inf,g._REALptr->inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
      mpf_init_set(inf,g._REALptr->inf);
#endif
      return;
    }
    if (g.type==_FRAC){
      gen tmp=real_object(g._FRACptr->num,precision)/real_object(g._FRACptr->den,precision);
      if (tmp.type==_REAL){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
	mpfr_init2(inf,mpfr_get_prec(tmp._REALptr->inf));
	mpfr_set(inf,tmp._REALptr->inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
	mpf_init_set(inf,tmp._REALptr->inf);
#endif
	return;
      }
    }
    int save_decimal_digits=decimal_digits(context0);
    set_decimal_digits(precision,context0);
    gen tmp=re(evalf(g,1,context0),context0);
    set_decimal_digits(save_decimal_digits,context0);
    if (tmp.type!=_REAL){
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
      setsizeerr(gettext("Unable to convert to real ")+g.print(context0));
#endif
      return;
    }
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_init2(inf,precision);
    mpfr_set(inf,tmp._REALptr->inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_init_set(inf,tmp._REALptr->inf);
#endif
  }

  gen::gen(const real_object & g){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_real_object) << 16;
#else
    __REALptr = new ref_real_object;
#endif
    type = _REAL;
    subtype=0;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_set_prec(_REALptr->inf,mpfr_get_prec(g.inf));
    mpfr_set(_REALptr->inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_set(_REALptr->inf,g.inf);
#endif
#ifdef KHICAS
    if ((size_t) _REALptr > stackptr)
      ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
  }

  gen::gen(const real_interval & g){
#ifdef SMARTPTR64
      * ((ulonglong * ) this) = ulonglong(new ref_real_interval) << 16;
#else
      __REALptr = (ref_real_object *) new ref_real_interval;
#endif
#ifdef KHICAS
    if ((size_t) _REALptr > stackptr)
      ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
#endif
    type = _REAL;
    subtype=0;
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    real_interval * ptr=0;
#else
    real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<real_interval *>(_REALptr);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_set_prec(ptr->inf,mpfr_get_prec(g.inf));
    mpfr_set(ptr->inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_set(ptr->inf,g.inf);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    int nbits=mpfi_get_prec(g.infsup);
    mpfi_set_prec(ptr->infsup,nbits);
    mpfi_set(ptr->infsup,g.infsup);
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_set(ptr->sup,g.sup,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_set(ptr->sup,g.sup);
#endif
#endif
  }

  double real_object::evalf_double() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return mpfr_get_d(inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    return mpf_get_d(inf);
#endif
  }

  gen real_object::addition (const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    switch (g.type){
    case _REAL:
      return *this+*g._REALptr;
    case _CPLX:
      return gen(this->addition(*g._CPLXptr,contextptr),*(g._CPLXptr+1));
    case _FRAC:
      if (!is_integer(g._FRACptr->num) || !is_integer(g._FRACptr->den))
	return sym_add(*this,g,contextptr);
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _ZINT:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      return *this+real_object(g,mpfr_get_prec(inf));
#else
      return *this+real_object(g);
#endif
    default:
      return sym_add(*this,g,contextptr);
    }
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_object + gen")+this->print(contextptr)+","+g.print(contextptr));
  }

  gen real_interval::addition (const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    switch (g.type){
    case _REAL:
      return *this+*g._REALptr;
    case _CPLX:
      return gen(this->addition(*g._CPLXptr,contextptr),*(g._CPLXptr+1));
    case _FRAC:
      if (!is_integer(g._FRACptr->num) || !is_integer(g._FRACptr->den))
	return sym_add(*this,g,contextptr);
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _ZINT:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      return *this+real_object(g,mpfr_get_prec(inf));
#else
      return *this+real_object(g);
#endif
    default:
      return sym_add(*this,g,contextptr);
    }
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_object + gen")+this->print(contextptr)+","+g.print(contextptr));
  }

  gen real_object::operator + (const gen & g) const{
    return addition(g,context0);
  }

  static real_interval add(const real_interval & i,const real_interval & g){
    real_interval res(i);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_add(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_add(res.infsup,i.infsup,g.infsup);
#else
    mpfr_add(res.sup,i.sup,g.sup,MPFR_RNDU);
#endif
#else // HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpf_add(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_add(res.infsup,i.infsup,g.infsup);
#else
    mpf_add(res.sup,i.sup,g.sup);
#endif
#endif // HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return res;
  }

  real_interval real_interval::operator + (const real_interval & g) const{
    return add(*this,g);
  }

  static real_interval add(const real_interval & i,const real_object & g){
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    const real_interval * ptr=0;
#else
    const real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<const real_interval *>(&g);
#endif
    if (ptr)
      return add(i,*ptr);
    real_interval res(i);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_add(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_add_fr(res.infsup,i.infsup,g.inf);
#else
    mpfr_add(res.sup,i.sup,g.inf,MPFR_RNDU);
#endif
#else // HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpf_add(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_add_fr(res.infsup,i.infsup,g.inf);
#else
    mpf_add(res.sup,i.sup,g.inf);
#endif
#endif // HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return res;
  }

  gen real_interval::operator + (const real_object & g) const{
    return add(*this,g);
  }

  gen real_object::operator + (const real_object & g) const{
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    const real_interval * ptr=0;
#else
    const real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<const real_interval *>(&g);
#endif
    if (ptr)
      return add(*ptr,*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_t sum;
    mpfr_init2(sum,giacmin(mpfr_get_prec(this->inf),mpfr_get_prec(g.inf)));
    mpfr_add(sum,this->inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
    real_object res(sum);
    mpfr_clear(sum);
#else
    mpf_t sum;
    mpf_init(sum);
    mpf_add(sum,this->inf,g.inf);
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    real_object res; res.inf=sum;
#else
    real_object res(sum);
#endif
    mpf_clear(sum);
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::substract (const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    switch (g.type){
    case _REAL:
      return *this-*g._REALptr;
    case _FRAC:
      if (!is_integer(g._FRACptr->num) || !is_integer(g._FRACptr->den))
	return sym_sub(*this,g,contextptr);
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _ZINT:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      return *this - real_object(g,mpfr_get_prec(inf));
#else
      return *this - real_object(g);
#endif
    default:
      return sym_sub(*this,g,contextptr);
    }
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_object + gen")+this->print(contextptr)+","+g.print(contextptr));
  }

  gen real_interval::substract (const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    switch (g.type){
    case _REAL:
      return *this-*g._REALptr;
    case _FRAC:
      if (!is_integer(g._FRACptr->num) || !is_integer(g._FRACptr->den))
	return sym_sub(*this,g,contextptr);
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _ZINT:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      return *this - real_object(g,mpfr_get_prec(inf));
#else
      return *this - real_object(g);
#endif
    default:
      return sym_sub(*this,g,contextptr);
    }
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_object + gen")+this->print(contextptr)+","+g.print(contextptr));
  }

  gen real_object::operator - (const gen & g) const{
    return substract(g,context0);
  }

  static real_interval sub(const real_interval & i,const real_interval & g){
    real_interval res(i);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_sub(res.infsup,i.infsup,g.infsup);
    mpfr_sub(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_sub(res.inf,i.sup,g.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    mpfr_sub(res.sup,i.inf,g.sup,MPFR_RNDU);
#else
    mpf_sub(res.inf,i.sup,g.inf);
    mpf_sub(res.sup,i.inf,g.sup);
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  real_interval real_interval::operator - (const real_interval & g) const{
    return sub(*this,g);
  }

  static real_interval sub(const real_interval & i,const real_object & g){
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    const real_interval * ptr=0;
#else
    const real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<const real_interval *>(&g);
#endif
    if (ptr)
      return sub(i,*ptr);
    real_interval res(i);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_sub_fr(res.infsup,i.infsup,g.inf);
    mpfr_sub(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_sub(res.inf,i.sup,g.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    mpfr_sub(res.sup,i.inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDU);
#else
    mpf_sub(res.inf,i.sup,g.inf);
    mpf_sub(res.sup,i.inf,g.inf);
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_interval::operator - (const real_object & g) const{
    return sub(*this,g);
  }

  gen real_object::operator - (const real_object & g) const{
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    const real_interval * ptr=0;
#else
    const real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<const real_interval *>(&g);
#endif
    if (ptr)
      return -(*ptr)+(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_t sum;
    mpfr_init2(sum,giacmin(mpfr_get_prec(this->inf),mpfr_get_prec(g.inf)));
    mpfr_sub(sum,this->inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
    real_object res(sum);
    mpfr_clear(sum);
#else
    mpf_t sum;
    mpf_init(sum);
    mpf_sub(sum,this->inf,g.inf);
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    real_object res; res.inf=sum;
#else
    real_object res(sum);
#endif
    mpf_clear(sum);
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::operator -() const {
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    const real_interval * ptr=0;
#else
    const real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<const real_interval *>(this);
#endif
    if (ptr)
      return -*ptr;
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_neg(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_neg(res.inf,res.inf);
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::inv() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_ui_div(res.inf,1,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_ui_div(res.inf,1,res.inf);
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::sqrt() const {
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    real_object res; res.inf=std::sqrt(inf); return res;
#else
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_sqrt(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_sqrt(res.inf,res.inf);
#endif
    return res;
#endif
  }

  gen real_object::abs() const {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    if (mpfr_sgn(inf)>=0)
#else
    if (mpf_sgn(inf)>=0)
#endif
      return *this;
    return -(*this);
  }

#ifndef HAVE_LIBMPFR
  static void compile_with_mpfr(){
    setsizeerr(gettext("Compile with MPFR or USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS if you want transcendental long float support"));
  }
#endif

  gen real_object::exp() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::exp(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::exp(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_exp(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif // USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::log() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::log(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::log(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_log(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::sin() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::sin(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::sin(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_sin(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::cos() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::cos(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::cos(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_cos(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::tan() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::tan(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::tan(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_tan(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::sinh() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::sinh(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::sinh(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_sinh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::cosh() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::cosh(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::cosh(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_cosh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::tanh() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::tanh(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::tanh(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_tanh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::asin() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::asin(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::asin(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_asin(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::acos() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::acos(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::acos(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_acos(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::atan() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::atan(res.inf);
#else
    *res.inf = ::atan(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_atan(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::asinh() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf= std::log(res.inf+std::sqrt(res.inf*res.inf+1));
#else
    *res.inf = ::asinh(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_asinh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::acosh() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::log(res.inf+std::sqrt(res.inf+1)*std::sqrt(res.inf-1));
#else
    *res.inf = ::acosh(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_acosh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_object::atanh() const {
    real_object res(*this);
#ifdef USE_GMP_REPLACEMENTS
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    res.inf=std::log((1+res.inf)/(1-res.inf))/2;
#else
    *res.inf = ::atanh(*res.inf);
#endif
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_atanh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    compile_with_mpfr();
#endif
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_interval::operator -() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_neg(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDU);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_neg(res.infsup,res.infsup);
#else
    mpfr_neg(res.sup,res.sup,MPFR_RNDD);
    mpfr_swap(res.inf,res.sup);
#endif
#else // MPFR
    mpf_neg(res.inf,res.inf);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_neg(res.infsup,res.infsup);
#else
    mpf_neg(res.sup,res.sup);
#ifdef mpf_swap
    mpf_swap(res.inf,res.sup);
#endif
#endif
#endif // MPFR
    return res;
  }

  gen real_interval::inv() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_ui_div(res.infsup,1,res.infsup);
    mpfr_ui_div(res.inf,1,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
#else
    // FIXME check sign
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    setsizeerr(gettext("real_interval inv"));
#endif
    /* mpf_neg(res.inf,res.inf);
       mpf_neg(res.sup,res.sup);
       mpf_swap(res.inf,res.sup); */
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_interval::sqrt() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_sqrt(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_sqrt(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::abs() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_abs(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_abs(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval abs"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::exp() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_exp(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_exp(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::log() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_log(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_log(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::sin() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_sin(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_sin(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::cos() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_cos(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_cos(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::tan() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_tan(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_tan(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::sinh() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_sinh(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_sinh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::cosh() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_cosh(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_cosh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::tanh() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_tanh(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_tanh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::asin() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_asin(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_asin(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::acos() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_acos(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_acos(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::atan() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_atan(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_atan(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::asinh() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_asinh(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_asinh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::acosh() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_acosh(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_acosh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_interval::atanh() const {
    real_interval res(*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_atanh(res.infsup,res.infsup);
    mpfr_atanh(res.inf,res.inf,MPFR_RNDD);
    return res;
#else
    return gensizeerr(gettext("real_interval sqrt"));
#endif
  }

  gen real_object::multiply (const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    switch (g.type){
    case _REAL:
      return *this * *g._REALptr;
    case _CPLX:
      return gen(this->multiply(*g._CPLXptr,contextptr),this->multiply(*(g._CPLXptr+1),contextptr));
    case _FRAC:
      if (!is_integer(g._FRACptr->num) || !is_integer(g._FRACptr->den))
	return sym_mult(*this,g,contextptr);
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _ZINT:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      return *this * real_object(g,mpfr_get_prec(inf));
#else
      return *this * real_object(g);
#endif
    default:
      return sym_mult(*this,g,contextptr);
    }
  }

  gen real_interval::multiply (const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    switch (g.type){
    case _REAL:
      return *this * *g._REALptr;
    case _CPLX:
      return gen(this->multiply(*g._CPLXptr,contextptr),this->multiply(*(g._CPLXptr+1),contextptr));
    case _FRAC:
      if (!is_integer(g._FRACptr->num) || !is_integer(g._FRACptr->den))
	return sym_mult(*this,g,contextptr);
    case _INT_: case _DOUBLE_: case _ZINT:
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
      return *this * real_object(g,mpfr_get_prec(inf));
#else
      return *this * real_object(g);
#endif
    default:
      return sym_mult(*this,g,contextptr);
    }
  }

  gen real_object::operator * (const gen & g) const{
    return multiply(g,context0);
  }

  gen real_object::operator / (const gen & g) const{
    return *this * g.inverse(context0);
  }

  gen real_object::divide (const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    return multiply(g.inverse(contextptr),contextptr);
  }

  gen real_interval::divide (const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
    return multiply(g.inverse(contextptr),contextptr);
  }

  gen real_object::operator / (const real_object & g) const{
    return *this * g.inv();
  }

  static real_interval mul(const real_interval & i,const real_interval & g){
    real_interval res(i);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_mul(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_mul(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_mul(res.infsup,i.infsup,g.infsup);
#else
    // FIXME: should check signs for interval arithmetic!!
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    setsizeerr(gettext("real_interval mul"));
#endif
    // mpf_mul(res.sup,i.sup,g.sup);
#endif
    return res;
  }

  real_interval real_interval::operator * (const real_interval & g) const{
    return mul(*this,g);
  }

  static real_interval mul(const real_interval & i,const real_object & g){
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    const real_interval * ptr=0;
#else
    const real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<const real_interval *>(&g);
#endif
    if (ptr)
      return mul(i,*ptr);
    real_interval res(i);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_mul(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    mpf_mul(res.inf,i.inf,g.inf);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    mpfi_mul_fr(res.infsup,i.infsup,g.inf);
#else
    // FIXME: should check signs for interval arithmetic!!
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    setsizeerr(gettext("real_interval mul 2"));
#endif
    // mpf_mul(res.sup,i.sup,g.inf);
#endif
    return res;
  }

  gen real_interval::operator * (const real_object & g) const{
    return mul(*this,g);
  }

  gen real_object::operator * (const real_object & g) const{
#ifdef NO_RTTI
    const real_interval * ptr=0;
#else
    const real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<const real_interval *>(&g);
#endif
    if (ptr)
      return mul(*ptr,*this);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mpfr_t sum;
    mpfr_init2(sum,giacmin(mpfr_get_prec(this->inf),mpfr_get_prec(g.inf)));
    mpfr_mul(sum,this->inf,g.inf,MPFR_RNDN);
    real_object res(sum);
    mpfr_clear(sum);
#else
    mpf_t sum;
    mpf_init(sum);
    mpf_mul(sum,this->inf,g.inf);
#ifdef LONGFLOAT_DOUBLE
    real_object res; res.inf=sum;
#else
    real_object res(sum);
#endif
    mpf_clear(sum);
#endif
    return res;
  }

  int real_object::is_positive() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return mpfr_sgn(inf);
#else
    return mpf_sgn(inf);
#endif
  }

  int real_interval::is_positive() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    if (mpfi_is_zero(infsup)>0)
      return 0;
    if (mpfi_is_pos(infsup))
      return 1;
    if (mpfi_is_nonpos(infsup))
      return -1;
    return 0;
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return mpfr_sgn(inf);
#else
    return mpf_sgn(inf);
#endif
#endif
  }

  string print_binary(const real_object & r){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    mp_exp_t expo;
    int dd=mpfr_get_prec(r.inf);
#ifdef VISUALC
    char * ptr=new char[dd+2];
#else
    char ptr[dd+2];
#endif
    if (!mpfr_get_str(ptr,&expo,2,dd,r.inf,MPFR_RNDN) || !(*ptr))
      return "MPFR print binary error "+r.print(context0);
    string res;
    if (ptr[0]=='-')
      res="-0000."+string(ptr+1);
    else
      res="0000."+string(ptr);
#ifdef VISUALC
    delete [] ptr;
#endif // VISUALC
    return res+"E"+print_INT_(expo);
#else // MPFR
    return "Error no MPFR printing "+r.print(context0);
#endif
  }

  gen read_binary(const string & s,unsigned int precision){
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    real_object r;
    mpfr_set_prec(r.inf,precision);
#ifndef HAVE_MPFR_SET_STR_RAW
    // MPFR 2.2
    mpfr_strtofr (r.inf, (char *)s.c_str(), 0, 2, MPFR_RNDN);
#else
    // FOR MPFR 2.0 use instead
    mpfr_set_str_raw(r.inf,(char *)s.c_str());
#endif // GNUWINCE
    return r;
    return gensizeerr(gettext("MPFR error reading binary ")+s);
#else // HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return gensizeerr(gettext("Error no MPFR reading ")+s);
#endif // HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return undef;
  }

  std::string real_object::print(GIAC_CONTEXT) const{
#if defined HAVE_LIBMPFI && !defined NO_RTTI
    if (const real_interval * ptr=dynamic_cast<const real_interval *>(this)){
      mpfr_t l,u;
      int nbits=mpfi_get_prec(ptr->infsup);
      mpfr_init2(l,nbits); mpfr_init2(u,nbits);
      mpfi_get_left(l,ptr->infsup); mpfi_get_right(u,ptr->infsup);
      real_object L(l),U(u);
      mpfr_clear(l); mpfr_clear(u);
      string s("[");
      s += L.print(contextptr);
      s += "..";
      s += U.print(contextptr);
      s += "]";
      return s;
    }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    if (mpfr_nan_p(inf))
      return "undef";
    bool negatif=mpfr_sgn(inf)<0;
    if (mpfr_inf_p(inf))
      return negatif?"-infinity":"+infinity";
    mp_exp_t expo;
    int dd=mpfr_get_prec(inf);
#ifdef EMCC // workaround: mpfr_set_prec or get_prec has problems with emcc
    if (dd==53)
      dd=100;
#endif
    dd=bits2digits(dd);
    dd--;
#ifdef VISUALC
    char * ptr=new char[dd+2];
#else
    char ptr[dd+2];
#endif
    if (negatif){
      mpfr_t inf2;
      mpfr_init2(inf2,mpfr_get_prec(inf));
      mpfr_neg(inf2,inf,MPFR_RNDN);
      mpfr_get_str(ptr,&expo,10,dd,inf2,MPFR_RNDN);
      mpfr_clear(inf2);
    }
    else
      mpfr_get_str(ptr,&expo,10,dd,inf,MPFR_RNDN);
    std::string res(ptr);
    if (expo){
      if (expo==1){
	string reste(res.substr(1,res.size()-1));
	res=res[0]+("."+reste);
      }
      else {
	res = "0."+res;
	res += calc_mode(contextptr)==1?'E':'e';
	res += print_INT_(expo);
      }
    }
    else
      res="0."+res;
#ifdef VISUALC
    delete [] ptr;
#endif
    if (negatif)
      return "-"+res;
    else
      return res;
#else
    return printmpf_t(inf,contextptr);
#endif
  }

  bool real_object::is_zero() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return !mpfr_sgn(inf);
#else
    return mpf_sgn(inf)==0;
#endif
  }

  bool real_object::maybe_zero() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return !mpfr_sgn(inf);
#else
    return mpf_sgn(inf)==0;
#endif
  }

  bool real_interval::is_zero() const {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    return mpfi_is_zero(infsup);
#else
    return real_object::is_zero();
#endif
  }

  bool real_interval::maybe_zero() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    return mpfi_has_zero(infsup);
#else
    return real_object::maybe_zero();
#endif
  }

  bool real_object::is_inf() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return !mpfr_inf_p(inf);
#else
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    setsizeerr();
#endif
    return false;
#endif
  }

  bool real_interval::is_inf() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    return !mpfi_inf_p(infsup);
#else
    return real_object::is_inf();
#endif
  }

  bool real_object::is_nan() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFR
    return !mpfr_nan_p(inf);
#else
#ifndef NO_STDEXCEPT
    setsizeerr();
#endif
    return false;
#endif
  }

  bool real_interval::is_nan() const{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBMPFI
    return !mpfi_nan_p(infsup);
#else
    return real_object::is_nan();
#endif
  }

  gen iprotecteval(const gen & g,int level,GIAC_CONTEXT){
#ifdef KHICAS
    enable_back_interrupt();
    gen res=protecteval(g,level,contextptr);
    disable_back_interrupt();
    return res;
#else
    return protecteval(g,level,contextptr);
#endif
  }

#if 0 // def KHICAS
#undef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
  struct caseval_param{
    const char * s;
    gen ans;
    context * contextptr;
    pthread_mutex_t mutex;
  };
  void * thread_caseval(void * ptr_){
    pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE,NULL);
    pthread_setcanceltype(PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS,NULL);
    caseval_param * ptr=(caseval_param *)ptr_;
    pthread_mutex_lock(&ptr->mutex);
    gen g(ptr->s,ptr->contextptr);
    g=equaltosto(g,ptr->contextptr);
    ptr->ans=iprotecteval(g,1,ptr->contextptr);
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&ptr->mutex);
    return ptr;
  }
#endif

  bool islogo(const gen & g){
    if (g.type!=_VECT || g._VECTptr->empty()) return false;
    if (g.subtype==_LOGO__VECT) return true;
    const vecteur & v=*g._VECTptr;
    if (islogo(v.back()))
      return true;
    for (size_t i=0;i<v.size();++i){
      if (v[i].type==_VECT && v[i].subtype==_LOGO__VECT)
	return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
#ifdef KHICAS
  extern logo_turtle * turtleptr;
  gen _efface_logo(const gen & g,GIAC_CONTEXT);
#endif

  const char * caseval(const char *s){
    ctrl_c=interrupted=false;
    static string * sptr=0;
    if (!sptr) sptr=new string;
    string & S=*sptr;
    static context * contextptr=0;
    if (!contextptr) contextptr=new context;
    context & C=*contextptr;
    if (!strcmp(s,"shell off")){
      os_shell=false;
      return "shell off";
    }
    if (!strcmp(s,"warn off")){
      warn_symb_program_sto=false;
      return "warn off";
    }
    if (!strcmp(s,"shell on")){
      os_shell=true;
      return "shell on";
    }
    if (!strcmp(s,"warn on")){
      warn_symb_program_sto=true;
      return "warn on";
    }
#ifdef KHICAS
    if (!turtleptr){
      turtle();
      _efface_logo(vecteur(0),contextptr);
    }
#ifndef NSPIRE_NEWLIB
    if (!strcmp(s,"*")){
      int res=xcas::console_main(contextptr);
      S=printint(res);
      return S.c_str();
    }
#endif
    if (!strcmp(s,"+")){
      char buf[4096]="def f(x):\n  return x*x\n";
      if (file_exists("temp.py")){
	const char * ch=read_file("temp.py");
	S=ch;
	if (S.size()>sizeof(buf))
	  S=S.substr(0,sizeof(buf)-1);
	strcpy(buf,S.c_str());
      }
      xcas::textedit(buf,sizeof(buf),contextptr);
      S=buf;
      return S.c_str();
    }
    if (!strcmp(s,"toolbox menu")){
      char buf[1024]="";
      showCatalog(buf,0,0,&C);
      drawRectangle(0,0,320,222,_WHITE);
      S=buf;
      return S.c_str();
    }
    if (!strcmp(s,"var menu")){
      gen g=select_var(contextptr);
      drawRectangle(0,0,320,222,_WHITE);
      S=g.type==_STRNG?*g._STRNGptr:g.print(contextptr);
      if (!strcmp(S.c_str(),"undef"))
	S="";
      return S.c_str();
    }
    if (!strcmp(s,".")){
      xcas::displaylogo();
      S=turtle_state(contextptr).print(&C);
      return S.c_str();
    }
    if (!strcmp(s,"..")){
      _efface_logo(vecteur(0),contextptr);
      return "turtle cleared";
    }
#endif
    const char init[]="init geogebra";
    const char close[]="close geogebra";
    if (!strcmp(s,init)){
      init_geogebra(1,&C);
      return "geogebra mode on";
    }
    if (!strcmp(s,close)){
      init_geogebra(0,&C);
      return "geogebra mode off";
    }
#ifdef TIMEOUT
    if (strlen(s)>8){
      string args(s);
      if (args.substr(0,8)=="timeout "){
	string t=args.substr(8,args.size()-8);
	double f=atof(t.c_str());
	if (f>=0 && f<24*60){
	  caseval_maxtime=f;
	  S="Max eval time set to "+gen(f).print();
	  return S.c_str();
	}
      }
      if (args.substr(0,8)=="ckevery "){
	string t=args.substr(8,args.size()-8);
	int f=atoi(t.c_str());
	if (f>0 && f<1e6){
	  caseval_mod=f;
	  S="Check every "+gen(f).print();
	  return S.c_str();
	}
      }
    }
    ctrl_c=false;
    interrupted=false;
    caseval_begin=time(0);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
    gen g;
    caseval_param cp={s,0,&C,PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER};
    pthread_t pth;
    pthread_attr_t attr;
    pthread_attr_init(&attr);
    int cres=pthread_create(&pth,&attr,thread_caseval,(void *)&cp);
    if (cres){
      g=gen(s,&C);
      g=equaltosto(g,&C);
      g=iprotecteval(g,1,&C);
    }
    else {
      // void * ptr;
#ifdef TIMEOUT
      double d=caseval_maxtime;
#else
      double d=3;
#endif
      usleep(10000);
      for (;d>0;--d){
	for (unsigned k=0;k<100;++k){
	  if (ctrl_c || interrupted){
	    d=0;
	    break;
	  }
	  int locked=pthread_mutex_trylock(&cp.mutex);
	  if (!locked){
	    pthread_mutex_unlock(&cp.mutex);
	    void * ptr;
	    cres=pthread_join(pth,&ptr);
	    d=-1;
	    if (cres){
	      g=string2gen("Thread join error",false);
	      g.subtype=-1;
	    }
	    else
	      g=cp.ans;
	    break;
	  }
	  usleep(10000);
	}
      }
      if (d==0){
	ctrl_c=interrupted=true;
	usleep(200000);
	pthread_cancel(pth);
	// cres=pthread_join(pth,NULL); // does not work
	g=string2gen("Timeout",false);
	g.subtype=-1;
      }
      pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
    }
#else
    gen g(s,&C);
    g=equaltosto(g,&C);
    if (g.type==_VECT && !g._VECTptr->empty() && g._VECTptr->front().is_symb_of_sommet(at_set_language)){
      vecteur v=*g._VECTptr;
      iprotecteval(v.front(),1,&C);
      v.erase(v.begin());
      if (g.subtype==_SEQ__VECT && v.size()==1)
	g=v.front();
      else
	g=gen(v,g.subtype);
    }
    gen gp=g;
    if (gp.is_symb_of_sommet(at_add_autosimplify))
      gp=gp._SYMBptr->feuille;
#ifdef KHICAS
    bool push=false;
#else
    bool push=!gp.is_symb_of_sommet(at_mathml) && !gp.is_symb_of_sommet(at_set_language);
#endif
    //bool push=!g.is_symb_of_sommet(at_mathml);
    if (push){
      history_in(&C).push_back(g);
      // COUT << "hin " << g << '\n';
    }
    g=iprotecteval(g,1,&C);
    if (push){
      history_out(&C).push_back(g);
      // COUT << "hout " << g << '\n';
    }
#endif
#ifdef EMCC
    // compile with -s LEGACY_GL_EMULATION=1
    gen last=g;
    while (last.type==_VECT && last.subtype!=_LOGO__VECT && !last._VECTptr->empty()){
      gen tmp=last._VECTptr->back();
      if (tmp.is_symb_of_sommet(at_equal))
	last=vecteur(last._VECTptr->begin(),last._VECTptr->end()-1);
      else
	last=tmp;
    }
    if (last.type==_VECT && last.subtype==_LOGO__VECT){
      S="gr2d(logo("+last.print(&C)+"))";
      return S.c_str();
    }
    if (calc_mode(&C)!=1 && (last.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pnt) || last.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pixon))){
#if !defined(GIAC_GGB) && defined(EMCC)
      if (is3d(last)){
	bool worker=false;
	worker=EM_ASM_INT_V({
	    if (Module.worker) return 1; else return 0;
	});
	if (worker) return "3d not supported if workers are enabled";
	//giac_renderer(last.print(&C).c_str());
	int n=giac_gen_renderer(g,&C);
	S="gl3d "+print_INT_(n);
	return S.c_str();
      }
#endif // GIAC_GGB
      last=remove_at_pnt(last);
      if (last.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pixon)){
	S="gr2d(pixon(";
	pixon_print(g,S,&C);
	S+="))";
	return S.c_str();
      }
      return svg2doutput(g,S,&C);
    }
#endif // EMCC
    if (calc_mode(&C)==1 && !lop(g,at_rootof).empty())
      g=evalf(g,1,&C);
    if (has_undef_stringerr(g,S)){
      S="GIAC_ERROR: "+S;
    }
    else {
#ifdef KHICAS // replace ],[ by ][
      gen last=g;
      while (last.type==_VECT && last.subtype!=_LOGO__VECT && !last._VECTptr->empty()){
	gen tmp=last._VECTptr->back();
	if (tmp.is_symb_of_sommet(at_equal))
	  last=vecteur(last._VECTptr->begin(),last._VECTptr->end()-1);
	else
	  last=tmp;
      }
      if (last.is_symb_of_sommet(at_pnt)){
	if (os_shell)
	  xcas::displaygraph(g,&C);
	S="Graphic_object";
      }
      else {
	if (os_shell){
	  if (islogo(g))
	    xcas::displaylogo();
	  else {
	    if ( (g.type==_SYMB || (warn_symb_program_sto && g.type==_VECT)) && taille(g,256)<=256)
	      g=xcas::eqw(g,true,&C);
	  }
	}
	if (taille(g,100)>=100)
	  S="Large_object";
	else
	  S=g.print(&C);
      }
      if (!os_shell){
	string S_;
	S_ += S[0];
	for (size_t i=1;i+1<S.size();++i){
	  if (S[i-1]==']' && S[i]==',' && S[i+1]=='[')
	    ;
	  else
	    S_ += S[i];
	}
	if (S.size()>1)
	  S_ +=S[S.size()-1];
	S=S_;
	if (S.size()>=3 && S[0]=='[' && S[1]!='[' && S[S.size()-1]==']')
	  S='['+S+']'; // vector/list not allowed in Numworks calc app
      }
#else
      S=g.print(&C);
#if !defined GIAC_GGB
      if (g.type==_FRAC || g.type==_ZINT){
	S += "=";
	S += evalf_double(g,1,&C).print(&C);
      }
      if (g.type==_SYMB){
	g=evalf_double(g,1,&C);
	if (g.type<=_CPLX){
	  S += "=";
	  S += g.print(&C);
	}
      }
#endif // !defined GIAC_GGB
#endif // NUWMORKS
    }
    return S.c_str();
  }

#ifdef EMCC_BIND
  EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(cas){
    emscripten::function("caseval",&caseval,emscripten::allow_raw_pointers());
  }
#endif

#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GIAC
} // namespace giac
#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GIAC