# Copyright 2008-2018 pydicom authors. See LICENSE file for details.
"""Define the DataElement class.

A DataElement has a tag,
              a value representation (VR),
              a value multiplicity (VM)
              and a value.
"""

import base64
import json
from typing import (
    Optional, Any, Tuple, Callable, Union, TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Type,
    List, NamedTuple, MutableSequence, cast
)
import warnings

from pydicom import config  # don't import datetime_conversion directly
from pydicom.config import logger
from pydicom.datadict import (dictionary_has_tag, dictionary_description,
                              dictionary_keyword, dictionary_is_retired,
                              private_dictionary_description, dictionary_VR,
                              repeater_has_tag, private_dictionary_VR)
from pydicom.errors import BytesLengthException
from pydicom.jsonrep import JsonDataElementConverter, BulkDataType
from pydicom.multival import MultiValue
from pydicom.tag import Tag, BaseTag
from pydicom.uid import UID
from pydicom import jsonrep
import pydicom.valuerep  # don't import DS directly as can be changed by config
from pydicom.valuerep import PersonName

if config.have_numpy:
    import numpy

if TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
    from pydicom.dataset import Dataset


BINARY_VR_VALUES = [
    'US', 'SS', 'UL', 'SL', 'OW', 'OB', 'OL', 'UN',
    'OB or OW', 'US or OW', 'US or SS or OW', 'FL', 'FD', 'OF', 'OD'
]


def empty_value_for_VR(
    VR: Optional[str], raw: bool = False
) -> Union[bytes, List[str], str, None, PersonName]:
    """Return the value for an empty element for `VR`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4

    The behavior of this property depends on the setting of
    :attr:`config.use_none_as_empty_value`. If that is set to ``True``,
    an empty value is represented by ``None`` (except for VR 'SQ'), otherwise
    it depends on `VR`. For text VRs (this includes 'AE', 'AS', 'CS', 'DA',
    'DT', 'LO', 'LT', 'PN', 'SH', 'ST', 'TM', 'UC', 'UI', 'UR' and 'UT') an
    empty string is used as empty value representation, for all other VRs
    except 'SQ', ``None``. For empty sequence values (VR 'SQ') an empty list
    is used in all cases.
    Note that this is used only if decoding the element - it is always
    possible to set the value to another empty value representation,
    which will be preserved during the element object lifetime.

    Parameters
    ----------
    VR : str or None
        The VR of the corresponding element.
    raw : bool, optional
        If ``True``, returns the value for a :class:`RawDataElement`,
        otherwise for a :class:`DataElement`

    Returns
    -------
    str or bytes or None or list
        The value a data element with `VR` is assigned on decoding
        if it is empty.
    """
    if VR == 'SQ':
        return b'' if raw else []

    if config.use_none_as_empty_text_VR_value:
        return None

    if VR == 'PN':
        return b'' if raw else PersonName('')

    if VR in (
        'AE', 'AS', 'CS', 'DA', 'DT', 'LO', 'LT', 'SH', 'ST', 'TM',
        'UC', 'UI', 'UR', 'UT'
    ):
        return b'' if raw else ''

    return None


def _is_bytes(val: object) -> bool:
    """Return True only if `val` is of type `bytes`."""
    return isinstance(val, bytes)


# double '\' because it is used as escape chr in Python
_backslash_str = "\\"
_backslash_byte = b"\\"


class DataElement:
    """Contain and manipulate a DICOM Element.

    Examples
    --------

    While its possible to create a new :class:`DataElement` directly and add
    it to a :class:`~pydicom.dataset.Dataset`:

    >>> from pydicom import Dataset
    >>> elem = DataElement(0x00100010, 'PN', 'CITIZEN^Joan')
    >>> ds = Dataset()
    >>> ds.add(elem)

    Its far more convenient to use a :class:`~pydicom.dataset.Dataset`
    to add a new :class:`DataElement`, as the VR and tag are determined
    automatically from the DICOM dictionary:

    >>> ds = Dataset()
    >>> ds.PatientName = 'CITIZEN^Joan'

    Empty DataElement objects (e.g. with VM = 0) show an empty string as
    value for text VRs and `None` for non-text (binary) VRs:

    >>> ds = Dataset()
    >>> ds.PatientName = None
    >>> ds.PatientName
    ''

    >>> ds.BitsAllocated = None
    >>> ds.BitsAllocated

    >>> str(ds.BitsAllocated)
    'None'

    Attributes
    ----------
    descripWidth : int
        For string display, this is the maximum width of the description
        field (default ``35``).
    is_undefined_length : bool
        Indicates whether the length field for the element was ``0xFFFFFFFFL``
        (ie undefined).
    maxBytesToDisplay : int
        For string display, elements with values containing data which is
        longer than this value will display ``"array of # bytes"``
        (default ``16``).
    showVR : bool
        For string display, include the element's VR just before it's value
        (default ``True``).
    tag : pydicom.tag.BaseTag
        The element's tag.
    VR : str
        The element's Value Representation.
    """

    descripWidth = 35
    maxBytesToDisplay = 16
    showVR = True
    is_raw = False

    def __init__(
        self,
        tag: Union[int, str, Tuple[int, int]],
        VR: str,
        value: Any,
        file_value_tell: Optional[int] = None,
        is_undefined_length: bool = False,
        already_converted: bool = False
    ) -> None:
        """Create a new :class:`DataElement`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        tag : int or str or 2-tuple of int
            The DICOM (group, element) tag in any form accepted by
            :func:`~pydicom.tag.Tag` such as ``'PatientName'``,
            ``(0x10, 0x10)``, ``0x00100010``, etc.
        VR : str
            The 2 character DICOM value representation (see DICOM Standard,
            Part 5, :dcm:`Section 6.2<part05/sect_6.2.html>`).
        value
            The value of the data element. One of the following:

            * a single string value
            * a number
            * a :class:`list` or :class:`tuple` with all strings or all numbers
            * a multi-value string with backslash separator
        file_value_tell : int, optional
            The byte offset to the start of the encoded element value.
        is_undefined_length : bool
            Used internally to store whether the length field for this element
            was ``0xFFFFFFFF``, i.e. 'undefined length'. Default is ``False``.
        already_converted : bool
            Used to determine whether or not the element's value requires
            conversion to a value with VM > 1. Default is ``False``.
        """
        if not isinstance(tag, BaseTag):
            tag = Tag(tag)
        self.tag = tag

        # a known tag shall only have the VR 'UN' if it has a length that
        # exceeds the size that can be encoded in 16 bit - all other cases
        # can be seen as an encoding error and can be corrected
        if (
            VR == 'UN'
            and not tag.is_private
            and config.replace_un_with_known_vr
            and (is_undefined_length or value is None or len(value) < 0xffff)
        ):
            try:
                VR = dictionary_VR(tag)
            except KeyError:
                pass

        self.VR = VR  # Note: you must set VR before setting value
        if already_converted:
            self._value = value
        else:
            self.value = value  # calls property setter which will convert
        self.file_tell = file_value_tell
        self.is_undefined_length = is_undefined_length
        self.private_creator: Optional[str] = None
        self.parent: Optional["Dataset"] = None

    @classmethod
    def from_json(
        cls: Type["DataElement"],
        dataset_class: Type["Dataset"],
        tag: str,
        vr: str,
        value: Any,
        value_key: Optional[str],
        bulk_data_uri_handler: Optional[
            Union[
                Callable[[str, str, str], BulkDataType],
                Callable[[str], BulkDataType]
            ]
        ] = None
    ) -> "DataElement":
        """Return a :class:`DataElement` from a DICOM JSON Model attribute
        object.

        .. versionadded:: 1.3

        Parameters
        ----------
        dataset_class : dataset.Dataset derived class
            The class object to use for **SQ** element items.
        tag : str
            The data element's tag as uppercase hex.
        vr : str
            The data element's value representation (VR).
        value : str or List[Union[None, str, int, float, bytes, dict]]
            The data element's value(s).
        value_key : str or None
            The attribute name for `value`, should be one of:
            ``{"Value", "InlineBinary", "BulkDataURI"}``. If the element's VM
            is ``0`` and none of the keys are used then will be ``None``.
        bulk_data_uri_handler: callable or None
            Callable function that accepts either the `tag`, `vr` and
            "BulkDataURI" `value` or just the "BulkDataURI" `value` of the JSON
            representation of a data element and returns the actual value of
            that data element (retrieved via DICOMweb WADO-RS). If no
            `bulk_data_uri_handler` is specified (default) then the
            corresponding element will have an "empty" value such as
            ``""``, ``b""`` or ``None`` depending on the `vr` (i.e. the
            Value Multiplicity will be 0).

        Returns
        -------
        DataElement
        """
        # TODO: test wado-rs retrieve wrapper
        converter = JsonDataElementConverter(
            dataset_class, tag, vr, value, value_key, bulk_data_uri_handler
        )
        elem_value = converter.get_element_values()
        try:
            return cls(tag=tag, value=elem_value, VR=vr)
        except Exception as exc:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Data element '{tag}' could not be loaded from JSON: "
                f"{elem_value}"
            ) from exc

    def to_json_dict(
        self,
        bulk_data_element_handler: Optional[Callable[["DataElement"], str]],
        bulk_data_threshold: int
    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Return a dictionary representation of the :class:`DataElement`
        conforming to the DICOM JSON Model as described in the DICOM
        Standard, Part 18, :dcm:`Annex F<part18/chaptr_F.html>`.

        .. versionadded:: 1.4

        Parameters
        ----------
        bulk_data_element_handler : callable or None
            Callable that accepts a bulk :class`data element
            <pydicom.dataelem.DataElement>` and returns the
            "BulkDataURI" as a :class:`str` for retrieving the value of the
            data element via DICOMweb WADO-RS.
        bulk_data_threshold : int
            Size of base64 encoded data element above which a value will be
            provided in form of a "BulkDataURI" rather than "InlineBinary".
            Ignored if no `bulk_data_element_handler` is given.

        Returns
        -------
        dict
            Mapping representing a JSON encoded data element as ``{str: Any}``.
        """
        json_element: Dict[str, Any] = {'vr': self.VR}
        if self.VR in jsonrep.BINARY_VR_VALUES:
            if not self.is_empty:
                binary_value = self.value
                encoded_value = base64.b64encode(binary_value).decode('utf-8')
                if (
                    bulk_data_element_handler is not None
                    and len(encoded_value) > bulk_data_threshold
                ):
                    json_element['BulkDataURI'] = (
                        bulk_data_element_handler(self)
                    )
                else:
                    logger.info(
                        f"encode bulk data element '{self.name}' inline"
                    )
                    json_element['InlineBinary'] = encoded_value
        elif self.VR == 'SQ':
            # recursive call to get sequence item JSON dicts
            value = [
                ds.to_json(
                    bulk_data_element_handler=bulk_data_element_handler,
                    bulk_data_threshold=bulk_data_threshold,
                    dump_handler=lambda d: d
                )
                for ds in self.value
            ]
            json_element['Value'] = value
        elif self.VR == 'PN':
            if not self.is_empty:
                elem_value = []
                if self.VM > 1:
                    value = self.value
                else:
                    value = [self.value]
                for v in value:
                    comps = {'Alphabetic': v.components[0]}
                    if len(v.components) > 1:
                        comps['Ideographic'] = v.components[1]
                    if len(v.components) > 2:
                        comps['Phonetic'] = v.components[2]
                    elem_value.append(comps)
                json_element['Value'] = elem_value
        elif self.VR == 'AT':
            if not self.is_empty:
                value = self.value
                if self.VM == 1:
                    value = [value]
                json_element['Value'] = [format(v, '08X') for v in value]
        else:
            if not self.is_empty:
                if self.VM > 1:
                    value = self.value
                else:
                    value = [self.value]
                json_element['Value'] = [v for v in value]
        if 'Value' in json_element:
            json_element['Value'] = jsonrep.convert_to_python_number(
                json_element['Value'], self.VR
            )
        return json_element

    def to_json(
        self,
        bulk_data_threshold: int = 1024,
        bulk_data_element_handler: Optional[
            Callable[["DataElement"], str]
        ] = None,
        dump_handler: Optional[
            Callable[[Dict[str, Any]], str]
        ] = None
    ) -> str:
        """Return a JSON representation of the :class:`DataElement`.

        .. versionadded:: 1.3

        Parameters
        ----------
        bulk_data_threshold : int, optional
            Size of base64 encoded data element above which a value will be
            provided in form of a "BulkDataURI" rather than "InlineBinary".
            Ignored if no `bulk_data_element_handler` is given.
        bulk_data_element_handler : callable, optional
            Callable that accepts a bulk :class`data element
            <pydicom.dataelem.DataElement>` and returns the
            "BulkDataURI" as a :class:`str` for retrieving the value of the
            data element via DICOMweb WADO-RS.
        dump_handler : callable, optional
            Callable function that accepts a :class:`dict` of ``{str: Any}``
            and returns the serialized (dumped) JSON :class:`str` (by default
            uses :func:`json.dumps`).

        Returns
        -------
        str
            Mapping representing a JSON encoded data element

        See also
        --------
        Dataset.to_json
        """
        def json_dump(d: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
            return json.dumps(d, sort_keys=True)

        dump_handler = json_dump if dump_handler is None else dump_handler

        return dump_handler(
            self.to_json_dict(bulk_data_element_handler, bulk_data_threshold)
        )

    @property
    def value(self) -> Any:
        """Return the element's value."""
        return self._value

    @value.setter
    def value(self, val: Any) -> None:
        """Convert (if necessary) and set the value of the element."""
        # Ignore backslash characters in these VRs, based on:
        # * Which str VRs can have backslashes in Part 5, Section 6.2
        # * All byte VRs
        exclusions = [
            'LT', 'OB', 'OD', 'OF', 'OL', 'OV', 'OW', 'ST', 'UN', 'UT',
            'OB or OW',
            # Probably not needed
            'AT', 'FD', 'FL', 'SQ', 'SS', 'SL', 'UL',
        ]

        # Check if is a string with multiple values separated by '\'
        # If so, turn them into a list of separate strings
        #  Last condition covers 'US or SS' etc
        if (
            isinstance(val, (str, bytes))
            and self.VR not in exclusions
            and 'US' not in self.VR
        ):
            try:
                if _backslash_str in val:
                    val = cast(str, val).split(_backslash_str)
            except TypeError:
                if _backslash_byte in val:
                    val = val.split(_backslash_byte)
        self._value = self._convert_value(val)

    @property
    def VM(self) -> int:
        """Return the value multiplicity of the element as :class:`int`."""
        if self.value is None:
            return 0
        if isinstance(self.value, (str, bytes, PersonName)):
            return 1 if self.value else 0
        try:
            iter(self.value)
        except TypeError:
            return 1
        return len(self.value)

    @property
    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
        """Return ``True`` if the element has no value.

        .. versionadded:: 1.4
        """
        return self.VM == 0

    @property
    def empty_value(self) -> Union[bytes, List[str], None, str, PersonName]:
        """Return the value for an empty element.

        .. versionadded:: 1.4

        See :func:`empty_value_for_VR` for more information.

        Returns
        -------
        str or None
            The value this data element is assigned on decoding if it is empty.
        """
        return empty_value_for_VR(self.VR)

    def clear(self) -> None:
        """Clears the value, e.g. sets it to the configured empty value.

        .. versionadded:: 1.4

        See :func:`empty_value_for_VR`.
        """
        self._value = self.empty_value

    def _convert_value(self, val: Any) -> Any:
        """Convert `val` to an appropriate type and return the result.

        Uses the element's VR in order to determine the conversion method and
        resulting type.
        """
        if self.VR == 'SQ':  # a sequence - leave it alone
            from pydicom.sequence import Sequence
            if isinstance(val, Sequence):
                return val
            else:
                return Sequence(val)

        # if the value is a list, convert each element
        try:
            val.append
        except AttributeError:  # not a list
            return self._convert(val)
        else:
            return MultiValue(self._convert, val)

    def _convert(self, val: Any) -> Any:
        """Convert `val` to an appropriate type for the element's VR."""
        # If the value is a byte string and has a VR that can only be encoded
        # using the default character repertoire, we convert it to a string
        # here to allow for byte string input in these cases
        if _is_bytes(val) and self.VR in (
                'AE', 'AS', 'CS', 'DA', 'DS', 'DT', 'IS', 'TM', 'UI', 'UR'):
            val = val.decode()

        if self.VR == 'IS':
            return pydicom.valuerep.IS(val)
        elif self.VR == 'DA' and config.datetime_conversion:
            return pydicom.valuerep.DA(val)
        elif self.VR == 'DS':
            return pydicom.valuerep.DS(val)
        elif self.VR == 'DT' and config.datetime_conversion:
            return pydicom.valuerep.DT(val)
        elif self.VR == 'TM' and config.datetime_conversion:
            return pydicom.valuerep.TM(val)
        elif self.VR == "UI":
            return UID(val) if val is not None else None
        elif self.VR == "PN":
            return PersonName(val)
        elif self.VR == "AT" and (val == 0 or val):
            return val if isinstance(val, BaseTag) else Tag(val)
        # Later may need this for PersonName as for UI,
        #    but needs more thought
        # elif self.VR == "PN":
        #    return PersonName(val)
        else:  # is either a string or a type 2 optionally blank string
            return val  # this means a "numeric" value could be empty string ""
        # except TypeError:
            # print "Could not convert value '%s' to VR '%s' in tag %s" \
            # % (repr(val), self.VR, self.tag)
        # except ValueError:
            # print "Could not convert value '%s' to VR '%s' in tag %s" \
            # % (repr(val), self.VR, self.tag)

    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> Any:
        """Compare `self` and `other` for equality.

        Returns
        -------
        bool
            The result if `self` and `other` are the same class
        NotImplemented
            If `other` is not the same class as `self` then returning
            :class:`NotImplemented` delegates the result to
            ``superclass.__eq__(subclass)``.
        """
        # Faster result if same object
        if other is self:
            return True

        if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
            if self.tag != other.tag or self.VR != other.VR:
                return False

            # tag and VR match, now check the value
            if config.have_numpy and isinstance(self.value, numpy.ndarray):
                return (
                    len(self.value) == len(other.value)
                    and numpy.allclose(self.value, other.value)
                )

            return self.value == other.value

        return NotImplemented

    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> Any:
        """Compare `self` and `other` for inequality."""
        return not (self == other)

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """Return :class:`str` representation of the element."""
        repVal = self.repval or ''
        if self.showVR:
            s = "%s %-*s %s: %s" % (str(self.tag), self.descripWidth,
                                    self.description()[:self.descripWidth],
                                    self.VR, repVal)
        else:
            s = "%s %-*s %s" % (str(self.tag), self.descripWidth,
                                self.description()[:self.descripWidth], repVal)
        return s

    @property
    def repval(self) -> str:
        """Return a :class:`str` representation of the element's value."""
        long_VRs = {"OB", "OD", "OF", "OW", "UN", "UT"}
        if set(self.VR.split(" or ")) & long_VRs:
            try:
                length = len(self.value)
            except TypeError:
                pass
            else:
                if length > self.maxBytesToDisplay:
                    return "Array of %d elements" % length
        if self.VM > self.maxBytesToDisplay:
            repVal = "Array of %d elements" % self.VM
        elif isinstance(self.value, UID):
            repVal = self.value.name
        else:
            repVal = repr(self.value)  # will tolerate unicode too
        return repVal

    def __getitem__(self, key: int) -> Any:
        """Return the item at `key` if the element's value is indexable."""
        try:
            return self.value[key]
        except TypeError:
            raise TypeError("DataElement value is unscriptable "
                            "(not a Sequence)")

    @property
    def name(self) -> str:
        """Return the DICOM dictionary name for the element as :class:`str`.

        For officially registered DICOM Data Elements this will be the *Name*
        as given in :dcm:`Table 6-1<part06/chapter_6.html#table_6-1>`.
        For private elements known to *pydicom*
        this will be the *Name* in the format ``'[name]'``. For unknown
        private elements this will be ``'Private Creator'``. For unknown
        elements this will return an empty string ``''``.
        """
        return self.description()

    def description(self) -> str:
        """Return the DICOM dictionary name for the element as :class:`str`."""
        if self.tag.is_private:
            name = "Private tag data"  # default
            if self.private_creator:
                try:
                    # If have name from private dictionary, use it, but
                    #   but put in square brackets so is differentiated,
                    #   and clear that cannot access it by name
                    name = private_dictionary_description(
                        self.tag, self.private_creator)
                    name = "[%s]" % (name)
                except KeyError:
                    pass
            elif self.tag.element >> 8 == 0:
                name = "Private Creator"
        elif dictionary_has_tag(self.tag) or repeater_has_tag(self.tag):
            name = dictionary_description(self.tag)

        # implied Group Length dicom versions < 3
        elif self.tag.element == 0:
            name = "Group Length"
        else:
            name = ""
        return name

    @property
    def is_private(self) -> bool:
        """Return ``True`` if the element's tag is private.

        .. versionadded:: 2.1
        """
        return self.tag.is_private

    @property
    def is_retired(self) -> bool:
        """Return the element's retired status as :class:`bool`.

        For officially registered DICOM Data Elements this will be ``True`` if
        the retired status as given in the DICOM Standard, Part 6,
        :dcm:`Table 6-1<part06/chapter_6.html#table_6-1>` is 'RET'. For private
        or unknown elements this will always be ``False``.
        """
        if dictionary_has_tag(self.tag):
            return dictionary_is_retired(self.tag)

        return False

    @property
    def keyword(self) -> str:
        """Return the element's keyword (if known) as :class:`str`.

        For officially registered DICOM Data Elements this will be the
        *Keyword* as given in
        :dcm:`Table 6-1<part06/chapter_6.html#table_6-1>`. For private or
        unknown elements this will return an empty string ``''``.
        """
        if dictionary_has_tag(self.tag):
            return dictionary_keyword(self.tag)

        return ''

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        """Return the representation of the element."""
        if self.VR == "SQ":
            return repr(self.value)

        return str(self)


class RawDataElement(NamedTuple):
    """Container for the data from a raw (mostly) undecoded element."""
    tag: BaseTag
    VR: Optional[str]
    length: int
    value: Optional[bytes]
    value_tell: int
    is_implicit_VR: bool
    is_little_endian: bool
    is_raw: bool = True


# The first and third values of the following elements are always US
#   even if the VR is SS (PS3.3 C.7.6.3.1.5, C.11.1, C.11.2).
# (0028,1101-1103) RGB Palette Color LUT Descriptor
# (0028,3002) LUT Descriptor
_LUT_DESCRIPTOR_TAGS = (0x00281101, 0x00281102, 0x00281103, 0x00283002)


def _private_vr_for_tag(ds: Optional["Dataset"], tag: BaseTag) -> str:
    """Return the VR for a known private tag, otherwise "UN".

    Parameters
    ----------
    ds : Dataset, optional
        The dataset needed for the private creator lookup.
        If not given, "UN" is returned.
    tag : BaseTag
        The private tag to lookup. The caller has to ensure that the
        tag is private.

    Returns
    -------
    str
        "LO" if the tag is a private creator, the VR of the private tag if
        found in the private dictionary, or "UN".
    """
    if tag.is_private_creator:
        return "LO"
    # invalid private tags are handled as UN
    if ds is not None and (tag.element & 0xff00):
        private_creator_tag = tag.group << 16 | (tag.element >> 8)
        private_creator = ds.get(private_creator_tag, "")
        if private_creator:
            try:
                return private_dictionary_VR(tag, private_creator.value)
            except KeyError:
                pass
    return "UN"


def DataElement_from_raw(
    raw_data_element: RawDataElement,
    encoding: Optional[Union[str, MutableSequence[str]]] = None,
    dataset: Optional["Dataset"] = None
) -> DataElement:
    """Return a :class:`DataElement` created from `raw_data_element`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    raw_data_element : RawDataElement
        The raw data to convert to a :class:`DataElement`.
    encoding : str or list of str, optional
        The character encoding of the raw data.
    dataset : Dataset, optional
        If given, used to resolve the VR for known private tags.

    Returns
    -------
    DataElement

    Raises
    ------
    KeyError
        If `raw_data_element` belongs to an unknown non-private tag and
        `config.enforce_valid_values` is set.
    """
    # XXX buried here to avoid circular import
    # filereader->Dataset->convert_value->filereader
    # (for SQ parsing)

    from pydicom.values import convert_value
    raw = raw_data_element

    # If user has hooked into conversion of raw values, call his/her routine
    if config.data_element_callback:
        raw = config.data_element_callback(
            raw_data_element,
            encoding=encoding,
            **config.data_element_callback_kwargs
        )

    VR = raw.VR
    if VR is None:  # Can be if was implicit VR
        try:
            VR = dictionary_VR(raw.tag)
        except KeyError:
            # just read the bytes, no way to know what they mean
            if raw.tag.is_private:
                # for VR for private tags see PS3.5, 6.2.2
                VR = _private_vr_for_tag(dataset, raw.tag)

            # group length tag implied in versions < 3.0
            elif raw.tag.element == 0:
                VR = 'UL'
            else:
                msg = "Unknown DICOM tag {0:s}".format(str(raw.tag))
                if config.enforce_valid_values:
                    msg += " can't look up VR"
                    raise KeyError(msg)
                else:
                    VR = 'UN'
                    msg += " - setting VR to 'UN'"
                    warnings.warn(msg)
    elif VR == 'UN' and config.replace_un_with_known_vr:
        # handle rare case of incorrectly set 'UN' in explicit encoding
        # see also DataElement.__init__()
        if raw.tag.is_private:
            VR = _private_vr_for_tag(dataset, raw.tag)
        elif raw.value is None or len(raw.value) < 0xffff:
            try:
                VR = dictionary_VR(raw.tag)
            except KeyError:
                pass
    try:
        value = convert_value(VR, raw, encoding)
    except NotImplementedError as e:
        raise NotImplementedError("{0:s} in tag {1!r}".format(str(e), raw.tag))
    except BytesLengthException as e:
        message = (f"{e} This occurred while trying to parse "
                   f"{raw.tag} according to VR '{VR}'.")
        if config.convert_wrong_length_to_UN:
            warnings.warn(f"{message} Setting VR to 'UN'.")
            VR = "UN"
            value = raw.value
        else:
            raise BytesLengthException(
                f"{message} To replace this error with a warning set "
                "pydicom.config.convert_wrong_length_to_UN = True."
            )

    if raw.tag in _LUT_DESCRIPTOR_TAGS and value:
        # We only fix the first value as the third value is 8 or 16
        try:
            if value[0] < 0:
                value[0] += 65536
        except TypeError:
            pass

    return DataElement(raw.tag, VR, value, raw.value_tell,
                       raw.length == 0xFFFFFFFF, already_converted=True)