/*
  This file is part of MADNESS.

  Copyright (C) 2007,2010 Oak Ridge National Laboratory

  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
  GNU General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

  For more information please contact:

  Robert J. Harrison
  Oak Ridge National Laboratory
  One Bethel Valley Road
  P.O. Box 2008, MS-6367

  email: harrisonrj@ornl.gov
  tel:   865-241-3937
  fax:   865-572-0680
*/

/**
 \file world.h
 \brief Declares the \c World class for the parallel runtime environment.
 \ingroup world

 \todo More detailed description of this file.

 \todo Are some of the forward declarations in this file necessary? A quick inspection suggests most of the functions before the World class don't need to be declared first...
*/

#ifndef MADNESS_WORLD_WORLD_H__INCLUDED
#define MADNESS_WORLD_WORLD_H__INCLUDED

#include <madness/madness_config.h>

// #ifdef SEEK_SET
// #undef SEEK_SET
// #endif
// #ifdef SEEK_CUR
// #undef SEEK_CUR
// #endif
// #ifdef SEEK_END
// #undef SEEK_END
// #endif

// Standard C++ header files needed by MADworld.h
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <utility>
#include <cstddef>

#ifdef HAVE_RANDOM
#include <stdlib.h>
#endif

// Madness world header files needed by world
#include <madness/world/worldmpi.h>
#include <madness/world/worldhashmap.h>
#include <madness/world/worldprofile.h>
#include <madness/world/thread.h>
#include <madness/world/uniqueid.h>
#include <madness/world/nodefaults.h>

/// \addtogroup world
/// @{

namespace madness {

    class World;
    class WorldTaskQueue;
    class WorldAmInterface;
    class WorldGopInterface;

    /// redirects standard output and error to rank-specific files

    /// @param[in] world the World object that determines rank of this process
    /// @param[in] split if true, write standard output to log.<rank> and standard error to err.<rank>,
    ///            otherwise write both standard output and error to log.<rank>. The default is false.
    void redirectio(const World& world, bool split = false);

    /// Initialize the MADNESS runtime.

    /// Call this once at the very top of your main program to initialize the
    /// MADNESS runtime. This function should be called instead of \c MPI_Init()
    /// or \c MPI_Init_thread().
    /// \param[in,out] argc Application argument count.
    /// \param[in,out] argv Application argument values.
    /// \return A reference to the default \c World, which is constructed with
    ///     \c MPI_COMM_WORLD.
    World& initialize(int& argc, char**& argv);

    /// Initialize the MADNESS runtime.

    /// Call this once at the very top of your main program to initialize the
    /// MADNESS runtime. This function should be called instead of \c MPI_Init()
    /// or \c MPI_Init_thread().
    /// \param[in,out] argc Application argument count.
    /// \param[in,out] argv Application argument values.
    /// \param comm The communicator that should be used to construct the
    ///     \c World object.
    /// \return A reference to the \c World constructed with \c comm.
    World& initialize(int& argc, char**& argv, const SafeMPI::Intracomm& comm);

    /// Initialize the MADNESS runtime.

    /// Call this once at the very top of your main program to initialize the
    /// MADNESS runtime. This function should be called instead of \c MPI_Init()
    /// or \c MPI_Init_thread().
    /// \param[in,out] argc Application argument count.
    /// \param[in,out] argv Application argument values.
    /// \param comm The MPI communicator that should be used to construct the
    ///     \c World object.
    /// \return A reference to the World constructed with \c comm.
    World& initialize(int& argc, char**& argv, const MPI_Comm& comm);

    /// Call this once at the very end of your main program instead of MPI_Finalize().
    void finalize();

    /// Check if the MADNESS runtime has been initialized (and not subsequently finalized).

    /// @return true if \c madness::initialize had been called more recently than \c madness::finalize, false otherwise.
    bool initialized();

    /// Print miscellaneous stats on a World.

    /// This requires collective operations within the World.
    /// \param[in] world The World to analyze.
    void print_stats(World& world);

    /// \todo Brief description needed.

    /// \todo Detailed description needed.
    /// \param path Description.
    /// \param display Description.
    extern void xterm_debug(const char* path, const char* display);

    /// \todo Brief description needed.

    /// \todo Detailed description needed. I imagine this prints/logs the supplied
    /// error message and subsequently aborts the program.
    /// \param[in] msg Message associated with the error.
    void error(const char *msg);

    /// Prints an error message, along with some data, and aborts the program.

    /// \todo Does this function need to be static? (Esp. since it's in a header file...)
    ///
    /// \tparam T The type of data.
    /// \param[in] msg The error message.
    /// \param[in] data The data to be printed.
    template <typename T>
    static void error(const char *msg, const T& data);


    /// A parallel world class.

    /// World wraps a MPI communicator. Multiple worlds with different
    /// communicators can co-exist.
    ///
    /// Here we use Pimpl to both hide implementation details and also
    /// to partition the namespace for users as \c world.mpi, \c world.am, etc.
    /// We also embed a reference to this instance in the \c am and \c task
    /// instances so that they have access to everything.
    ///
    /// The downside is we cannot do much of anything here without
    /// using wrapper functions to forward the calls to the hidden
    /// class methods.
    class World : private NO_DEFAULTS {
    private:
        friend class WorldAmInterface;
        friend class WorldGopInterface;
        friend World& initialize(int&, char**&, const SafeMPI::Intracomm&);
        friend void finalize();

        // Static member variables
        static unsigned long idbase; ///< Base for unique world ID range for this process.
        static World* default_world; ///< Default world.
        static std::list<World*> worlds; ///< Maintains list of active worlds.

        /// \todo Brief description needed.
        struct hashuniqueT {
            /// \todo Brief description needed.

            /// \todo Descriptions needed.
            /// \param[in] id The ID.
            /// \return Return description needed.
            inline std::size_t operator()(const uniqueidT& id) const {
                return id.objid;    // The object id's are guaranteed to be unique
            }
        };

        /// \todo Brief description needed.
        struct hashvoidp {
            /// \todo Brief description needed.

            /// \todo Descriptions needed.
            /// \param[in] p Missing description.
            /// \return Return description needed.
            inline std::size_t operator()(const void* p) const {
                return std::size_t(p);    // The ptr's are guaranteed to be unique
            }
        };

        // Mutex globalmutex;  ///< Worldwide mutex
        /// \todo Brief description of typedef needed.
        typedef madness::ConcurrentHashMap<uniqueidT, void *, hashuniqueT> map_id_to_ptrT;
        /// \todo Brief description of typedef needed.
        typedef madness::ConcurrentHashMap<void *, uniqueidT, hashvoidp> map_ptr_to_idT;
        map_id_to_ptrT map_id_to_ptr; ///< \todo Verify: Map from the hash ID to a pointer.
        map_ptr_to_idT map_ptr_to_id; ///< \todo Verify: Map from a pointer to its unique hash ID.


        unsigned long _id; ///< Universe wide unique ID of this world.
        unsigned long obj_id; ///< Counter for generating unique IDs within this world.
        void* user_state; ///< Holds a user-defined and managed local state.

        // Default copy constructor and assignment won't compile
        // (which is good) due to reference members.

    public:
        // !!! Order of declaration is important for correct order of initialization !!!
        WorldMpiInterface& mpi; ///< MPI interface.
        WorldAmInterface& am; ///< AM interface.
        WorldTaskQueue& taskq; ///< Task queue.
        WorldGopInterface& gop; ///< Global operations.

    private:
        unsigned int myrand_next; ///< State of crude internal random number generator.

    public:
        /// Constructs a \c World from a communicator.

        /// This function does not check if another \c World exists that uses
        /// the same communicator. Use instance() to check this.
        ///
        /// \param[in] comm The communicator.
        World(const SafeMPI::Intracomm& comm);

        /// Find the World (if it exists) corresponding to the given communicator.

        /// \param[in] comm The communicator.
        /// \return Pointer to the \c World that was constructed from \c comm;
        ///     if such a \c World does not exist, return 0.
        static World* find_instance(const SafeMPI::Intracomm& comm) {
            typedef std::list<World*>::const_iterator citer;
            for(citer it = worlds.begin(); it != worlds.end(); ++it) {
                if ((*it)->mpi.comm() == comm)
                    return *it;
            }
            return 0;
        }

        /// Default \c World object accessor.

        /// This function returns a reference to the default world object; this
        /// is the same \c World object that is returned by
        /// \c madness::initialize().
        /// \return A reference to the default \c World.
        static World& get_default() {
#ifdef MADNESS_DISABLE_WORLD_GET_DEFAULT
            MADNESS_EXCEPTION("World::get_default() was called while disabled", 0);
#endif
            MADNESS_ASSERT(default_world);
            return *default_world;
        }

        /// Sets the user-managed local state.

        /// Rather than having all remotely invoked actions carry all
        /// of their data with them, they can access local state through
        /// their \c World instance.  The user is responsible for
        /// consistently managing and freeing this data.
        ///
        /// A more PC C++ style would be for the app to put state in
        /// a singleton.
        /// \param[in] state The user-managed local state.
        void set_user_state(void* state) { user_state = state; }

        /// Returns a pointer to the user-managed local state set by set_user_state().

        /// \return A pointer to the user-managed local state; NULL if
        ///     set_user_state() has not been invoked.
        void* get_user_state() { return user_state; }

        /// Clears the user-defined state.

        /// This has the same effect as `set_user_state(0)`.
        void clear_user_state() { user_state = nullptr; }

        /// Processes command line arguments.

        /// Mostly intended for \c World test codes, but also provides the
        /// `-dx option` to start `x` debugger.
        /// \param[in] argc The number of command-line arguments.
        /// \param[in,out] argv The command-line arguments.
        void args(int argc, char**argv);

        /// Returns the system-wide unique integer ID of this \c World.
        ///
        /// \return The system-wide unique integer ID of this \c World.
        unsigned long id() const { return _id; }

        /// Returns the process rank in this \c World (same as MPI_Comm_rank()).

        /// \return The process rank in this \c World.
        ProcessID rank() const { return mpi.rank(); }

        /// Returns the number of processes in this \c World (same as MPI_Comm_size()).

        /// \return The number of processes in this \c World.
        ProcessID nproc() const { return mpi.nproc(); }

        /// Returns the number of processes in this \c World (same as MPI_Comm_size()).

        /// \return The number of processes in this \c World.
        ProcessID size() const { return mpi.size(); }

        /// Returns the next universe-wide unique ID for objects created in this \c World. No comms.

        /// You should consider using \c register_ptr(), \c unregister_ptr(),
        /// \c id_from_ptr(), or \c ptr_from_id() rather than using this directly.
        ///
        /// Currently relies on this being called in the same order on
        /// every process within the current \c World in order to avoid
        /// synchronization.
        ///
        /// The value obj_id=0 is guaranteed to be invalid.
        /// \return The next universe-wide unique ID for objects created in this \c World.
        uniqueidT unique_obj_id() { return uniqueidT(_id,obj_id++); }

        /// Associate a local pointer with a universe-wide unique ID.

        /// Use the routines \c register_ptr(), \c unregister_ptr(),
        /// \c id_from_ptr(), \c ptr_from_id() to map distributed data
        /// structures identified by the unique ID to/from
        /// process-local data.
        ///
        /// \note The pointer will be internally cast to a (void *),
        /// so don't use member pointers here.
        ///
        /// \note All unique objects of any type within a \c World must
        /// presently be created in the same order on all processes so
        /// as to provide the uniquess property without global
        /// communication.
        /// \tparam T The type of data to be associated.
        /// \param[in] ptr Pointer to the data that will be associated
        ///     with a unique ID.
        /// \return The unique ID associated with the supplied data.
        template <typename T>
        uniqueidT register_ptr(T* ptr) {
            MADNESS_ASSERT(sizeof(T*) == sizeof(void *));
            uniqueidT id = unique_obj_id();
            map_id_to_ptr.insert(std::pair<uniqueidT,void*>(id,static_cast<void*>(ptr)));
            map_ptr_to_id.insert(std::pair<void*,uniqueidT>(static_cast<void*>(ptr),id));
            return id;
        }

        /// Unregister the unique ID for a local pointer.

        /// \tparam T The type of data to unregister.
        /// \param[in] ptr The local pointer to unregister.
        /// \todo Are there any problems to report if ptr is not already registered?
        template <typename T>
        void unregister_ptr(T* ptr) {
            uniqueidT id = id_from_ptr(ptr);  // Will be zero if invalid
            map_id_to_ptr.erase(id);
            map_ptr_to_id.erase((void *) ptr);
        }

        /// Unregister the unique ID for a local pointer via its ID.

        /// This is the same as `unregister_ptr(world.ptr_from_id<T>(id));`.
        /// \tparam T The type of data to unregister.
        /// \param[in] id The unique ID of the data to unregister.
        template <typename T>
        void unregister_ptr(const uniqueidT id) {
            T* const ptr = ptr_from_id<T>(id);
            map_id_to_ptr.erase(id);
            map_ptr_to_id.erase((void *) ptr);
        }

        /// Look up a local pointer from a world-wide unique ID.

        /// \tparam T The type of the data to look up.
        /// \param[in] id The unique ID of the data.
        /// \return The local pointer or \c NULL if the ID is not found.
        template <typename T>
        T* ptr_from_id(uniqueidT id) const {
            map_id_to_ptrT::const_iterator it = map_id_to_ptr.find(id);
            if (it == map_id_to_ptr.end())
                return nullptr;
            else
                return (T*)(it->second);
        }

        /// Look up an ID from a local pointer.

        /// \tparam T The type of the data to look up.
        /// \param[in] ptr The local pointer.
        /// \return The unique ID or \c invalidid if the pointer is not found.
        template <typename T>
        const uniqueidT& id_from_ptr(T* ptr) const {
            static uniqueidT invalidid(0,0);
            map_ptr_to_idT::const_iterator it = map_ptr_to_id.find(ptr);
            if (it == map_ptr_to_id.end())
                return invalidid;
            else
                return it->second;
        }

#ifndef MADNESS_DISABLE_SHARED_FROM_THIS

        /// Look up a local pointer from a world-wide unique ID.

        /// \tparam T The type of the data to look up.
        /// \param[in] id The unique ID.
        /// \return The pointer or a default constructed `std::shared_ptr` if
        ///     the ID is not found.
        template <typename T>
        std::shared_ptr<T> shared_ptr_from_id(uniqueidT id) const {
            T* ptr = ptr_from_id<T>(id);
            return (ptr ? ptr->shared_from_this() : std::shared_ptr<T>());
        }

        /// Look up a unique ID from a local pointer.

        /// \tparam T The type of the data to look up.
        /// \param[in] ptr The local pointer.
        /// \return The unique ID or an invalid ID if the pointer is not found.
        template <typename T>
        const uniqueidT& id_from_ptr(std::shared_ptr<T>& ptr) const {
            return id_from_ptr(ptr.get());
        }

#endif // MADNESS_DISABLE_SHARED_FROM_THIS


        /// Convert a \c World ID to a \c World pointer.

        /// The ID will only be valid if the process calling this routine
        /// is a member of that \c World. Thus a \c NULL return value does not
        /// necessarily mean that the \c World does not exist --- it could just
        /// not include the calling process.
        /// \param[in] id The ID of the \c World.
        /// \return A pointer to the world associated with \c id, or \c NULL.
        static World* world_from_id(unsigned long id) {
            for (std::list<World *>::iterator it=worlds.begin(); it != worlds.end(); ++it) {
                if ((*it) && (*it)->_id == id) return *it;
            }
            return nullptr;
        }

    private:

        // Cannot use bind_nullary here since SafeMPI::Request::Test is non-const
        /// \todo Brief description needed.
        struct MpiRequestTester {
            mutable SafeMPI::Request* r; ///< \todo Brief description needed.

            /// \todo Brief description needed.

            /// \todo Descriptions needed.
            /// \param r Description needed.
            MpiRequestTester(SafeMPI::Request& r) : r(&r) {}

            /// \todo Brief description needed.

            /// \todo Descriptions needed.
            /// \return Description needed.
            bool operator()() const {
                return r->Test();
            }
        };

    public:

        /// Wait for a MPI request to complete.

        /// \todo Descriptions needed.
        /// \param[in,out] request The MPI request on which to wait.
        /// \param dowork Work while waiting - default is true
        static void inline await(SafeMPI::Request& request, bool dowork = true) {
	  ThreadPool::await(MpiRequestTester(request), dowork, true); // Last arg is sleep=true --- don't hard spin on MPI requests
        }

        /// Gracefully wait for a condition to become true.

        /// In the mean time, execute any tasks in the queue.
        /// \todo Descriptions needed.
        /// \tparam Probe An object that, when called, returns the status.
        /// \param[in] probe The conditional's test.
        /// \param dowork Work while waiting - default is true
	/// \param sleep Sleep instead of spin while waiting - default is false
        template <typename Probe>
	  static void inline await(const Probe& probe, bool dowork = true, bool sleep=false) {
            ThreadPool::await(probe, dowork);
        }

        /// Crude seed function for random number generation.

        /// \param[in] seed The seed.
        /// \todo Since we're switching to C++11, would it be worth using the new C++11 random number generation capabilities?
        void srand(unsigned long seed = 0ul) {
            if (seed == 0) seed = rank();
#ifdef HAVE_RANDOM
            srandom(seed);
#else
            myrand_next = seed;
            for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i) rand(); // Warmup
#endif // HAVE_RANDOM
        }


        /// Returns a CRUDE, LOW-QUALITY, random number (integer) uniformly distributed in [0,2**24).

        /// Each process has a distinct seed for the generator.
        /// \return The random number.
        /// \todo Since we're switching to C++11, would it be worth using the new C++11 random number generation capabilities?
        int rand() {
#ifdef HAVE_RANDOM
            return int(random() & 0xfffffful);
#else
            myrand_next = myrand_next * 1103515245UL + 12345UL;
            return int((myrand_next>>8) & 0xfffffful);
#endif // HAVE_RANDOM
        }


        /// Returns a CRUDE, LOW-QUALITY, random number (real) uniformly distributed in [0,1).

        /// Each process has a distinct seed for the generator.
        /// \return The random number.
        /// \todo Since we're switching to C++11, would it be worth using the new C++11 random number generation capabilities?
        double drand() { return rand()/16777216.0; }

        /// Returns a random process number; that is, an integer in [0,`world.size()`).

        /// \return The random process number.
        ProcessID random_proc() { return rand()%size(); }

        /// Returns a random process number [0,`world.size()`) that is not the calling process.

        /// It doesn't make any sense to call this with just one process, but just in
        /// case, this returns -1 in the hope that you won't actually use the result.
        /// \return The random process number, or -1.
        ProcessID random_proc_not_me() {
            if (size() == 1) return -1;
            ProcessID p;
            do {
                p = rand()%size();
            } while (p == rank());
            return p;
        }

        ~World();
    }; // class World

    namespace archive {

        template <typename, typename>
        struct ArchiveLoadImpl;
        template <typename, typename>
        struct ArchiveStoreImpl;

        /// Specialization of \c ArchiveLoadImpl for \c World pointers.

        /// Helps in archiving (reading) \c World objects.
        /// \tparam Archive The archive type.
        template <class Archive>
        struct ArchiveLoadImpl<Archive,World*> {
            /// Loads a \c World from the specified archive.

            /// \note Aborts the program if a \c World cannot be read from the archive.
            /// \param[in,out] ar The archive.
            /// \param[out] wptr Pointer to the \c World.
            static inline void load(const Archive& ar, World*& wptr) {
                unsigned long id = 0ul;
                ar & id;
                wptr = World::world_from_id(id);
                MADNESS_ASSERT(wptr);
            }
        }; // struct ArchiveLoadImpl<Archive,World*>

        /// Specialization of \c ArchiveStoreImpl for \c World pointers.

        /// Helps in archiving (writing) \c World objects.
        /// \tparam Archive The archive type.
        template <class Archive>
        struct ArchiveStoreImpl<Archive,World*> {
            /// Writes a \c World to the specified archive.

            /// \param[in,out] ar The archive.
            /// \param[in] wptr Pointer to the \c World.
            static inline void store(const Archive& ar, World* const & wptr) {
                ar & wptr->id();
            }
        }; // struct ArchiveStoreImpl<Archive,World*>
    } // namespace archive



    // implementation of templated functions
    template <typename T>
    static void error(const char *msg, const T& data) {
        std::cerr << "MADNESS: fatal error: " << msg << " " << data << std::endl;
        SafeMPI::COMM_WORLD.Abort();
    }
} // namespace madness

/// @}

#endif // MADNESS_WORLD_WORLD_H__INCLUDED