xref: /dports/math/singular/Singular-Release-4-2-1/libpolys/polys/monomials/ring.cc

/****************************************
*  Computer Algebra System SINGULAR     *
****************************************/
/*
* ABSTRACT - the interpreter related ring operations
*/

/* includes */
#include <cmath>

#include "misc/auxiliary.h"
#include "misc/mylimits.h"
#include "misc/options.h"
#include "misc/int64vec.h"

#include "coeffs/numbers.h"
#include "coeffs/coeffs.h"

#include "polys/monomials/p_polys.h"
#include "polys/simpleideals.h"
#include "polys/monomials/ring.h"
#include "polys/monomials/maps.h"
#include "polys/prCopy.h"
#include "polys/templates/p_Procs.h"

#include "polys/matpol.h"

#include "polys/monomials/ring.h"

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
#include "polys/nc/nc.h"
#include "polys/nc/sca.h"
#endif


#include "ext_fields/algext.h"
#include "ext_fields/transext.h"


#define BITS_PER_LONG 8*SIZEOF_LONG

typedef char *             char_ptr;
VAR omBin sip_sring_bin = omGetSpecBin(sizeof(ip_sring));
VAR omBin char_ptr_bin =  omGetSpecBin(sizeof(char_ptr));


static const char * const ringorder_name[] =
{
  " ?", ///< ringorder_no = 0,
  "a", ///< ringorder_a,
  "A", ///< ringorder_a64,
  "c", ///< ringorder_c,
  "C", ///< ringorder_C,
  "M", ///< ringorder_M,
  "S", ///< ringorder_S,
  "s", ///< ringorder_s,
  "lp", ///< ringorder_lp,
  "dp", ///< ringorder_dp,
  "rp", ///< ringorder_rp,
  "Dp", ///< ringorder_Dp,
  "wp", ///< ringorder_wp,
  "Wp", ///< ringorder_Wp,
  "ls", ///< ringorder_ls,
  "ds", ///< ringorder_ds,
  "Ds", ///< ringorder_Ds,
  "ws", ///< ringorder_ws,
  "Ws", ///< ringorder_Ws,
  "am",  ///< ringorder_am,
  "L", ///< ringorder_L,
  "aa", ///< ringorder_aa
  "rs", ///< ringorder_rs,
  "IS", ///<  ringorder_IS
  " _" ///< ringorder_unspec
};


const char * rSimpleOrdStr(int ord)
{
  return ringorder_name[ord];
}

/// unconditionally deletes fields in r
void rDelete(ring r);
/// set r->VarL_Size, r->VarL_Offset, r->VarL_LowIndex
static void rSetVarL(ring r);
/// get r->divmask depending on bits per exponent
static unsigned long rGetDivMask(int bits);
/// right-adjust r->VarOffset
static void rRightAdjustVarOffset(ring r);
static void rOptimizeLDeg(ring r);

/*0 implementation*/
//BOOLEAN rField_is_R(ring r)
//{
//  if (r->cf->ch== -1)
//  {
//    if (r->float_len==(short)0) return TRUE;
//  }
//  return FALSE;
//}

ring rDefault(const coeffs cf, int N, char **n,int ord_size, rRingOrder_t *ord, int *block0, int *block1, int** wvhdl, unsigned long bitmask)
{
  assume( cf != NULL);
  ring r=(ring) omAlloc0Bin(sip_sring_bin);
  r->N     = N;
  r->cf = cf;
  /*rPar(r)  = 0; Alloc0 */
  /*names*/
  r->names = (char **) omAlloc0(N * sizeof(char *));
  int i;
  for(i=0;i<N;i++)
  {
    r->names[i]  = omStrDup(n[i]);
  }
  /*weights: entries for 2 blocks: NULL*/
  if (wvhdl==NULL)
    r->wvhdl = (int **)omAlloc0((ord_size+1) * sizeof(int *));
  else
    r->wvhdl=wvhdl;
  r->order = ord;
  r->block0 = block0;
  r->block1 = block1;
  if (bitmask!=0) r->wanted_maxExp=bitmask;

  /* complete ring intializations */
  rComplete(r);
  return r;
}
ring rDefault(int ch, int N, char **n,int ord_size, rRingOrder_t *ord, int *block0, int *block1,int ** wvhdl)
{
  coeffs cf;
  if (ch==0) cf=nInitChar(n_Q,NULL);
  else       cf=nInitChar(n_Zp,(void*)(long)ch);
  assume( cf != NULL);
  return rDefault(cf,N,n,ord_size,ord,block0,block1,wvhdl);
}
ring rDefault(const coeffs cf, int N, char **n,  const rRingOrder_t o)
{
  assume( cf != NULL);
  /*order: o=lp,0*/
  rRingOrder_t *order = (rRingOrder_t *) omAlloc(2* sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
  int *block0 = (int *)omAlloc0(2 * sizeof(int));
  int *block1 = (int *)omAlloc0(2 * sizeof(int));
  /* ringorder o=lp for the first block: var 1..N */
  order[0]  = o;
  block0[0] = 1;
  block1[0] = N;
  /* the last block: everything is 0 */
  order[1]  = (rRingOrder_t)0;

  return rDefault(cf,N,n,2,order,block0,block1);
}

ring rDefault(int ch, int N, char **n)
{
  coeffs cf;
  if (ch==0) cf=nInitChar(n_Q,NULL);
  else       cf=nInitChar(n_Zp,(void*)(long)ch);
  assume( cf != NULL);
  return rDefault(cf,N,n);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// rInit: define a new ring from sleftv's
//
//-> ipshell.cc

/////////////////////////////
// Auxillary functions
//

// check intvec, describing the ordering
BOOLEAN rCheckIV(const intvec *iv)
{
  if ((iv->length()!=2)&&(iv->length()!=3))
  {
    WerrorS("weights only for orderings wp,ws,Wp,Ws,a,M");
    return TRUE;
  }
  return FALSE;
}

int rTypeOfMatrixOrder(const intvec* order)
{
  int i=0,j,typ=1;
  int sz = (int)sqrt((double)(order->length()-2));
  if ((sz*sz)!=(order->length()-2))
  {
    WerrorS("Matrix order is not a square matrix");
    typ=0;
  }
  while ((i<sz) && (typ==1))
  {
    j=0;
    while ((j<sz) && ((*order)[j*sz+i+2]==0)) j++;
    if (j>=sz)
    {
      typ = 0;
      WerrorS("Matrix order not complete");
    }
    else if ((*order)[j*sz+i+2]<0)
      typ = -1;
    else
      i++;
  }
  return typ;
}


int r_IsRingVar(const char *n, char**names,int N)
{
  if (names!=NULL)
  {
    for (int i=0; i<N; i++)
    {
      if (names[i]==NULL) return -1;
      if (strcmp(n,names[i]) == 0) return (int)i;
    }
  }
  return -1;
}


void   rWrite(ring r, BOOLEAN details)
{
  if ((r==NULL)||(r->order==NULL))
    return; /*to avoid printing after errors....*/

  assume(r != NULL);
  const coeffs C = r->cf;
  assume(C != NULL);

  int nblocks=rBlocks(r);

  // omCheckAddrSize(r,sizeof(ip_sring));
  omCheckAddrSize(r->order,nblocks*sizeof(int));
  omCheckAddrSize(r->block0,nblocks*sizeof(int));
  omCheckAddrSize(r->block1,nblocks*sizeof(int));
  omCheckAddrSize(r->wvhdl,nblocks*sizeof(int *));
  omCheckAddrSize(r->names,r->N*sizeof(char *));

  nblocks--;


  //Print("ref:%d, C->ref:%d\n",r->ref,C->ref);
  PrintS("// coefficients: ");
  if( nCoeff_is_algExt(C) )
  {
    // NOTE: the following (non-thread-safe!) UGLYNESS
    // (changing naRing->ShortOut for a while) is due to Hans!
    // Just think of other ring using the VERY SAME naRing and possible
    // side-effects...
    ring R = C->extRing;
    const BOOLEAN bSaveShortOut = rShortOut(R); R->ShortOut = rShortOut(r) & rCanShortOut(R);

    n_CoeffWrite(C, details); // for correct printing of minpoly... WHAT AN UGLYNESS!!!

    R->ShortOut = bSaveShortOut;
  }
  else
    n_CoeffWrite(C, details);
  PrintLn();
//   {
//     PrintS("//   characteristic : ");
//
//     char const * const * const params = rParameter(r);
//
//     if (params!=NULL)
//     {
//       Print ("//   %d parameter    : ",rPar(r));
//
//       char const * const * sp= params;
//       int nop=0;
//       while (nop<rPar(r))
//       {
//         PrintS(*sp);
//         PrintS(" ");
//         sp++; nop++;
//       }
//       PrintS("\n//   minpoly        : ");
//       if ( rField_is_long_C(r) )
//       {
//         // i^2+1:
//         Print("(%s^2+1)\n", params[0]);
//       }
//       else if (rMinpolyIsNULL(r))
//       {
//         PrintS("0\n");
//       }
//       else
//       {
//         StringSetS(""); n_Write(r->cf->minpoly, r); PrintS(StringEndS("\n")); // NOTE/TODO: use StringAppendS("\n"); omFree(s);
//       }
//       //if (r->qideal!=NULL)
//       //{
//       //  iiWriteMatrix((matrix)r->qideal,"//   minpolys",1,r,0);
//       //  PrintLn();
//       //}
//     }
//   }
  Print("// number of vars : %d",r->N);

  //for (nblocks=0; r->order[nblocks]; nblocks++);
  nblocks=rBlocks(r)-1;

  for (int l=0, nlen=0 ; l<nblocks; l++)
  {
    int i;
    Print("\n//        block %3d : ",l+1);

    Print("ordering %s", rSimpleOrdStr(r->order[l]));


    if (r->order[l] == ringorder_IS)
    {
      assume( r->block0[l] == r->block1[l] );
      const int s = r->block0[l];
      assume( (-2 < s) && (s < 2) );
      Print("(%d)", s); // 0 => prefix! +/-1 => suffix!
      continue;
    }
    else if (r->order[l]==ringorder_s)
    {
      assume( l == 0 );
      Print(" syz_comp: %d",r->block0[l]);
      continue;
    }
    else if (
    (  (r->order[l] >= ringorder_lp)
    ||(r->order[l] == ringorder_M)
    ||(r->order[l] == ringorder_a)
    ||(r->order[l] == ringorder_am)
    ||(r->order[l] == ringorder_a64)
    ||(r->order[l] == ringorder_aa) ) && (r->order[l] < ringorder_IS) )
    {
      PrintS("\n//                  : names   ");
      for (i = r->block0[l]-1; i<r->block1[l]; i++)
      {
        nlen = strlen(r->names[i]);
        Print(" %s",r->names[i]);
      }
    }

    if (r->wvhdl[l]!=NULL)
    {
      #ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      if((r->order[l] != ringorder_wp)
      &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_Wp)
      &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_ws)
      &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_Ws)
      &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_a)
      &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_am)
      &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_M))
      {
        Warn("should not have wvhdl entry at pos. %d",l);
      }
      #endif
      for (int j= 0;
           j<(r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]+1)*(r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]+1);
           j+=i)
      {
        PrintS("\n//                  : weights ");
        for (i = 0; i<=r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]; i++)
        {
          if (r->order[l] == ringorder_a64)
          {
            int64 *w=(int64 *)r->wvhdl[l];
            #if SIZEOF_LONG == 4
            Print("%*lld " ,nlen,w[i+j]);
            #else
            Print(" %*ld"  ,nlen,w[i+j]);
            #endif
          }
          else
            Print(" %*d" ,nlen,r->wvhdl[l][i+j]);
        }
        if (r->order[l]!=ringorder_M) break;
      }
      if (r->order[l]==ringorder_am)
      {
        int m=r->wvhdl[l][i];
        Print("\n//                  : %d module weights ",m);
        m+=i;i++;
        for(;i<=m;i++) Print(" %*d" ,nlen,r->wvhdl[l][i]);
      }
    }
  }
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if(rIsPluralRing(r))
  {
    PrintS("\n// noncommutative relations:");
    if( details )
    {
      poly pl=NULL;
      int nl;
      int i,j;
      for (i = 1; i<r->N; i++)
      {
        for (j = i+1; j<=r->N; j++)
        {
          nl = n_IsOne(p_GetCoeff(MATELEM(r->GetNC()->C,i,j),r), r->cf);
          if ( (MATELEM(r->GetNC()->D,i,j)!=NULL) || (!nl) )
          {
            Print("\n//    %s%s=",r->names[j-1],r->names[i-1]);
            pl = MATELEM(r->GetNC()->MT[UPMATELEM(i,j,r->N)],1,1);
            p_Write0(pl, r, r);
          }
        }
      }
    } else
      PrintS(" ...");

#if MYTEST  /*Singularg should not differ from Singular except in error case*/
    Print("\n// noncommutative type:%d", (int)ncRingType(r));
    Print("\n//    is skew constant:%d",r->GetNC()->IsSkewConstant);
    if( rIsSCA(r) )
    {
      Print("\n//   alternating variables: [%d, %d]", scaFirstAltVar(r), scaLastAltVar(r));
      const ideal Q = SCAQuotient(r); // resides within r!
      PrintS("\n//   quotient of sca by ideal");

      if (Q!=NULL)
      {
          iiWriteMatrix((matrix)Q,"scaQ",1,r,0);
      }
      else
        PrintS(" (NULL)");
    }
#endif
  }
  if (rIsLPRing(r))
  {
    Print("\n// letterplace ring (block size %d, ncgen count %d)",r->isLPring, r->LPncGenCount);
  }
#endif
  if (r->qideal!=NULL)
  {
    PrintS("\n// quotient ring from ideal");
    if( details )
    {
      PrintLn();
      iiWriteMatrix((matrix)r->qideal,"_",1,r,0);
    } else PrintS(" ...");
  }
}

void rDelete(ring r)
{
  int i, j;

  if (r == NULL) return;
  if( r->ref > 0 ) // ->ref means the number of Interpreter objects referring to the ring...
    return;

  if( r->qideal != NULL )
  {
    ideal q = r->qideal;
    r->qideal = NULL;
    id_Delete(&q, r);
  }

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if (rIsPluralRing(r))
    nc_rKill(r);
#endif

  rUnComplete(r); // may need r->cf for p_Delete
  nKillChar(r->cf); r->cf = NULL;
  // delete order stuff
  if (r->order != NULL)
  {
    i=rBlocks(r);
    assume(r->block0 != NULL && r->block1 != NULL && r->wvhdl != NULL);
    // delete order
    omFreeSize((ADDRESS)r->order,i*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
    omFreeSize((ADDRESS)r->block0,i*sizeof(int));
    omFreeSize((ADDRESS)r->block1,i*sizeof(int));
    // delete weights
    for (j=0; j<i; j++)
    {
      if (r->wvhdl[j]!=NULL)
        omFree(r->wvhdl[j]);
    }
    omFreeSize((ADDRESS)r->wvhdl,i*sizeof(int *));
  }
  else
  {
    assume(r->block0 == NULL && r->block1 == NULL && r->wvhdl == NULL);
  }

  // delete varnames
  if(r->names!=NULL)
  {
    for (i=0; i<r->N; i++)
    {
      if (r->names[i] != NULL) omFree((ADDRESS)r->names[i]);
    }
    omFreeSize((ADDRESS)r->names,r->N*sizeof(char *));
  }

  omFreeBin(r, sip_sring_bin);
}

rRingOrder_t rOrderName(char * ordername)
{
  int order=ringorder_unspec;
  while (order!= 0)
  {
    if (strcmp(ordername,rSimpleOrdStr(order))==0)
      break;
    order--;
  }
  if (order==0) Werror("wrong ring order `%s`",ordername);
  omFree((ADDRESS)ordername);
  return (rRingOrder_t)order;
}

char * rOrdStr(ring r)
{
  if ((r==NULL)||(r->order==NULL)) return omStrDup("");
  int nblocks,l,i;

  for (nblocks=0; r->order[nblocks]; nblocks++);
  nblocks--;

  StringSetS("");
  for (l=0; ; l++)
  {
    StringAppendS((char *)rSimpleOrdStr(r->order[l]));
    if (r->order[l] == ringorder_s)
    {
      StringAppend("(%d)",r->block0[l]);
    }
    else if (
           (r->order[l] != ringorder_c)
        && (r->order[l] != ringorder_C)
        && (r->order[l] != ringorder_s)
        && (r->order[l] != ringorder_S)
        && (r->order[l] != ringorder_IS)
       )
    {
      if (r->wvhdl[l]!=NULL)
      {
        #ifndef SING_NDEBUG
        if((r->order[l] != ringorder_wp)
        &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_Wp)
        &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_ws)
        &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_Ws)
        &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_a)
        &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_am)
        &&(r->order[l] != ringorder_M))
        {
          Warn("should not have wvhdl entry at pos. %d",l);
          StringAppend("(%d)",r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]+1);
        }
        else
        #endif
        {
          StringAppendS("(");
          for (int j= 0;
               j<(r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]+1)*(r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]+1);
               j+=i+1)
          {
            char c=',';
            if(r->order[l]==ringorder_a64)
            {
              int64 * w=(int64 *)r->wvhdl[l];
              for (i = 0; i<r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]; i++)
              {
                StringAppend("%lld," ,w[i]);
              }
              StringAppend("%lld)" ,w[i]);
              break;
            }
            else
            {
              for (i = 0; i<r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]; i++)
              {
                StringAppend("%d," ,r->wvhdl[l][i+j]);
              }
            }
            if (r->order[l]!=ringorder_M)
            {
              StringAppend("%d)" ,r->wvhdl[l][i+j]);
              break;
            }
            if (j+i+1==(r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]+1)*(r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]+1))
              c=')';
            StringAppend("%d%c" ,r->wvhdl[l][i+j],c);
          }
        }
      }
      else
        StringAppend("(%d)",r->block1[l]-r->block0[l]+1);
    }
    else if (r->order[l] == ringorder_IS)
    {
      assume( r->block0[l] == r->block1[l] );
      const int s = r->block0[l];
      assume( (-2 < s) && (s < 2) );

      StringAppend("(%d)", s);
    }

    if (l==nblocks)
    {
      if (r->wanted_maxExp!=0)
      {
        long mm=r->wanted_maxExp;
        if (mm>MAX_INT_VAL) mm=MAX_INT_VAL;
        StringAppend(",L(%ld)",mm);
      }
      return StringEndS();
    }
    StringAppendS(",");
  }
}

char * rVarStr(ring r)
{
  if ((r==NULL)||(r->names==NULL)) return omStrDup("");
  int i;
  int l=2;
  char *s;

  for (i=0; i<r->N; i++)
  {
    l+=strlen(r->names[i])+1;
  }
  s=(char *)omAlloc((long)l);
  s[0]='\0';
  for (i=0; i<r->N-1; i++)
  {
    strcat(s,r->names[i]);
    strcat(s,",");
  }
  strcat(s,r->names[i]);
  return s;
}

/// TODO: make it a virtual method of coeffs, together with:
/// Decompose & Compose, rParameter & rPar
char * rCharStr(const ring r){ assume( r != NULL ); return nCoeffString(r->cf); }

char * rParStr(ring r)
{
  if ((r==NULL)||(rParameter(r)==NULL)) return omStrDup("");

  char const * const * const params = rParameter(r);

  int i;
  int l=2;

  for (i=0; i<rPar(r); i++)
  {
    l+=strlen(params[i])+1;
  }
  char *s=(char *)omAlloc((long)l);
  s[0]='\0';
  for (i=0; i<rPar(r)-1; i++)
  {
    strcat(s, params[i]);
    strcat(s,",");
  }
  strcat(s, params[i]);
  return s;
}

char * rString(ring r)
{
  if ((r!=NULL)&&(r->cf!=NULL))
  {
    char *ch=rCharStr(r);
    char *var=rVarStr(r);
    char *ord=rOrdStr(r);
    char *res=(char *)omAlloc(strlen(ch)+strlen(var)+strlen(ord)+9);
    sprintf(res,"(%s),(%s),(%s)",ch,var,ord);
    omFree((ADDRESS)ch);
    omFree((ADDRESS)var);
    omFree((ADDRESS)ord);
    return res;
  }
  else
    return omStrDup("undefined");
}


/*
// The fowolling function seems to be never used. Remove?
static int binaryPower (const int a, const int b)
{
  // computes a^b according to the binary representation of b,
  //   i.e., a^7 = a^4 * a^2 * a^1. This saves some multiplications.
  int result = 1;
  int factor = a;
  int bb = b;
  while (bb != 0)
  {
    if (bb % 2 != 0) result = result * factor;
    bb = bb / 2;
    factor = factor * factor;
  }
  return result;
}
*/

/* we keep this otherwise superfluous method for compatibility reasons
   towards the SINGULAR svn trunk */
int rChar(ring r) { return r->cf->ch; }



// creates a commutative nc extension; "converts" comm.ring to a Plural ring
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
ring nc_rCreateNCcomm_rCopy(ring r)
{
  r = rCopy(r);
  if (rIsPluralRing(r))
    return r;

  matrix C = mpNew(r->N,r->N); // ring-independent!?!
  matrix D = mpNew(r->N,r->N);

  for(int i=1; i<r->N; i++)
    for(int j=i+1; j<=r->N; j++)
      MATELEM(C,i,j) = p_One( r);

  if (nc_CallPlural(C, D, NULL, NULL, r, false, true, false, r/*??currRing??*/, TRUE)) // TODO: what about quotient ideal?
    WarnS("Error initializing multiplication!"); // No reaction!???

  return r;
}
#endif


/*2
 *returns -1 for not compatible, (sum is undefined)
 *         1 for compatible (and sum)
 */
/* vartest: test for variable/paramter names
* dp_dp: 0:block ordering
*        1:for comm. rings: use block order dp + dp/ds/wp
*        2:order aa(..),dp
*/
int rSumInternal(ring r1, ring r2, ring &sum, BOOLEAN vartest, BOOLEAN dp_dp)
{

  ip_sring tmpR;
  memset(&tmpR,0,sizeof(tmpR));
  /* check coeff. field =====================================================*/

  if (r1->cf==r2->cf)
  {
    tmpR.cf=nCopyCoeff(r1->cf);
  }
  else /* different type */
  {
    if (getCoeffType(r1->cf)==n_Zp)
    {
      if (getCoeffType(r2->cf)==n_Q)
      {
        tmpR.cf=nCopyCoeff(r1->cf);
      }
      else if (nCoeff_is_Extension(r2->cf) && rChar(r2) == rChar(r1))
      {
        /*AlgExtInfo extParam;
        extParam.r = r2->cf->extRing;
        extParam.i = r2->cf->extRing->qideal;*/
        tmpR.cf=nCopyCoeff(r2->cf);
      }
      else
      {
        WerrorS("Z/p+...");
        return -1;
      }
    }
    else if ((getCoeffType(r1->cf)==n_Zn)||(getCoeffType(r1->cf)==n_Znm))
    {
      if (getCoeffType(r2->cf)==n_Q)
      {
        tmpR.cf=nCopyCoeff(r1->cf);
      }
      else if (nCoeff_is_Extension(r2->cf)
      && (mpz_cmp(r1->cf->modNumber,r2->cf->extRing->cf->modNumber)==0))
      { // covers transext.cc and algext.cc
        tmpR.cf=nCopyCoeff(r2->cf);
      }
      else
      {
        WerrorS("Z/n+...");
        return -1;
      }
    }
    else if (getCoeffType(r1->cf)==n_R)
    {
      WerrorS("R+..");
      return -1;
    }
    else if (getCoeffType(r1->cf)==n_Q)
    {
      if (getCoeffType(r2->cf)==n_Zp)
      {
        tmpR.cf=nCopyCoeff(r2->cf);
      }
      else if (nCoeff_is_Extension(r2->cf))
      {
        tmpR.cf=nCopyCoeff(r2->cf);
      }
      else
      {
        WerrorS("Q+...");
        return -1;
      }
    }
    else if (nCoeff_is_Extension(r1->cf))
    {
      if (r1->cf->extRing->cf==r2->cf)
      {
        tmpR.cf=nCopyCoeff(r1->cf);
      }
      else if (getCoeffType(r1->cf->extRing->cf)==n_Zp && getCoeffType(r2->cf)==n_Q) //r2->cf == n_Zp should have been handled above
      {
        tmpR.cf=nCopyCoeff(r1->cf);
      }
      else
      {
        WerrorS ("coeff sum of two extension fields not implemented");
        return -1;
      }
    }
    else
    {
      WerrorS("coeff sum not yet implemented");
      return -1;
    }
  }
  /* variable names ========================================================*/
  int i,j,k;
  int l=r1->N+r2->N;
  char **names=(char **)omAlloc0(l*sizeof(char *));
  k=0;

  // collect all varnames from r1, except those which are parameters
  // of r2, or those which are the empty string
  for (i=0;i<r1->N;i++)
  {
    BOOLEAN b=TRUE;

    if (*(r1->names[i]) == '\0')
      b = FALSE;
    else if ((rParameter(r2)!=NULL) && (strlen(r1->names[i])==1))
    {
      if (vartest)
      {
        for(j=0;j<rPar(r2);j++)
        {
          if (strcmp(r1->names[i],rParameter(r2)[j])==0)
          {
            b=FALSE;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    if (b)
    {
      //Print("name : %d: %s\n",k,r1->names[i]);
      names[k]=omStrDup(r1->names[i]);
      k++;
    }
    //else
    //  Print("no name (par1) %s\n",r1->names[i]);
  }
  // Add variables from r2, except those which are parameters of r1
  // those which are empty strings, and those which equal a var of r1
  for(i=0;i<r2->N;i++)
  {
    BOOLEAN b=TRUE;

    if (*(r2->names[i]) == '\0')
      b = FALSE;
    else if ((rParameter(r1)!=NULL) && (strlen(r2->names[i])==1))
    {
      if (vartest)
      {
        for(j=0;j<rPar(r1);j++)
        {
          if (strcmp(r2->names[i],rParameter(r1)[j])==0)
          {
            b=FALSE;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    if (b)
    {
      if (vartest)
      {
        for(j=0;j<r1->N;j++)
        {
          if (strcmp(r1->names[j],r2->names[i])==0)
          {
            b=FALSE;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if (b)
      {
        //Print("name : %d : %s\n",k,r2->names[i]);
        names[k]=omStrDup(r2->names[i]);
        k++;
      }
      //else
      //  Print("no name (var): %s\n",r2->names[i]);
    }
    //else
    //  Print("no name (par): %s\n",r2->names[i]);
  }
  // check whether we found any vars at all
  if (k == 0)
  {
    names[k]=omStrDup("");
    k=1;
  }
  tmpR.N=k;
  tmpR.names=names;
  /* ordering *======================================================== */
  tmpR.OrdSgn=0;
  if ((dp_dp==2)
  && (r1->OrdSgn==1)
  && (r2->OrdSgn==1)
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
      && !rIsPluralRing(r1) && !rIsPluralRing(r2)
#endif
     )
  {
    tmpR.order=(rRingOrder_t*)omAlloc0(4*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
    tmpR.block0=(int*)omAlloc0(4*sizeof(int));
    tmpR.block1=(int*)omAlloc0(4*sizeof(int));
    tmpR.wvhdl=(int**) omAlloc0(4*sizeof(int**));
    // ----
    tmpR.block0[0] = 1;
    tmpR.block1[0] = rVar(r1)+rVar(r2);
    tmpR.order[0] = ringorder_aa;
    tmpR.wvhdl[0]=(int*)omAlloc0((rVar(r1)+rVar(r2) + 1)*sizeof(int));
    for(int i=0;i<rVar(r1);i++) tmpR.wvhdl[0][i]=1;
    // ----
    tmpR.block0[1] = 1;
    tmpR.block1[1] = rVar(r1)+rVar(r2);
    tmpR.order[1] = ringorder_dp;
    // ----
    tmpR.order[2] = ringorder_C;
  }
  else if (dp_dp
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
      && !rIsPluralRing(r1) && !rIsPluralRing(r2)
#endif
     )
  {
    tmpR.order=(rRingOrder_t*)omAlloc(4*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
    tmpR.block0=(int*)omAlloc0(4*sizeof(int));
    tmpR.block1=(int*)omAlloc0(4*sizeof(int));
    tmpR.wvhdl=(int**)omAlloc0(4*sizeof(int *));
    tmpR.order[0]=ringorder_dp;
    tmpR.block0[0]=1;
    tmpR.block1[0]=rVar(r1);
    if (r2->OrdSgn==1)
    {
      if ((r2->block0[0]==1)
      && (r2->block1[0]==rVar(r2))
      && ((r2->order[0]==ringorder_wp)
        || (r2->order[0]==ringorder_Wp)
        || (r2->order[0]==ringorder_Dp))
      )
      {
        tmpR.order[1]=r2->order[0];
        if (r2->wvhdl[0]!=NULL)
          tmpR.wvhdl[1]=(int *)omMemDup(r2->wvhdl[0]);
      }
      else
        tmpR.order[1]=ringorder_dp;
    }
    else
    {
      tmpR.order[1]=ringorder_ds;
      tmpR.OrdSgn=-1;
    }
    tmpR.block0[1]=rVar(r1)+1;
    tmpR.block1[1]=rVar(r1)+rVar(r2);
    tmpR.order[2]=ringorder_C;
    tmpR.order[3]=(rRingOrder_t)0;
  }
  else
  {
    if ((r1->order[0]==ringorder_unspec)
        && (r2->order[0]==ringorder_unspec))
    {
      tmpR.order=(rRingOrder_t*)omAlloc(3*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
      tmpR.block0=(int*)omAlloc(3*sizeof(int));
      tmpR.block1=(int*)omAlloc(3*sizeof(int));
      tmpR.wvhdl=(int**)omAlloc0(3*sizeof(int *));
      tmpR.order[0]=ringorder_unspec;
      tmpR.order[1]=ringorder_C;
      tmpR.order[2]=(rRingOrder_t)0;
      tmpR.block0[0]=1;
      tmpR.block1[0]=tmpR.N;
    }
    else if (l==k) /* r3=r1+r2 */
    {
      int b;
      ring rb;
      if (r1->order[0]==ringorder_unspec)
      {
        /* extend order of r2 to r3 */
        b=rBlocks(r2);
        rb=r2;
        tmpR.OrdSgn=r2->OrdSgn;
      }
      else if (r2->order[0]==ringorder_unspec)
      {
        /* extend order of r1 to r3 */
        b=rBlocks(r1);
        rb=r1;
        tmpR.OrdSgn=r1->OrdSgn;
      }
      else
      {
        b=rBlocks(r1)+rBlocks(r2)-2; /* for only one order C, only one 0 */
        rb=NULL;
      }
      tmpR.order=(rRingOrder_t*)omAlloc0(b*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
      tmpR.block0=(int*)omAlloc0(b*sizeof(int));
      tmpR.block1=(int*)omAlloc0(b*sizeof(int));
      tmpR.wvhdl=(int**)omAlloc0(b*sizeof(int *));
      /* weights not implemented yet ...*/
      if (rb!=NULL)
      {
        for (i=0;i<b;i++)
        {
          tmpR.order[i]=rb->order[i];
          tmpR.block0[i]=rb->block0[i];
          tmpR.block1[i]=rb->block1[i];
          if (rb->wvhdl[i]!=NULL)
            WarnS("rSum: weights not implemented");
        }
        tmpR.block0[0]=1;
      }
      else /* ring sum for complete rings */
      {
        for (i=0;r1->order[i]!=0;i++)
        {
          tmpR.order[i]=r1->order[i];
          tmpR.block0[i]=r1->block0[i];
          tmpR.block1[i]=r1->block1[i];
          if (r1->wvhdl[i]!=NULL)
            tmpR.wvhdl[i] = (int*) omMemDup(r1->wvhdl[i]);
        }
        j=i;
        i--;
        if ((r1->order[i]==ringorder_c)
            ||(r1->order[i]==ringorder_C))
        {
          j--;
          tmpR.order[b-2]=r1->order[i];
        }
        for (i=0;r2->order[i]!=0;i++)
        {
          if ((r2->order[i]!=ringorder_c)
              &&(r2->order[i]!=ringorder_C))
          {
            tmpR.order[j]=r2->order[i];
            tmpR.block0[j]=r2->block0[i]+rVar(r1);
            tmpR.block1[j]=r2->block1[i]+rVar(r1);
            if (r2->wvhdl[i]!=NULL)
            {
              tmpR.wvhdl[j] = (int*) omMemDup(r2->wvhdl[i]);
            }
            j++;
          }
        }
        if((r1->OrdSgn==-1)||(r2->OrdSgn==-1))
          tmpR.OrdSgn=-1;
      }
    }
    else if ((k==rVar(r1)) && (k==rVar(r2))) /* r1 and r2 are "quite"
                                                the same ring */
      /* copy r1, because we have the variables from r1 */
    {
      int b=rBlocks(r1);

      tmpR.order=(rRingOrder_t*)omAlloc0(b*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
      tmpR.block0=(int*)omAlloc0(b*sizeof(int));
      tmpR.block1=(int*)omAlloc0(b*sizeof(int));
      tmpR.wvhdl=(int**)omAlloc0(b*sizeof(int *));
      /* weights not implemented yet ...*/
      for (i=0;i<b;i++)
      {
        tmpR.order[i]=r1->order[i];
        tmpR.block0[i]=r1->block0[i];
        tmpR.block1[i]=r1->block1[i];
        if (r1->wvhdl[i]!=NULL)
        {
          tmpR.wvhdl[i] = (int*) omMemDup(r1->wvhdl[i]);
        }
      }
      tmpR.OrdSgn=r1->OrdSgn;
    }
    else
    {
      for(i=0;i<k;i++) omFree((ADDRESS)tmpR.names[i]);
      omFreeSize((ADDRESS)names,tmpR.N*sizeof(char *));
      Werror("variables must not overlap (# of vars: %d,%d -> %d)",rVar(r1),rVar(r2),k);
      return -1;
    }
  }
  tmpR.bitmask=si_max(r1->bitmask,r2->bitmask);
  sum=(ring)omAllocBin(sip_sring_bin);
  memcpy(sum,&tmpR,sizeof(ip_sring));
  rComplete(sum);

//#ifdef RDEBUG
//  rDebugPrint(sum);
//#endif



#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if(1)
  {
//    ring old_ring = currRing;

    BOOLEAN R1_is_nc = rIsPluralRing(r1);
    BOOLEAN R2_is_nc = rIsPluralRing(r2);

    if ( (R1_is_nc) || (R2_is_nc))
    {
      ring R1 = nc_rCreateNCcomm_rCopy(r1);
      assume( rIsPluralRing(R1) );

#if 0
#ifdef RDEBUG
      rWrite(R1);
      rDebugPrint(R1);
#endif
#endif
      ring R2 = nc_rCreateNCcomm_rCopy(r2);
#if 0
#ifdef RDEBUG
      rWrite(R2);
      rDebugPrint(R2);
#endif
#endif

//      rChangeCurrRing(sum); // ?

      // Projections from R_i into Sum:
      /* multiplication matrices business: */
      /* find permutations of vars and pars */
      int *perm1 = (int *)omAlloc0((rVar(R1)+1)*sizeof(int));
      int *par_perm1 = NULL;
      if (rPar(R1)!=0) par_perm1=(int *)omAlloc0((rPar(R1)+1)*sizeof(int));

      int *perm2 = (int *)omAlloc0((rVar(R2)+1)*sizeof(int));
      int *par_perm2 = NULL;
      if (rPar(R2)!=0) par_perm2=(int *)omAlloc0((rPar(R2)+1)*sizeof(int));

      maFindPerm(R1->names,  rVar(R1),  rParameter(R1),  rPar(R1),
                 sum->names, rVar(sum), rParameter(sum), rPar(sum),
                 perm1, par_perm1, sum->cf->type);

      maFindPerm(R2->names,  rVar(R2),  rParameter(R2),  rPar(R2),
                 sum->names, rVar(sum), rParameter(sum), rPar(sum),
                 perm2, par_perm2, sum->cf->type);


      matrix C1 = R1->GetNC()->C, C2 = R2->GetNC()->C;
      matrix D1 = R1->GetNC()->D, D2 = R2->GetNC()->D;

      // !!!! BUG? C1 and C2 might live in different baserings!!!

      int l = rVar(R1) + rVar(R2);

      matrix C  = mpNew(l,l);
      matrix D  = mpNew(l,l);

      for (i = 1; i <= rVar(R1); i++)
        for (j= rVar(R1)+1; j <= l; j++)
          MATELEM(C,i,j) = p_One(sum); // in 'sum'

      id_Test((ideal)C, sum);

      nMapFunc nMap1 = n_SetMap(R1->cf,sum->cf); /* can change something global: not usable
                                                    after the next nSetMap call :( */
      // Create blocked C and D matrices:
      for (i=1; i<= rVar(R1); i++)
        for (j=i+1; j<=rVar(R1); j++)
        {
          assume(MATELEM(C1,i,j) != NULL);
          MATELEM(C,i,j) = p_PermPoly(MATELEM(C1,i,j), perm1, R1, sum, nMap1, par_perm1, rPar(R1)); // need ADD + CMP ops.

          if (MATELEM(D1,i,j) != NULL)
            MATELEM(D,i,j) = p_PermPoly(MATELEM(D1,i,j), perm1, R1, sum, nMap1, par_perm1, rPar(R1));
        }

      id_Test((ideal)C, sum);
      id_Test((ideal)D, sum);


      nMapFunc nMap2 = n_SetMap(R2->cf,sum->cf); /* can change something global: not usable
                                                    after the next nSetMap call :( */
      for (i=1; i<= rVar(R2); i++)
        for (j=i+1; j<=rVar(R2); j++)
        {
          assume(MATELEM(C2,i,j) != NULL);
          MATELEM(C,rVar(R1)+i,rVar(R1)+j) = p_PermPoly(MATELEM(C2,i,j),perm2,R2,sum, nMap2,par_perm2,rPar(R2));

          if (MATELEM(D2,i,j) != NULL)
            MATELEM(D,rVar(R1)+i,rVar(R1)+j) = p_PermPoly(MATELEM(D2,i,j),perm2,R2,sum, nMap2,par_perm2,rPar(R2));
        }

      id_Test((ideal)C, sum);
      id_Test((ideal)D, sum);

      // Now sum is non-commutative with blocked structure constants!
      if (nc_CallPlural(C, D, NULL, NULL, sum, false, false, true, sum))
        WarnS("Error initializing non-commutative multiplication!");

      /* delete R1, R2*/

#if 0
#ifdef RDEBUG
      rWrite(sum);
      rDebugPrint(sum);

      Print("\nRefs: R1: %d, R2: %d\n", R1->GetNC()->ref, R2->GetNC()->ref);

#endif
#endif


      rDelete(R1);
      rDelete(R2);

      /* delete perm arrays */
      if (perm1!=NULL) omFree((ADDRESS)perm1);
      if (perm2!=NULL) omFree((ADDRESS)perm2);
      if (par_perm1!=NULL) omFree((ADDRESS)par_perm1);
      if (par_perm2!=NULL) omFree((ADDRESS)par_perm2);

//      rChangeCurrRing(old_ring);
    }

  }
#endif

  ideal Q=NULL;
  ideal Q1=NULL, Q2=NULL;
  if (r1->qideal!=NULL)
  {
//    rChangeCurrRing(sum);
//     if (r2->qideal!=NULL)
//     {
//       WerrorS("todo: qring+qring");
//       return -1;
//     }
//     else
//     {}
    /* these were defined in the Plural Part above... */
    int *perm1 = (int *)omAlloc0((rVar(r1)+1)*sizeof(int));
    int *par_perm1 = NULL;
    if (rPar(r1)!=0) par_perm1=(int *)omAlloc0((rPar(r1)+1)*sizeof(int));
    maFindPerm(r1->names,  rVar(r1),  rParameter(r1),  rPar(r1),
               sum->names, rVar(sum), rParameter(sum), rPar(sum),
               perm1, par_perm1, sum->cf->type);
    nMapFunc nMap1 = n_SetMap(r1->cf,sum->cf);
    Q1 = idInit(IDELEMS(r1->qideal),1);

    for (int for_i=0;for_i<IDELEMS(r1->qideal);for_i++)
      Q1->m[for_i] = p_PermPoly(
                                r1->qideal->m[for_i], perm1,
                                r1, sum,
                                nMap1,
                                par_perm1, rPar(r1));

    omFree((ADDRESS)perm1);
  }

  if (r2->qideal!=NULL)
  {
    //if (currRing!=sum)
    //  rChangeCurrRing(sum);
    int *perm2 = (int *)omAlloc0((rVar(r2)+1)*sizeof(int));
    int *par_perm2 = NULL;
    if (rPar(r2)!=0) par_perm2=(int *)omAlloc0((rPar(r2)+1)*sizeof(int));
    maFindPerm(r2->names,  rVar(r2),  rParameter(r2),  rPar(r2),
               sum->names, rVar(sum), rParameter(sum), rPar(sum),
               perm2, par_perm2, sum->cf->type);
    nMapFunc nMap2 = n_SetMap(r2->cf,sum->cf);
    Q2 = idInit(IDELEMS(r2->qideal),1);

    for (int for_i=0;for_i<IDELEMS(r2->qideal);for_i++)
      Q2->m[for_i] = p_PermPoly(
                  r2->qideal->m[for_i], perm2,
                  r2, sum,
                  nMap2,
                  par_perm2, rPar(r2));

    omFree((ADDRESS)perm2);
  }
  if (Q1!=NULL)
  {
    if ( Q2!=NULL)
      Q = id_SimpleAdd(Q1,Q2,sum);
    else
      Q=id_Copy(Q1,sum);
  }
  else
  {
    if ( Q2!=NULL)
      Q = id_Copy(Q2,sum);
    else
      Q=NULL;
  }
  sum->qideal = Q;

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if( rIsPluralRing(sum) )
    nc_SetupQuotient( sum );
#endif
  return 1;
}

/*2
 *returns -1 for not compatible, (sum is undefined)
 *         0 for equal, (and sum)
 *         1 for compatible (and sum)
 */
int rSum(ring r1, ring r2, ring &sum)
{
  if ((r1==NULL)||(r2==NULL)
  ||(r1->cf==NULL)||(r2->cf==NULL))
    return -1;
  if (r1==r2)
  {
    sum=r1;
    rIncRefCnt(r1);
    return 0;
  }
  return rSumInternal(r1,r2,sum,TRUE,FALSE);
}

/*2
 * create a copy of the ring r
 * used for qring definition,..
 * DOES NOT CALL rComplete
 */
ring rCopy0(const ring r, BOOLEAN copy_qideal, BOOLEAN copy_ordering)
{
  if (r == NULL) return NULL;
  int i,j;
  ring res=(ring)omAlloc0Bin(sip_sring_bin);
  //memset: res->idroot=NULL; /* local objects */
  //ideal      minideal;
  res->options=r->options; /* ring dependent options */

  //memset: res->ordsgn=NULL;
  //memset: res->typ=NULL;
  //memset: res->VarOffset=NULL;
  //memset: res->firstwv=NULL;

  //struct omBin   PolyBin; /* Bin from where monoms are allocated */
  //memset: res->PolyBin=NULL; // rComplete
  res->cf=nCopyCoeff(r->cf);     /* coeffs */

  //memset: res->ref=0; /* reference counter to the ring */

  res->N=rVar(r);      /* number of vars */

  res->firstBlockEnds=r->firstBlockEnds;
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  res->real_var_start=r->real_var_start;
  res->real_var_end=r->real_var_end;
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SHIFTBBA
  res->isLPring=r->isLPring; /* 0 for non-letterplace rings, otherwise the number of LP blocks, at least 1, known also as lV */
  res->LPncGenCount=r->LPncGenCount;
#endif

  res->VectorOut=r->VectorOut;
  res->ShortOut=r->ShortOut;
  res->CanShortOut=r->CanShortOut;

  //memset: res->ExpL_Size=0;
  //memset: res->CmpL_Size=0;
  //memset: res->VarL_Size=0;
  //memset: res->pCompIndex=0;
  //memset: res->pOrdIndex=0;
  //memset: res->OrdSize=0;
  //memset: res->VarL_LowIndex=0;
  //memset: res->NegWeightL_Size=0;
  //memset: res->NegWeightL_Offset=NULL;
  //memset: res->VarL_Offset=NULL;

  // the following are set by rComplete unless predefined
  // therefore, we copy these values: maybe they are non-standard
  /* mask for getting single exponents */
  res->bitmask=r->bitmask;
  res->divmask=r->divmask;
  res->BitsPerExp = r->BitsPerExp;
  res->ExpPerLong =  r->ExpPerLong;

  //memset: res->p_Procs=NULL;
  //memset: res->pFDeg=NULL;
  //memset: res->pLDeg=NULL;
  //memset: res->pFDegOrig=NULL;
  //memset: res->pLDegOrig=NULL;
  //memset: res->p_Setm=NULL;
  //memset: res->cf=NULL;

/*
  if (r->extRing!=NULL)
    r->extRing->ref++;

  res->extRing=r->extRing;
  //memset: res->qideal=NULL;
*/


  if (copy_ordering == TRUE)
  {
    res->LexOrder=r->LexOrder; // TRUE if the monomial ordering has polynomial and power series blocks
    res->MixedOrder=r->MixedOrder; // TRUE for mixed (global/local) ordering, FALSE otherwise,
    i=rBlocks(r);
    res->wvhdl   = (int **)omAlloc(i * sizeof(int *));
    res->order   = (rRingOrder_t *) omAlloc(i * sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
    res->block0  = (int *) omAlloc(i * sizeof(int));
    res->block1  = (int *) omAlloc(i * sizeof(int));
    for (j=0; j<i; j++)
    {
      if (r->wvhdl[j]!=NULL)
      {
        res->wvhdl[j] = (int*) omMemDup(r->wvhdl[j]);
      }
      else
        res->wvhdl[j]=NULL;
    }
    memcpy(res->order,r->order,i * sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
    memcpy(res->block0,r->block0,i * sizeof(int));
    memcpy(res->block1,r->block1,i * sizeof(int));
  }
  //memset: else
  //memset: {
  //memset:   res->wvhdl = NULL;
  //memset:   res->order = NULL;
  //memset:   res->block0 = NULL;
  //memset:   res->block1 = NULL;
  //memset: }

  res->names   = (char **)omAlloc0(rVar(r) * sizeof(char *));
  for (i=0; i<rVar(res); i++)
  {
    res->names[i] = omStrDup(r->names[i]);
  }
  if (r->qideal!=NULL)
  {
    if (copy_qideal)
    {
      assume(copy_ordering);
      rComplete(res);
      res->qideal= idrCopyR_NoSort(r->qideal, r, res);
      rUnComplete(res);
    }
    //memset: else res->qideal = NULL;
  }
  //memset: else res->qideal = NULL;
  //memset: res->GetNC() = NULL; // copy is purely commutative!!!
  return res;
}

/*2
 * create a copy of the ring r
 * used for qring definition,..
 * DOES NOT CALL rComplete
 */
ring rCopy0AndAddA(const ring r,  int64vec *wv64, BOOLEAN copy_qideal, BOOLEAN copy_ordering)
{
  if (r == NULL) return NULL;
  int i,j;
  ring res=(ring)omAlloc0Bin(sip_sring_bin);
  //memcpy(res,r,sizeof(ip_sring));
  //memset: res->idroot=NULL; /* local objects */
  //ideal      minideal;
  res->options=r->options; /* ring dependent options */

  //memset: res->ordsgn=NULL;
  //memset: res->typ=NULL;
  //memset: res->VarOffset=NULL;
  //memset: res->firstwv=NULL;

  //struct omBin   PolyBin; /* Bin from where monoms are allocated */
  //memset: res->PolyBin=NULL; // rComplete
  res->cf=nCopyCoeff(r->cf);     /* coeffs */

  //memset: res->ref=0; /* reference counter to the ring */

  res->N=rVar(r);      /* number of vars */

  res->firstBlockEnds=r->firstBlockEnds;
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  res->real_var_start=r->real_var_start;
  res->real_var_end=r->real_var_end;
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SHIFTBBA
  res->isLPring=r->isLPring; /* 0 for non-letterplace rings, otherwise the number of LP blocks, at least 1, known also as lV */
  res->LPncGenCount=r->LPncGenCount;
#endif

  res->VectorOut=r->VectorOut;
  res->ShortOut=r->ShortOut;
  res->CanShortOut=r->CanShortOut;
  res->LexOrder=r->LexOrder; // TRUE if the monomial ordering has polynomial and power series blocks
  res->MixedOrder=r->MixedOrder; // TRUE for mixed (global/local) ordering, FALSE otherwise,

  //memset: res->ExpL_Size=0;
  //memset: res->CmpL_Size=0;
  //memset: res->VarL_Size=0;
  //memset: res->pCompIndex=0;
  //memset: res->pOrdIndex=0;
  //memset: res->OrdSize=0;
  //memset: res->VarL_LowIndex=0;
  //memset: res->NegWeightL_Size=0;
  //memset: res->NegWeightL_Offset=NULL;
  //memset: res->VarL_Offset=NULL;

  // the following are set by rComplete unless predefined
  // therefore, we copy these values: maybe they are non-standard
  /* mask for getting single exponents */
  res->bitmask=r->bitmask;
  res->divmask=r->divmask;
  res->BitsPerExp = r->BitsPerExp;
  res->ExpPerLong =  r->ExpPerLong;

  //memset: res->p_Procs=NULL;
  //memset: res->pFDeg=NULL;
  //memset: res->pLDeg=NULL;
  //memset: res->pFDegOrig=NULL;
  //memset: res->pLDegOrig=NULL;
  //memset: res->p_Setm=NULL;
  //memset: res->cf=NULL;

/*
  if (r->extRing!=NULL)
    r->extRing->ref++;

  res->extRing=r->extRing;
  //memset: res->qideal=NULL;
*/


  if (copy_ordering == TRUE)
  {
    i=rBlocks(r)+1; // DIFF to rCopy0
    res->wvhdl   = (int **)omAlloc(i * sizeof(int *));
    res->order   = (rRingOrder_t *) omAlloc(i * sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
    res->block0  = (int *) omAlloc(i * sizeof(int));
    res->block1  = (int *) omAlloc(i * sizeof(int));
    for (j=0; j<i-1; j++)
    {
      if (r->wvhdl[j]!=NULL)
      {
        res->wvhdl[j+1] = (int*) omMemDup(r->wvhdl[j]); //DIFF
      }
      else
        res->wvhdl[j+1]=NULL; //DIFF
    }
    memcpy(&(res->order[1]),r->order,(i-1) * sizeof(rRingOrder_t)); //DIFF
    memcpy(&(res->block0[1]),r->block0,(i-1) * sizeof(int)); //DIFF
    memcpy(&(res->block1[1]),r->block1,(i-1) * sizeof(int)); //DIFF
  }
  //memset: else
  //memset: {
  //memset:   res->wvhdl = NULL;
  //memset:   res->order = NULL;
  //memset:   res->block0 = NULL;
  //memset:   res->block1 = NULL;
  //memset: }

  //the added A
  res->order[0]=ringorder_a64;
  int length=wv64->rows();
  int64 *A=(int64 *)omAlloc(length*sizeof(int64));
  for(j=length-1;j>=0;j--)
  {
     A[j]=(*wv64)[j];
  }
  res->wvhdl[0]=(int *)A;
  res->block0[0]=1;
  res->block1[0]=length;
  //

  res->names   = (char **)omAlloc0(rVar(r) * sizeof(char *));
  for (i=0; i<rVar(res); i++)
  {
    res->names[i] = omStrDup(r->names[i]);
  }
  if (r->qideal!=NULL)
  {
    if (copy_qideal)
    {
      #ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      if (!copy_ordering)
        WerrorS("internal error: rCopy0(Q,TRUE,FALSE)");
      else
      #endif
      {
      #ifndef SING_NDEBUG
        WarnS("internal bad stuff: rCopy0(Q,TRUE,TRUE)");
      #endif
        rComplete(res);
        res->qideal= idrCopyR_NoSort(r->qideal, r, res);
        rUnComplete(res);
      }
    }
    //memset: else res->qideal = NULL;
  }
  //memset: else res->qideal = NULL;
  //memset: res->GetNC() = NULL; // copy is purely commutative!!!
  return res;
}

/*2
 * create a copy of the ring r, which must be equivalent to currRing
 * used for qring definition,..
 * (i.e.: normal rings: same nCopy as currRing;
 *        qring:        same nCopy, same idCopy as currRing)
 */
ring rCopy(ring r)
{
  if (r == NULL) return NULL;
  ring res=rCopy0(r,FALSE,TRUE);
  rComplete(res, 1); // res is purely commutative so far
  if (r->qideal!=NULL) res->qideal=idrCopyR_NoSort(r->qideal, r, res);

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if (rIsPluralRing(r))
    if( nc_rCopy(res, r, true) ) {}
#endif

  return res;
}

BOOLEAN rEqual(ring r1, ring r2, BOOLEAN qr)
{
  if (r1 == r2) return TRUE;
  if (r1 == NULL || r2 == NULL) return FALSE;
  if (r1->cf!=r2->cf) return FALSE;
  if (rVar(r1)!=rVar(r2)) return FALSE;
  if (r1->bitmask!=r2->bitmask) return FALSE;
  #ifdef HAVE_SHIFTBBA
  if (r1->isLPring!=r2->isLPring) return FALSE;
  if (r1->LPncGenCount!=r2->LPncGenCount) return FALSE;
  #endif

  if( !rSamePolyRep(r1, r2) )
    return FALSE;

  int i/*, j*/;

  for (i=0; i<rVar(r1); i++)
  {
    if ((r1->names[i] != NULL) && (r2->names[i] != NULL))
    {
      if (strcmp(r1->names[i], r2->names[i])) return FALSE;
    }
    else if ((r1->names[i] != NULL) ^ (r2->names[i] != NULL))
    {
      return FALSE;
    }
  }

  if (qr)
  {
    if (r1->qideal != NULL)
    {
      ideal id1 = r1->qideal, id2 = r2->qideal;
      int i, n;
      poly *m1, *m2;

      if (id2 == NULL) return FALSE;
      if ((n = IDELEMS(id1)) != IDELEMS(id2)) return FALSE;

      {
        m1 = id1->m;
        m2 = id2->m;
        for (i=0; i<n; i++)
          if (! p_EqualPolys(m1[i],m2[i], r1, r2)) return FALSE;
      }
    }
    else if (r2->qideal != NULL) return FALSE;
  }

  return TRUE;
}

BOOLEAN rSamePolyRep(ring r1, ring r2)
{
  int i, j;

  if (r1 == r2) return TRUE;

  if (r1 == NULL || r2 == NULL) return FALSE;

  if ((r1->cf != r2->cf)
  || (rVar(r1) != rVar(r2))
  || (r1->OrdSgn != r2->OrdSgn))
    return FALSE;

  i=0;
  while (r1->order[i] != 0)
  {
    if (r2->order[i] == 0) return FALSE;
    if ((r1->order[i] != r2->order[i])
    || (r1->block0[i] != r2->block0[i])
    || (r1->block1[i] != r2->block1[i]))
      return FALSE;
    if (r1->wvhdl[i] != NULL)
    {
      if (r2->wvhdl[i] == NULL)
        return FALSE;
      for (j=0; j<r1->block1[i]-r1->block0[i]+1; j++)
        if (r2->wvhdl[i][j] != r1->wvhdl[i][j])
          return FALSE;
    }
    else if (r2->wvhdl[i] != NULL) return FALSE;
    i++;
  }
  if (r2->order[i] != 0) return FALSE;

  // we do not check variable names
  // we do not check minpoly/minideal
  // we do not check qideal

  return TRUE;
}

rOrderType_t rGetOrderType(ring r)
{
  // check for simple ordering
  if (rHasSimpleOrder(r))
  {
    if ((r->order[1] == ringorder_c)
    || (r->order[1] == ringorder_C))
    {
      switch(r->order[0])
      {
          case ringorder_dp:
          case ringorder_wp:
          case ringorder_ds:
          case ringorder_ws:
          case ringorder_ls:
          case ringorder_unspec:
            if (r->order[1] == ringorder_C
            ||  r->order[0] == ringorder_unspec)
              return rOrderType_ExpComp;
            return rOrderType_Exp;

          default:
            assume(r->order[0] == ringorder_lp ||
                   r->order[0] == ringorder_rs ||
                   r->order[0] == ringorder_Dp ||
                   r->order[0] == ringorder_Wp ||
                   r->order[0] == ringorder_Ds ||
                   r->order[0] == ringorder_Ws);

            if (r->order[1] == ringorder_c) return rOrderType_ExpComp;
            return rOrderType_Exp;
      }
    }
    else
    {
      assume((r->order[0]==ringorder_c)||(r->order[0]==ringorder_C));
      return rOrderType_CompExp;
    }
  }
  else
    return rOrderType_General;
}

BOOLEAN rHas_c_Ordering(const ring r)
{
  return (r->order[0] == ringorder_c);
}
BOOLEAN rHasSimpleOrder(const ring r)
{
  if (r->order[0] == ringorder_unspec) return TRUE;
  int blocks = rBlocks(r) - 1;
  assume(blocks >= 1);
  if (blocks == 1) return TRUE;

  int s = 0;
  while( (s < blocks) && (r->order[s] == ringorder_IS) && (r->order[blocks-1] == ringorder_IS) )
  {
    s++;
    blocks--;
  }

  if ((blocks - s) > 2)  return FALSE;

  assume( blocks == s + 2 );

  if (
     (r->order[s] != ringorder_c)
  && (r->order[s] != ringorder_C)
  && (r->order[s+1] != ringorder_c)
  && (r->order[s+1] != ringorder_C)
     )
    return FALSE;
  if ((r->order[s+1] == ringorder_M)
  || (r->order[s] == ringorder_M))
    return FALSE;
  return TRUE;
}

// returns TRUE, if simple lp or ls ordering
BOOLEAN rHasSimpleLexOrder(const ring r)
{
  return rHasSimpleOrder(r) &&
    (r->order[0] == ringorder_ls ||
     r->order[0] == ringorder_lp ||
     r->order[1] == ringorder_ls ||
     r->order[1] == ringorder_lp);
}

BOOLEAN rOrder_is_DegOrdering(const rRingOrder_t order)
{
  switch(order)
  {
      case ringorder_dp:
      case ringorder_Dp:
      case ringorder_ds:
      case ringorder_Ds:
      case ringorder_Ws:
      case ringorder_Wp:
      case ringorder_ws:
      case ringorder_wp:
        return TRUE;

      default:
        return FALSE;
  }
}

BOOLEAN rOrder_is_WeightedOrdering(rRingOrder_t order)
{
  switch(order)
  {
      case ringorder_Ws:
      case ringorder_Wp:
      case ringorder_ws:
      case ringorder_wp:
        return TRUE;

      default:
        return FALSE;
  }
}

BOOLEAN rHasSimpleOrderAA(ring r)
{
  if (r->order[0] == ringorder_unspec) return TRUE;
  int blocks = rBlocks(r) - 1;
  assume(blocks >= 1);
  if (blocks == 1) return TRUE;

  int s = 0;
  while( (s < blocks) && (r->order[s] == ringorder_IS) && (r->order[blocks-1] == ringorder_IS) )
  {
    s++;
    blocks--;
  }

  if ((blocks - s) > 3)  return FALSE;

//  if ((blocks > 3) || (blocks < 2)) return FALSE;
  if ((blocks - s) == 3)
  {
    return (((r->order[s] == ringorder_aa) && (r->order[s+1] != ringorder_M) &&
             ((r->order[s+2] == ringorder_c) || (r->order[s+2] == ringorder_C))) ||
            (((r->order[s] == ringorder_c) || (r->order[s] == ringorder_C)) &&
             (r->order[s+1] == ringorder_aa) && (r->order[s+2] != ringorder_M)));
  }
  else
  {
    return ((r->order[s] == ringorder_aa) && (r->order[s+1] != ringorder_M));
  }
}

// return TRUE if p_SetComp requires p_Setm
BOOLEAN rOrd_SetCompRequiresSetm(const ring r)
{
  if (r->typ != NULL)
  {
    int pos;
    for (pos=0;pos<r->OrdSize;pos++)
    {
      sro_ord* o=&(r->typ[pos]);
      if (   (o->ord_typ == ro_syzcomp)
          || (o->ord_typ == ro_syz)
          || (o->ord_typ == ro_is)
          || (o->ord_typ == ro_am)
          || (o->ord_typ == ro_isTemp))
        return TRUE;
    }
  }
  return FALSE;
}

// return TRUE if p->exp[r->pOrdIndex] holds total degree of p */
BOOLEAN rOrd_is_Totaldegree_Ordering(const ring r)
{
  // Hmm.... what about Syz orderings?
  return (rVar(r) > 1 &&
          ((rHasSimpleOrder(r) &&
           (rOrder_is_DegOrdering((rRingOrder_t)r->order[0]) ||
            rOrder_is_DegOrdering(( rRingOrder_t)r->order[1]))) ||
           (rHasSimpleOrderAA(r) &&
            (rOrder_is_DegOrdering((rRingOrder_t)r->order[1]) ||
            ((r->order[1]!=0) &&
             rOrder_is_DegOrdering((rRingOrder_t)r->order[2]))))));
}

// return TRUE if p->exp[r->pOrdIndex] holds a weighted degree of p */
BOOLEAN rOrd_is_WeightedDegree_Ordering(const ring r )
{
  // Hmm.... what about Syz orderings?
  return ((rVar(r) > 1) &&
          rHasSimpleOrder(r) &&
          (rOrder_is_WeightedOrdering((rRingOrder_t)r->order[0]) ||
           rOrder_is_WeightedOrdering(( rRingOrder_t)r->order[1])));
}

BOOLEAN rIsPolyVar(int v,const ring r)
{
  int  i=0;
  while(r->order[i]!=0)
  {
    if((r->block0[i]<=v)
    && (r->block1[i]>=v))
    {
      switch(r->order[i])
      {
        case ringorder_a:
          return (r->wvhdl[i][v-r->block0[i]]>0);
        case ringorder_M:
          return 2; /*don't know*/
        case ringorder_a64: /* assume: all weight are non-negative!*/
        case ringorder_lp:
        case ringorder_rs:
        case ringorder_dp:
        case ringorder_Dp:
        case ringorder_wp:
        case ringorder_Wp:
          return TRUE;
        case ringorder_ls:
        case ringorder_ds:
        case ringorder_Ds:
        case ringorder_ws:
        case ringorder_Ws:
          return FALSE;
        default:
          break;
      }
    }
    i++;
  }
  return 3; /* could not find var v*/
}

#ifdef RDEBUG
// This should eventually become a full-fledge ring check, like pTest
BOOLEAN rDBTest(ring r, const char* fn, const int l)
{
  int i,j;

  if (r == NULL)
  {
    dReportError("Null ring in %s:%d", fn, l);
    return FALSE;
  }


  if (r->N == 0) return TRUE;

  if ((r->OrdSgn!=1) && (r->OrdSgn!= -1))
  {
    dReportError("missing OrdSgn in %s:%d", fn, l);
    return FALSE;
  }

//  omCheckAddrSize(r,sizeof(ip_sring));
#if OM_CHECK > 0
  i=rBlocks(r);
  omCheckAddrSize(r->order,i*sizeof(int));
  omCheckAddrSize(r->block0,i*sizeof(int));
  omCheckAddrSize(r->block1,i*sizeof(int));
  for(int j=0;j<=i;j++)
  {
    if((r->order[j]<0)||(r->order[j]>ringorder_unspec))
      dError("wrong order in r->order");
  }
  if (r->wvhdl!=NULL)
  {
    omCheckAddrSize(r->wvhdl,i*sizeof(int *));
    for (j=0;j<i; j++)
    {
      if (r->wvhdl[j] != NULL) omCheckAddr(r->wvhdl[j]);
    }
  }
#endif
  if (r->VarOffset == NULL)
  {
    dReportError("Null ring VarOffset -- no rComplete (?) in n %s:%d", fn, l);
    return FALSE;
  }
  omCheckAddrSize(r->VarOffset,(r->N+1)*sizeof(int));

  if ((r->OrdSize==0)!=(r->typ==NULL))
  {
    dReportError("mismatch OrdSize and typ-pointer in %s:%d");
    return FALSE;
  }
  omcheckAddrSize(r->typ,r->OrdSize*sizeof(*(r->typ)));
  omCheckAddrSize(r->VarOffset,(r->N+1)*sizeof(*(r->VarOffset)));
  // test assumptions:
  for(i=0;i<=r->N;i++) // for all variables (i = 0..N)
  {
    if(r->typ!=NULL)
    {
      for(j=0;j<r->OrdSize;j++) // for all ordering blocks (j =0..OrdSize-1)
      {
        if(r->typ[j].ord_typ == ro_isTemp)
        {
          const int p = r->typ[j].data.isTemp.suffixpos;

          if(p <= j)
            dReportError("ordrec prefix %d is unmatched",j);

          assume( p < r->OrdSize );

          if(r->typ[p].ord_typ != ro_is)
            dReportError("ordrec prefix %d is unmatched (suffix: %d is wrong!!!)",j, p);

          // Skip all intermediate blocks for undone variables:
          if(r->typ[j].data.isTemp.pVarOffset[i] != -1) // Check i^th variable
          {
            j = p - 1; // SKIP ALL INTERNAL BLOCKS...???
            continue; // To make for check OrdSize bound...
          }
        }
        else if (r->typ[j].ord_typ == ro_is)
        {
          // Skip all intermediate blocks for undone variables:
          if(r->typ[j].data.is.pVarOffset[i] != -1)
          {
            // TODO???
          }

        }
        else
        {
          if (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_cp)
          {
            if(((short)r->VarOffset[i]) == r->typ[j].data.cp.place)
              dReportError("ordrec %d conflicts with var %d",j,i);
          }
          else
            if ((r->typ[j].ord_typ!=ro_syzcomp)
            && (r->VarOffset[i] == r->typ[j].data.dp.place))
              dReportError("ordrec %d conflicts with var %d",j,i);
        }
      }
    }
    int tmp;
      tmp=r->VarOffset[i] & 0xffffff;
      #if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
        if ((r->VarOffset[i] >> 24) >63)
      #else
        if ((r->VarOffset[i] >> 24) >31)
      #endif
          dReportError("bit_start out of range:%d",r->VarOffset[i] >> 24);
      if (i > 0 && ((tmp<0) ||(tmp>r->ExpL_Size-1)))
      {
        dReportError("varoffset out of range for var %d: %d",i,tmp);
      }
  }
  if(r->typ!=NULL)
  {
    for(j=0;j<r->OrdSize;j++)
    {
      if ((r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_dp)
      || (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_wp)
      || (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_wp_neg))
      {
        if (r->typ[j].data.dp.start > r->typ[j].data.dp.end)
          dReportError("in ordrec %d: start(%d) > end(%d)",j,
            r->typ[j].data.dp.start, r->typ[j].data.dp.end);
        if ((r->typ[j].data.dp.start < 1)
        || (r->typ[j].data.dp.end > r->N))
          dReportError("in ordrec %d: start(%d)<1 or end(%d)>vars(%d)",j,
            r->typ[j].data.dp.start, r->typ[j].data.dp.end,r->N);
      }
    }
  }

  assume(r != NULL);
  assume(r->cf != NULL);

  if (nCoeff_is_algExt(r->cf))
  {
    assume(r->cf->extRing != NULL);
    assume(r->cf->extRing->qideal != NULL);
    omCheckAddr(r->cf->extRing->qideal->m[0]);
  }

  //assume(r->cf!=NULL);

  return TRUE;
}
#endif

static void rO_Align(int &place, int &bitplace)
{
  // increment place to the next aligned one
  // (count as Exponent_t,align as longs)
  if (bitplace!=BITS_PER_LONG)
  {
    place++;
    bitplace=BITS_PER_LONG;
  }
}

static void rO_TDegree(int &place, int &bitplace, int start, int end,
    long *o, sro_ord &ord_struct)
{
  // degree (aligned) of variables v_start..v_end, ordsgn 1
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_dp;
  ord_struct.data.dp.start=start;
  ord_struct.data.dp.end=end;
  ord_struct.data.dp.place=place;
  o[place]=1;
  place++;
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
}

static void rO_TDegree_neg(int &place, int &bitplace, int start, int end,
    long *o, sro_ord &ord_struct)
{
  // degree (aligned) of variables v_start..v_end, ordsgn -1
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_dp;
  ord_struct.data.dp.start=start;
  ord_struct.data.dp.end=end;
  ord_struct.data.dp.place=place;
  o[place]=-1;
  place++;
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
}

static void rO_WDegree(int &place, int &bitplace, int start, int end,
    long *o, sro_ord &ord_struct, int *weights)
{
  // weighted degree (aligned) of variables v_start..v_end, ordsgn 1
  while((start<end) && (weights[0]==0)) { start++; weights++; }
  while((start<end) && (weights[end-start]==0)) { end--; }
  int i;
  int pure_tdeg=1;
  for(i=start;i<=end;i++)
  {
    if(weights[i-start]!=1)
    {
      pure_tdeg=0;
      break;
    }
  }
  if (pure_tdeg)
  {
    rO_TDegree(place,bitplace,start,end,o,ord_struct);
    return;
  }
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_wp;
  ord_struct.data.wp.start=start;
  ord_struct.data.wp.end=end;
  ord_struct.data.wp.place=place;
  ord_struct.data.wp.weights=weights;
  o[place]=1;
  place++;
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  for(i=start;i<=end;i++)
  {
    if(weights[i-start]<0)
    {
      ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_wp_neg;
      break;
    }
  }
}

static void rO_WMDegree(int &place, int &bitplace, int start, int end,
    long *o, sro_ord &ord_struct, int *weights)
{
  assume(weights != NULL);

  // weighted degree (aligned) of variables v_start..v_end, ordsgn 1
//  while((start<end) && (weights[0]==0)) { start++; weights++; }
//  while((start<end) && (weights[end-start]==0)) { end--; }
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_am;
  ord_struct.data.am.start=start;
  ord_struct.data.am.end=end;
  ord_struct.data.am.place=place;
  ord_struct.data.am.weights=weights;
  ord_struct.data.am.weights_m = weights + (end-start+1);
  ord_struct.data.am.len_gen=weights[end-start+1];
  assume( ord_struct.data.am.weights_m[0] == ord_struct.data.am.len_gen );
  o[place]=1;
  place++;
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
}

static void rO_WDegree64(int &place, int &bitplace, int start, int end,
    long *o, sro_ord &ord_struct, int64 *weights)
{
  // weighted degree (aligned) of variables v_start..v_end, ordsgn 1,
  // reserved 2 places
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_wp64;
  ord_struct.data.wp64.start=start;
  ord_struct.data.wp64.end=end;
  ord_struct.data.wp64.place=place;
  ord_struct.data.wp64.weights64=weights;
  o[place]=1;
  place++;
  o[place]=1;
  place++;
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
}

static void rO_WDegree_neg(int &place, int &bitplace, int start, int end,
    long *o, sro_ord &ord_struct, int *weights)
{
  // weighted degree (aligned) of variables v_start..v_end, ordsgn -1
  while((start<end) && (weights[0]==0)) { start++; weights++; }
  while((start<end) && (weights[end-start]==0)) { end--; }
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_wp;
  ord_struct.data.wp.start=start;
  ord_struct.data.wp.end=end;
  ord_struct.data.wp.place=place;
  ord_struct.data.wp.weights=weights;
  o[place]=-1;
  place++;
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  int i;
  for(i=start;i<=end;i++)
  {
    if(weights[i-start]<0)
    {
      ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_wp_neg;
      break;
    }
  }
}

static void rO_LexVars(int &place, int &bitplace, int start, int end,
  int &prev_ord, long *o,int *v, int bits, int opt_var)
{
  // a block of variables v_start..v_end with lex order, ordsgn 1
  int k;
  int incr=1;
  if(prev_ord==-1) rO_Align(place,bitplace);

  if (start>end)
  {
    incr=-1;
  }
  for(k=start;;k+=incr)
  {
    bitplace-=bits;
    if (bitplace < 0) { bitplace=BITS_PER_LONG-bits; place++; }
    o[place]=1;
    v[k]= place | (bitplace << 24);
    if (k==end) break;
  }
  prev_ord=1;
  if (opt_var!= -1)
  {
    assume((opt_var == end+1) ||(opt_var == end-1));
    if((opt_var != end+1) &&(opt_var != end-1)) WarnS("hier-2");
    int save_bitplace=bitplace;
    bitplace-=bits;
    if (bitplace < 0)
    {
      bitplace=save_bitplace;
      return;
    }
    // there is enough space for the optional var
    v[opt_var]=place | (bitplace << 24);
  }
}

static void rO_LexVars_neg(int &place, int &bitplace, int start, int end,
  int &prev_ord, long *o,int *v, int bits, int opt_var)
{
  // a block of variables v_start..v_end with lex order, ordsgn -1
  int k;
  int incr=1;
  if(prev_ord==1) rO_Align(place,bitplace);

  if (start>end)
  {
    incr=-1;
  }
  for(k=start;;k+=incr)
  {
    bitplace-=bits;
    if (bitplace < 0) { bitplace=BITS_PER_LONG-bits; place++; }
    o[place]=-1;
    v[k]=place | (bitplace << 24);
    if (k==end) break;
  }
  prev_ord=-1;
//  #if 0
  if (opt_var!= -1)
  {
    assume((opt_var == end+1) ||(opt_var == end-1));
    if((opt_var != end+1) &&(opt_var != end-1)) WarnS("hier-1");
    int save_bitplace=bitplace;
    bitplace-=bits;
    if (bitplace < 0)
    {
      bitplace=save_bitplace;
      return;
    }
    // there is enough space for the optional var
    v[opt_var]=place | (bitplace << 24);
  }
//  #endif
}

static void rO_Syzcomp(int &place, int &bitplace, int &prev_ord,
    long *o, sro_ord &ord_struct)
{
  // ordering is derived from component number
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_syzcomp;
  ord_struct.data.syzcomp.place=place;
  ord_struct.data.syzcomp.Components=NULL;
  ord_struct.data.syzcomp.ShiftedComponents=NULL;
  o[place]=1;
  prev_ord=1;
  place++;
  rO_Align(place,bitplace);
}

static void rO_Syz(int &place, int &bitplace, int &prev_ord,
    int syz_comp, long *o, sro_ord &ord_struct)
{
  // ordering is derived from component number
  // let's reserve one Exponent_t for it
  if ((prev_ord== 1) || (bitplace!=BITS_PER_LONG))
    rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  ord_struct.ord_typ=ro_syz;
  ord_struct.data.syz.place=place;
  ord_struct.data.syz.limit=syz_comp;
  if (syz_comp>0)
    ord_struct.data.syz.syz_index = (int*) omAlloc0((syz_comp+1)*sizeof(int));
  else
    ord_struct.data.syz.syz_index = NULL;
  ord_struct.data.syz.curr_index = 1;
  o[place]= -1;
  prev_ord=-1;
  place++;
}

#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
# define MYTEST 0
#else /* ifndef SING_NDEBUG */
# define MYTEST 0
#endif /* ifndef SING_NDEBUG */

static void rO_ISPrefix(int &place, int &bitplace, int &prev_ord,
    long *o, int /*N*/, int *v, sro_ord &ord_struct)
{
  if ((prev_ord== 1) || (bitplace!=BITS_PER_LONG))
    rO_Align(place,bitplace);
  // since we add something afterwards - it's better to start with anew!?

  ord_struct.ord_typ = ro_isTemp;
  ord_struct.data.isTemp.start = place;
  ord_struct.data.isTemp.pVarOffset = (int *)omMemDup(v);
  ord_struct.data.isTemp.suffixpos = -1;

  // We will act as rO_Syz on our own!!!
  // Here we allocate an exponent as a level placeholder
  o[place]= -1;
  prev_ord=-1;
  place++;
}
static void rO_ISSuffix(int &place, int &bitplace, int &prev_ord, long *o,
  int N, int *v, sro_ord *tmp_typ, int &typ_i, int sgn)
{

  // Let's find previous prefix:
  int typ_j = typ_i - 1;
  while(typ_j >= 0)
  {
    if( tmp_typ[typ_j].ord_typ == ro_isTemp)
      break;
    typ_j --;
  }

  assume( typ_j >= 0 );

  if( typ_j < 0 ) // Found NO prefix!!! :(
    return;

  assume( tmp_typ[typ_j].ord_typ == ro_isTemp );

  // Get saved state:
  const int start = tmp_typ[typ_j].data.isTemp.start;
  int *pVarOffset = tmp_typ[typ_j].data.isTemp.pVarOffset;

/*
  // shift up all blocks
  while(typ_j < (typ_i-1))
  {
    tmp_typ[typ_j] = tmp_typ[typ_j+1];
    typ_j++;
  }
  typ_j = typ_i - 1; // No increment for typ_i
*/
  tmp_typ[typ_j].data.isTemp.suffixpos = typ_i;

  // Let's keep that dummy for now...
  typ_j = typ_i; // the typ to change!
  typ_i++; // Just for now...


  for( int i = 0; i <= N; i++ ) // Note [0] == component !!! No Skip?
  {
    // Was i-th variable allocated inbetween?
    if( v[i] != pVarOffset[i] )
    {
      pVarOffset[i] = v[i]; // Save for later...
      v[i] = -1; // Undo!
      assume( pVarOffset[i] != -1 );
    }
    else
      pVarOffset[i] = -1; // No change here...
  }

  if( pVarOffset[0] != -1 )
    pVarOffset[0] &= 0x0fff;

  sro_ord &ord_struct = tmp_typ[typ_j];


  ord_struct.ord_typ = ro_is;
  ord_struct.data.is.start = start;
  ord_struct.data.is.end   = place;
  ord_struct.data.is.pVarOffset = pVarOffset;


  // What about component???
//   if( v[0] != -1 ) // There is a component already...???
//     if( o[ v[0] & 0x0fff ] == sgn )
//     {
//       pVarOffset[0] = -1; // NEVER USED Afterwards...
//       return;
//     }


  // Moreover: we need to allocate the module component (v[0]) here!
  if( v[0] == -1) // It's possible that there was module component v0 at the begining (before prefix)!
  {
    // Start with a whole long exponent
    if( bitplace != BITS_PER_LONG )
      rO_Align(place, bitplace);

    assume( bitplace == BITS_PER_LONG );
    bitplace -= BITS_PER_LONG;
    assume(bitplace == 0);
    v[0] = place | (bitplace << 24); // Never mind whether pVarOffset[0] > 0!!!
    o[place] = sgn; // Singnum for component ordering
    prev_ord = sgn;
  }
}


static unsigned long rGetExpSize(unsigned long bitmask, int & bits)
{
  if (bitmask == 0)
  {
    bits=16; bitmask=0xffff;
  }
  else if (bitmask <= 1L)
  {
    bits=1; bitmask = 1L;
  }
  else if (bitmask <= 3L)
  {
    bits=2; bitmask = 3L;
  }
  else if (bitmask <= 7L)
  {
    bits=3; bitmask=7L;
  }
  else if (bitmask <= 0xfL)
  {
    bits=4; bitmask=0xfL;
  }
  else if (bitmask <= 0x1fL)
  {
    bits=5; bitmask=0x1fL;
  }
  else if (bitmask <= 0x3fL)
  {
    bits=6; bitmask=0x3fL;
  }
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
  else if (bitmask <= 0x7fL)
  {
    bits=7; bitmask=0x7fL; /* 64 bit longs only */
  }
#endif
  else if (bitmask <= 0xffL)
  {
    bits=8; bitmask=0xffL;
  }
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
  else if (bitmask <= 0x1ffL)
  {
    bits=9; bitmask=0x1ffL; /* 64 bit longs only */
  }
#endif
  else if (bitmask <= 0x3ffL)
  {
    bits=10; bitmask=0x3ffL;
  }
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
  else if (bitmask <= 0xfffL)
  {
    bits=12; bitmask=0xfff; /* 64 bit longs only */
  }
#endif
  else if (bitmask <= 0xffffL)
  {
    bits=16; bitmask=0xffffL;
  }
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
  else if (bitmask <= 0xfffffL)
  {
    bits=20; bitmask=0xfffffL; /* 64 bit longs only */
  }
  else if (bitmask <= 0xffffffffL)
  {
    bits=32; bitmask=0xffffffffL;
  }
  else if (bitmask <= 0x7fffffffffffffffL)
  {
    bits=63; bitmask=0x7fffffffffffffffL; /* for overflow tests*/
  }
  else
  {
    bits=63; bitmask=0x7fffffffffffffffL; /* for overflow tests*/
  }
#else
  else if (bitmask <= 0x7fffffff)
  {
    bits=31; bitmask=0x7fffffff; /* for overflow tests*/
  }
  else
  {
    bits=31; bitmask=0x7fffffffL; /* for overflow tests*/
  }
#endif
  return bitmask;
}

/*2
* optimize rGetExpSize for a block of N variables, exp <=bitmask
*/
unsigned long rGetExpSize(unsigned long bitmask, int & bits, int N)
{
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
  if (N<4) N=4;
#else
  if (N<2) N=2;
#endif
  bitmask =rGetExpSize(bitmask, bits);
  int vars_per_long=BIT_SIZEOF_LONG/bits;
  int bits1;
  loop
  {
    if (bits == BIT_SIZEOF_LONG-1)
    {
      bits =  BIT_SIZEOF_LONG - 1;
      return LONG_MAX;
    }
    unsigned long bitmask1 =rGetExpSize(bitmask+1, bits1);
    int vars_per_long1=BIT_SIZEOF_LONG/bits1;
    if ((((N+vars_per_long-1)/vars_per_long) ==
         ((N+vars_per_long1-1)/vars_per_long1)))
    {
      vars_per_long=vars_per_long1;
      bits=bits1;
      bitmask=bitmask1;
    }
    else
    {
      return bitmask; /* and bits */
    }
  }
}


/*2
 * create a copy of the ring r, which must be equivalent to currRing
 * used for std computations
 * may share data structures with currRing
 * DOES CALL rComplete
 */
ring rModifyRing(ring r, BOOLEAN omit_degree,
                         BOOLEAN try_omit_comp,
                         unsigned long exp_limit)
{
  assume (r != NULL );
  assume (exp_limit > 1);
  BOOLEAN omitted_degree = FALSE;

  int bits;
  exp_limit=rGetExpSize(exp_limit, bits, r->N);
  BOOLEAN need_other_ring = (exp_limit != r->bitmask);

  int iNeedInducedOrderingSetup = 0; ///< How many induced ordering block do we have?

  int nblocks=rBlocks(r);
  rRingOrder_t *order=(rRingOrder_t*)omAlloc0((nblocks+1)*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
  int *block0=(int*)omAlloc0((nblocks+1)*sizeof(int));
  int *block1=(int*)omAlloc0((nblocks+1)*sizeof(int));
  int **wvhdl=(int**)omAlloc0((nblocks+1)*sizeof(int *));

  int i=0;
  int j=0; /*  i index in r, j index in res */

  for( rRingOrder_t r_ord=r->order[i]; (r_ord != (rRingOrder_t)0) && (i < nblocks); j++, r_ord=r->order[++i])
  {
    BOOLEAN copy_block_index=TRUE;

    if (r->block0[i]==r->block1[i])
    {
      switch(r_ord)
      {
        case ringorder_wp:
        case ringorder_dp:
        case ringorder_Wp:
        case ringorder_Dp:
          r_ord=ringorder_lp;
          break;
        case ringorder_Ws:
        case ringorder_Ds:
        case ringorder_ws:
        case ringorder_ds:
          r_ord=ringorder_ls;
          break;
        default:
          break;
      }
    }
    switch(r_ord)
    {
      case ringorder_S:
      {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
        Warn("Error: unhandled ordering in rModifyRing: ringorder_S = [%d]", r_ord);
#endif
        order[j]=r_ord; /*r->order[i];*/
        break;
      }
      case ringorder_C:
      case ringorder_c:
        if (!try_omit_comp)
        {
          order[j]=r_ord; /*r->order[i]*/;
        }
        else
        {
          j--;
          need_other_ring=TRUE;
          try_omit_comp=FALSE;
          copy_block_index=FALSE;
        }
        break;
      case ringorder_wp:
      case ringorder_dp:
      case ringorder_ws:
      case ringorder_ds:
        if(!omit_degree)
        {
          order[j]=r_ord; /*r->order[i]*/;
        }
        else
        {
          order[j]=ringorder_rs;
          need_other_ring=TRUE;
          omit_degree=FALSE;
          omitted_degree = TRUE;
        }
        break;
      case ringorder_Wp:
      case ringorder_Dp:
      case ringorder_Ws:
      case ringorder_Ds:
        if(!omit_degree)
        {
          order[j]=r_ord; /*r->order[i];*/
        }
        else
        {
          order[j]=ringorder_lp;
          need_other_ring=TRUE;
          omit_degree=FALSE;
          omitted_degree = TRUE;
        }
        break;
      case ringorder_IS:
      {
        if (try_omit_comp)
        {
          // tried, but cannot omit component due to the ordering block [%d]: %d (ringorder_IS)", i, r_ord
          try_omit_comp = FALSE;
        }
        order[j]=r_ord; /*r->order[i];*/
        iNeedInducedOrderingSetup++;
        break;
      }
      case ringorder_s:
      {
        assume((i == 0) && (j == 0));
        if (try_omit_comp)
        {
          // tried, but cannot omit component due to the ordering block [%d]: %d (ringorder_s)", i, r_ord
          try_omit_comp = FALSE;
        }
        order[j]=r_ord; /*r->order[i];*/
        break;
      }
      default:
        order[j]=r_ord; /*r->order[i];*/
        break;
    }
    if (copy_block_index)
    {
      block0[j]=r->block0[i];
      block1[j]=r->block1[i];
      wvhdl[j]=r->wvhdl[i];
    }

    // order[j]=ringorder_no; //  done by omAlloc0
  }
  if(!need_other_ring)
  {
    omFreeSize(order,(nblocks+1)*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
    omFreeSize(block0,(nblocks+1)*sizeof(int));
    omFreeSize(block1,(nblocks+1)*sizeof(int));
    omFreeSize(wvhdl,(nblocks+1)*sizeof(int *));
    return r;
  }
  ring res=(ring)omAlloc0Bin(sip_sring_bin);
  *res = *r;

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  res->GetNC() = NULL;
#endif

  // res->qideal, res->idroot ???
  res->wvhdl=wvhdl;
  res->order=order;
  res->block0=block0;
  res->block1=block1;
  res->bitmask=exp_limit;
  res->wanted_maxExp=r->wanted_maxExp;
  //int tmpref=r->cf->ref0;
  rComplete(res, 1);
  //r->cf->ref=tmpref;

  // adjust res->pFDeg: if it was changed globally, then
  // it must also be changed for new ring
  if (r->pFDegOrig != res->pFDegOrig &&
           rOrd_is_WeightedDegree_Ordering(r))
  {
    // still might need adjustment for weighted orderings
    // and omit_degree
    res->firstwv = r->firstwv;
    res->firstBlockEnds = r->firstBlockEnds;
    res->pFDeg = res->pFDegOrig = p_WFirstTotalDegree;
  }
  if (omitted_degree)
    res->pLDeg = r->pLDegOrig;

  rOptimizeLDeg(res); // also sets res->pLDegOrig

  // set syzcomp
  if (res->typ != NULL)
  {
    if( res->typ[0].ord_typ == ro_syz) // "s" Always on [0] place!
    {
      res->typ[0] = r->typ[0]; // Copy struct!? + setup the same limit!

      if (r->typ[0].data.syz.limit > 0)
      {
        res->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index
          = (int*) omAlloc((r->typ[0].data.syz.limit +1)*sizeof(int));
        memcpy(res->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index, r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index,
              (r->typ[0].data.syz.limit +1)*sizeof(int));
      }
    }

    if( iNeedInducedOrderingSetup > 0 )
    {
      for(j = 0, i = 0; (i < nblocks) && (iNeedInducedOrderingSetup > 0); i++)
        if( res->typ[i].ord_typ == ro_is ) // Search for suffixes!
        {
          ideal F = idrHeadR(r->typ[i].data.is.F, r, res); // Copy F from r into res!
          assume(
            rSetISReference( res,
              F,  // WILL BE COPIED!
              r->typ[i].data.is.limit,
              j++
              )
            );
          id_Delete(&F, res);
          iNeedInducedOrderingSetup--;
        }
    } // Process all induced Ordering blocks! ...
  }
  // the special case: homog (omit_degree) and 1 block rs: that is global:
  // it comes from dp
  res->OrdSgn=r->OrdSgn;


#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if (rIsPluralRing(r))
  {
    if ( nc_rComplete(r, res, false) ) // no qideal!
    {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      WarnS("error in nc_rComplete");
#endif
      // cleanup?

//      rDelete(res);
//      return r;

      // just go on..
    }

    if( rIsSCA(r) )
    {
      if( !sca_Force(res, scaFirstAltVar(r), scaLastAltVar(r)) )
      WarnS("error in sca_Force!");
    }
  }
#endif

  return res;
}

// construct Wp,C ring
ring rModifyRing_Wp(ring r, int* weights)
{
  ring res=(ring)omAlloc0Bin(sip_sring_bin);
  *res = *r;
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  res->GetNC() = NULL;
#endif

  /*weights: entries for 3 blocks: NULL*/
  res->wvhdl = (int **)omAlloc0(3 * sizeof(int *));
  /*order: Wp,C,0*/
  res->order = (rRingOrder_t *) omAlloc(3 * sizeof(rRingOrder_t *));
  res->block0 = (int *)omAlloc0(3 * sizeof(int *));
  res->block1 = (int *)omAlloc0(3 * sizeof(int *));
  /* ringorder Wp for the first block: var 1..r->N */
  res->order[0]  = ringorder_Wp;
  res->block0[0] = 1;
  res->block1[0] = r->N;
  res->wvhdl[0] = weights;
  /* ringorder C for the second block: no vars */
  res->order[1]  = ringorder_C;
  /* the last block: everything is 0 */
  res->order[2]  = (rRingOrder_t)0;

  //int tmpref=r->cf->ref;
  rComplete(res, 1);
  //r->cf->ref=tmpref;
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if (rIsPluralRing(r))
  {
    if ( nc_rComplete(r, res, false) ) // no qideal!
    {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      WarnS("error in nc_rComplete");
#endif
      // cleanup?

//      rDelete(res);
//      return r;

      // just go on..
    }
  }
#endif
  return res;
}

// construct lp, C ring with r->N variables, r->names vars....
ring rModifyRing_Simple(ring r, BOOLEAN ommit_degree, BOOLEAN ommit_comp, unsigned long exp_limit, BOOLEAN &simple)
{
  simple=TRUE;
  if (!rHasSimpleOrder(r))
  {
    simple=FALSE; // sorting needed
    assume (r != NULL );
    assume (exp_limit > 1);
    int bits;

    exp_limit=rGetExpSize(exp_limit, bits, r->N);

    int nblocks=1+(ommit_comp!=0);
    rRingOrder_t *order=(rRingOrder_t*)omAlloc0((nblocks+1)*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
    int *block0=(int*)omAlloc0((nblocks+1)*sizeof(int));
    int *block1=(int*)omAlloc0((nblocks+1)*sizeof(int));
    int **wvhdl=(int**)omAlloc0((nblocks+1)*sizeof(int *));

    order[0]=ringorder_lp;
    block0[0]=1;
    block1[0]=r->N;
    if (!ommit_comp)
    {
      order[1]=ringorder_C;
    }
    ring res=(ring)omAlloc0Bin(sip_sring_bin);
    *res = *r;
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    res->GetNC() = NULL;
#endif
    // res->qideal, res->idroot ???
    res->wvhdl=wvhdl;
    res->order=order;
    res->block0=block0;
    res->block1=block1;
    res->bitmask=exp_limit;
    res->wanted_maxExp=r->wanted_maxExp;
    //int tmpref=r->cf->ref;
    rComplete(res, 1);
    //r->cf->ref=tmpref;

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    if (rIsPluralRing(r))
    {
      if ( nc_rComplete(r, res, false) ) // no qideal!
      {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
        WarnS("error in nc_rComplete");
#endif
        // cleanup?

//      rDelete(res);
//      return r;

      // just go on..
      }
    }
#endif

    rOptimizeLDeg(res);

    return res;
  }
  return rModifyRing(r, ommit_degree, ommit_comp, exp_limit);
}

void rKillModifiedRing(ring r)
{
  rUnComplete(r);
  omFree(r->order);
  omFree(r->block0);
  omFree(r->block1);
  omFree(r->wvhdl);
  omFreeBin(r,sip_sring_bin);
}

void rKillModified_Wp_Ring(ring r)
{
  rUnComplete(r);
  omFree(r->order);
  omFree(r->block0);
  omFree(r->block1);
  omFree(r->wvhdl[0]);
  omFree(r->wvhdl);
  omFreeBin(r,sip_sring_bin);
}

static void rSetOutParams(ring r)
{
  r->VectorOut = (r->order[0] == ringorder_c);
  if (rIsNCRing(r))
    r->CanShortOut=FALSE;
  else
  {
    r->CanShortOut = TRUE;
    int i;
    if (rParameter(r)!=NULL)
    {
      for (i=0;i<rPar(r);i++)
      {
        if(strlen(rParameter(r)[i])>1)
        {
          r->CanShortOut=FALSE;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if (r->CanShortOut)
    {
      // Hmm... sometimes (e.g., from maGetPreimage) new variables
      // are introduced, but their names are never set
      // hence, we do the following awkward trick
      int N = omSizeOfAddr(r->names)/sizeof(char_ptr);
      if (r->N < N) N = r->N;

      for (i=(N-1);i>=0;i--)
      {
        if(r->names[i] != NULL && strlen(r->names[i])>1)
        {
          r->CanShortOut=FALSE;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  r->ShortOut = r->CanShortOut;

  assume( !( !r->CanShortOut && r->ShortOut ) );
}

static void rSetFirstWv(ring r, int i, rRingOrder_t* order, int* block1, int** wvhdl)
{
  // cheat for ringorder_aa
  if (order[i] == ringorder_aa)
    i++;
  if(block1[i]!=r->N) r->LexOrder=TRUE;
  r->firstBlockEnds=block1[i];
  r->firstwv = wvhdl[i];
  if ((order[i]== ringorder_ws)
  || (order[i]==ringorder_Ws)
  || (order[i]== ringorder_wp)
  || (order[i]==ringorder_Wp)
  || (order[i]== ringorder_a)
   /*|| (order[i]==ringorder_A)*/)
  {
    int j;
    for(j=block1[i]-r->block0[i];j>=0;j--)
    {
      if (r->firstwv[j]==0) r->LexOrder=TRUE;
    }
  }
  else if (order[i]==ringorder_a64)
  {
    int j;
    int64 *w=rGetWeightVec(r);
    for(j=block1[i]-r->block0[i];j>=0;j--)
    {
      if (w[j]==0) r->LexOrder=TRUE;
    }
  }
}

static void rOptimizeLDeg(ring r)
{
  if (r->pFDeg == p_Deg)
  {
    if (r->pLDeg == pLDeg1)
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1_Deg;
    if (r->pLDeg == pLDeg1c)
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1c_Deg;
  }
  else if (r->pFDeg == p_Totaldegree)
  {
    if (r->pLDeg == pLDeg1)
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1_Totaldegree;
    if (r->pLDeg == pLDeg1c)
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1c_Totaldegree;
  }
  else if (r->pFDeg == p_WFirstTotalDegree)
  {
    if (r->pLDeg == pLDeg1)
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1_WFirstTotalDegree;
    if (r->pLDeg == pLDeg1c)
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1c_WFirstTotalDegree;
  }
  r->pLDegOrig = r->pLDeg;
}

// set pFDeg, pLDeg, requires OrdSgn already set
static void rSetDegStuff(ring r)
{
  rRingOrder_t* order = r->order;
  int* block0 = r->block0;
  int* block1 = r->block1;
  int** wvhdl = r->wvhdl;

  if (order[0]==ringorder_S ||order[0]==ringorder_s || order[0]==ringorder_IS)
  {
    order++;
    block0++;
    block1++;
    wvhdl++;
  }
  r->LexOrder = FALSE;
  r->pFDeg = p_Totaldegree;
  r->pLDeg = (r->OrdSgn == 1 ? pLDegb : pLDeg0);

  /*======== ordering type is (am,_) ==================*/
  if (order[0]==ringorder_am)
  {
    for(int ii=block0[0];ii<=block1[0];ii++)
      if (wvhdl[0][ii-1]<0) { r->MixedOrder=2;break;}
    r->LexOrder=FALSE;
    for(int ii=block0[0];ii<=block1[0];ii++)
      if (wvhdl[0][ii-1]==0) { r->LexOrder=TRUE;break;}
    if ((block0[0]==1)&&(block1[0]==r->N))
    {
      r->pFDeg = p_Deg;
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1c_Deg;
    }
    else
   {
      r->pFDeg = p_WTotaldegree;
      r->LexOrder=TRUE;
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1c_WFirstTotalDegree;
    }
    r->firstwv = wvhdl[0];
  }
  /*======== ordering type is (_,c) =========================*/
  else if ((order[0]==ringorder_unspec) || (order[1] == 0)
      ||(
    ((order[1]==ringorder_c)||(order[1]==ringorder_C)
     ||(order[1]==ringorder_S)
     ||(order[1]==ringorder_s))
    && (order[0]!=ringorder_M)
    && (order[2]==0))
    )
  {
    if (r->OrdSgn == -1) r->pLDeg = pLDeg0c;
    if ((order[0] == ringorder_lp)
    || (order[0] == ringorder_ls)
    || (order[0] == ringorder_rp)
    || (order[0] == ringorder_rs))
    {
      r->LexOrder=TRUE;
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1c;
      r->pFDeg = p_Totaldegree;
    }
    else if ((order[0] == ringorder_a)
    || (order[0] == ringorder_wp)
    || (order[0] == ringorder_Wp))
    {
      r->pFDeg = p_WFirstTotalDegree;
    }
    else if ((order[0] == ringorder_ws)
    || (order[0] == ringorder_Ws))
    {
      for(int ii=block0[0];ii<=block1[0];ii++)
      {
        if (wvhdl[0][ii-1]<0) { r->MixedOrder=2;break;}
      }
      if (r->MixedOrder==0)
      {
        if ((block0[0]==1)&&(block1[0]==r->N))
          r->pFDeg = p_WTotaldegree;
        else
          r->pFDeg = p_WFirstTotalDegree;
      }
      else
        r->pFDeg = p_Totaldegree;
    }
    r->firstBlockEnds=block1[0];
    r->firstwv = wvhdl[0];
  }
  /*======== ordering type is (c,_) =========================*/
  else if (((order[0]==ringorder_c)
            ||(order[0]==ringorder_C)
            ||(order[0]==ringorder_S)
            ||(order[0]==ringorder_s))
  && (order[1]!=ringorder_M)
  &&  (order[2]==0))
  {
    if ((order[1] == ringorder_lp)
    || (order[1] == ringorder_ls)
    || (order[1] == ringorder_rp)
    || order[1] == ringorder_rs)
    {
      r->LexOrder=TRUE;
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1c;
      r->pFDeg = p_Totaldegree;
    }
    r->firstBlockEnds=block1[1];
    if (wvhdl!=NULL) r->firstwv = wvhdl[1];
    if ((order[1] == ringorder_a)
    || (order[1] == ringorder_wp)
    || (order[1] == ringorder_Wp))
      r->pFDeg = p_WFirstTotalDegree;
    else if ((order[1] == ringorder_ws)
    || (order[1] == ringorder_Ws))
    {
      for(int ii=block0[1];ii<=block1[1];ii++)
        if (wvhdl[1][ii-1]<0) { r->MixedOrder=2;break;}
      if (r->MixedOrder==FALSE)
        r->pFDeg = p_WFirstTotalDegree;
      else
        r->pFDeg = p_Totaldegree;
    }
  }
  /*------- more than one block ----------------------*/
  else
  {
    if ((r->VectorOut)||(order[0]==ringorder_C)||(order[0]==ringorder_S)||(order[0]==ringorder_s))
    {
      rSetFirstWv(r, 1, order, block1, wvhdl);
    }
    else
      rSetFirstWv(r, 0, order, block1, wvhdl);

    if ((order[0]!=ringorder_c)
        && (order[0]!=ringorder_C)
        && (order[0]!=ringorder_S)
        && (order[0]!=ringorder_s))
    {
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1c;
    }
    else
    {
      r->pLDeg = pLDeg1;
    }
    r->pFDeg = p_WTotaldegree; // may be improved: p_Totaldegree for lp/dp/ls/.. blocks
  }

  if (rOrd_is_Totaldegree_Ordering(r)
  || rOrd_is_WeightedDegree_Ordering(r))
  {
    if(r->MixedOrder==FALSE)
      r->pFDeg = p_Deg;
    else
      r->pFDeg = p_Totaldegree;
  }

  if( rGetISPos(0, r) != -1 ) // Are there Schreyer induced blocks?
  {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      assume( r->pFDeg == p_Deg || r->pFDeg == p_WTotaldegree || r->pFDeg == p_Totaldegree);
#endif

    r->pLDeg = pLDeg1; // ?
  }

  r->pFDegOrig = r->pFDeg;
  // NOTE: this leads to wrong ecart during std
  // in Old/sre.tst
  rOptimizeLDeg(r); // also sets r->pLDegOrig
}

/*2
* set NegWeightL_Size, NegWeightL_Offset
*/
static void rSetNegWeight(ring r)
{
  int i,l;
  if (r->typ!=NULL)
  {
    l=0;
    for(i=0;i<r->OrdSize;i++)
    {
      if((r->typ[i].ord_typ==ro_wp_neg)
      ||(r->typ[i].ord_typ==ro_am))
        l++;
    }
    if (l>0)
    {
      r->NegWeightL_Size=l;
      r->NegWeightL_Offset=(int *) omAlloc(l*sizeof(int));
      l=0;
      for(i=0;i<r->OrdSize;i++)
      {
        if(r->typ[i].ord_typ==ro_wp_neg)
        {
          r->NegWeightL_Offset[l]=r->typ[i].data.wp.place;
          l++;
        }
        else if(r->typ[i].ord_typ==ro_am)
        {
          r->NegWeightL_Offset[l]=r->typ[i].data.am.place;
          l++;
        }
      }
      return;
    }
  }
  r->NegWeightL_Size = 0;
  r->NegWeightL_Offset = NULL;
}

static void rSetOption(ring r)
{
  // set redthrough
  if (!TEST_OPT_OLDSTD && r->OrdSgn == 1 && ! r->LexOrder)
    r->options |= Sy_bit(OPT_REDTHROUGH);
  else
    r->options &= ~Sy_bit(OPT_REDTHROUGH);

  // set intStrategy
  if ( (r->cf->extRing!=NULL)
      || rField_is_Q(r)
      || rField_is_Ring(r)
  )
    r->options |= Sy_bit(OPT_INTSTRATEGY);
  else
    r->options &= ~Sy_bit(OPT_INTSTRATEGY);

  // set redTail
  if (r->LexOrder || r->OrdSgn == -1 || (r->cf->extRing!=NULL))
    r->options &= ~Sy_bit(OPT_REDTAIL);
  else
    r->options |= Sy_bit(OPT_REDTAIL);
}

static void rCheckOrdSgn(ring r,int i/*last block*/);

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */
/*2
* change all global variables to fit the description of the new ring
*/

void p_SetGlobals(const ring r, BOOLEAN complete)
{
// // //  if (r->ppNoether!=NULL) p_Delete(&r->ppNoether,r); // ???

  r->pLexOrder=r->LexOrder;
  if (complete)
  {
    si_opt_1 &= ~ TEST_RINGDEP_OPTS;
    si_opt_1 |= r->options;
  }
}

static inline int sign(int x) { return (x > 0) - (x < 0);}
BOOLEAN rOrd_is_MixedDegree_Ordering(ring r)
{
  int i;
  poly p=p_One(r);
  p_SetExp(p,1,1,r);
  p_Setm(p,r);
  int vz=sign(p_FDeg(p,r));
  for(i=2;i<=rVar(r);i++)
  {
    p_SetExp(p,i-1,0,r);
    p_SetExp(p,i,1,r);
    p_Setm(p,r);
    if (sign(p_FDeg(p,r))!=vz)
    {
      p_Delete(&p,r);
      return TRUE;
    }
  }
  p_Delete(&p,r);
  return FALSE;
}

BOOLEAN rComplete(ring r, int force)
{
  if (r->VarOffset!=NULL && force == 0) return FALSE;
  rSetOutParams(r);
  int n=rBlocks(r)-1;
  int i;
  int bits;
  r->bitmask=rGetExpSize(r->wanted_maxExp,bits,r->N);
  r->BitsPerExp = bits;
  r->ExpPerLong = BIT_SIZEOF_LONG / bits;
  r->divmask=rGetDivMask(bits);

  // will be used for ordsgn:
  long *tmp_ordsgn=(long *)omAlloc0(3*(n+r->N)*sizeof(long));
  // will be used for VarOffset:
  int *v=(int *)omAlloc((r->N+1)*sizeof(int));
  for(i=r->N; i>=0 ; i--)
  {
    v[i]=-1;
  }
  sro_ord *tmp_typ=(sro_ord *)omAlloc0(3*(n+r->N)*sizeof(sro_ord));
  int typ_i=0;
  int prev_ordsgn=0;

  // fill in v, tmp_typ, tmp_ordsgn, determine typ_i (== ordSize)
  int j=0;
  int j_bits=BITS_PER_LONG;

  BOOLEAN need_to_add_comp=FALSE; // Only for ringorder_s and ringorder_S!

  for(i=0;i<n;i++)
  {
    tmp_typ[typ_i].order_index=i;
    switch (r->order[i])
    {
      case ringorder_a:
      case ringorder_aa:
        rO_WDegree(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,tmp_typ[typ_i],
                   r->wvhdl[i]);
        typ_i++;
        break;

      case ringorder_am:
        rO_WMDegree(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,tmp_typ[typ_i],
                   r->wvhdl[i]);
        typ_i++;
        break;

      case ringorder_a64:
        rO_WDegree64(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                     tmp_typ[typ_i], (int64 *)(r->wvhdl[i]));
        typ_i++;
        break;

      case ringorder_c:
        rO_Align(j, j_bits);
        rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits, 0,0, prev_ordsgn,tmp_ordsgn,v,BITS_PER_LONG, -1);
        r->ComponentOrder=1;
        break;

      case ringorder_C:
        rO_Align(j, j_bits);
        rO_LexVars(j, j_bits, 0,0, prev_ordsgn,tmp_ordsgn,v,BITS_PER_LONG, -1);
        r->ComponentOrder=-1;
        break;

      case ringorder_M:
        {
          int k,l;
          k=r->block1[i]-r->block0[i]+1; // number of vars
          for(l=0;l<k;l++)
          {
            rO_WDegree(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                       tmp_typ[typ_i],
                       r->wvhdl[i]+(r->block1[i]-r->block0[i]+1)*l);
            typ_i++;
          }
          break;
        }

      case ringorder_lp:
        rO_LexVars(j, j_bits, r->block0[i],r->block1[i], prev_ordsgn,
                   tmp_ordsgn,v,bits, -1);
        break;

      case ringorder_ls:
        rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits, r->block0[i],r->block1[i], prev_ordsgn,
                       tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, -1);
        break;

      case ringorder_rs:
        rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits, r->block1[i],r->block0[i], prev_ordsgn,
                       tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, -1);
        break;

      case ringorder_rp:
        rO_LexVars(j, j_bits, r->block1[i],r->block0[i], prev_ordsgn,
                       tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, -1);
        break;

      case ringorder_dp:
        if (r->block0[i]==r->block1[i])
        {
          rO_LexVars(j, j_bits, r->block0[i],r->block0[i], prev_ordsgn,
                     tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, -1);
        }
        else
        {
          rO_TDegree(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                     tmp_typ[typ_i]);
          typ_i++;
          rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits, r->block1[i],r->block0[i]+1,
                         prev_ordsgn,tmp_ordsgn,v,bits, r->block0[i]);
        }
        break;

      case ringorder_Dp:
        if (r->block0[i]==r->block1[i])
        {
          rO_LexVars(j, j_bits, r->block0[i],r->block0[i], prev_ordsgn,
                     tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, -1);
        }
        else
        {
          rO_TDegree(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                     tmp_typ[typ_i]);
          typ_i++;
          rO_LexVars(j, j_bits, r->block0[i],r->block1[i]-1, prev_ordsgn,
                     tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, r->block1[i]);
        }
        break;

      case ringorder_ds:
        if (r->block0[i]==r->block1[i])
        {
          rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],prev_ordsgn,
                         tmp_ordsgn,v,bits, -1);
        }
        else
        {
          rO_TDegree_neg(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                         tmp_typ[typ_i]);
          typ_i++;
          rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits, r->block1[i],r->block0[i]+1,
                         prev_ordsgn,tmp_ordsgn,v,bits, r->block0[i]);
        }
        break;

      case ringorder_Ds:
        if (r->block0[i]==r->block1[i])
        {
          rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits, r->block0[i],r->block0[i],prev_ordsgn,
                         tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, -1);
        }
        else
        {
          rO_TDegree_neg(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                         tmp_typ[typ_i]);
          typ_i++;
          rO_LexVars(j, j_bits, r->block0[i],r->block1[i]-1, prev_ordsgn,
                     tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, r->block1[i]);
        }
        break;

      case ringorder_wp:
        rO_WDegree(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                   tmp_typ[typ_i], r->wvhdl[i]);
        typ_i++;
        { // check for weights <=0
          int jj;
          BOOLEAN have_bad_weights=FALSE;
          for(jj=r->block1[i]-r->block0[i];jj>=0; jj--)
          {
            if (r->wvhdl[i][jj]<=0) have_bad_weights=TRUE;
          }
          if (have_bad_weights)
          {
             rO_TDegree(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                                     tmp_typ[typ_i]);
             typ_i++;
          }
        }
        if (r->block1[i]!=r->block0[i])
        {
          rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits,r->block1[i],r->block0[i]+1, prev_ordsgn,
                         tmp_ordsgn, v,bits, r->block0[i]);
        }
        break;

      case ringorder_Wp:
        rO_WDegree(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                   tmp_typ[typ_i], r->wvhdl[i]);
        typ_i++;
        { // check for weights <=0
          int jj;
          BOOLEAN have_bad_weights=FALSE;
          for(jj=r->block1[i]-r->block0[i];jj>=0; jj--)
          {
            if (r->wvhdl[i][jj]<=0) have_bad_weights=TRUE;
          }
          if (have_bad_weights)
          {
             rO_TDegree(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                                     tmp_typ[typ_i]);
             typ_i++;
          }
        }
        if (r->block1[i]!=r->block0[i])
        {
          rO_LexVars(j, j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i]-1, prev_ordsgn,
                     tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, r->block1[i]);
        }
        break;

      case ringorder_ws:
        rO_WDegree_neg(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                       tmp_typ[typ_i], r->wvhdl[i]);
        typ_i++;
        if (r->block1[i]!=r->block0[i])
        {
          rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits,r->block1[i],r->block0[i]+1, prev_ordsgn,
                         tmp_ordsgn, v,bits, r->block0[i]);
        }
        break;

      case ringorder_Ws:
        rO_WDegree_neg(j,j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i],tmp_ordsgn,
                       tmp_typ[typ_i], r->wvhdl[i]);
        typ_i++;
        if (r->block1[i]!=r->block0[i])
        {
          rO_LexVars(j, j_bits,r->block0[i],r->block1[i]-1, prev_ordsgn,
                     tmp_ordsgn,v, bits, r->block1[i]);
        }
        break;

      case ringorder_S:
        assume(typ_i == 1); // For LaScala3 only: on the 2nd place ([1])!
        // TODO: for K[x]: it is 0...?!
        rO_Syzcomp(j, j_bits,prev_ordsgn, tmp_ordsgn,tmp_typ[typ_i]);
        need_to_add_comp=TRUE;
        r->ComponentOrder=-1;
        typ_i++;
        break;

      case ringorder_s:
        assume(typ_i == 0 && j == 0);
        rO_Syz(j, j_bits, prev_ordsgn, r->block0[i], tmp_ordsgn, tmp_typ[typ_i]); // set syz-limit?
        need_to_add_comp=TRUE;
        r->ComponentOrder=-1;
        typ_i++;
        break;

      case ringorder_IS:
      {

        assume( r->block0[i] == r->block1[i] );
        const int s = r->block0[i];
        assume( -2 < s && s < 2);

        if(s == 0) // Prefix IS
          rO_ISPrefix(j, j_bits, prev_ordsgn, tmp_ordsgn, r->N, v, tmp_typ[typ_i++]); // What about prev_ordsgn?
        else // s = +1 or -1 // Note: typ_i might be incrimented here inside!
        {
          rO_ISSuffix(j, j_bits, prev_ordsgn, tmp_ordsgn, r->N, v, tmp_typ, typ_i, s); // Suffix.
          need_to_add_comp=FALSE;
        }

        break;
      }
      case ringorder_unspec:
      case ringorder_no:
      default:
        dReportError("undef. ringorder used\n");
        break;
    }
  }
  rCheckOrdSgn(r,n-1);

  int j0=j; // save j
  int j_bits0=j_bits; // save jbits
  rO_Align(j,j_bits);
  r->CmpL_Size = j;

  j_bits=j_bits0; j=j0;

  // fill in some empty slots with variables not already covered
  // v0 is special, is therefore normally already covered
  // now we do have rings without comp...
  if((need_to_add_comp) && (v[0]== -1))
  {
    if (prev_ordsgn==1)
    {
      rO_Align(j, j_bits);
      rO_LexVars(j, j_bits, 0,0, prev_ordsgn,tmp_ordsgn,v,BITS_PER_LONG, -1);
    }
    else
    {
      rO_Align(j, j_bits);
      rO_LexVars_neg(j, j_bits, 0,0, prev_ordsgn,tmp_ordsgn,v,BITS_PER_LONG, -1);
    }
  }
  // the variables
  for(i=1 ; i<=r->N ; i++)
  {
    if(v[i]==(-1))
    {
      if (prev_ordsgn==1)
      {
        rO_LexVars(j, j_bits, i,i, prev_ordsgn,tmp_ordsgn,v,bits, -1);
      }
      else
      {
        rO_LexVars_neg(j,j_bits,i,i, prev_ordsgn,tmp_ordsgn,v,bits, -1);
      }
    }
  }

  rO_Align(j,j_bits);
  // ----------------------------
  // finished with constructing the monomial, computing sizes:

  r->ExpL_Size=j;
  r->PolyBin = omGetSpecBin(POLYSIZE + (r->ExpL_Size)*sizeof(long));
  assume(r->PolyBin != NULL);

  // ----------------------------
  // indices and ordsgn vector for comparison
  //
  // r->pCompHighIndex already set
  r->ordsgn=(long *)omAlloc0(r->ExpL_Size*sizeof(long));

  for(j=0;j<r->CmpL_Size;j++)
  {
    r->ordsgn[j] = tmp_ordsgn[j];
  }

  omFreeSize((ADDRESS)tmp_ordsgn,(3*(n+r->N)*sizeof(long)));

  // ----------------------------
  // description of orderings for setm:
  //
  r->OrdSize=typ_i;
  if (typ_i==0) r->typ=NULL;
  else
  {
    r->typ=(sro_ord*)omAlloc(typ_i*sizeof(sro_ord));
    memcpy(r->typ,tmp_typ,typ_i*sizeof(sro_ord));
  }
  omFreeSize((ADDRESS)tmp_typ,(3*(n+r->N)*sizeof(sro_ord)));

  // ----------------------------
  // indices for (first copy of ) variable entries in exp.e vector (VarOffset):
  r->VarOffset=v;

  // ----------------------------
  // other indicies
  r->pCompIndex=(r->VarOffset[0] & 0xffff); //r->VarOffset[0];
  i=0; // position
  j=0; // index in r->typ
  if (i==r->pCompIndex) i++; // IS???
  while ((j < r->OrdSize)
         && ((r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_syzcomp) ||
             (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_syz) || (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_isTemp) || (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_is) ||
             (r->order[r->typ[j].order_index] == ringorder_aa)))
  {
    i++; j++;
  }

  if (i==r->pCompIndex) i++;
  r->pOrdIndex=i;

  // ----------------------------
  rSetDegStuff(r); // OrdSgn etc already set
  rSetOption(r);
  // ----------------------------
  // r->p_Setm
  r->p_Setm = p_GetSetmProc(r);

  // ----------------------------
  // set VarL_*
  rSetVarL(r);

  //  ----------------------------
  // right-adjust VarOffset
  rRightAdjustVarOffset(r);

  // ----------------------------
  // set NegWeightL*
  rSetNegWeight(r);

  // ----------------------------
  // p_Procs: call AFTER NegWeightL
  r->p_Procs = (p_Procs_s*)omAlloc(sizeof(p_Procs_s));
  p_ProcsSet(r, r->p_Procs);

  // use totaldegree on crazy oderings:
  if ((r->pFDeg==p_WTotaldegree) && rOrd_is_MixedDegree_Ordering(r))
    r->pFDeg = p_Totaldegree;
  return FALSE;
}

static void rCheckOrdSgn(ring r,int b/*last block*/)
{ // set r->OrdSgn, r->MixedOrder
  // for each variable:
  int nonpos=0;
  int nonneg=0;
  for(int i=1;i<=r->N;i++)
  {
    int found=0;
    // for all blocks:
    for(int j=0;(j<=b) && (found==0);j++)
    {
      // search the first block containing var(i)
      if ((r->block0[j]<=i)&&(r->block1[j]>=i))
      {
        // what kind if block is it?
        if ((r->order[j]==ringorder_ls)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_ds)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_Ds)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_ws)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_Ws)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_rs))
        {
          r->OrdSgn=-1;
          nonpos++;
          found=1;
        }
        else if((r->order[j]==ringorder_a)
        ||(r->order[j]==ringorder_aa))
        {
          // <0: local/mixed ordering
          // >0: var(i) is okay, look at other vars
          // ==0: look at other blocks for var(i)
          if(r->wvhdl[j][i-r->block0[j]]<0)
          {
            r->OrdSgn=-1;
            nonpos++;
            found=1;
          }
          else if(r->wvhdl[j][i-r->block0[j]]>0)
          {
            nonneg++;
            found=1;
          }
        }
        else if(r->order[j]==ringorder_M)
        {
          // <0: local/mixed ordering
          // >0: var(i) is okay, look at other vars
          // ==0: look at other blocks for var(i)
          if(r->wvhdl[j][i-r->block0[j]]<0)
          {
            r->OrdSgn=-1;
            nonpos++;
            found=1;
          }
          else if(r->wvhdl[j][i-r->block0[j]]>0)
          {
            nonneg++;
            found=1;
          }
          else
          {
            // very bad: try next row(s)
            int add=r->block1[j]-r->block0[j]+1;
            int max_i=r->block0[j]+add*add-add-1;
            while(found==0)
            {
              i+=add;
              if (r->wvhdl[j][i-r->block0[j]]<0)
              {
                r->OrdSgn=-1;
                nonpos++;
                found=1;
              }
              else if(r->wvhdl[j][i-r->block0[j]]>0)
              {
                nonneg++;
                found=1;
              }
              else if(i>max_i)
              {
                nonpos++;
                nonneg++;
                found=1;
              }
            }
          }
        }
        else if ((r->order[j]==ringorder_lp)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_dp)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_Dp)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_wp)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_Wp)
        || (r->order[j]==ringorder_rp))
        {
          found=1;
          nonneg++;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (nonpos>0)
  {
    r->OrdSgn=-1;
    if (nonneg>0) r->MixedOrder=1;
  }
  else
  {
    r->OrdSgn=1;
    r->MixedOrder=0;
  }
}

void rUnComplete(ring r)
{
  if (r == NULL) return;
  if (r->VarOffset != NULL)
  {
    if (r->OrdSize!=0 && r->typ != NULL)
    {
      for(int i = 0; i < r->OrdSize; i++)
        if( r->typ[i].ord_typ == ro_is) // Search for suffixes! (prefix have the same VarOffset)
        {
          id_Delete(&r->typ[i].data.is.F, r);

          if( r->typ[i].data.is.pVarOffset != NULL )
          {
            omFreeSize((ADDRESS)r->typ[i].data.is.pVarOffset, (r->N +1)*sizeof(int));
          }
        }
        else if (r->typ[i].ord_typ == ro_syz)
        {
          if(r->typ[i].data.syz.limit > 0)
            omFreeSize(r->typ[i].data.syz.syz_index, ((r->typ[i].data.syz.limit) +1)*sizeof(int));
        }
        else if (r->typ[i].ord_typ == ro_syzcomp)
        {
          assume( r->typ[i].data.syzcomp.ShiftedComponents == NULL );
          assume( r->typ[i].data.syzcomp.Components        == NULL );
//          WarnS( "rUnComplete : ord_typ == ro_syzcomp was unhandled!!! Possibly memory leak!!!"  );
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
//          assume(0);
#endif
        }

      omFreeSize((ADDRESS)r->typ,r->OrdSize*sizeof(sro_ord)); r->typ = NULL;
    }

    if (r->PolyBin != NULL)
      omUnGetSpecBin(&(r->PolyBin));

    omFreeSize((ADDRESS)r->VarOffset, (r->N +1)*sizeof(int));
    r->VarOffset=NULL;

    if (r->ordsgn != NULL && r->CmpL_Size != 0)
    {
      omFreeSize((ADDRESS)r->ordsgn,r->ExpL_Size*sizeof(long));
      r->ordsgn=NULL;
    }
    if (r->p_Procs != NULL)
    {
      omFreeSize(r->p_Procs, sizeof(p_Procs_s));
      r->p_Procs=NULL;
    }
    omfreeSize(r->VarL_Offset, r->VarL_Size*sizeof(int));
    r->VarL_Offset=NULL;
  }
  if (r->NegWeightL_Offset!=NULL)
  {
    omFreeSize(r->NegWeightL_Offset, r->NegWeightL_Size*sizeof(int));
    r->NegWeightL_Offset=NULL;
  }
}

// set r->VarL_Size, r->VarL_Offset, r->VarL_LowIndex
static void rSetVarL(ring r)
{
  int  min = MAX_INT_VAL, min_j = -1;
  int* VarL_Number = (int*) omAlloc0(r->ExpL_Size*sizeof(int));

  int i,j;

  // count how often a var long is occupied by an exponent
  for (i=1; i<=r->N; i++)
  {
    VarL_Number[r->VarOffset[i] & 0xffffff]++;
  }

  // determine how many and min
  for (i=0, j=0; i<r->ExpL_Size; i++)
  {
    if (VarL_Number[i] != 0)
    {
      if (min > VarL_Number[i])
      {
        min = VarL_Number[i];
        min_j = j;
      }
      j++;
    }
  }

  r->VarL_Size = j; // number of long with exp. entries in
                    //  in p->exp
  r->VarL_Offset = (int*) omAlloc(r->VarL_Size*sizeof(int));
  r->VarL_LowIndex = 0;

  // set VarL_Offset
  for (i=0, j=0; i<r->ExpL_Size; i++)
  {
    if (VarL_Number[i] != 0)
    {
      r->VarL_Offset[j] = i;
      if (j > 0 && r->VarL_Offset[j-1] != r->VarL_Offset[j] - 1)
        r->VarL_LowIndex = -1;
      j++;
    }
  }
  if (r->VarL_LowIndex >= 0)
    r->VarL_LowIndex = r->VarL_Offset[0];

  if (min_j != 0)
  {
    j = r->VarL_Offset[min_j];
    r->VarL_Offset[min_j] = r->VarL_Offset[0];
    r->VarL_Offset[0] = j;
  }
  omFree(VarL_Number);
}

static void rRightAdjustVarOffset(ring r)
{
  int* shifts = (int*) omAlloc(r->ExpL_Size*sizeof(int));
  int i;
  // initialize shifts
  for (i=0;i<r->ExpL_Size;i++)
    shifts[i] = BIT_SIZEOF_LONG;

  // find minimal bit shift in each long exp entry
  for (i=1;i<=r->N;i++)
  {
    if (shifts[r->VarOffset[i] & 0xffffff] > r->VarOffset[i] >> 24)
      shifts[r->VarOffset[i] & 0xffffff] = r->VarOffset[i] >> 24;
  }
  // reset r->VarOffset: set the minimal shift to 0
  for (i=1;i<=r->N;i++)
  {
    if (shifts[r->VarOffset[i] & 0xffffff] != 0)
      r->VarOffset[i]
        = (r->VarOffset[i] & 0xffffff) |
        (((r->VarOffset[i] >> 24) - shifts[r->VarOffset[i] & 0xffffff]) << 24);
  }
  omFree(shifts);
}

// get r->divmask depending on bits per exponent
static unsigned long rGetDivMask(int bits)
{
  unsigned long divmask = 1;
  int i = bits;

  while (i < BIT_SIZEOF_LONG)
  {
    divmask |= (((unsigned long) 1) << (unsigned long) i);
    i += bits;
  }
  return divmask;
}

#ifdef RDEBUG
void rDebugPrint(const ring r)
{
  if (r==NULL)
  {
    PrintS("NULL ?\n");
    return;
  }
  // corresponds to ro_typ from ring.h:
  const char *TYP[]={"ro_dp","ro_wp","ro_am","ro_wp64","ro_wp_neg","ro_cp",
                     "ro_syzcomp", "ro_syz", "ro_isTemp", "ro_is", "ro_none"};
  int i,j;

  Print("ExpL_Size:%d ",r->ExpL_Size);
  Print("CmpL_Size:%d ",r->CmpL_Size);
  Print("VarL_Size:%d\n",r->VarL_Size);
  Print("bitmask=0x%lx (expbound=%ld) \n",r->bitmask, r->bitmask);
  Print("divmask=%lx\n", r->divmask);
  Print("BitsPerExp=%d ExpPerLong=%d at L[%d]\n", r->BitsPerExp, r->ExpPerLong, r->VarL_Offset[0]);

  Print("VarL_LowIndex: %d\n", r->VarL_LowIndex);
  PrintS("VarL_Offset:\n");
  if (r->VarL_Offset==NULL) PrintS(" NULL");
  else
    for(j = 0; j < r->VarL_Size; j++)
      Print("  VarL_Offset[%d]: %d ", j, r->VarL_Offset[j]);
  PrintLn();


  PrintS("VarOffset:\n");
  if (r->VarOffset==NULL) PrintS(" NULL\n");
  else
    for(j=0;j<=r->N;j++)
      Print("  v%d at e-pos %d, bit %d\n",
            j,r->VarOffset[j] & 0xffffff, r->VarOffset[j] >>24);
  PrintS("ordsgn:\n");
  for(j=0;j<r->CmpL_Size;j++)
    Print("  ordsgn %ld at pos %d\n",r->ordsgn[j],j);
  Print("OrdSgn:%d\n",r->OrdSgn);
  PrintS("ordrec:\n");
  for(j=0;j<r->OrdSize;j++)
  {
    Print("  typ %s", TYP[r->typ[j].ord_typ]);
    if (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_syz)
    {
      const short place = r->typ[j].data.syz.place;
      const int limit = r->typ[j].data.syz.limit;
      const int curr_index = r->typ[j].data.syz.curr_index;
      const int* syz_index = r->typ[j].data.syz.syz_index;

      Print("  limit %d (place: %d, curr_index: %d), syz_index: ", limit, place, curr_index);

      if( syz_index == NULL )
        PrintS("(NULL)");
      else
      {
        PrintS("{");
        for( i=0; i <= limit; i++ )
          Print("%d ", syz_index[i]);
        PrintS("}");
      }

    }
    else if (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_isTemp)
    {
      Print("  start (level) %d, suffixpos: %d, VO: ",r->typ[j].data.isTemp.start, r->typ[j].data.isTemp.suffixpos);

    }
    else if (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_is)
    {
      Print("  start %d, end: %d: ",r->typ[j].data.is.start, r->typ[j].data.is.end);

//      for( int k = 0; k <= r->N; k++) if (r->typ[j].data.is.pVarOffset[k] != -1) Print("[%2d]: %04x; ", k, r->typ[j].data.is.pVarOffset[k]);

      Print("  limit %d",r->typ[j].data.is.limit);
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      //PrintS("  F: ");idShow(r->typ[j].data.is.F, r, r, 1);
#endif

      PrintLn();
    }
    else if  (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_am)
    {
      Print("  place %d",r->typ[j].data.am.place);
      Print("  start %d",r->typ[j].data.am.start);
      Print("  end %d",r->typ[j].data.am.end);
      Print("  len_gen %d",r->typ[j].data.am.len_gen);
      PrintS(" w:");
      int l=0;
      for(l=r->typ[j].data.am.start;l<=r->typ[j].data.am.end;l++)
            Print(" %d",r->typ[j].data.am.weights[l-r->typ[j].data.am.start]);
      l=r->typ[j].data.am.end+1;
      int ll=r->typ[j].data.am.weights[l-r->typ[j].data.am.start];
      PrintS(" m:");
      for(int lll=l+1;lll<l+ll+1;lll++)
            Print(" %d",r->typ[j].data.am.weights[lll-r->typ[j].data.am.start]);
    }
    else
    {
      Print("  place %d",r->typ[j].data.dp.place);

      if (r->typ[j].ord_typ!=ro_syzcomp  && r->typ[j].ord_typ!=ro_syz)
      {
        Print("  start %d",r->typ[j].data.dp.start);
        Print("  end %d",r->typ[j].data.dp.end);
        if ((r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_wp)
        || (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_wp_neg))
        {
          PrintS(" w:");
          for(int l=r->typ[j].data.wp.start;l<=r->typ[j].data.wp.end;l++)
            Print(" %d",r->typ[j].data.wp.weights[l-r->typ[j].data.wp.start]);
        }
        else if (r->typ[j].ord_typ==ro_wp64)
        {
          PrintS(" w64:");
          int l;
          for(l=r->typ[j].data.wp64.start;l<=r->typ[j].data.wp64.end;l++)
            Print(" %ld",(long)(((int64*)r->typ[j].data.wp64.weights64)+l-r->typ[j].data.wp64.start));
          }
        }
    }
    PrintLn();
  }
  Print("pOrdIndex:%d pCompIndex:%d\n", r->pOrdIndex, r->pCompIndex);
  Print("OrdSize:%d\n",r->OrdSize);
  PrintS("--------------------\n");
  for(j=0;j<r->ExpL_Size;j++)
  {
    Print("L[%d]: ",j);
    if (j< r->CmpL_Size)
      Print("ordsgn %ld ", r->ordsgn[j]);
    else
      PrintS("no comp ");
    i=1;
    for(;i<=r->N;i++)
    {
      if( (r->VarOffset[i] & 0xffffff) == j )
      {  Print("v%d at e[%d], bit %d; ", i,r->VarOffset[i] & 0xffffff,
                                         r->VarOffset[i] >>24 ); }
    }
    if( r->pCompIndex==j ) PrintS("v0; ");
    for(i=0;i<r->OrdSize;i++)
    {
      if (r->typ[i].data.dp.place == j)
      {
        Print("ordrec:%s (start:%d, end:%d) ",TYP[r->typ[i].ord_typ],
          r->typ[i].data.dp.start, r->typ[i].data.dp.end);
      }
    }

    if (j==r->pOrdIndex)
      PrintS("pOrdIndex\n");
    else
      PrintLn();
  }
  Print("LexOrder:%d, MixedOrder:%d\n",r->LexOrder, r->MixedOrder);

  Print("NegWeightL_Size: %d, NegWeightL_Offset: ", r->NegWeightL_Size);
  if (r->NegWeightL_Offset==NULL) PrintS(" NULL");
  else
    for(j = 0; j < r->NegWeightL_Size; j++)
      Print("  [%d]: %d ", j, r->NegWeightL_Offset[j]);
  PrintLn();

  // p_Procs stuff
  p_Procs_s proc_names;
  const char* field;
  const char* length;
  const char* ord;
  p_Debug_GetProcNames(r, &proc_names); // changes p_Procs!!!
  p_Debug_GetSpecNames(r, field, length, ord);

  Print("p_Spec  : %s, %s, %s\n", field, length, ord);
  PrintS("p_Procs :\n");
  for (i=0; i<(int) (sizeof(p_Procs_s)/sizeof(void*)); i++)
  {
    Print(" %s,\n", ((char**) &proc_names)[i]);
  }

  {
      PrintLn();
      PrintS("pFDeg   : ");
#define pFDeg_CASE(A) if(r->pFDeg == A) PrintS( "" #A "" )
      pFDeg_CASE(p_Totaldegree); else
      pFDeg_CASE(p_WFirstTotalDegree); else
      pFDeg_CASE(p_WTotaldegree); else
      pFDeg_CASE(p_Deg); else
#undef pFDeg_CASE
      Print("(%p)", r->pFDeg); // default case

    PrintLn();
    Print("pLDeg   : (%p)", r->pLDeg);
    PrintLn();
  }
  PrintS("pSetm:");
  void p_Setm_Dummy(poly p, const ring r);
  void p_Setm_TotalDegree(poly p, const ring r);
  void p_Setm_WFirstTotalDegree(poly p, const ring r);
  void p_Setm_General(poly p, const ring r);
  if (r->p_Setm==p_Setm_General) PrintS("p_Setm_General\n");
  else if (r->p_Setm==p_Setm_Dummy) PrintS("p_Setm_Dummy\n");
  else if (r->p_Setm==p_Setm_TotalDegree) PrintS("p_Setm_Totaldegree\n");
  else if (r->p_Setm==p_Setm_WFirstTotalDegree) PrintS("p_Setm_WFirstTotalDegree\n");
  else Print("%p\n",r->p_Setm);
}

void p_DebugPrint(poly p, const ring r)
{
  int i,j;
  p_Write(p,r);
  j=2;
  while(p!=NULL)
  {
    Print("\nexp[0..%d]\n",r->ExpL_Size-1);
    for(i=0;i<r->ExpL_Size;i++)
      Print("%ld ",p->exp[i]);
    PrintLn();
    Print("v0:%ld ",p_GetComp(p, r));
    for(i=1;i<=r->N;i++) Print(" v%d:%ld",i,p_GetExp(p,i, r));
    PrintLn();
    pIter(p);
    j--;
    if (j==0) { PrintS("...\n"); break; }
  }
}

#endif // RDEBUG

/// debug-print monomial poly/vector p, assuming that it lives in the ring R
static inline void m_DebugPrint(const poly p, const ring R)
{
  Print("\nexp[0..%d]\n", R->ExpL_Size - 1);
  for(int i = 0; i < R->ExpL_Size; i++)
    Print("%09lx ", p->exp[i]);
  PrintLn();
  Print("v0:%9ld ", p_GetComp(p, R));
  for(int i = 1; i <= R->N; i++) Print(" v%d:%5ld",i, p_GetExp(p, i, R));
  PrintLn();
}


//    F = system("ISUpdateComponents", F, V, MIN );
//    // replace gen(i) -> gen(MIN + V[i-MIN]) for all i > MIN in all terms from F!
void pISUpdateComponents(ideal F, const intvec *const V, const int MIN, const ring r )
{
  assume( V != NULL );
  assume( MIN >= 0 );

  if( F == NULL )
    return;

  for( int j = (F->ncols*F->nrows) - 1; j >= 0; j-- )
  {
#ifdef PDEBUG
    Print("F[%d]:", j);
    p_wrp(F->m[j], r);
#endif

    for( poly p = F->m[j]; p != NULL; pIter(p) )
    {
      int c = p_GetComp(p, r);

      if( c > MIN )
      {
#ifdef PDEBUG
        Print("gen[%d] -> gen(%d)\n", c, MIN + (*V)[ c - MIN - 1 ]);
#endif

        p_SetComp( p, MIN + (*V)[ c - MIN - 1 ], r );
      }
    }
#ifdef PDEBUG
    Print("new F[%d]:", j);
    p_Test(F->m[j], r);
    p_wrp(F->m[j], r);
#endif
  }
}

/*2
* asssume that rComplete was called with r
* assume that the first block ist ringorder_S
* change the block to reflect the sequence given by appending v
*/
static inline void rNChangeSComps(int* currComponents, long* currShiftedComponents, ring r)
{
  assume(r->typ[1].ord_typ == ro_syzcomp);

  r->typ[1].data.syzcomp.ShiftedComponents = currShiftedComponents;
  r->typ[1].data.syzcomp.Components = currComponents;
}

static inline void rNGetSComps(int** currComponents, long** currShiftedComponents, ring r)
{
  assume(r->typ[1].ord_typ == ro_syzcomp);

  *currShiftedComponents = r->typ[1].data.syzcomp.ShiftedComponents;
  *currComponents =   r->typ[1].data.syzcomp.Components;
}
#ifdef PDEBUG
static inline void rDBChangeSComps(int* currComponents,
                     long* currShiftedComponents,
                     int length,
                     ring r)
{
  assume(r->typ[1].ord_typ == ro_syzcomp);

  r->typ[1].data.syzcomp.length = length;
  rNChangeSComps( currComponents, currShiftedComponents, r);
}
static inline void rDBGetSComps(int** currComponents,
                 long** currShiftedComponents,
                 int *length,
                 ring r)
{
  assume(r->typ[1].ord_typ == ro_syzcomp);

  *length = r->typ[1].data.syzcomp.length;
  rNGetSComps( currComponents, currShiftedComponents, r);
}
#endif

void rChangeSComps(int* currComponents, long* currShiftedComponents, int length, ring r)
{
#ifdef PDEBUG
   rDBChangeSComps(currComponents, currShiftedComponents, length, r);
#else
   rNChangeSComps(currComponents, currShiftedComponents, r);
#endif
}

void rGetSComps(int** currComponents, long** currShiftedComponents, int *length, ring r)
{
#ifdef PDEBUG
   rDBGetSComps(currComponents, currShiftedComponents, length, r);
#else
   rNGetSComps(currComponents, currShiftedComponents, r);
#endif
}


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// The following routines all take as input a ring r, and return R
// where R has a certain property. R might be equal r in which case r
// had already this property
//
ring rAssure_SyzOrder(const ring r, BOOLEAN complete)
{
  if ( r->order[0] == ringorder_c ) return r;
  return rAssure_SyzComp(r,complete);
}
ring rAssure_SyzComp(const ring r, BOOLEAN complete)
{
  if ( r->order[0] == ringorder_s ) return r;

  if ( r->order[0] == ringorder_IS )
  {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
    WarnS("rAssure_SyzComp: input ring has an IS-ordering!");
#endif
//    return r;
  }
  ring res=rCopy0(r, FALSE, FALSE);
  int i=rBlocks(r);
  int j;

  res->order=(rRingOrder_t *)omAlloc((i+1)*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
  res->block0=(int *)omAlloc0((i+1)*sizeof(int));
  res->block1=(int *)omAlloc0((i+1)*sizeof(int));
  int ** wvhdl =(int **)omAlloc0((i+1)*sizeof(int**));
  for(j=i;j>0;j--)
  {
    res->order[j]=r->order[j-1];
    res->block0[j]=r->block0[j-1];
    res->block1[j]=r->block1[j-1];
    if (r->wvhdl[j-1] != NULL)
    {
      wvhdl[j] = (int*) omMemDup(r->wvhdl[j-1]);
    }
  }
  res->order[0]=ringorder_s;

  res->wvhdl = wvhdl;

  if (complete)
  {
    rComplete(res, 1);
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    if (rIsPluralRing(r))
    {
      if ( nc_rComplete(r, res, false) ) // no qideal!
      {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
        WarnS("error in nc_rComplete");      // cleanup?//      rDelete(res);//      return r;      // just go on..
#endif
      }
    }
    assume(rIsPluralRing(r) == rIsPluralRing(res));
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    ring old_ring = r;
#endif
    if (r->qideal!=NULL)
    {
      res->qideal= idrCopyR_NoSort(r->qideal, r, res);
      assume(id_RankFreeModule(res->qideal, res) == 0);
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
      if( rIsPluralRing(res) )
      {
        if( nc_SetupQuotient(res, r, true) )
        {
//          WarnS("error in nc_SetupQuotient"); // cleanup?      rDelete(res);       return r;  // just go on...?
        }
        assume(id_RankFreeModule(res->qideal, res) == 0);
      }
#endif
    }

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    assume((res->qideal==NULL) == (old_ring->qideal==NULL));
    assume(rIsPluralRing(res) == rIsPluralRing(old_ring));
    assume(rIsSCA(res) == rIsSCA(old_ring));
    assume(ncRingType(res) == ncRingType(old_ring));
#endif
  }
  return res;
}

ring rAssure_TDeg(ring r, int &pos)
{
  if (r->N==1) // special: dp(1)==lp(1)== no entry in typ
  {
    pos=r->VarL_LowIndex;
    return r;
  }
  if (r->typ!=NULL)
  {
    for(int i=r->OrdSize-1;i>=0;i--)
    {
      if ((r->typ[i].ord_typ==ro_dp)
      && (r->typ[i].data.dp.start==1)
      && (r->typ[i].data.dp.end==r->N))
      {
        pos=r->typ[i].data.dp.place;
        //printf("no change, pos=%d\n",pos);
        return r;
      }
    }
  }

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  nc_struct* save=r->GetNC();
  r->GetNC()=NULL;
#endif
  ring res=rCopy(r);
  if (res->qideal!=NULL)
  {
    id_Delete(&res->qideal,r);
  }

  int i=rBlocks(r);
  int j;

  res->ExpL_Size=r->ExpL_Size+1; // one word more in each monom
  res->PolyBin=omGetSpecBin(POLYSIZE + (res->ExpL_Size)*sizeof(long));
  omFree((ADDRESS)res->ordsgn);
  res->ordsgn=(long *)omAlloc0(res->ExpL_Size*sizeof(long));
  for(j=0;j<r->CmpL_Size;j++)
  {
    res->ordsgn[j] = r->ordsgn[j];
  }
  res->OrdSize=r->OrdSize+1;   // one block more for pSetm
  if (r->typ!=NULL)
    omFree((ADDRESS)res->typ);
  res->typ=(sro_ord*)omAlloc0(res->OrdSize*sizeof(sro_ord));
  if (r->typ!=NULL)
    memcpy(res->typ,r->typ,r->OrdSize*sizeof(sro_ord));
  // the additional block for pSetm: total degree at the last word
  // but not included in the compare part
  res->typ[res->OrdSize-1].ord_typ=ro_dp;
  res->typ[res->OrdSize-1].data.dp.start=1;
  res->typ[res->OrdSize-1].data.dp.end=res->N;
  res->typ[res->OrdSize-1].data.dp.place=res->ExpL_Size-1;
  pos=res->ExpL_Size-1;
  //res->pOrdIndex=pos; //NO: think of a(1,0),dp !
  extern void p_Setm_General(poly p, ring r);
  res->p_Setm=p_Setm_General;
  // ----------------------------
  omFree((ADDRESS)res->p_Procs);
  res->p_Procs = (p_Procs_s*)omAlloc(sizeof(p_Procs_s));

  p_ProcsSet(res, res->p_Procs);
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  r->GetNC()=save;
  if (rIsPluralRing(r))
  {
    if ( nc_rComplete(r, res, false) ) // no qideal!
    {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      WarnS("error in nc_rComplete");
#endif
      // just go on..
    }
  }
#endif
  if (r->qideal!=NULL)
  {
     res->qideal=idrCopyR_NoSort(r->qideal,r, res);
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
     if (rIsPluralRing(res))
     {
//       nc_SetupQuotient(res, currRing);
       nc_SetupQuotient(res, r); // ?
     }
     assume((res->qideal==NULL) == (r->qideal==NULL));
#endif
  }

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  assume(rIsPluralRing(res) == rIsPluralRing(r));
  assume(rIsSCA(res) == rIsSCA(r));
  assume(ncRingType(res) == ncRingType(r));
#endif

  return res;
}

ring rAssure_HasComp(const ring r)
{
  int last_block;
  int i=0;
  do
  {
     if (r->order[i] == ringorder_c ||
        r->order[i] == ringorder_C) return r;
     if (r->order[i] == 0)
        break;
     i++;
  } while (1);
  //WarnS("re-creating ring with comps");
  last_block=i-1;

  ring new_r = rCopy0(r, FALSE, FALSE);
  i+=2;
  new_r->wvhdl=(int **)omAlloc0(i * sizeof(int *));
  new_r->order   = (rRingOrder_t *) omAlloc0(i * sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
  new_r->block0   = (int *) omAlloc0(i * sizeof(int));
  new_r->block1   = (int *) omAlloc0(i * sizeof(int));
  memcpy(new_r->order,r->order,(i-1) * sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
  memcpy(new_r->block0,r->block0,(i-1) * sizeof(int));
  memcpy(new_r->block1,r->block1,(i-1) * sizeof(int));
  for (int j=0; j<=last_block; j++)
  {
    if (r->wvhdl[j]!=NULL)
    {
      new_r->wvhdl[j] = (int*) omMemDup(r->wvhdl[j]);
    }
  }
  last_block++;
  new_r->order[last_block]=ringorder_C;
  //new_r->block0[last_block]=0;
  //new_r->block1[last_block]=0;
  //new_r->wvhdl[last_block]=NULL;

  rComplete(new_r, 1);

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if (rIsPluralRing(r))
  {
    if ( nc_rComplete(r, new_r, false) ) // no qideal!
    {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      WarnS("error in nc_rComplete");      // cleanup?//      rDelete(res);//      return r;      // just go on..
#endif
    }
  }
  assume(rIsPluralRing(r) == rIsPluralRing(new_r));
#endif

  return new_r;
}

ring rAssure_CompLastBlock(ring r, BOOLEAN complete)
{
  int last_block = rBlocks(r) - 2;
  if (r->order[last_block] != ringorder_c &&
      r->order[last_block] != ringorder_C)
  {
    int c_pos = 0;
    int i;

    for (i=0; i< last_block; i++)
    {
      if (r->order[i] == ringorder_c || r->order[i] == ringorder_C)
      {
        c_pos = i;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (c_pos != -1)
    {
      ring new_r = rCopy0(r, FALSE, TRUE);
      for (i=c_pos+1; i<=last_block; i++)
      {
        new_r->order[i-1] = new_r->order[i];
        new_r->block0[i-1] = new_r->block0[i];
        new_r->block1[i-1] = new_r->block1[i];
        new_r->wvhdl[i-1] = new_r->wvhdl[i];
      }
      new_r->order[last_block] = r->order[c_pos];
      new_r->block0[last_block] = r->block0[c_pos];
      new_r->block1[last_block] = r->block1[c_pos];
      new_r->wvhdl[last_block] = r->wvhdl[c_pos];
      if (complete)
      {
        rComplete(new_r, 1);

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
        if (rIsPluralRing(r))
        {
          if ( nc_rComplete(r, new_r, false) ) // no qideal!
          {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
            WarnS("error in nc_rComplete");   // cleanup?//      rDelete(res);//      return r;      // just go on..
#endif
          }
        }
        assume(rIsPluralRing(r) == rIsPluralRing(new_r));
#endif
      }
      return new_r;
    }
  }
  return r;
}

// Moves _c or _C ordering to the last place AND adds _s on the 1st place
ring rAssure_SyzComp_CompLastBlock(const ring r)
{
  rTest(r);

  ring new_r_1 = rAssure_CompLastBlock(r, FALSE); // due to this FALSE - no completion!
  ring new_r = rAssure_SyzComp(new_r_1, FALSE); // new_r_1 is used only here!!!

  if (new_r == r)
     return r;

  ring old_r = r;
  if (new_r_1 != new_r && new_r_1 != old_r) rDelete(new_r_1);

  rComplete(new_r, TRUE);
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if (rIsPluralRing(old_r))
  {
    if ( nc_rComplete(old_r, new_r, false) ) // no qideal!
    {
# ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      WarnS("error in nc_rComplete"); // cleanup?      rDelete(res);       return r;  // just go on...?
# endif
    }
  }
#endif

///?    rChangeCurrRing(new_r);
  if (old_r->qideal != NULL)
  {
    new_r->qideal = idrCopyR(old_r->qideal, old_r, new_r);
  }

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if( rIsPluralRing(old_r) )
    if( nc_SetupQuotient(new_r, old_r, true) )
    {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      WarnS("error in nc_SetupQuotient"); // cleanup?      rDelete(res);       return r;  // just go on...?
#endif
    }
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  assume((new_r->qideal==NULL) == (old_r->qideal==NULL));
  assume(rIsPluralRing(new_r) == rIsPluralRing(old_r));
  assume(rIsSCA(new_r) == rIsSCA(old_r));
  assume(ncRingType(new_r) == ncRingType(old_r));
#endif

  rTest(new_r);
  rTest(old_r);
  return new_r;
}

// use this for global orderings consisting of two blocks
static ring rAssure_Global(rRingOrder_t b1, rRingOrder_t b2, const ring r)
{
  int r_blocks = rBlocks(r);

  assume(b1 == ringorder_c || b1 == ringorder_C ||
         b2 == ringorder_c || b2 == ringorder_C ||
         b2 == ringorder_S);
  if ((r_blocks == 3) &&
      (r->order[0] == b1) &&
      (r->order[1] == b2) &&
      (r->order[2] == 0))
    return r;
  ring res = rCopy0(r, FALSE, FALSE);
  res->order = (rRingOrder_t*)omAlloc0(3*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
  res->block0 = (int*)omAlloc0(3*sizeof(int));
  res->block1 = (int*)omAlloc0(3*sizeof(int));
  res->wvhdl = (int**)omAlloc0(3*sizeof(int*));
  res->order[0] = b1;
  res->order[1] = b2;
  if (b1 == ringorder_c || b1 == ringorder_C)
  {
    res->block0[1] = 1;
    res->block1[1] = r->N;
  }
  else
  {
    res->block0[0] = 1;
    res->block1[0] = r->N;
  }
  rComplete(res, 1);
  if (r->qideal!=NULL) res->qideal= idrCopyR_NoSort(r->qideal, r, res);
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if (rIsPluralRing(r))
  {
    if ( nc_rComplete(r, res, false) ) // no qideal!
    {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      WarnS("error in nc_rComplete");
#endif
    }
  }
#endif
//  rChangeCurrRing(res);
  return res;
}

ring rAssure_InducedSchreyerOrdering(const ring r, BOOLEAN complete/* = TRUE*/, int sgn/* = 1*/)
{ // TODO: ???? Add leading Syz-comp ordering here...????

#if MYTEST
    Print("rAssure_InducedSchreyerOrdering(r, complete = %d, sgn = %d): r: \n", complete, sgn);
    rWrite(r);
#ifdef RDEBUG
    rDebugPrint(r);
#endif
    PrintLn();
#endif
  assume((sgn == 1) || (sgn == -1));

  ring res=rCopy0(r, FALSE, FALSE); // No qideal & ordering copy.

  int n = rBlocks(r); // Including trailing zero!

  // Create 2 more blocks for prefix/suffix:
  res->order=(rRingOrder_t *)omAlloc0((n+2)*sizeof(rRingOrder_t)); // 0  ..  n+1
  res->block0=(int *)omAlloc0((n+2)*sizeof(int));
  res->block1=(int *)omAlloc0((n+2)*sizeof(int));
  int ** wvhdl =(int **)omAlloc0((n+2)*sizeof(int**));

  // Encapsulate all existing blocks between induced Schreyer ordering markers: prefix and suffix!
  // Note that prefix and suffix have the same ringorder marker and only differ in block[] parameters!

  // new 1st block
  int j = 0;
  res->order[j] = ringorder_IS; // Prefix
  res->block0[j] = res->block1[j] = 0;
  // wvhdl[j] = NULL;
  j++;

  for(int i = 0; (i <= n) && (r->order[i] != 0); i++, j++) // i = [0 .. n-1] <- non-zero old blocks
  {
    res->order [j] = r->order [i];
    res->block0[j] = r->block0[i];
    res->block1[j] = r->block1[i];

    if (r->wvhdl[i] != NULL)
    {
      wvhdl[j] = (int*) omMemDup(r->wvhdl[i]);
    } // else wvhdl[j] = NULL;
  }

  // new last block
  res->order [j] = ringorder_IS; // Suffix
  res->block0[j] = res->block1[j] = sgn; // Sign of v[o]: 1 for C, -1 for c
  // wvhdl[j] = NULL;
  j++;

  // res->order [j] = 0; // The End!
  res->wvhdl = wvhdl;

  // j == the last zero block now!
  assume(j == (n+1));
  assume(res->order[0]==ringorder_IS);
  assume(res->order[j-1]==ringorder_IS);
  assume(res->order[j]==0);


  if (complete)
  {
    rComplete(res, 1);

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    if (rIsPluralRing(r))
    {
      if ( nc_rComplete(r, res, false) ) // no qideal!
      {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
        WarnS("error in nc_rComplete");      // cleanup?//      rDelete(res);//      return r;      // just go on..
#endif
      }
    }
    assume(rIsPluralRing(r) == rIsPluralRing(res));
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    ring old_ring = r;
#endif

    if (r->qideal!=NULL)
    {
      res->qideal= idrCopyR_NoSort(r->qideal, r, res);

      assume(id_RankFreeModule(res->qideal, res) == 0);

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
      if( rIsPluralRing(res) )
        if( nc_SetupQuotient(res, r, true) )
        {
//          WarnS("error in nc_SetupQuotient"); // cleanup?      rDelete(res);       return r;  // just go on...?
        }

#endif
      assume(id_RankFreeModule(res->qideal, res) == 0);
    }

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    assume((res->qideal==NULL) == (old_ring->qideal==NULL));
    assume(rIsPluralRing(res) == rIsPluralRing(old_ring));
    assume(rIsSCA(res) == rIsSCA(old_ring));
    assume(ncRingType(res) == ncRingType(old_ring));
#endif
  }

  return res;
}

ring rAssure_dp_S(const ring r)
{
  return rAssure_Global(ringorder_dp, ringorder_S, r);
}

ring rAssure_dp_C(const ring r)
{
  return rAssure_Global(ringorder_dp, ringorder_C, r);
}

ring rAssure_C_dp(const ring r)
{
  return rAssure_Global(ringorder_C, ringorder_dp, r);
}

ring rAssure_c_dp(const ring r)
{
  return rAssure_Global(ringorder_c, ringorder_dp, r);
}



/// Finds p^th IS ordering, and returns its position in r->typ[]
/// returns -1 if something went wrong!
/// p - starts with 0!
int rGetISPos(const int p, const ring r)
{
  // Put the reference set F into the ring -ordering -recor
#if MYTEST
  Print("rIsIS(p: %d)\nF:", p);
  PrintLn();
#endif

  if (r->typ==NULL)
  {
//    dReportError("'rIsIS:' Error: wrong ring! (typ == NULL)");
    return -1;
  }

  int j = p; // Which IS record to use...
  for( int pos = 0; pos < r->OrdSize; pos++ )
    if( r->typ[pos].ord_typ == ro_is)
      if( j-- == 0 )
        return pos;

  return -1;
}






/// Changes r by setting induced ordering parameters: limit and reference leading terms
/// F belong to r, we will DO a copy!
/// We will use it AS IS!
/// returns true is everything was allright!
BOOLEAN rSetISReference(const ring r, const ideal F, const int i, const int p)
{
  // Put the reference set F into the ring -ordering -recor

  if (r->typ==NULL)
  {
    dReportError("Error: WRONG USE of rSetISReference: wrong ring! (typ == NULL)");
    return FALSE;
  }


  int pos = rGetISPos(p, r);

  if( pos == -1 )
  {
    dReportError("Error: WRONG USE of rSetISReference: specified ordering block was not found!!!" );
    return FALSE;
  }

#if MYTEST
  if( i != r->typ[pos].data.is.limit )
    Print("Changing record on pos: %d\nOld limit: %d --->> New Limit: %d\n", pos, r->typ[pos].data.is.limit, i);
#endif

  const ideal FF = idrHeadR(F, r, r); // id_Copy(F, r); // ???


  if( r->typ[pos].data.is.F != NULL)
  {
#if MYTEST
    PrintS("Deleting old reference set F... \n");        // idShow(r->typ[pos].data.is.F, r);         PrintLn();
#endif
    id_Delete(&r->typ[pos].data.is.F, r);
    r->typ[pos].data.is.F = NULL;
  }

  assume(r->typ[pos].data.is.F == NULL);

  r->typ[pos].data.is.F = FF; // F is owened by ring now! TODO: delete at the end!

  r->typ[pos].data.is.limit = i; // First induced component

#if MYTEST
  PrintS("New reference set FF : \n");        idShow(FF, r, r, 1);         PrintLn();
#endif

  return TRUE;
}

#ifdef PDEBUG
VAR int pDBsyzComp=0;
#endif


void rSetSyzComp(int k, const ring r)
{
  if(k < 0)
  {
    dReportError("rSetSyzComp with negative limit!");
    return;
  }

  assume( k >= 0 );
  if (TEST_OPT_PROT) Print("{%d}", k);
  if ((r->typ!=NULL) && (r->typ[0].ord_typ==ro_syz))
  {
    r->block0[0]=r->block1[0] = k;
    if( k == r->typ[0].data.syz.limit )
      return; // nothing to do

    int i;
    if (r->typ[0].data.syz.limit == 0)
    {
      r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index = (int*) omAlloc0((k+1)*sizeof(int));
      r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index[0] = 0;
      r->typ[0].data.syz.curr_index = 1;
    }
    else
    {
      r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index = (int*)
        omReallocSize(r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index,
                (r->typ[0].data.syz.limit+1)*sizeof(int),
                (k+1)*sizeof(int));
    }
    for (i=r->typ[0].data.syz.limit + 1; i<= k; i++)
    {
      r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index[i] =
        r->typ[0].data.syz.curr_index;
    }
    if(k < r->typ[0].data.syz.limit) // ?
    {
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
      Warn("rSetSyzComp called with smaller limit (%d) as before (%d)", k, r->typ[0].data.syz.limit);
#endif
      r->typ[0].data.syz.curr_index = 1 + r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index[k];
    }


    r->typ[0].data.syz.limit = k;
    r->typ[0].data.syz.curr_index++;
  }
  else if(
            (r->typ!=NULL) &&
            (r->typ[0].ord_typ==ro_isTemp)
           )
  {
//      (r->typ[currRing->typ[0].data.isTemp.suffixpos].data.is.limit == k)
#ifndef SING_NDEBUG
    Warn("rSetSyzComp(%d) in an IS ring! Be careful!", k);
#endif
  }
  else if (r->order[0]==ringorder_s)
  {
    r->block0[0] = r->block1[0] = k;
  }
  else if (r->order[0]!=ringorder_c)
  {
    dReportError("syzcomp in incompatible ring");
  }
#ifdef PDEBUG
  EXTERN_VAR int pDBsyzComp;
  pDBsyzComp=k;
#endif
}

// return the max-comonent wchich has syzIndex i
int rGetMaxSyzComp(int i, const ring r)
{
  if ((r->typ!=NULL) && (r->typ[0].ord_typ==ro_syz) &&
      r->typ[0].data.syz.limit > 0 && i > 0)
  {
    assume(i <= r->typ[0].data.syz.limit);
    int j;
    for (j=0; j<r->typ[0].data.syz.limit; j++)
    {
      if (r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index[j] == i  &&
          r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index[j+1] != i)
      {
        assume(r->typ[0].data.syz.syz_index[j+1] == i+1);
        return j;
      }
    }
    return r->typ[0].data.syz.limit;
  }
  else
  {
  #ifndef SING_NDEBUG
    WarnS("rGetMaxSyzComp: order c");
  #endif
    return 0;
  }
}

BOOLEAN rRing_is_Homog(const ring r)
{
  if (r == NULL) return FALSE;
  int i, j, nb = rBlocks(r);
  for (i=0; i<nb; i++)
  {
    if (r->wvhdl[i] != NULL)
    {
      int length = r->block1[i] - r->block0[i];
      int* wvhdl = r->wvhdl[i];
      if (r->order[i] == ringorder_M) length *= length;
      assume(omSizeOfAddr(wvhdl) >= length*sizeof(int));

      for (j=0; j< length; j++)
      {
        if (wvhdl[j] != 0 && wvhdl[j] != 1) return FALSE;
      }
    }
  }
  return TRUE;
}

BOOLEAN rRing_has_CompLastBlock(const ring r)
{
  assume(r != NULL);
  int lb = rBlocks(r) - 2;
  return (r->order[lb] == ringorder_c || r->order[lb] == ringorder_C);
}

BOOLEAN rRing_ord_pure_dp(const ring r)
{
  if ((r->order[0]==ringorder_dp) &&(r->block0[0]==1) &&(r->block1[0]==r->N))
    return TRUE;
  if (((r->order[0]==ringorder_c)||(r->order[0]==ringorder_C))
  && ((r->order[1]==ringorder_dp) &&(r->block0[1]==1) &&(r->block1[1]==r->N)))
    return TRUE;
  return FALSE;
}

BOOLEAN rRing_ord_pure_Dp(const ring r)
{
  if ((r->order[0]==ringorder_Dp) &&(r->block0[0]==1) &&(r->block1[0]==r->N))
    return TRUE;
  if (((r->order[0]==ringorder_c)||(r->order[0]==ringorder_C))
  && ((r->order[1]==ringorder_Dp) &&(r->block0[1]==1) &&(r->block1[1]==r->N)))
    return TRUE;
  return FALSE;
}

BOOLEAN rRing_ord_pure_lp(const ring r)
{
  if ((r->order[0]==ringorder_lp) &&(r->block0[0]==1) &&(r->block1[0]==r->N))
    return TRUE;
  if (((r->order[0]==ringorder_c)||(r->order[0]==ringorder_C))
  && ((r->order[1]==ringorder_lp) &&(r->block0[1]==1) &&(r->block1[1]==r->N)))
    return TRUE;
  return FALSE;
}

int64 * rGetWeightVec(const ring r)
{
  assume(r!=NULL);
  assume(r->OrdSize>0);
  int i=0;
  while((r->typ[i].ord_typ!=ro_wp64) && (r->typ[i].ord_typ>0)) i++;
  assume(r->typ[i].ord_typ==ro_wp64);
  return (int64*)(r->typ[i].data.wp64.weights64);
}

void rSetWeightVec(ring r, int64 *wv)
{
  assume(r!=NULL);
  assume(r->OrdSize>0);
  assume(r->typ[0].ord_typ==ro_wp64);
  memcpy(r->typ[0].data.wp64.weights64,wv,r->N*sizeof(int64));
}

#include <ctype.h>

static int rRealloc1(ring r, int size, int pos)
{
  r->order=(rRingOrder_t*)omReallocSize(r->order, size*sizeof(rRingOrder_t), (size+1)*sizeof(rRingOrder_t));
  r->block0=(int*)omReallocSize(r->block0, size*sizeof(int), (size+1)*sizeof(int));
  r->block1=(int*)omReallocSize(r->block1, size*sizeof(int), (size+1)*sizeof(int));
  r->wvhdl=(int **)omReallocSize(r->wvhdl,size*sizeof(int *), (size+1)*sizeof(int *));
  for(int k=size; k>pos; k--) r->wvhdl[k]=r->wvhdl[k-1];
  r->order[size]=(rRingOrder_t)0;
  size++;
  return size;
}
#if 0 // currently unused
static int rReallocM1(ring r, int size, int pos)
{
  r->order=(int*)omReallocSize(r->order, size*sizeof(int), (size-1)*sizeof(int));
  r->block0=(int*)omReallocSize(r->block0, size*sizeof(int), (size-1)*sizeof(int));
  r->block1=(int*)omReallocSize(r->block1, size*sizeof(int), (size-1)*sizeof(int));
  r->wvhdl=(int **)omReallocSize(r->wvhdl,size*sizeof(int *), (size-1)*sizeof(int *));
  for(int k=pos+1; k<size; k++) r->wvhdl[k]=r->wvhdl[k+1];
  size--;
  return size;
}
#endif
static void rOppWeight(int *w, int l)
{
  /* works for commutative/Plural; need to be changed for Letterplace */
  /* Letterpace: each block of vars needs to be reverted on it own */
  int i2=(l+1)/2;
  for(int j=0; j<=i2; j++)
  {
    int t=w[j];
    w[j]=w[l-j];
    w[l-j]=t;
  }
}

#define rOppVar(R,I) (rVar(R)+1-I)
/* nice for Plural, need to be changed for Letterplace: requires also the length of a monomial */

ring rOpposite(ring src)
  /* creates an opposite algebra of R */
  /* that is R^opp, where f (*^opp) g = g*f  */
  /* treats the case of qring */
{
  if (src == NULL) return(NULL);

  //rChangeCurrRing(src);
#ifdef RDEBUG
  rTest(src);
//  rWrite(src);
//  rDebugPrint(src);
#endif

  ring r = rCopy0(src,FALSE);
  if (src->qideal != NULL)
  {
    id_Delete(&(r->qideal), src);
  }

  // change vars v1..vN -> vN..v1
  int i;
  int i2 = (rVar(r)-1)/2;
  for(i=i2; i>=0; i--)
  {
    // index: 0..N-1
    //Print("ex var names: %d <-> %d\n",i,rOppVar(r,i));
    // exchange names
    char *p;
    p = r->names[rVar(r)-1-i];
    r->names[rVar(r)-1-i] = r->names[i];
    r->names[i] = p;
  }
//  i2=(rVar(r)+1)/2;
//  for(int i=i2; i>0; i--)
//  {
//    // index: 1..N
//    //Print("ex var places: %d <-> %d\n",i,rVar(r)+1-i);
//    // exchange VarOffset
//    int t;
//    t=r->VarOffset[i];
//    r->VarOffset[i]=r->VarOffset[rOppVar(r,i)];
//    r->VarOffset[rOppVar(r,i)]=t;
//  }
  // change names:
  // TODO: does this work the same way for Letterplace?
  for (i=rVar(r)-1; i>=0; i--)
  {
    char *p=r->names[i];
    if(isupper(*p)) *p = tolower(*p);
    else            *p = toupper(*p);
  }
  // change ordering: listing
  // change ordering: compare
//  for(i=0; i<r->OrdSize; i++)
//  {
//    int t,tt;
//    switch(r->typ[i].ord_typ)
//    {
//      case ro_dp:
//      //
//        t=r->typ[i].data.dp.start;
//        r->typ[i].data.dp.start=rOppVar(r,r->typ[i].data.dp.end);
//        r->typ[i].data.dp.end=rOppVar(r,t);
//        break;
//      case ro_wp:
//      case ro_wp_neg:
//      {
//        t=r->typ[i].data.wp.start;
//        r->typ[i].data.wp.start=rOppVar(r,r->typ[i].data.wp.end);
//        r->typ[i].data.wp.end=rOppVar(r,t);
//        // invert r->typ[i].data.wp.weights
//        rOppWeight(r->typ[i].data.wp.weights,
//                   r->typ[i].data.wp.end-r->typ[i].data.wp.start);
//        break;
//      }
//      //case ro_wp64:
//      case ro_syzcomp:
//      case ro_syz:
//         WerrorS("not implemented in rOpposite");
//         // should not happen
//         break;
//
//      case ro_cp:
//        t=r->typ[i].data.cp.start;
//        r->typ[i].data.cp.start=rOppVar(r,r->typ[i].data.cp.end);
//        r->typ[i].data.cp.end=rOppVar(r,t);
//        break;
//      case ro_none:
//      default:
//       Werror("unknown type in rOpposite(%d)",r->typ[i].ord_typ);
//       break;
//    }
//  }
  // Change order/block structures (needed for rPrint, rAdd etc.)

  int j=0;
  int l=rBlocks(src);
  if ( ! rIsLPRing(src) )
  {
    // ie Plural or commutative
    for(i=0; src->order[i]!=0; i++)
    {
      switch (src->order[i])
      {
        case ringorder_c: /* c-> c */
        case ringorder_C: /* C-> C */
        case ringorder_no /*=0*/: /* end-of-block */
          r->order[j]=src->order[i];
          j++; break;
        case ringorder_lp: /* lp -> rp */
          r->order[j]=ringorder_rp;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;break;
        case ringorder_rp: /* rp -> lp */
          r->order[j]=ringorder_lp;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;break;
        case ringorder_dp: /* dp -> a(1..1),ls */
        {
          l=rRealloc1(r,l,j);
          r->order[j]=ringorder_a;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          r->wvhdl[j]=(int*)omAlloc((r->block1[j]-r->block0[j]+1)*sizeof(int));
          for(int k=r->block0[j]; k<=r->block1[j]; k++)
            r->wvhdl[j][k-r->block0[j]]=1;
          j++;
          r->order[j]=ringorder_ls;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;
          break;
        }
        case ringorder_Dp: /* Dp -> a(1..1),rp */
        {
          l=rRealloc1(r,l,j);
          r->order[j]=ringorder_a;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          r->wvhdl[j]=(int*)omAlloc((r->block1[j]-r->block0[j]+1)*sizeof(int));
          for(int k=r->block0[j]; k<=r->block1[j]; k++)
            r->wvhdl[j][k-r->block0[j]]=1;
          j++;
          r->order[j]=ringorder_rp;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;
          break;
        }
        case ringorder_wp: /* wp -> a(...),ls */
        {
          l=rRealloc1(r,l,j);
          r->order[j]=ringorder_a;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          r->wvhdl[j]=r->wvhdl[j+1]; r->wvhdl[j+1]=NULL;
          rOppWeight(r->wvhdl[j], r->block1[j]-r->block0[j]);
          j++;
          r->order[j]=ringorder_ls;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;
          break;
        }
        case ringorder_Wp: /* Wp -> a(...),rp */
        {
          l=rRealloc1(r,l,j);
          r->order[j]=ringorder_a;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          r->wvhdl[j]=r->wvhdl[j+1]; r->wvhdl[j+1]=NULL;
          rOppWeight(r->wvhdl[j], r->block1[j]-r->block0[j]);
          j++;
          r->order[j]=ringorder_rp;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;
          break;
        }
        case ringorder_M: /* M -> M */
        {
          r->order[j]=ringorder_M;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          int n=r->block1[j]-r->block0[j];
          /* M is a (n+1)x(n+1) matrix */
          for (int nn=0; nn<=n; nn++)
          {
            rOppWeight(&(r->wvhdl[j][nn*(n+1)]), n /*r->block1[j]-r->block0[j]*/);
          }
          j++;
          break;
        }
        case ringorder_a: /*  a(...),ls -> wp/dp */
        {
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          rOppWeight(r->wvhdl[j], r->block1[j]-r->block0[j]);
          if (src->order[i+1]==ringorder_ls)
          {
            r->order[j]=ringorder_wp;
            i++;
            //l=rReallocM1(r,l,j);
          }
          else
          {
            r->order[j]=ringorder_a;
          }
          j++;
          break;
        }
        // not yet done:
        case ringorder_ls:
        case ringorder_rs:
        case ringorder_ds:
        case ringorder_Ds:
        case ringorder_ws:
        case ringorder_Ws:
        case ringorder_am:
        case ringorder_a64:
        // should not occur:
        case ringorder_S:
        case ringorder_IS:
        case ringorder_s:
        case ringorder_aa:
        case ringorder_L:
        case ringorder_unspec:
          Werror("order %s not (yet) supported", rSimpleOrdStr(src->order[i]));
          break;
      }
    }
  } /* end if (!rIsLPRing(src)) */
  if (rIsLPRing(src))
  {
    // applies to Letterplace only
    // Letterplace conventions: dp<->Dp, lp<->rp
    // Wp(v) cannot be converted since wp(v) does not encode a monomial ordering
    // (a(w),<) is troublesome and thus postponed
    for(i=0; src->order[i]!=0; i++)
    {
      switch (src->order[i])
      {
        case ringorder_c: /* c-> c */
        case ringorder_C: /* C-> C */
        case ringorder_no /*=0*/: /* end-of-block */
          r->order[j]=src->order[i];
          j++; break;
        case ringorder_lp: /* lp -> rp */
          r->order[j]=ringorder_rp;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;break;
        case ringorder_rp: /* rp -> lp */
          r->order[j]=ringorder_lp;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;break;
        case ringorder_dp: /* dp -> Dp */
        {
          r->order[j]=ringorder_Dp;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;break;
        }
        case ringorder_Dp: /* Dp -> dp*/
        {
          r->order[j]=ringorder_dp;
          r->block0[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block1[i]);
          r->block1[j]=rOppVar(r, src->block0[i]);
          j++;break;
        }
        // not clear how to do:
        case ringorder_wp:
        case ringorder_Wp:
        case ringorder_M:
        case ringorder_a:
        // not yet done:
        case ringorder_ls:
        case ringorder_rs:
        case ringorder_ds:
        case ringorder_Ds:
        case ringorder_ws:
        case ringorder_Ws:
        case ringorder_am:
        case ringorder_a64:
        // should not occur:
        case ringorder_S:
        case ringorder_IS:
        case ringorder_s:
        case ringorder_aa:
        case ringorder_L:
        case ringorder_unspec:
          Werror("order %s not (yet) supported", rSimpleOrdStr(src->order[i]));
          break;
      }
    }
  } /* end if (rIsLPRing(src)) */
  rComplete(r);

  //rChangeCurrRing(r);
#ifdef RDEBUG
  rTest(r);
//  rWrite(r);
//  rDebugPrint(r);
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  // now, we initialize a non-comm structure on r
  if (rIsPluralRing(src))
  {
//    assume( currRing == r);

    int *perm       = (int *)omAlloc0((rVar(r)+1)*sizeof(int));
    int *par_perm   = NULL;
    nMapFunc nMap   = n_SetMap(src->cf,r->cf);
    int ni,nj;
    for(i=1; i<=r->N; i++)
    {
      perm[i] = rOppVar(r,i);
    }

    matrix C = mpNew(rVar(r),rVar(r));
    matrix D = mpNew(rVar(r),rVar(r));

    for (i=1; i< rVar(r); i++)
    {
      for (j=i+1; j<=rVar(r); j++)
      {
        ni = r->N +1 - i;
        nj = r->N +1 - j; /* i<j ==>   nj < ni */

        assume(MATELEM(src->GetNC()->C,i,j) != NULL);
        MATELEM(C,nj,ni) = p_PermPoly(MATELEM(src->GetNC()->C,i,j),perm,src,r, nMap,par_perm,rPar(src));

        if(MATELEM(src->GetNC()->D,i,j) != NULL)
          MATELEM(D,nj,ni) = p_PermPoly(MATELEM(src->GetNC()->D,i,j),perm,src,r, nMap,par_perm,rPar(src));
      }
    }

    id_Test((ideal)C, r);
    id_Test((ideal)D, r);

    if (nc_CallPlural(C, D, NULL, NULL, r, false, false, true, r)) // no qring setup!
      WarnS("Error initializing non-commutative multiplication!");

#ifdef RDEBUG
    rTest(r);
//    rWrite(r);
//    rDebugPrint(r);
#endif

    assume( r->GetNC()->IsSkewConstant == src->GetNC()->IsSkewConstant);

    omFreeSize((ADDRESS)perm,(rVar(r)+1)*sizeof(int));
  }
#endif /* HAVE_PLURAL */

  /* now oppose the qideal for qrings */
  if (src->qideal != NULL)
  {
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    r->qideal = idOppose(src, src->qideal, r); // into the currRing: r
#else
    r->qideal = id_Copy(src->qideal, r); // ?
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
    if( rIsPluralRing(r) )
    {
      nc_SetupQuotient(r);
#ifdef RDEBUG
      rTest(r);
//      rWrite(r);
//      rDebugPrint(r);
#endif
    }
#endif
  }
#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
  if( rIsPluralRing(r) )
    assume( ncRingType(r) == ncRingType(src) );
#endif
  rTest(r);

  return r;
}

ring rEnvelope(ring R)
  /* creates an enveloping algebra of R */
  /* that is R^e = R \tensor_K R^opp */
{
  ring Ropp = rOpposite(R);
  ring Renv = NULL;
  int stat = rSum(R, Ropp, Renv); /* takes care of qideals */
  if ( stat <=0 )
    WarnS("Error in rEnvelope at rSum");
  rTest(Renv);
  return Renv;
}

#ifdef HAVE_PLURAL
BOOLEAN nc_rComplete(const ring src, ring dest, bool bSetupQuotient)
/* returns TRUE is there were errors */
/* dest is actualy equals src with the different ordering */
/* we map src->nc correctly to dest->src */
/* to be executed after rComplete, before rChangeCurrRing */
{
// NOTE: Originally used only by idElimination to transfer NC structure to dest
// ring created by dirty hack (without nc_CallPlural)
  rTest(src);

  assume(!rIsPluralRing(dest)); // destination must be a newly constructed commutative ring

  if (!rIsPluralRing(src))
  {
    return FALSE;
  }

  const int N = dest->N;

  assume(src->N == N);

//  ring save = currRing;

//  if (dest != save)
//    rChangeCurrRing(dest);

  const ring srcBase = src;

  assume( n_SetMap(srcBase->cf,dest->cf) == n_SetMap(dest->cf,dest->cf) ); // currRing is important here!

  matrix C = mpNew(N,N); // ring independent
  matrix D = mpNew(N,N);

  matrix C0 = src->GetNC()->C;
  matrix D0 = src->GetNC()->D;

  // map C and D into dest
  for (int i = 1; i < N; i++)
  {
    for (int j = i + 1; j <= N; j++)
    {
      const number n = n_Copy(p_GetCoeff(MATELEM(C0,i,j), srcBase), srcBase->cf); // src, mapping for coeffs into currRing = dest!
      const poly   p = p_NSet(n, dest);
      MATELEM(C,i,j) = p;
      if (MATELEM(D0,i,j) != NULL)
        MATELEM(D,i,j) = prCopyR(MATELEM(D0,i,j), srcBase, dest); // ?
    }
  }
  /* One must test C and D _only_ in r->GetNC()->basering!!! not in r!!! */

  id_Test((ideal)C, dest);
  id_Test((ideal)D, dest);

  if (nc_CallPlural(C, D, NULL, NULL, dest, bSetupQuotient, false, true, dest)) // also takes care about quotient ideal
  {
    //WarnS("Error transferring non-commutative structure");
    // error message should be in the interpreter interface

    mp_Delete(&C, dest);
    mp_Delete(&D, dest);

//    if (currRing != save)
//       rChangeCurrRing(save);

    return TRUE;
  }

//  mp_Delete(&C, dest); // used by nc_CallPlural!
//  mp_Delete(&D, dest);

//  if (dest != save)
//    rChangeCurrRing(save);

  assume(rIsPluralRing(dest));
  return FALSE;
}
#endif

void rModify_a_to_A(ring r)
// to be called BEFORE rComplete:
// changes every Block with a(...) to A(...)
{
  int i=0;
  int j;
  while(r->order[i]!=0)
  {
    if (r->order[i]==ringorder_a)
    {
      r->order[i]=ringorder_a64;
      int *w=r->wvhdl[i];
      int64 *w64=(int64 *)omAlloc((r->block1[i]-r->block0[i]+1)*sizeof(int64));
      for(j=r->block1[i]-r->block0[i];j>=0;j--)
              w64[j]=(int64)w[j];
      r->wvhdl[i]=(int*)w64;
      omFreeSize(w,(r->block1[i]-r->block0[i]+1)*sizeof(int));
    }
    i++;
  }
}


poly rGetVar(const int varIndex, const ring r)
{
  poly p = p_ISet(1, r);
  p_SetExp(p, varIndex, 1, r);
  p_Setm(p, r);
  return p;
}


/// TODO: rewrite somehow...
int n_IsParam(const number m, const ring r)
{
  assume(r != NULL);
  const coeffs C = r->cf;
  assume(C != NULL);

  assume( nCoeff_is_Extension(C) );

  const n_coeffType _filed_type = getCoeffType(C);

  if(( _filed_type == n_algExt )||( _filed_type == n_polyExt ))
    return naIsParam(m, C);

  if( _filed_type == n_transExt )
    return ntIsParam(m, C);

  Werror("n_IsParam: IsParam is not to be used for (coeff_type = %d)",getCoeffType(C));

  return 0;
}

ring rPlusVar(const ring r, char *v,int left)
{
  if (r->order[2]!=0)
  {
    WerrorS("only for rings with an ordering of one block");
    return NULL;
  }
  int p;
  if((r->order[0]==ringorder_C)
  ||(r->order[0]==ringorder_c))
    p=1;
  else
    p=0;
  if((r->order[p]!=ringorder_dp)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_Dp)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_lp)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_rp)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_ds)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_Ds)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_ls))
  {
    WerrorS("ordering must be dp,Dp,lp,rp,ds,Ds or ls");
    return NULL;
  }
  for(int i=r->N-1;i>=0;i--)
  {
    if (strcmp(r->names[i],v)==0)
    {
      Werror("duplicate variable name >>%s<<",v);
      return NULL;
    }
  }
  ring R=rCopy0(r);
  char **names;
  #ifdef HAVE_SHIFTBBA
  if (rIsLPRing(r))
  {
    R->isLPring=r->isLPring+1;
    R->N=((r->N)/r->isLPring)+r->N;
    names=(char**)omAlloc(R->N*sizeof(char_ptr));
    if (left)
    {
      for(int b=0;b<((r->N)/r->isLPring);b++)
      {
        names[b*R->isLPring]=omStrDup(v);
        for(int i=R->isLPring-1;i>0;i--)
          names[i+b*R->isLPring]=R->names[i-1+b*r->isLPring];
      }
    }
    else
    {
      for(int b=0;b<((r->N)/r->isLPring);b++)
      {
        names[(b+1)*R->isLPring-1]=omStrDup(v);
        for(int i=R->isLPring-2;i>=0;i--)
          names[i+b*R->isLPring]=R->names[i+b*r->isLPring];
      }
    }
  }
  else
  #endif
  {
    R->N++;
    names=(char**)omAlloc(R->N*sizeof(char_ptr));
    if (left)
    {
      names[0]=omStrDup(v);
      for(int i=R->N-1;i>0;i--) names[i]=R->names[i-1];
    }
    else
    {
      names[R->N-1]=omStrDup(v);
      for(int i=R->N-2;i>=0;i--) names[i]=R->names[i];
    }
  }
  omFreeSize(R->names,r->N*sizeof(char_ptr));
  R->names=names;
  R->block1[p]=R->N;
  rComplete(R);
  return R;
}

ring rMinusVar(const ring r, char *v)
{
  if (r->order[2]!=0)
  {
    WerrorS("only for rings with an ordering of one block");
    return NULL;
  }
  int p;
  if((r->order[0]==ringorder_C)
  ||(r->order[0]==ringorder_c))
    p=1;
  else
    p=0;
  if((r->order[p]!=ringorder_dp)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_Dp)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_lp)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_rp)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_ds)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_Ds)
  && (r->order[p]!=ringorder_ls))
  {
    WerrorS("ordering must be dp,Dp,lp,rp,ds,Ds or ls");
    return NULL;
  }
  ring R=rCopy0(r);
  int i=R->N-1;
  while(i>=0)
  {
    if (strcmp(R->names[i],v)==0)
    {
      R->N--;
      omFree(R->names[i]);
      for(int j=i;j<R->N;j++) R->names[j]=R->names[j+1];
      R->names=(char**)omReallocSize(R->names,r->N*sizeof(char_ptr),R->N*sizeof(char_ptr));
    }
    i--;
  }
  R->block1[p]=R->N;
  rComplete(R,1);
  return R;
}