1@ignore 2@c Set file name and title for man page. 3@setfilename gpl 4@settitle GNU General Public License 5@c man begin SEEALSO 6gfdl(7), fsf-funding(7). 7@c man end 8@c man begin COPYRIGHT 9Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 1051 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA 11 12Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 13of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 14@c man end 15@end ignore 16@node Copying 17@c man begin DESCRIPTION 18@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 19@center Version 2, June 1991 20 21@c This file is intended to be included in another file. 22 23@display 24Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 2551 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA 26 27Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 28of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 29@end display 30 31@unnumberedsec Preamble 32 33 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your 34freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public 35License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free 36software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This 37General Public License applies to most of the Free Software 38Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to 39using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by 40the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to 41your programs, too. 42 43 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not 44price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you 45have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for 46this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it 47if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it 48in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. 49 50 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid 51anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. 52These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you 53distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. 54 55 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether 56gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that 57you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the 58source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their 59rights. 60 61 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and 62(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, 63distribute and/or modify the software. 64 65 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain 66that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free 67software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we 68want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so 69that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original 70authors' reputations. 71 72 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software 73patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free 74program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the 75program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any 76patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. 77 78 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and 79modification follow. 80 81@iftex 82@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 83@end iftex 84@ifnottex 85@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 86@end ifnottex 87 88@enumerate 0 89@item 90This License applies to any program or other work which contains 91a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed 92under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below, 93refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' 94means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: 95that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, 96either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another 97language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in 98the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''. 99 100Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not 101covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of 102running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program 103is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the 104Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). 105Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 106 107@item 108You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's 109source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you 110conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate 111copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the 112notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; 113and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License 114along with the Program. 115 116You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and 117you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 118 119@item 120You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion 121of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and 122distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 123above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: 124 125@enumerate a 126@item 127You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices 128stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. 129 130@item 131You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in 132whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any 133part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third 134parties under the terms of this License. 135 136@item 137If the modified program normally reads commands interactively 138when run, you must cause it, when started running for such 139interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an 140announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a 141notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide 142a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under 143these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this 144License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but 145does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on 146the Program is not required to print an announcement.) 147@end enumerate 148 149These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If 150identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, 151and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in 152themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those 153sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you 154distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based 155on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of 156this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the 157entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. 158 159Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest 160your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to 161exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or 162collective works based on the Program. 163 164In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program 165with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of 166a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under 167the scope of this License. 168 169@item 170You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, 171under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of 172Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: 173 174@enumerate a 175@item 176Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable 177source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1781 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 179 180@item 181Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three 182years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your 183cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete 184machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be 185distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium 186customarily used for software interchange; or, 187 188@item 189Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer 190to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is 191allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you 192received the program in object code or executable form with such 193an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) 194@end enumerate 195 196The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for 197making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source 198code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any 199associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to 200control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a 201special exception, the source code distributed need not include 202anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary 203form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the 204operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component 205itself accompanies the executable. 206 207If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering 208access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent 209access to copy the source code from the same place counts as 210distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not 211compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 212 213@item 214You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program 215except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 216otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is 217void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 218However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under 219this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such 220parties remain in full compliance. 221 222@item 223You are not required to accept this License, since you have not 224signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or 225distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are 226prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by 227modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the 228Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and 229all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying 230the Program or works based on it. 231 232@item 233Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the 234Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the 235original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to 236these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further 237restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. 238You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to 239this License. 240 241@item 242If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent 243infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), 244conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or 245otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not 246excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot 247distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this 248License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you 249may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent 250license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by 251all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then 252the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to 253refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. 254 255If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under 256any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to 257apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other 258circumstances. 259 260It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any 261patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any 262such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the 263integrity of the free software distribution system, which is 264implemented by public license practices. Many people have made 265generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed 266through that system in reliance on consistent application of that 267system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing 268to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot 269impose that choice. 270 271This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to 272be a consequence of the rest of this License. 273 274@item 275If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in 276certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the 277original copyright holder who places the Program under this License 278may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding 279those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among 280countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates 281the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 282 283@item 284The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions 285of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will 286be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to 287address new problems or concerns. 288 289Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program 290specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any 291later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions 292either of that version or of any later version published by the Free 293Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of 294this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software 295Foundation. 296 297@item 298If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free 299programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author 300to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free 301Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes 302make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals 303of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and 304of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. 305 306@iftex 307@heading NO WARRANTY 308@end iftex 309@ifnottex 310@center NO WARRANTY 311@end ifnottex 312 313@item 314BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY 315FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN 316OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES 317PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED 318OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 319MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS 320TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE 321PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, 322REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 323 324@item 325IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING 326WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR 327REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, 328INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING 329OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED 330TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY 331YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER 332PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 333POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 334@end enumerate 335 336@iftex 337@heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 338@end iftex 339@ifnottex 340@center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 341@end ifnottex 342 343@page 344@unnumberedsec Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 345 346 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 347possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 348free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 349 350 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 351to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 352convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 353the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 354 355@smallexample 356@var{one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.} 357Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{name of author} 358 359This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify 360it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 361the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or 362(at your option) any later version. 363 364This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 365but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 366MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 367GNU General Public License for more details. 368 369You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 370along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software 371Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA 372@end smallexample 373 374Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 375 376If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this 377when it starts in an interactive mode: 378 379@smallexample 380Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{name of author} 381Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details 382type `show w'. 383This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 384under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 385@end smallexample 386 387The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show 388the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the 389commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and 390@samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever 391suits your program. 392 393You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your 394school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if 395necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: 396 397@example 398Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program 399`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. 400 401@var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 402Ty Coon, President of Vice 403@end example 404 405This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into 406proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may 407consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the 408library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General 409Public License instead of this License. 410@c man end 411