lang/LangPrimSource/PyrPrimitive.cpp

/*
    SuperCollider real time audio synthesis system
    Copyright (c) 2002 James McCartney. All rights reserved.
    http://www.audiosynth.com

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301  USA
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "PyrKernel.h"
#include "PyrObject.h"
#include "PyrPrimitive.h"
#include "PyrPrimitiveProto.h"
#include "PyrSignal.h"
#include "PyrSched.h"
#include "PyrSignalPrim.h"
#include "PyrFilePrim.h"
#include "PyrMathPrim.h"
#include "PyrListPrim.h"
#include "Opcodes.h"
#include "SC_InlineUnaryOp.h"
#include "SC_InlineBinaryOp.h"
#include "PyrMessage.h"
#include "PyrParseNode.h"
#include "PyrLexer.h"
#include "PyrKernelProto.h"
#include "PyrInterpreter.h"
#include "PyrObjectProto.h"
#include "PyrArchiverT.h"
#include "PyrDeepCopier.h"
#include "PyrDeepFreezer.h"
//#include "Wacom.h"
#include "InitAlloc.h"
#include "SC_AudioDevicePrim.hpp"
#include "SC_LanguageConfig.hpp"
#include "SC_Filesystem.hpp"
#include "SC_Version.hpp"
#include <map>

#ifdef _WIN32
#    include <direct.h>
#else
#    include <sys/param.h>
#endif

#ifdef SC_QT
#    include "QtCollider.h"
#endif

#include "SCDocPrim.h"

#include <boost/filesystem/path.hpp> // path

#ifdef __clang__
#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Warray-bounds"
#endif

namespace bfs = boost::filesystem;

int yyparse();

extern bool gTraceInterpreter;
PyrSymbol* s_recvmsg;

void initPatternPrimitives();

typedef struct {
    PrimitiveHandler func;
    PyrSymbol* name;
    unsigned short base;
    unsigned char numArgs;
    unsigned char varArgs;
    unsigned char keyArgs;
} PrimitiveDef;

typedef struct {
    int size, maxsize;
    PrimitiveDef* table;
} PrimitiveTable;

extern PrimitiveTable gPrimitiveTable;


int getPrimitiveNumArgs(int index) { return gPrimitiveTable.table[index].numArgs; }

PyrSymbol* getPrimitiveName(int index) { return gPrimitiveTable.table[index].name; }

int slotStrLen(PyrSlot* slot) {
    if (IsSym(slot))
        return slotRawSymbol(slot)->length;
    if (isKindOfSlot(slot, class_string))
        return slotRawObject(slot)->size;

    return -1;
}

int slotStrVal(PyrSlot* slot, char* str, int maxlen) {
    if (IsSym(slot)) {
        strncpy(str, slotRawSymbol(slot)->name, maxlen);
        return errNone;
    } else if (isKindOfSlot(slot, class_string)) {
        int len;
        len = sc_min(maxlen - 1, slotRawObject(slot)->size);
        memcpy(str, slotRawString(slot)->s, len);
        str[len] = 0;
        return errNone;
    }
    return errWrongType;
}

/**
 * \brief Convert an sclang string or symbol into an std:string
 * \param slot the sclang string or symbol
 * \return a tuple containing an int, an error code, and an std:string.
 *  In case of an error the string will be empty.
 */
std::tuple<int, std::string> slotStdStrVal(PyrSlot* slot) {
    return IsSym(slot)
        ? std::make_tuple(errNone, std::string(slotRawSymbol(slot)->name, (size_t)slotRawSymbol(slot)->length))
        : (isKindOfSlot(slot, class_string)
               ? std::make_tuple(errNone, std::string(slotRawString(slot)->s, slotRawObject(slot)->size))
               : std::make_tuple(errWrongType, std::string()));
}

/**
 * \brief Convert an sclang string into an std:string
 * \param slot the sclang string
 * \return a tuple containing an int, an error code, and an std:string.
 *  In case of an error the string will be empty.
 */
std::tuple<int, std::string> slotStrStdStrVal(PyrSlot* slot) {
    return isKindOfSlot(slot, class_string)
        ? std::make_tuple(errNone, std::string(slotRawString(slot)->s, slotRawObject(slot)->size))
        : std::make_tuple(errWrongType, std::string());
}

int slotPStrVal(PyrSlot* slot, unsigned char* str) {
    if (IsSym(slot)) {
        strncpy((char*)str + 1, slotRawSymbol(slot)->name, 255);
        str[0] = slotRawSymbol(slot)->length;
        return errNone;
    } else if (isKindOfSlot(slot, class_string)) {
        int len;
        len = sc_min(255, slotRawObject(slot)->size);
        memcpy(str + 1, slotRawString(slot)->s, len);
        str[0] = len;
        return errNone;
    }
    return errWrongType;
}

int instVarAt(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;
    int index;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (NotObj(a))
        return errWrongType;

    PyrObject* obj = slotRawObject(a);

    if (IsInt(b)) {
        index = slotRawInt(b);
        if (index < 0 || index >= obj->size)
            return errIndexOutOfRange;
        slotCopy(a, &obj->slots[index]);
    } else if (IsSym(b)) {
        PyrSlot* instVarNamesSlot = &obj->classptr->instVarNames;
        if (!isKindOfSlot(instVarNamesSlot, class_symbolarray))
            return errFailed;
        PyrSymbolArray* instVarNames = slotRawSymbolArray(instVarNamesSlot);
        PyrSymbol** names = instVarNames->symbols;
        PyrSymbol* name = slotRawSymbol(b);
        for (int i = 0; i < instVarNames->size; ++i) {
            if (names[i] == name) {
                slotCopy(a, &obj->slots[i]);
                return errNone;
            }
        }
        return errFailed;
    } else
        return errWrongType;
    return errNone;
}

int instVarPut(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b, *c, *slot;
    int index;
    PyrObject* obj;

    a = g->sp - 2;
    b = g->sp - 1;
    c = g->sp;

    if (NotObj(a))
        return errWrongType;
    obj = slotRawObject(a);
    if (obj->IsImmutable())
        return errImmutableObject;

    if (IsInt(b)) {
        index = slotRawInt(b);
        if (index < 0 || index >= obj->size)
            return errIndexOutOfRange;
        slot = obj->slots + index;
        slotCopy(slot, c);
        g->gc->GCWrite(obj, slot);
    } else if (IsSym(b)) {
        PyrSlot* instVarNamesSlot = &obj->classptr->instVarNames;
        if (!IsObj(instVarNamesSlot))
            return errFailed;
        PyrSymbolArray* instVarNames = slotRawSymbolArray(instVarNamesSlot);
        PyrSymbol** names = instVarNames->symbols;
        PyrSymbol* name = slotRawSymbol(b);
        for (int i = 0; i < instVarNames->size; ++i) {
            if (names[i] == name) {
                slot = obj->slots + i;
                slotCopy(slot, c);
                g->gc->GCWrite(obj, slot);
                return errNone;
            }
        }
        post("WARNING: %s instVarPut '%s' failed.\n", slotRawSymbol(&obj->classptr->name)->name, name->name);
        return errNone;
    } else
        return errWrongType;
    return errNone;
}

int instVarSize(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrObject* obj;

    a = g->sp;
    if (NotObj(a)) {
        SetInt(a, 0);
        return errNone;
    }
    obj = slotRawObject(a);
    if (obj->obj_format == obj_notindexed) {
        SetInt(a, obj->size);
    } else {
        SetInt(a, 0);
    }
    return errNone;
}


int objectHash(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    int hash;

    a = g->sp;

    hash = calcHash(a);
    SetInt(a, hash);
    return errNone;
}

int objectClass(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrClass* classobj;

    a = g->sp;
    classobj = classOfSlot(a);
    SetObject(a, classobj);
    return errNone;
}

int prPrimitiveError(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    slotCopy(a, &g->thread->primitiveError);
    return errNone;
}

int prStackDepth(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prStackDepth(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    SetInt(a, g->gc->StackDepth());
    return errNone;
}

extern void DumpStack(VMGlobals* g, PyrSlot* sp);

int prDumpStack(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    DumpStack(g, g->sp);
    return errNone;
}

void DumpDetailedBackTrace(VMGlobals* g);
int prDumpDetailedBackTrace(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prDumpDetailedBackTrace(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    DumpDetailedBackTrace(g);
    return errNone;
}

int prPrimitiveErrorString(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrString* string;
    std::string str;
    std::exception_ptr lastPrimitiveException;
    char *lastPrimitiveExceptionClass, *lastPrimitiveExceptionMethod;

    a = g->sp;
    switch (slotRawInt(&g->thread->primitiveError)) {
    case errReturn:
        str = "Return (not an error).";
        break;
    case errNone:
        str = "No Error";
        break;
    case errFailed:
        str = "Failed.";
        break;
    case errBadPrimitive:
        str = "Bad Primitive.";
        break;
    case errWrongType:
        str = "Wrong type.";
        break;
    case errIndexNotAnInteger:
        str = "Index not an Integer";
        break;
    case errIndexOutOfRange:
        str = "Index out of range.";
        break;
    case errImmutableObject:
        str = "Attempted write to immutable object.";
        break;
    case errNotAnIndexableObject:
        str = "Not an indexable object.";
        break;
    case errStackOverflow:
        str = "Stack overflow.";
        break;
    case errOutOfMemory:
        str = "Out of memory.";
        break;
    case errCantCallOS:
        str = "Operation cannot be called from this Process. Try using AppClock instead of SystemClock.";
        break;
    case errException: {
        lastPrimitiveException = g->lastExceptions[g->thread].first;
        PyrMethod* meth = g->lastExceptions[g->thread].second;
        lastPrimitiveExceptionClass = slotRawSymbol(&slotRawClass(&meth->ownerclass)->name)->name;
        lastPrimitiveExceptionMethod = slotRawSymbol(&meth->name)->name;
        if (lastPrimitiveException) {
            try {
                std::rethrow_exception(lastPrimitiveException);
            } catch (const std::exception& e) {
                const char* errorString = e.what();
                str = std::string("caught exception \'") + errorString + "\' in primitive in method "
                    + lastPrimitiveExceptionClass + ":" + lastPrimitiveExceptionMethod;
                break;
            }
        } else {
            str = std::string("caught unknown exception in primitive in method ") + lastPrimitiveExceptionClass + ":"
                + lastPrimitiveExceptionMethod;
            break;
        }
        break;
    }
    default:
        str = "Failed.";
    }
    string = newPyrString(g->gc, str.c_str(), 0, true);
    SetObject(a, string);
    return errNone;
}


int prPostString(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    // if (NotObj(a)) return errWrongType;
    // assume it is a string!
    postText(slotRawString(a)->s, slotRawString(a)->size);
    return errNone;
}

int prPostLine(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    // if (NotObj(a)) return errWrongType;
    // assume it is a string!
    postText(slotRawString(a)->s, slotRawString(a)->size);
    postChar('\n');
    return errNone;
}

int prDebugger(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    // Debugger();
    return errNone;
}


int prObjectString(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrString* string;
    char str[256];

    a = g->sp;
    if (IsSym(a)) {
        string = newPyrString(g->gc, slotRawSymbol(a)->name, 0, true);
        SetObject(a, string);
        return errNone;
    } else if (postString(a, str)) {
        string = newPyrString(g->gc, str, 0, true);
        SetObject(a, string);
        return errNone;
    } else {
        return errFailed;
    }
}

int prFloat_AsStringPrec(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prFloat_AsStringPrec(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp - 1;
    PyrSlot* b = g->sp;

    int precision;
    int err = slotIntVal(b, &precision);
    if (err)
        return err;

    char fmt[8], str[256];
    // if our precision is bigger than our stringsize, we can generate a very nasty buffer overflow here. So
    if (precision <= 0)
        precision = 1;
    if (precision >= 200)
        precision = 200; // Nothing is that big anyway. And we know we will be smaller than our 256 char string

    sprintf(fmt, "%%.%dg", precision);
    sprintf(str, fmt, slotRawFloat(a));

    PyrString* string = newPyrString(g->gc, str, 0, true);
    SetObject(a, string);
    return errNone;
}

int prAsCompileString(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prAsCompileString(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrString* string;
    int err = errNone;

    a = g->sp;
    if (IsSym(a)) {
        int len = strlen(slotRawSymbol(a)->name) + 1;
        if (len < 255) {
            char str[256];
            sprintf(str, "'%s'", slotRawSymbol(a)->name);
            string = newPyrString(g->gc, str, 0, true);
        } else {
            char* str = (char*)malloc(len + 2);
            sprintf(str, "'%s'", slotRawSymbol(a)->name);
            string = newPyrString(g->gc, str, 0, true);
            free(str);
        }
    } else {
        char str[256];
        err = asCompileString(a, str);
        if (err)
            return err;
        string = newPyrString(g->gc, str, 0, true);
    }
    SetObject(a, string);
    return err;
}


int prClassString(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrClass* classobj;
    PyrString* string;

    a = g->sp;
    classobj = classOfSlot(a);
    string = newPyrString(g->gc, slotRawSymbol(&classobj->name)->name, 0, true);
    SetObject(a, string);
    return errNone;
}


int prPrimName(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrThread* thread;

    a = g->sp;
    thread = slotRawThread(a);
    if (slotRawInt(&thread->primitiveIndex) <= gPrimitiveTable.size) {
        SetSymbol(a, gPrimitiveTable.table[slotRawInt(&thread->primitiveIndex)].name);
    } else {
        SetSymbol(a, s_none);
    }
    return errNone;
}

int objectIsKindOf(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;
    PyrClass *classobj, *testclass;
    int objClassIndex, testClassIndex, maxSubclassIndex;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (NotObj(b))
        return errWrongType;
    testclass = (PyrClass*)slotRawObject(b);
    classobj = classOfSlot(a);
#if 0
	while (classobj) {
		if (classobj == testclass) {
			SetTrue(a);
			return errNone;
		}
		classobj = slotRawSymbol(&classobj->superclass)->u.classobj;
	}
	SetFalse(a);
#else
    // constant time lookup method:

    objClassIndex = slotRawInt(&classobj->classIndex);
    testClassIndex = slotRawInt(&testclass->classIndex);
    maxSubclassIndex = slotRawInt(&testclass->maxSubclassIndex);

    /*post("%s %s\n", slotRawSymbol(&classobj->name)->name, testclass->name.us->name);
    post("objClassIndex %d\n", objClassIndex);
    post("testClassIndex %d\n", testClassIndex);
    post("maxSubclassIndex %d\n", maxSubclassIndex);*/

    if (objClassIndex >= testClassIndex && objClassIndex <= maxSubclassIndex) {
        SetTrue(a);
        return errNone;
    } else {
        SetFalse(a);
        return errNone;
    }

#endif
    return errNone;
}


int objectIsMemberOf(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;
    PyrClass *classobj, *testclass;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (NotObj(b))
        return errWrongType;
    testclass = (PyrClass*)slotRawObject(b);
    classobj = classOfSlot(a);
    if (classobj == testclass) {
        SetTrue(a);
    } else {
        SetFalse(a);
    }
    return errNone;
}

int objectIdentical(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (SlotEq(a, b))
        SetTrue(a);
    else
        SetFalse(a);
    return errNone;
}

int objectNotIdentical(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (!SlotEq(a, b))
        SetTrue(a);
    else
        SetFalse(a);
    return errNone;
}


int basicNewClear(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;
    int size;
    PyrClass* classobj;
    PyrObject* newobj;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (NotObj(a))
        return errWrongType;
    classobj = (PyrClass*)slotRawObject(a);
    if (slotRawInt(&classobj->classFlags) & classHasIndexableInstances) {
        // create an indexable object
        if (NotInt(b)) {
            if (IsFloat(b)) {
                size = (int)slotRawFloat(b);
            } else if (NotNil(b))
                return errIndexNotAnInteger;
            else
                size = 8;
        } else {
            size = slotRawInt(b);
        }
        if (size < 0)
            size = 0;
    } else {
        size = 0;
    }
    newobj = instantiateObject(g->gc, classobj, size, true, true);
    SetObject(a, newobj);
    return errNone;
}

int basicNewCopyArgsToInstanceVars(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int basicNewCopyArgsToInstanceVars(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;
    PyrClass* classobj;
    PyrObject* newobj;

    a = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;
    b = a + 1;

    if (NotObj(a))
        return errWrongType;
    classobj = (PyrClass*)slotRawObject(a);
    if (slotRawInt(&classobj->classFlags) & classHasIndexableInstances) {
        error("CopyArgs : object has no instance variables.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }
    newobj = instantiateObject(g->gc, classobj, 0, true, true);
    SetObject(a, newobj);

    int length = sc_min(numArgsPushed - 1, newobj->size);
    for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
        slotCopy(&newobj->slots[i], &b[i]);
    }

    return errNone;
}


int basicNew(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;
    int size;
    PyrClass* classobj;
    PyrObject* newobj;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (NotObj(a))
        return errWrongType;
    classobj = (PyrClass*)slotRawObject(a);
    if (slotRawInt(&classobj->classFlags) & classHasIndexableInstances) {
        // create an indexable object
        if (NotInt(b)) {
            if (IsFloat(b)) {
                size = (int)slotRawFloat(b);
            } else if (NotNil(b))
                return errIndexNotAnInteger;
            else
                size = 8;
        } else {
            size = slotRawInt(b);
        }
        if (size < 0)
            size = 0;
    } else {
        size = 0;
    }
    newobj = instantiateObject(g->gc, classobj, size, false, true);
    SetObject(a, newobj);
    return errNone;
}


bool isClosed(PyrBlock* fundef);
bool isClosed(PyrBlock* fundef) { return IsNil(&fundef->contextDef) && fundef->classptr == class_fundef; }

bool isWithinClosed(PyrBlock* fundef);
bool isWithinClosed(PyrBlock* fundef) {
    while (fundef) {
        if (isClosed(fundef))
            return true;
        fundef = slotRawBlock(&fundef->contextDef);
    }
    return false;
}

int prFunctionDefAsFunction(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prFunctionDefAsFunction(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;

    if (!isClosed(slotRawBlock(a))) {
        dumpObjectSlot(a);
        error("Only closed FunctionDef may be converted to a Function using asFunction.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }

    PyrClosure* closure = (PyrClosure*)g->gc->New(2 * sizeof(PyrSlot), 0, obj_notindexed, true);

    closure->classptr = gSpecialClasses[op_class_func]->u.classobj;
    closure->size = 2;
    slotCopy(&closure->block, a);
    slotCopy(&closure->context, &slotRawInterpreter(&g->process->interpreter)->context);
    SetObject(a, closure);
    return errNone;
}

int prFunctionDefDumpContexts(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prFunctionDefDumpContexts(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;

    int i = 0;
    while (slotRawBlock(a)) {
        post("%2d context %s %p\n", i++, slotRawSymbol(&slotRawObject(a)->classptr->name)->name,
             slotRawInt(&slotRawBlock(a)->contextDef));
        a = &slotRawBlock(a)->contextDef;
    }
    return errNone;
}


int prFunctionDefIsClosed(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prFunctionDefIsClosed(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;
    PyrBlock* block = slotRawBlock(a);

    SetBool(a, isClosed(block));
    return errNone;
}

int prFunctionDefIsWithinClosed(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prFunctionDefIsWithinClosed(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;
    PyrBlock* block = slotRawBlock(a);

    SetBool(a, isWithinClosed(block));
    return errNone;
}


void reallocStack(struct VMGlobals* g, int stackNeeded, int stackDepth) {
    // PyrThread *thread = g->thread;
    PyrGC* gc = g->gc;
    int newStackSize = NEXTPOWEROFTWO(stackNeeded);

    PyrObject* array = newPyrArray(gc, newStackSize, 0, false);
    memcpy(array->slots, gc->Stack()->slots, stackDepth * sizeof(PyrSlot));
    gc->SetStack(array);
    gc->ToBlack(gc->Stack());
    g->sp = array->slots + stackDepth - 1;
}


int blockValueArray(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* b;
    PyrObject* array;
    PyrList* list;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    int m, size;

    // a = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (IsObj(b)) {
        if (slotRawObject(b)->classptr == class_array) {
            array = (PyrObject*)slotRawObject(b);
        above:
            size = array->size;

            PyrObject* stack = g->gc->Stack();
            int stackDepth = g->sp - stack->slots + 1;
            int stackSize = ARRAYMAXINDEXSIZE(stack);
            int stackNeeded = stackDepth + array->size + 64; // 64 to allow extra for normal stack operations.
            if (stackNeeded > stackSize) {
                reallocStack(g, stackNeeded, stackDepth);
                b = g->sp;
            }

            pslot = array->slots - 1;
            qslot = b - 1;
            // pend = (double*)(pslot + size);
            // while (pslot<pend) slotCopy(++qslot, ++pslot);
            for (m = 0; m < size; ++m)
                slotCopy(++qslot, ++pslot);

            g->sp += size - 1;
            return blockValue(g, size + numArgsPushed - 1);

        } else if (slotRawObject(b)->classptr == class_list) {
            list = slotRawList(b);
            if (NotObj(&list->array))
                return errWrongType;
            array = slotRawObject(&list->array);
            if (array->classptr != class_array)
                return errWrongType;
            goto above;
        } else { // last arg is not a list or array, so pass as normal
            return blockValue(g, numArgsPushed);
        }
    } else {
        return blockValue(g, numArgsPushed);
    }
}

int blockValueEnvir(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);

int blockValueArrayEnvir(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int blockValueArrayEnvir(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* b;
    PyrObject* array;
    PyrList* list;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    int m, size;

    // a = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (IsObj(b)) {
        if (slotRawObject(b)->classptr == class_array) {
            array = (PyrObject*)slotRawObject(b);
        above:
            size = array->size;

            PyrObject* stack = g->gc->Stack();
            int stackDepth = g->sp - stack->slots + 1;
            int stackSize = ARRAYMAXINDEXSIZE(stack);
            int stackNeeded = stackDepth + array->size + 64; // 64 to allow extra for normal stack operations.
            if (stackNeeded > stackSize) {
                reallocStack(g, stackNeeded, stackDepth);
                b = g->sp;
            }

            pslot = array->slots - 1;
            qslot = b - 1;
            // pend = (double*)(pslot + size);
            // while (pslot<pend) slotCopy(++qslot, ++pslot);
            for (m = 0; m < size; ++m)
                slotCopy(++qslot, ++pslot);

            g->sp += size - 1;
            return blockValueEnvir(g, size + numArgsPushed - 1);

        } else if (slotRawObject(b)->classptr == class_list) {
            list = slotRawList(b);
            if (NotObj(&list->array))
                return errWrongType;
            array = slotRawObject(&list->array);
            if (array->classptr != class_array)
                return errWrongType;
            goto above;
        } else { // last arg is not a list or array, so pass as normal
            return blockValueEnvir(g, numArgsPushed);
        }
    } else {
        return blockValueEnvir(g, numArgsPushed);
    }
}

HOT int blockValue(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* args;
    PyrSlot* vars;
    PyrFrame* frame;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSlot* rslot;
    PyrObject* proto;
    int i, m, mmax, numtemps;
    PyrBlock* block;
    PyrFrame* context;
    PyrFrame* caller;
    PyrFrame* homeContext;
    PyrClosure* closure;
    PyrMethodRaw* methraw;

#if TAILCALLOPTIMIZE
    int tailCall = g->tailCall;
    if (tailCall) {
        if (tailCall == 1) {
            returnFromMethod(g);
        } else {
            returnFromBlock(g);
        }
    }
#endif

    g->execMethod = 30;

    args = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;

    numArgsPushed--;
    g->numpop = 0;

    closure = (PyrClosure*)slotRawObject(args);
    block = slotRawBlock(&closure->block);
    context = slotRawFrame(&closure->context);

    proto = IsObj(&block->prototypeFrame) ? slotRawObject(&block->prototypeFrame) : nullptr;
    methraw = METHRAW(block);
    numtemps = methraw->numtemps;
    caller = g->frame;

    frame = (PyrFrame*)g->gc->NewFrame(methraw->frameSize, 0, obj_slot, methraw->needsHeapContext);
    vars = frame->vars - 1;
    frame->classptr = class_frame;
    frame->size = FRAMESIZE + numtemps;
    SetObject(&frame->method, block);
    slotCopy(&frame->homeContext, &context->homeContext);
    slotCopy(&frame->context, &closure->context);

    if (caller) {
        SetPtr(&caller->ip, g->ip);
        SetObject(&frame->caller, g->frame);
    } else {
        SetInt(&frame->caller, 0);
    }
    SetPtr(&frame->ip, nullptr);


    g->sp = args - 1;
    g->ip = slotRawInt8Array(&block->code)->b - 1;
    g->frame = frame;
    g->block = block;

    if (numArgsPushed <= methraw->numargs) { /* not enough args pushed */
        /* push all args to frame */
        qslot = args;
        pslot = vars;

        for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        /* push default arg values */
        pslot = vars + numArgsPushed;
        qslot = proto->slots + numArgsPushed - 1;
        for (m = 0; m < numtemps - numArgsPushed; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
    } else if (methraw->varargs) {
        PyrObject* list;
        PyrSlot* lslot;

        /* push all normal args to frame */
        qslot = args;
        pslot = vars;
        for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numargs; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        /* push list */
        i = numArgsPushed - methraw->numargs;
        list = newPyrArray(g->gc, i, 0, false);
        list->size = i;

        rslot = pslot + 1;
        SetObject(rslot, list);
        // SetObject(vars + methraw->numargs + 1, list);

        /* put extra args into list */
        lslot = list->slots - 1;
        // fixed and raw sizes are zero
        for (m = 0; m < i; ++m)
            slotCopy(++lslot, ++qslot);

        if (methraw->numvars) {
            /* push default keyword and var values */
            pslot = vars + methraw->numargs + 1;
            qslot = proto->slots + methraw->numargs;
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numvars; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
    } else {
        if (methraw->numargs) {
            /* push all args to frame */
            qslot = args;
            pslot = vars;
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numargs; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
        if (methraw->numvars) {
            /* push default keyword and var values */
            pslot = vars + methraw->numargs;
            qslot = proto->slots + methraw->numargs - 1;
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numvars; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
    }

    homeContext = slotRawFrame(&frame->homeContext);
    if (homeContext) {
        PyrMethodRaw* methraw;
        g->method = slotRawMethod(&homeContext->method);
        methraw = METHRAW(g->method);
        slotCopy(&g->receiver, &homeContext->vars[0]);
    } else {
        slotCopy(&g->receiver, &g->process->interpreter);
    }

    return errNone;
}

int blockValueWithKeys(VMGlobals* g, int allArgsPushed, int numKeyArgsPushed);
int blockValueWithKeys(VMGlobals* g, int allArgsPushed, int numKeyArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* args;
    PyrSlot* vars;
    PyrFrame* frame;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSlot* rslot;
    PyrObject* proto;
    int i, j, m, mmax, numtemps, numArgsPushed;
    PyrBlock* block;
    PyrFrame* context;
    PyrFrame* caller;
    PyrFrame* homeContext;
    PyrClosure* closure;
    PyrMethodRaw* methraw;

#if TAILCALLOPTIMIZE
    int tailCall = g->tailCall;
    if (tailCall) {
        if (tailCall == 1) {
            returnFromMethod(g);
        } else {
            returnFromBlock(g);
        }
    }
#endif

    g->execMethod = 40;

    args = g->sp - allArgsPushed + 1;

    allArgsPushed--;
    g->numpop = 0;

    closure = (PyrClosure*)slotRawObject(args);
    block = slotRawBlock(&closure->block);
    context = slotRawFrame(&closure->context);

    proto = IsObj(&block->prototypeFrame) ? slotRawObject(&block->prototypeFrame) : nullptr;

    methraw = METHRAW(block);
    numtemps = methraw->numtemps;
    caller = g->frame;
    numArgsPushed = allArgsPushed - (numKeyArgsPushed << 1);

    frame = (PyrFrame*)g->gc->NewFrame(methraw->frameSize, 0, obj_slot, methraw->needsHeapContext);
    vars = frame->vars - 1;
    frame->classptr = class_frame;
    frame->size = FRAMESIZE + numtemps;
    SetObject(&frame->method, block);
    slotCopy(&frame->homeContext, &context->homeContext);
    slotCopy(&frame->context, &closure->context);

    if (caller) {
        SetPtr(&caller->ip, g->ip);
        SetObject(&frame->caller, g->frame);
    } else {
        SetInt(&frame->caller, 0);
    }
    SetPtr(&frame->ip, nullptr);

    g->sp = args - 1;
    g->ip = slotRawInt8Array(&block->code)->b - 1;
    g->frame = frame;
    g->block = block;

    if (numArgsPushed <= methraw->numargs) { /* not enough args pushed */
        /* push all args to frame */
        qslot = args;
        pslot = vars;

        for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        /* push default arg values */
        pslot = vars + numArgsPushed;
        qslot = proto->slots + numArgsPushed - 1;
        for (m = 0; m < numtemps - numArgsPushed; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
    } else if (methraw->varargs) {
        PyrObject* list;
        PyrSlot* lslot;

        /* push all normal args to frame */
        qslot = args;
        pslot = vars;
        for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numargs; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        /* push list */
        i = numArgsPushed - methraw->numargs;
        list = newPyrArray(g->gc, i, 0, false);
        list->size = i;

        rslot = pslot + 1;
        SetObject(rslot, list);
        // SetObject(vars + methraw->numargs + 1, list);

        /* put extra args into list */
        lslot = list->slots - 1;
        // fixed and raw sizes are zero
        // lend = lslot + i;
        // while (lslot < lend) slotCopy(++lslot, ++qslot);
        for (m = 0; m < i; ++m)
            slotCopy(++lslot, ++qslot);

        if (methraw->numvars) {
            /* push default keyword and var values */
            pslot = vars + methraw->numargs + 1;
            qslot = proto->slots + methraw->numargs;
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numvars; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
    } else {
        if (methraw->numargs) {
            /* push all args to frame */
            qslot = args;
            pslot = vars;
            // pend = pslot + methraw->numargs;
            // while (pslot < pend) slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numargs; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
        if (methraw->numvars) {
            /* push default keyword and var values */
            pslot = vars + methraw->numargs;
            qslot = proto->slots + methraw->numargs - 1;
            // pend = pslot + methraw->numvars;
            // while (pslot<pend) slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numvars; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
    }
    // do keyword lookup:
    if (numKeyArgsPushed && methraw->posargs) {
        PyrSlot* key;
        PyrSymbol **name0, **name;
        name0 = slotRawSymbolArray(&block->argNames)->symbols;
        key = args + numArgsPushed + 1;
        for (i = 0; i < numKeyArgsPushed; ++i, key += 2) {
            name = name0;
            for (j = 0; j < methraw->posargs; ++j, ++name) {
                if (*name == slotRawSymbol(key)) {
                    slotCopy(&vars[j + 1], &key[1]);
                    goto found1;
                }
            }
            if (gKeywordError) {
                post("WARNING: keyword arg '%s' not found in call to function.\n", slotRawSymbol(key)->name);
            }
        found1:;
        }
    }

    homeContext = slotRawFrame(&frame->homeContext);
    if (homeContext) {
        PyrMethodRaw* methraw;
        g->method = slotRawMethod(&homeContext->method);
        methraw = METHRAW(g->method);
        slotCopy(&g->receiver, &homeContext->vars[0]);
    } else {
        slotCopy(&g->receiver, &g->process->interpreter);
    }
    return errNone;
}

bool identDict_lookupNonNil(PyrObject* dict, PyrSlot* key, int hash, PyrSlot* result);

int blockValueEnvir(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* args;
    PyrSlot* vars;
    PyrFrame* frame;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSlot* rslot;
    PyrObject* proto;
    int i, m, mmax, numtemps;
    PyrBlock* block;
    PyrFrame* context;
    PyrFrame* caller;
    PyrFrame* homeContext;
    PyrClosure* closure;
    PyrMethodRaw* methraw;
    PyrSlot* curEnvirSlot;

#if TAILCALLOPTIMIZE
    int tailCall = g->tailCall;
    if (tailCall) {
        if (tailCall == 1) {
            returnFromMethod(g);
        } else {
            returnFromBlock(g);
        }
    }
#endif

    g->execMethod = 50;

    args = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;

    numArgsPushed--;
    g->numpop = 0;

    closure = (PyrClosure*)slotRawObject(args);
    block = slotRawBlock(&closure->block);
    context = slotRawFrame(&closure->context);

    proto = IsObj(&block->prototypeFrame) ? slotRawObject(&block->prototypeFrame) : nullptr;

    methraw = METHRAW(block);
    numtemps = methraw->numtemps;
    caller = g->frame;

    frame = (PyrFrame*)g->gc->NewFrame(methraw->frameSize, 0, obj_slot, methraw->needsHeapContext);
    vars = frame->vars - 1;
    frame->classptr = class_frame;
    frame->size = FRAMESIZE + numtemps;
    SetObject(&frame->method, block);
    slotCopy(&frame->homeContext, &context->homeContext);
    slotCopy(&frame->context, &closure->context);

    if (caller) {
        SetPtr(&caller->ip, g->ip);
        SetObject(&frame->caller, g->frame);
    } else {
        SetInt(&frame->caller, 0);
    }
    SetPtr(&frame->ip, nullptr);


    g->sp = args - 1;
    g->ip = slotRawInt8Array(&block->code)->b - 1;
    g->frame = frame;
    g->block = block;

    if (numArgsPushed <= methraw->numargs) { /* not enough args pushed */
        /* push all args to frame */
        qslot = args;
        pslot = vars;

        for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        /* push default arg values */
        pslot = vars + numArgsPushed;
        qslot = proto->slots + numArgsPushed - 1;
        for (m = 0; m < numtemps - numArgsPushed; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        // replace defaults with environment variables
        curEnvirSlot = &g->classvars->slots[1]; // currentEnvironment is the second class var.

        if (isKindOfSlot(curEnvirSlot, s_identitydictionary->u.classobj)) {
            PyrSymbol** argNames;
            argNames = slotRawSymbolArray(&block->argNames)->symbols;
            for (m = numArgsPushed; m < methraw->numargs; ++m) {
                // replace the args with values from the environment if they exist
                PyrSlot keyslot;
                SetSymbol(&keyslot, argNames[m]);
                identDict_lookupNonNil(slotRawObject(curEnvirSlot), &keyslot, calcHash(&keyslot), vars + m + 1);
            }
        }
    } else if (methraw->varargs) {
        PyrObject* list;
        PyrSlot* lslot;

        /* push all normal args to frame */
        qslot = args;
        pslot = vars;
        for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numargs; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        /* push list */
        i = numArgsPushed - methraw->numargs;
        list = newPyrArray(g->gc, i, 0, false);
        list->size = i;

        rslot = pslot + 1;
        SetObject(rslot, list);
        // SetObject(vars + methraw->numargs + 1, list);

        /* put extra args into list */
        lslot = list->slots - 1;
        // fixed and raw sizes are zero
        for (m = 0; m < i; ++m)
            slotCopy(++lslot, ++qslot);

        if (methraw->numvars) {
            /* push default keyword and var values */
            pslot = vars + methraw->numargs + 1;
            qslot = proto->slots + methraw->numargs;
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numvars; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
    } else {
        if (methraw->numargs) {
            /* push all args to frame */
            qslot = args;
            pslot = vars;
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numargs; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
        if (methraw->numvars) {
            /* push default keyword and var values */
            pslot = vars + methraw->numargs;
            qslot = proto->slots + methraw->numargs - 1;
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numvars; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
    }

    homeContext = slotRawFrame(&frame->homeContext);
    if (homeContext) {
        PyrMethodRaw* methraw;
        g->method = slotRawMethod(&homeContext->method);
        methraw = METHRAW(g->method);
        slotCopy(&g->receiver, &homeContext->vars[0]);
    } else {
        slotCopy(&g->receiver, &g->process->interpreter);
    }
    return errNone;
}

int blockValueEnvirWithKeys(VMGlobals* g, int allArgsPushed, int numKeyArgsPushed);
int blockValueEnvirWithKeys(VMGlobals* g, int allArgsPushed, int numKeyArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* args;
    PyrSlot* vars;
    PyrFrame* frame;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSlot* rslot;
    PyrObject* proto;
    int i, j, m, mmax, numtemps, numArgsPushed;
    PyrBlock* block;
    PyrFrame* context;
    PyrFrame* caller;
    PyrFrame* homeContext;
    PyrClosure* closure;
    PyrMethodRaw* methraw;
    PyrSlot* curEnvirSlot;

#if TAILCALLOPTIMIZE
    int tailCall = g->tailCall;
    if (tailCall) {
        if (tailCall == 1) {
            returnFromMethod(g);
        } else {
            returnFromBlock(g);
        }
    }
#endif

    g->execMethod = 60;

    args = g->sp - allArgsPushed + 1;

    allArgsPushed--;
    g->numpop = 0;

    closure = (PyrClosure*)slotRawObject(args);
    block = slotRawBlock(&closure->block);
    context = slotRawFrame(&closure->context);

    proto = IsObj(&block->prototypeFrame) ? slotRawObject(&block->prototypeFrame) : nullptr;

    methraw = METHRAW(block);
    numtemps = methraw->numtemps;
    caller = g->frame;
    numArgsPushed = allArgsPushed - (numKeyArgsPushed << 1);

    frame = (PyrFrame*)g->gc->NewFrame(methraw->frameSize, 0, obj_slot, methraw->needsHeapContext);
    vars = frame->vars - 1;
    frame->classptr = class_frame;
    frame->size = FRAMESIZE + numtemps;
    SetObject(&frame->method, block);
    slotCopy(&frame->homeContext, &context->homeContext);
    slotCopy(&frame->context, &closure->context);

    if (caller) {
        SetPtr(&caller->ip, g->ip);
        SetObject(&frame->caller, g->frame);
    } else {
        SetInt(&frame->caller, 0);
    }
    SetPtr(&frame->ip, nullptr);


    g->sp = args - 1;
    g->ip = slotRawInt8Array(&block->code)->b - 1;
    g->frame = frame;
    g->block = block;

    if (numArgsPushed <= methraw->numargs) { /* not enough args pushed */
        /* push all args to frame */
        qslot = args;
        pslot = vars;

        for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        /* push default arg values */
        pslot = vars + numArgsPushed;
        qslot = proto->slots + numArgsPushed - 1;
        for (m = 0; m < numtemps - numArgsPushed; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        // replace defaults with environment variables
        curEnvirSlot = &g->classvars->slots[1]; // currentEnvironment is the second class var.

        if (isKindOfSlot(curEnvirSlot, s_identitydictionary->u.classobj)) {
            PyrSymbol** argNames;
            argNames = slotRawSymbolArray(&block->argNames)->symbols;
            for (m = numArgsPushed; m < methraw->numargs; ++m) {
                // replace the args with values from the environment if they exist
                PyrSlot keyslot;
                SetSymbol(&keyslot, argNames[m]);
                identDict_lookupNonNil(slotRawObject(curEnvirSlot), &keyslot, calcHash(&keyslot), vars + m + 1);
            }
        }


    } else if (methraw->varargs) {
        PyrObject* list;
        PyrSlot* lslot;

        /* push all normal args to frame */
        qslot = args;
        pslot = vars;
        for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numargs; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        /* push list */
        i = numArgsPushed - methraw->numargs;
        list = newPyrArray(g->gc, i, 0, false);
        list->size = i;

        rslot = pslot + 1;
        SetObject(rslot, list);
        // SetObject(vars + methraw->numargs + 1, list);

        /* put extra args into list */
        lslot = list->slots - 1;
        // fixed and raw sizes are zero
        // lend = lslot + i;
        // while (lslot < lend) slotCopy(++lslot, ++qslot);
        for (m = 0; m < i; ++m)
            slotCopy(++lslot, ++qslot);

        if (methraw->numvars) {
            /* push default keyword and var values */
            pslot = vars + methraw->numargs + 1;
            qslot = proto->slots + methraw->numargs;
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numvars; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
    } else {
        if (methraw->numargs) {
            /* push all args to frame */
            qslot = args;
            pslot = vars;
            // pend = pslot + methraw->numargs;
            // while (pslot < pend) slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numargs; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
        if (methraw->numvars) {
            /* push default keyword and var values */
            pslot = vars + methraw->numargs;
            qslot = proto->slots + methraw->numargs - 1;
            // pend = pslot + methraw->numvars;
            // while (pslot<pend) slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
            for (m = 0, mmax = methraw->numvars; m < mmax; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        }
    }
    // do keyword lookup:
    if (numKeyArgsPushed && methraw->posargs) {
        PyrSymbol **name0, **name;
        PyrSlot* key;
        name0 = slotRawSymbolArray(&block->argNames)->symbols;
        key = args + numArgsPushed + 1;
        for (i = 0; i < numKeyArgsPushed; ++i, key += 2) {
            name = name0;
            for (j = 0; j < methraw->posargs; ++j, ++name) {
                if (*name == slotRawSymbol(key)) {
                    slotCopy(&vars[j + 1], &key[1]);
                    goto found1;
                }
            }
            if (gKeywordError) {
                post("WARNING: keyword arg '%s' not found in call to function.\n", slotRawSymbol(key)->name);
            }
        found1:;
        }
    }

    homeContext = slotRawFrame(&frame->homeContext);
    if (homeContext) {
        PyrMethodRaw* methraw;
        g->method = slotRawMethod(&homeContext->method);
        methraw = METHRAW(g->method);
        slotCopy(&g->receiver, &homeContext->vars[0]);
    } else {
        slotCopy(&g->receiver, &g->process->interpreter);
    }
    return errNone;
}


int objectPerform(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *recvrSlot, *selSlot, *listSlot;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSymbol* selector;
    int m, mmax;

    recvrSlot = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;
    selSlot = recvrSlot + 1;

    if (IsSym(selSlot)) {
        selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);

        // move args down one to fill selector's position
        pslot = selSlot - 1;
        qslot = selSlot;
        for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed - 2; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        g->sp--;
        numArgsPushed--;
        // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send
    } else if (IsObj(selSlot)) {
        // if a List was passed, cast it to an Array, else throw an error
        listSlot = selSlot;
        if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_list) {
            listSlot = slotRawObject(listSlot)->slots;
        }
        if (NotObj(listSlot) || slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr != class_array) {
            goto badselector;
        }

        PyrObject* array = slotRawObject(listSlot);

        if (array->size < 1) {
            error("Array must have a selector.\n");
            return errFailed;
        }

        selSlot = array->slots;

        // check the first slot to see if it's a symbol
        if (NotSym(selSlot)) {
            error("First element of array must be a Symbol selector.\n");
            dumpObjectSlot(selSlot);
            return errWrongType;
        }

        selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);

        if (numArgsPushed > 2) {
            qslot = recvrSlot + numArgsPushed;
            pslot = recvrSlot + numArgsPushed + array->size - 2;
            for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed - 2; ++m)
                slotCopy(--pslot, --qslot);
        }

        pslot = recvrSlot;
        qslot = selSlot;
        for (m = 0, mmax = array->size - 1; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        g->sp += array->size - 2;
        numArgsPushed += array->size - 2;
        // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send

    } else {
    badselector:
        error("perform selector not a Symbol or Array.\n");
        dumpObjectSlot(selSlot);
        return errWrongType;
    }

    sendMessage(g, selector, numArgsPushed);
    g->numpop = 0;
    return errNone;
}

int objectPerformWithKeys(VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed, int numKeyArgsPushed);
int objectPerformWithKeys(VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed, int numKeyArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *recvrSlot, *selSlot, *listSlot;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSymbol* selector;
    int m, mmax;

    recvrSlot = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;
    selSlot = recvrSlot + 1;
    if (IsSym(selSlot)) {
        selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);
        // move args down one to fill selector's position
        pslot = selSlot - 1;
        qslot = selSlot;
        for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed - 2; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        g->sp--;
        numArgsPushed--;
        // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send
    } else if (IsObj(selSlot)) {
        listSlot = selSlot;
        if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_list) {
            listSlot = slotRawObject(listSlot)->slots;
        }
        if (NotObj(listSlot) || slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr != class_array) {
            goto badselector;
        }
        PyrObject* array = slotRawObject(listSlot);
        if (array->size < 1) {
            error("Array must have a selector.\n");
            return errFailed;
        }
        selSlot = array->slots;
        selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);

        if (numArgsPushed > 2) {
            qslot = recvrSlot + numArgsPushed;
            pslot = recvrSlot + numArgsPushed + array->size - 2;
            for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed - 2; ++m)
                *--pslot = *--qslot;
        }

        pslot = recvrSlot;
        qslot = selSlot;
        for (m = 0, mmax = array->size - 1; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        g->sp += array->size - 2;
        numArgsPushed += array->size - 2;
        // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send

    } else {
    badselector:
        error("perform selector not a Symbol or Array.\n");
        dumpObjectSlot(selSlot);
        return errWrongType;
    }

    sendMessageWithKeys(g, selector, numArgsPushed, numKeyArgsPushed);
    g->numpop = 0;
    return errNone;
}


int objectPerformList(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *recvrSlot, *selSlot, *listSlot;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSymbol* selector;
    int m, mmax, numargslots;
    PyrObject* array;


    recvrSlot = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;
    selSlot = recvrSlot + 1;
    listSlot = g->sp;
    numargslots = numArgsPushed - 3;
    if (NotSym(selSlot)) {
        error("Selector not a Symbol :\n");
        return errWrongType;
    }
    selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);

    if (NotObj(listSlot)) {
        return objectPerform(g, numArgsPushed);
    }
    if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_array) {
    doarray:
        array = slotRawObject(listSlot);

        PyrObject* stack = g->gc->Stack();
        int stackDepth = g->sp - stack->slots + 1;
        int stackSize = ARRAYMAXINDEXSIZE(stack);
        int stackNeeded = stackDepth + array->size + 64; // 64 to allow extra for normal stack operations.
        if (stackNeeded > stackSize) {
            reallocStack(g, stackNeeded, stackDepth);
            recvrSlot = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;
            selSlot = recvrSlot + 1;
        }

        pslot = recvrSlot;
        if (numargslots > 0) {
            qslot = selSlot;
            for (m = 0; m < numargslots; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        } else
            numargslots = 0;
        qslot = array->slots - 1;
        for (m = 0, mmax = array->size; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
    } else if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_list) {
        listSlot = slotRawObject(listSlot)->slots;
        if (NotObj(listSlot) || slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr != class_array) {
            error("List array not an Array.\n");
            dumpObjectSlot(listSlot);
            return errWrongType;
        }
        goto doarray;
    } else {
        return objectPerform(g, numArgsPushed);
    }
    g->sp += array->size - 2;
    numArgsPushed = numargslots + array->size + 1;
    // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send

    sendMessage(g, selector, numArgsPushed);
    g->numpop = 0;

    return errNone;
}


int objectSuperPerform(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *recvrSlot, *selSlot, *listSlot;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSymbol* selector;
    int m, mmax;

    recvrSlot = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;

    PyrClass* classobj = slotRawSymbol(&slotRawClass(&g->method->ownerclass)->superclass)->u.classobj;
    if (!isKindOfSlot(recvrSlot, classobj)) {
        error("superPerform must be called with 'this' as the receiver.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }

    selSlot = recvrSlot + 1;
    if (IsSym(selSlot)) {
        selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);
        // move args down one to fill selector's position
        pslot = selSlot - 1;
        qslot = selSlot;
        for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed - 2; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        g->sp--;
        numArgsPushed--;
        // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send
    } else if (IsObj(selSlot)) {
        listSlot = selSlot;
        if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_list) {
            listSlot = slotRawObject(listSlot)->slots;
        }
        if (NotObj(listSlot) || slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr != class_array) {
            goto badselector;
        }
        PyrObject* array = slotRawObject(listSlot);
        if (array->size < 1) {
            error("Array must have a selector.\n");
            return errFailed;
        }
        selSlot = array->slots;
        selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);

        if (numArgsPushed > 2) {
            qslot = recvrSlot + numArgsPushed;
            pslot = recvrSlot + numArgsPushed + array->size - 2;
            for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed - 2; ++m)
                slotCopy(--pslot, --qslot);
        }

        pslot = recvrSlot;
        qslot = selSlot;
        for (m = 0, mmax = array->size - 1; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        g->sp += array->size - 2;
        numArgsPushed += array->size - 2;
        // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send

    } else {
    badselector:
        error("perform selector not a Symbol or Array.\n");
        dumpObjectSlot(selSlot);
        return errWrongType;
    }

    sendSuperMessage(g, selector, numArgsPushed);
    g->numpop = 0;
    return errNone;
}

int objectSuperPerformWithKeys(VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed, int numKeyArgsPushed);
int objectSuperPerformWithKeys(VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed, int numKeyArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *recvrSlot, *selSlot, *listSlot;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSymbol* selector;
    int m, mmax;

    recvrSlot = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;

    PyrClass* classobj = slotRawSymbol(&slotRawClass(&g->method->ownerclass)->superclass)->u.classobj;
    if (!isKindOfSlot(recvrSlot, classobj)) {
        error("superPerform must be called with 'this' as the receiver.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }

    selSlot = recvrSlot + 1;
    if (IsSym(selSlot)) {
        selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);
        // move args down one to fill selector's position
        pslot = selSlot - 1;
        qslot = selSlot;
        for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed - 2; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        g->sp--;
        numArgsPushed--;
        // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send
    } else if (IsObj(selSlot)) {
        listSlot = selSlot;
        if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_list) {
            listSlot = slotRawObject(listSlot)->slots;
        }
        if (NotObj(listSlot) || slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr != class_array) {
            goto badselector;
        }
        PyrObject* array = slotRawObject(listSlot);
        if (array->size < 1) {
            error("Array must have a selector.\n");
            return errFailed;
        }
        selSlot = array->slots;
        selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);

        if (numArgsPushed > 2) {
            qslot = recvrSlot + numArgsPushed;
            pslot = recvrSlot + numArgsPushed + array->size - 2;
            for (m = 0; m < numArgsPushed - 2; ++m)
                *--pslot = *--qslot;
        }

        pslot = recvrSlot;
        qslot = selSlot;
        for (m = 0, mmax = array->size - 1; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

        g->sp += array->size - 2;
        numArgsPushed += array->size - 2;
        // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send

    } else {
    badselector:
        error("perform selector not a Symbol or Array.\n");
        dumpObjectSlot(selSlot);
        return errWrongType;
    }

    sendSuperMessageWithKeys(g, selector, numArgsPushed, numKeyArgsPushed);
    g->numpop = 0;
    return errNone;
}


int objectSuperPerformList(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *recvrSlot, *selSlot, *listSlot;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSymbol* selector;
    int m, mmax, numargslots;
    PyrObject* array;

    recvrSlot = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;
    selSlot = recvrSlot + 1;
    listSlot = g->sp;
    numargslots = numArgsPushed - 3;
    if (NotSym(selSlot)) {
        error("Selector not a Symbol :\n");
        return errWrongType;
    }
    selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);
    if (NotObj(listSlot)) {
        return objectPerform(g, numArgsPushed);
    }
    if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_array) {
    doarray:
        pslot = recvrSlot;
        if (numargslots > 0) {
            qslot = selSlot;
            for (m = 0; m < numargslots; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
        } else
            numargslots = 0;
        array = slotRawObject(listSlot);
        qslot = array->slots - 1;
        for (m = 0, mmax = array->size; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
    } else if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_list) {
        listSlot = slotRawObject(listSlot)->slots;
        if (NotObj(listSlot) || slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr != class_array) {
            error("List array not an Array.\n");
            dumpObjectSlot(listSlot);
            return errWrongType;
        }
        goto doarray;
    } else {
        return objectSuperPerform(g, numArgsPushed);
    }
    g->sp += array->size - 2;
    numArgsPushed = numargslots + array->size + 1;
    // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send

    sendSuperMessage(g, selector, numArgsPushed);
    g->numpop = 0;
    return errNone;
}


int objectPerformSelList(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *recvrSlot, *selSlot, *listSlot;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSymbol* selector;
    int m, mmax;
    PyrObject* array;

    recvrSlot = g->sp - 1;
    listSlot = g->sp;

    if (NotObj(listSlot)) {
        error("Expected Array or List.. Got :\n");
        dumpObjectSlot(listSlot);
        return errWrongType;
    }
    if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_array) {
    doarray:
        array = slotRawObject(listSlot);

        selSlot = array->slots;
        if (NotSym(selSlot)) {
            error("Selector not a Symbol :\n");
            return errWrongType;
        }
        selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);

        pslot = recvrSlot;
        qslot = selSlot;
        for (m = 0, mmax = array->size - 1; m < mmax; ++m)
            slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
    } else if (slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr == class_list) {
        listSlot = slotRawObject(listSlot)->slots;
        if (NotObj(listSlot) || slotRawObject(listSlot)->classptr != class_array) {
            error("List array not an Array.\n");
            dumpObjectSlot(listSlot);
            return errWrongType;
        }
        goto doarray;
    } else {
        error("Expected Array or List.. Got :\n");
        dumpObjectSlot(listSlot);
        return errWrongType;
    }
    g->sp += array->size - 2;
    numArgsPushed = array->size;
    // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send

    sendMessage(g, selector, numArgsPushed);
    g->numpop = 0;
    return errNone;
}


int arrayPerformMsg(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int arrayPerformMsg(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *recvrSlot, *selSlot, *arraySlot;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    PyrSymbol* selector;
    int m, mmax, numargslots;
    PyrObject* array;

    arraySlot = g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1;
    array = slotRawObject(arraySlot);
    if (array->size < 2) {
        error("Array must contain a receiver and a selector.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }
    recvrSlot = array->slots;
    selSlot = recvrSlot + 1;
    numargslots = numArgsPushed - 1;
    if (NotSym(selSlot)) {
        error("Selector not a Symbol :\n");
        return errWrongType;
    }

    selector = slotRawSymbol(selSlot);

    slotCopy(arraySlot, recvrSlot);

    if (numargslots > 0) {
        qslot = arraySlot + numargslots + 1;
        pslot = arraySlot + numargslots + array->size - 1;
        for (m = 0; m < numargslots; ++m)
            slotCopy(--pslot, --qslot);
    } else
        numargslots = 0;

    pslot = arraySlot;
    qslot = selSlot;
    for (m = 0, mmax = array->size - 2; m < mmax; ++m)
        slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

    g->sp += array->size - 2;
    numArgsPushed = numargslots + array->size - 1;

    // now the stack looks just like it would for a normal message send

    sendMessage(g, selector, numArgsPushed);
    g->numpop = 0;
    return errNone;
}

int objectDump(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    dumpObjectSlot(a);
    return errNone;
}


int prTotalFree(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prTotalFree(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;
    SetInt(a, g->allocPool->TotalFree());
    return errNone;
}

int prLargestFreeBlock(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prLargestFreeBlock(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;
    SetInt(a, g->allocPool->LargestFreeChunk());
    return errNone;
}

int dumpGCinfo(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int dumpGCinfo(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    g->gc->DumpInfo();
    return errNone;
}

int dumpGCdumpGrey(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int dumpGCdumpGrey(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    g->gc->DumpGrey();
    return errNone;
}

int dumpGCdumpSet(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int dumpGCdumpSet(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* b = g->sp;
    int set;
    int err = slotIntVal(b, &set);
    if (err)
        return err;

    g->gc->DumpSet(set);
    return errNone;
}

int prGCSanity(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prGCSanity(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    g->gc->SanityCheck();
    return errNone;
}

#if GCDEBUG
int prTraceAllPathsTo(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prTraceAllPathsTo(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;
    g->gc->TracePathsTo(slotRawObject(a), false);
    return errNone;
}

int prTraceAnyPathsTo(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prTraceAnyPathsTo(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;
    g->gc->TracePathsTo(slotRawObject(a), true);
    return errNone;
}

int prTraceAnyPathToAllInstancesOf(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prTraceAnyPathToAllInstancesOf(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;
    g->gc->TraceAnyPathToAllInstancesOf(slotRawClass(a)->name.us);
    return errNone;
}
#endif

extern PyrClass* gClassList;

int prAllClasses(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrClass* classobj;
    PyrObject* array;
    int i;

    a = g->sp;

    array = newPyrArray(g->gc, gNumClasses, 0, true);
    classobj = gClassList;
    for (i = 0; classobj; ++i) {
        SetObject(array->slots + i, classobj);
        classobj = slotRawClass(&classobj->nextclass);
    }
    array->size = gNumClasses;
    SetObject(a, array);
    return errNone;
}

int prPostClassTree(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    postClassTree(slotRawClass(a), 0);
    return errNone;
}

int prDumpBackTrace(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    DumpBackTrace(g);
    return errNone;
}

/* the DebugFrameConstructor uses a work queue in order to avoid recursions, which could lead to stack overflows */
struct DebugFrameConstructor {
    void makeDebugFrame(VMGlobals* g, PyrFrame* frame, PyrSlot* outSlot) {
        workQueue.push_back(std::make_pair(frame, outSlot));
        run_queue(g);
    }

private:
    void run_queue(VMGlobals* g) {
        while (!workQueue.empty()) {
            WorkQueueItem work = workQueue.back();
            workQueue.pop_back();
            fillDebugFrame(g, work.first, work.second);
        }
    }

    void fillDebugFrame(VMGlobals* g, PyrFrame* frame, PyrSlot* outSlot) {
        PyrMethod* meth = slotRawMethod(&frame->method);
        PyrMethodRaw* methraw = METHRAW(meth);

        PyrObject* debugFrameObj = instantiateObject(g->gc, getsym("DebugFrame")->u.classobj, 0, false, false);
        SetObject(outSlot, debugFrameObj);

        SetObject(debugFrameObj->slots + 0, meth);
        SetPtr(debugFrameObj->slots + 5, meth);

        int numargs = methraw->numargs;
        int numvars = methraw->numvars;
        if (numargs) {
            PyrObject* argArray = (PyrObject*)newPyrArray(g->gc, numargs, 0, false);
            SetObject(debugFrameObj->slots + 1, argArray);
            for (int i = 0; i < numargs; ++i)
                slotCopy(&argArray->slots[i], &frame->vars[i]);

            argArray->size = numargs;
        } else
            SetNil(debugFrameObj->slots + 1);

        if (numvars) {
            PyrObject* varArray = (PyrObject*)newPyrArray(g->gc, numvars, 0, false);
            SetObject(debugFrameObj->slots + 2, varArray);
            for (int i = 0, j = numargs; i < numvars; ++i, ++j)
                slotCopy(&varArray->slots[i], &frame->vars[j]);

            varArray->size = numvars;
        } else
            SetNil(debugFrameObj->slots + 2);

        if (slotRawFrame(&frame->caller)) {
            WorkQueueItem newWork = std::make_pair(slotRawFrame(&frame->caller), debugFrameObj->slots + 3);
            workQueue.push_back(newWork);
        } else
            SetNil(debugFrameObj->slots + 3);

        if (IsObj(&frame->context) && slotRawFrame(&frame->context) == frame)
            SetObject(debugFrameObj->slots + 4, debugFrameObj);
        else if (NotNil(&frame->context)) {
            WorkQueueItem newWork = std::make_pair(slotRawFrame(&frame->context), debugFrameObj->slots + 4);
            workQueue.push_back(newWork);
        } else
            SetNil(debugFrameObj->slots + 4);
    }

    typedef std::pair<PyrFrame*, PyrSlot*> WorkQueueItem;
    typedef std::vector<WorkQueueItem> WorkQueueType;
    WorkQueueType workQueue;
};

static void MakeDebugFrame(VMGlobals* g, PyrFrame* frame, PyrSlot* outSlot) {
    DebugFrameConstructor constructor;
    constructor.makeDebugFrame(g, frame, outSlot);
}

int prGetBackTrace(VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prGetBackTrace(VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    MakeDebugFrame(g, g->frame, a);

    return errNone;
}

int prObjectShallowCopy(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    switch (GetTag(a)) {
    case tagObj:
        SetRaw(a, copyObject(g->gc, slotRawObject(a), true));
        break;
        // the default case is to leave the argument unchanged on the stack
    }
    return errNone;
}

int prObjectCopyImmutable(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prObjectCopyImmutable(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    switch (GetTag(a)) {
    case tagObj:
        if (slotRawObject(a)->obj_flags & obj_immutable) {
            SetRaw(a, copyObject(g->gc, slotRawObject(a), true));
        }
        break;
    }
    return errNone;
}

int prObjectIsMutable(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prObjectIsMutable(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    if (IsObj(a)) {
        if (slotRawObject(a)->obj_flags & obj_immutable) {
            SetFalse(a);
        } else {
            SetTrue(a);
        }
    } else {
        SetFalse(a);
    }
    return errNone;
}

int prObjectIsPermanent(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prObjectIsPermanent(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    if (IsObj(a)) {
        if (slotRawObject(a)->gc_color == obj_permanent) {
            SetTrue(a);
        } else {
            SetFalse(a);
        }
    } else {
        SetTrue(a);
    }
    return errNone;
}


int prDeepFreeze(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prDeepFreeze(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    PyrDeepFreezer freezer(g);
    int err = freezer.doDeepFreeze(a);
    return err;
}


int prDeepCopy(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prDeepCopy(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    PyrDeepCopier copier(g);
    int err = copier.doDeepCopy(a);
    return err;
}


bool IsSimpleLiteralSlot(PyrSlot* slot);
bool IsSimpleLiteralSlot(PyrSlot* slot) {
    switch (GetTag(slot)) {
    case tagObj:
        return slotRawObject(slot)->IsPermanent();
    case tagInt:
        return true;
    case tagSym:
        return true;
    case tagChar:
        return true;
    case tagNil:
        return true;
    case tagFalse:
        return true;
    case tagTrue:
        return true;
    case tagPtr:
        return false;
    default:
        return true;
    }
}


int prObjectCopyRange(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b, *c;

    a = g->sp - 2;
    b = g->sp - 1;
    c = g->sp;

    if (NotObj(a))
        return errWrongType;
    if (NotInt(b))
        return errWrongType;
    if (NotInt(c))
        return errWrongType;
    SetRaw(a, copyObjectRange(g->gc, slotRawObject(a), slotRawInt(b), slotRawInt(c), true));

    return errNone;
}


int prObjectCopySeries(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b, *c, *d;

    a = g->sp - 3;
    b = g->sp - 2;
    c = g->sp - 1;
    d = g->sp;

    PyrObject* inobj = slotRawObject(a);
    PyrObject* newobj;

    int size = inobj->size;
    int flags = ~(obj_immutable)&inobj->obj_flags;

    int first, second, last;

    if (IsInt(b))
        first = slotRawInt(b);
    else if (IsNil(b))
        first = 0;
    else
        return errWrongType;

    if (IsInt(d)) {
        last = slotRawInt(d);
        if (last < 0 && IsNil(b)) {
        zerolength:
            newobj = g->gc->New(0, flags, inobj->obj_format, true);
            newobj->size = 0;
            newobj->classptr = inobj->classptr;
            SetRaw(a, newobj);
            return errNone;
        }
    } else if (IsNil(d)) {
        if (first >= size)
            goto zerolength;
        last = size - 1;
    } else
        return errWrongType;

    if (IsInt(c))
        second = slotRawInt(c);
    else if (IsNil(c))
        second = first < last ? first + 1 : first - 1;
    else
        return errWrongType;

    int step = second - first;

    int elemsize = gFormatElemSize[inobj->obj_format];
    int length;

    if (step > 0) {
        length = (last - first) / step + 1;
    } else if (step < 0) {
        length = (first - last) / -step + 1;
    } else
        return errFailed;

    int numbytes = length * elemsize;

    newobj = g->gc->New(numbytes, flags, inobj->obj_format, true);
    newobj->size = 0;
    newobj->classptr = inobj->classptr;

    for (int i = first, j = 0; j < length; i += step, ++j) {
        PyrSlot slot;
        if (i >= 0 && i < inobj->size) {
            getIndexedSlot(inobj, &slot, i);
            int err = putIndexedSlot(g, newobj, &slot, newobj->size++);
            if (err)
                return err;
        }
    }

    SetRaw(a, newobj);
    return errNone;
}

void switchToThread(struct VMGlobals* g, struct PyrThread* newthread, int oldstate, int* numArgsPushed);

int haltInterpreter(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    switchToThread(g, slotRawThread(&g->process->mainThread), tDone, &numArgsPushed);
    // return all the way out.
    // PyrSlot *bottom = g->gc->Stack()->slots;
    // slotCopy(bottom,g->sp);
    // g->sp = bottom; // ??!! pop everybody
    g->method = nullptr;
    g->block = nullptr;
    g->frame = nullptr;
    SetNil(g->sp);
    longjmp(g->escapeInterpreter, 3);
    // hmm need to fix this to work only on main thread. //!!!
    // g->sp = g->gc->Stack()->slots - 1;

    return errReturn;
}


int prCanCallOS(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prCanCallOS(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;

    SetBool(a, g->canCallOS);

    return errNone;
}

extern bool gGenerateTailCallByteCodes;

int prGetTailCallOptimize(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prGetTailCallOptimize(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;

    SetBool(a, gGenerateTailCallByteCodes);

    return errNone;
}

int prSetTailCallOptimize(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prSetTailCallOptimize(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    // PyrSlot *a = g->sp - 1;

#if TAILCALLOPTIMIZE
    PyrSlot* b = g->sp;
    if (IsTrue(b)) {
        gGenerateTailCallByteCodes = true;
    } else if (IsFalse(b)) {
        gGenerateTailCallByteCodes = false;
    } else
        return errWrongType;
#endif

    return errNone;
}


int prTraceOn(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prTraceOn(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    gTraceInterpreter = IsTrue(a);
    return errNone;
}

int prKeywordError(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prKeywordError(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    gKeywordError = IsTrue(a);
    return errNone;
}

int prFunDef_NumArgs(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prFunDef_NumArgs(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrMethodRaw* methraw;

    a = g->sp;
    methraw = METHRAW(slotRawBlock(a));
    SetInt(a, methraw->numargs);
    return errNone;
}

int prFunDef_NumVars(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prFunDef_NumVars(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrMethodRaw* methraw;

    a = g->sp;
    methraw = METHRAW(slotRawBlock(a));
    SetInt(a, methraw->numvars);
    return errNone;
}

int prFunDef_VarArgs(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prFunDef_VarArgs(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;
    PyrMethodRaw* methraw;

    a = g->sp;
    methraw = METHRAW(slotRawBlock(a));
    if (methraw->varargs) {
        SetTrue(a);
    } else {
        SetFalse(a);
    }
    return errNone;
}


int undefinedPrimitive(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    error("A primitive was not bound. %d %d\n", g->primitiveIndex, gPrimitiveTable.size);
    dumpObject((PyrObject*)g->primitiveMethod);
    return errFailed;
}

void dumpByteCodes(PyrBlock* theBlock);

int prDumpByteCodes(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    dumpByteCodes(slotRawBlock(a));
    return errNone;
}

int prObjectPointsTo(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b, temp;
    PyrObject* obj;
    int i;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (NotObj(a))
        slotCopy(a, &o_false);
    else {
        obj = slotRawObject(a);
        for (i = 0; i < obj->size; ++i) {
            getIndexedSlot(obj, &temp, i);
            if (SlotEq(&temp, b)) {
                slotCopy(a, &o_true);
                return errNone;
            }
        }
        slotCopy(a, &o_false);
    }
    return errNone;
}


int prObjectRespondsTo(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;
    PyrClass* classobj;
    PyrMethod* meth;
    PyrSymbol* selector;
    int index;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    classobj = classOfSlot(a);

    if (IsSym(b)) {
        selector = slotRawSymbol(b);
        index = slotRawInt(&classobj->classIndex) + selector->u.index;
        meth = gRowTable[index];
        if (slotRawSymbol(&meth->name) != selector) {
            slotCopy(a, &o_false);
        } else {
            slotCopy(a, &o_true);
        }
    } else if (isKindOfSlot(b, class_array)) {
        int size = slotRawObject(b)->size;
        PyrSlot* slot = slotRawObject(b)->slots;
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i, ++slot) {
            if (NotSym(slot))
                return errWrongType;

            selector = slotRawSymbol(slot);
            index = slotRawInt(&classobj->classIndex) + selector->u.index;
            meth = gRowTable[index];
            if (slotRawSymbol(&meth->name) != selector) {
                slotCopy(a, &o_false);
                return errNone;
            }
        }
        slotCopy(a, &o_true);
    } else
        return errWrongType;
    return errNone;
}

PyrMethod* GetFunctionCompileContext(VMGlobals* g);
PyrMethod* GetFunctionCompileContext(VMGlobals* g) {
    PyrClass* classobj;
    PyrSymbol *classsym, *contextsym;
    PyrMethod* meth;
    // lookup interpreter class
    classsym = getsym("Interpreter");
    classobj = classsym->u.classobj;
    if (!classobj) {
        error("There is no Interpreter class.\n");
        return nullptr;
    }
    // lookup functionCompileContext method
    contextsym = getsym("functionCompileContext");
    int index = slotRawInt(&classobj->classIndex) + contextsym->u.index;
    meth = gRowTable[index];
    if (!meth || slotRawSymbol(&meth->name) != contextsym) {
        error("compile context method 'functionCompileContext' not found.\n");
        return nullptr;
    }
    gCompilingClass = classobj;
    gCompilingMethod = meth;
    gCompilingBlock = (PyrBlock*)meth;
    return meth;
}

#if !SCPLAYER
int prCompileString(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b;
    PyrString* string;
    PyrMethod* meth;

    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    // check b is a string
    if (NotObj(b))
        return errWrongType;
    if (!isKindOf(slotRawObject(b), class_string))
        return errWrongType;
    string = slotRawString(b);

    gRootParseNode = nullptr;
    initParserPool();
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    startLexerCmdLine(string->s, string->size);
    compileErrors = 0;
    compilingCmdLine = true;
    gCompilingVMGlobals = g;
    compilingCmdLineErrorWindow = false;
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    parseFailed = yyparse();
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    if (!parseFailed && gRootParseNode) {
        PyrSlot slotResult;

        meth = GetFunctionCompileContext(g);
        if (!meth)
            return errFailed;

        ((PyrBlockNode*)gRootParseNode)->mIsTopLevel = true;

        SetNil(&slotResult);
        COMPILENODE(gRootParseNode, &slotResult, true);

        if (NotObj(&slotResult) || slotRawObject(&slotResult)->classptr != class_fundef) {
            compileErrors++;
            error("Compile did not return a FunctionDef..\n");
        }
        if (compileErrors) {
            SetNil(a);
        } else {
            PyrBlock* block;
            PyrClosure* closure;

            block = slotRawBlock(&slotResult);
            // create a closure
            closure = (PyrClosure*)g->gc->New(2 * sizeof(PyrSlot), 0, obj_notindexed, false);
            closure->classptr = class_func;
            closure->size = 2;
            SetObject(&closure->block, block);
            slotCopy(&closure->context, &slotRawInterpreter(&g->process->interpreter)->context);
            SetObject(a, closure);
        }
    } else {
        if (parseFailed) {
            compileErrors++;
            error("Command line parse failed\n");
        } else {
            postfl("<nothing to do>\n");
        }
        SetNil(a);
    }
    finiLexer();
    freeParserPool();

    pyr_pool_compile->FreeAll();
    // flushErrors();
    compilingCmdLine = false;

    return !(parseFailed || compileErrors) ? errNone : errFailed;
}
#endif

char sCodeStringIn[8192];
char sCodeStringOut[8192];

int prUGenCodeString(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prUGenCodeString(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *aa, *bb, *cc, *dd, *ee;
    char* out = sCodeStringOut;
    char ugenPrefix[16];
    int err;

    aa = g->sp - 4; // code string
    bb = g->sp - 3; // ugen prefix
    ee = g->sp - 2; // isDecl
    cc = g->sp - 1; // input names
    dd = g->sp; // input value strings

    int ugenIndex;
    err = slotIntVal(bb, &ugenIndex);
    if (err)
        return err;
    if (!isKindOfSlot(cc, class_array) && !isKindOfSlot(cc, class_symbolarray))
        return errWrongType;
    if (!isKindOfSlot(dd, class_array))
        return errWrongType;
    bool isDecl = IsTrue(ee);

    PyrObject* inputNamesObj = slotRawObject(cc);
    PyrObject* inputStringsObj = slotRawObject(dd);

    sprintf(ugenPrefix, "u%d", ugenIndex);
    int ugenPrefixSize = strlen(ugenPrefix);
    PyrString* codeStringObj = slotRawString(aa);
    int codeStringSize = codeStringObj->size;
    if (codeStringSize > 8000) {
        error("input string too int.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }
    memcpy(sCodeStringIn, codeStringObj->s, codeStringSize);
    sCodeStringIn[codeStringSize] = 0;

    char* in = sCodeStringIn;
    int c;
    while ((c = *in++) != 0) {
        if (c == '@') {
            if (!isDecl) {
                if (*in != '@') {
                    *out++ = 's';
                    *out++ = '-';
                    *out++ = '>';
                } else
                    in++;
            }
            for (int j = 0; j < ugenPrefixSize; ++j) {
                *out++ = ugenPrefix[j];
            }
        } else if (c == '$') {
            char name[64];
            int j = 0;
            do {
                c = *in++;
                if (c == 0)
                    break;
                if (!((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || (c >= '0' && c <= '9'))) {
                    --in;
                    break;
                }
                name[j++] = c;
            } while (c);

            bool found = false;
            int nameSize = j;
            int slotIndex = -1;
            for (int j = 0; j < inputNamesObj->size; ++j) {
                PyrSlot inputNameSlot;
                getIndexedSlot(inputNamesObj, &inputNameSlot, j);
                if (!IsSym(&inputNameSlot))
                    return errWrongType;
                PyrSymbol* inputSym = slotRawSymbol(&inputNameSlot);
                char* inputName = inputSym->name;
                int inputNameSize = inputSym->length;
                if (inputNameSize == nameSize && strncmp(inputName, name, nameSize) == 0) {
                    found = true;
                    slotIndex = j;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (slotIndex >= 0) {
                PyrSlot* inputStringSlot = inputStringsObj->slots + slotIndex;
                if (!isKindOfSlot(inputStringSlot, class_string))
                    return errWrongType;
                PyrString* inputStringObj = slotRawString(inputStringSlot);
                char* input = inputStringObj->s;
                int inputStringSize = inputStringObj->size;
                for (int j = 0; j < inputStringSize; ++j) {
                    *out++ = input[j];
                }
            } else {
                *out++ = '?';
                *out++ = '?';
                for (int j = 0; j < nameSize; ++j) {
                    *out++ = name[j];
                }
                *out++ = '?';
                *out++ = '?';
            }
        } else {
            *out++ = c;
        }
        if (out - sCodeStringOut > 8000) {
            *out++ = '\n';
            *out++ = '.';
            *out++ = '.';
            *out++ = '.';
            *out++ = '\n';
            break;
        }
    }
    *out++ = 0;
    PyrString* outString = newPyrString(g->gc, sCodeStringOut, 0, true);
    SetObject(aa, outString);

    return errNone;
}


/*void threadSanity(VMGlobals *g, PyrThread *thread);
void threadSanity(VMGlobals *g, PyrThread *thread)
{
    int state;
    g->gc->numToScan = 1000000;
    doGC(g, 0);
    assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());

    state = slotRawInt(&thread->state);
    if (state == tYield) {
        if (!IsObj(&thread->method)) { error("thread method not an Object\n"); }
        else if (!isKindOf(slotRawObject(&thread->method), class_method)) { error("thread method not a Method\n"); }
        else if (slotRawObject(&thread->method)->gc_color == gcColor.gcFree) { error("thread method is FREE\n"); }

        if (!IsObj(&thread->block)) { error("thread block not an Object\n"); }
        else if (!isKindOf(slotRawObject(&thread->block), class_func)) { error("thread block not a Function\n"); }
        else if (slotRawObject(&thread->block)->gc_color == gcColor.gcFree) { error("thread block is FREE\n"); }

        if (IsObj(&thread->receiver) &slotRawObject(&& thread->receiver)->gc_color == gcColor.gcFree)
            { error("thread receiver is FREE\n"); }

        FrameSanity(thread->frame.uof);

        oldthread->method.uom = g->method;
        oldthread->block.uoblk = g->block;
        SetObject(&oldthread->frame, g->frame);
        slotRawInt(&oldthread->ip) = (int)g->ip;
        slotRawInt(&oldthread->sp) = (int)g->sp;


    } else if (state == tInit) {
    } else {
        postfl("bad state\n");
    }
}*/


PyrSymbol* s_prready;
PyrSymbol* s_prrunnextthread;

void switchToThread(VMGlobals* g, PyrThread* newthread, int oldstate, int* numArgsPushed);
void switchToThread(VMGlobals* g, PyrThread* newthread, int oldstate, int* numArgsPushed) {
    PyrThread* oldthread;
    PyrGC* gc;
    PyrFrame* frame;

#if TAILCALLOPTIMIZE
    g->tailCall = 0; // ?? prevent a crash. is there a way to allow a TCO ?
#endif

    oldthread = g->thread;
    if (newthread == oldthread)
        return;
    // postfl("->switchToThread %d %p -> %p\n", oldstate, oldthread, newthread);
    // post("->switchToThread from %s:%s\n", slotRawClass(&g->method->ownerclass)->name.us->name,
    // g->slotRawSymbol(&method->name)->name); post("->stack %p  g->sp %p [%d]  g->top %p [%d]\n",
    // g->gc->Stack()->slots,
    // g->sp, g->sp - g->gc->Stack()->slots, g->top, g->top - g->gc->Stack()->slots); assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "switchToThreadA");
    // gcDumpInfo(g->gc);
    gc = g->gc;

    // save environment in oldthread
    PyrSlot* currentEnvironmentSlot = &g->classvars->slots[1];
    slotCopy(&oldthread->environment, currentEnvironmentSlot);
    gc->GCWrite(oldthread, currentEnvironmentSlot);

    SetRaw(&oldthread->state, oldstate);

    if (oldstate == tDone) {
        SetObject(&oldthread->stack, gc->Stack());
        gc->ToWhite(gc->Stack());
        gc->Stack()->size = 0;
        gc->GCWrite(oldthread, gc->Stack());
        SetNil(&oldthread->method);
        SetNil(&oldthread->block);
        SetNil(&oldthread->receiver);
        SetNil(&oldthread->frame);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->ip, (void*)nullptr);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->sp, (void*)nullptr);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->numArgsPushed, 0);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->numpop, 0);
        SetNil(&oldthread->parent);
    } else if (oldstate == tInit) {
        SetObject(&oldthread->stack, gc->Stack());
        gc->ToWhite(gc->Stack());
        gc->Stack()->size = 0;
        gc->GCWrite(oldthread, gc->Stack());
        SetNil(&oldthread->method);
        SetNil(&oldthread->block);
        SetNil(&oldthread->receiver);
        SetNil(&oldthread->frame);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->ip, (void*)nullptr);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->sp, (void*)nullptr);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->numArgsPushed, 0);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->numpop, 0);
        SetNil(&oldthread->parent);
    } else {
        // save old thread's state
        SetObject(&oldthread->stack, gc->Stack());
        gc->ToWhite(gc->Stack());
        gc->Stack()->size = g->sp - gc->Stack()->slots + 1;
        // post("else %p %p\n", slotRawObject(&oldthread->stack), gc->Stack());

        SetObject(&oldthread->method, g->method);
        SetObject(&oldthread->block, g->block);
        SetObject(&oldthread->frame, g->frame);
        SetPtr(&oldthread->ip, g->ip);
        SetPtr(&oldthread->sp, g->sp);
        slotCopy(&oldthread->receiver, &g->receiver);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->numArgsPushed, *numArgsPushed);
        SetRaw(&oldthread->numpop, g->numpop);

        // gc->ToGrey(oldthread);
        if (gc->ObjIsBlack(oldthread)) {
            gc->GCWriteBlack(gc->Stack());
            gc->GCWriteBlack(g->method);
            gc->GCWriteBlack(g->block);

            frame = slotRawFrame(&oldthread->frame);
            gc->GCWriteBlack(frame);

            gc->GCWriteBlack(&g->receiver);
        }
    }

    // restore new thread's state
    g->thread = newthread;
    SetObject(&g->process->curThread, newthread);
    gc->GCWrite(g->process, newthread);

    gc->SetStack(slotRawObject(&newthread->stack));
    gc->ToBlack(gc->Stack());
    SetNil(&newthread->stack);

    g->method = slotRawMethod(&newthread->method);
    g->block = slotRawBlock(&newthread->block);
    g->frame = slotRawFrame(&newthread->frame);
    g->ip = (unsigned char*)slotRawPtr(&newthread->ip);
    g->sp = (PyrSlot*)slotRawPtr(&newthread->sp);
    slotCopy(&g->receiver, &newthread->receiver);

    g->rgen = (RGen*)(slotRawObject(&newthread->randData)->slots);

    *numArgsPushed = slotRawInt(&newthread->numArgsPushed);

    // these are perhaps unecessary because a thread may not
    // legally block within a C primitive
    g->numpop = slotRawInt(&newthread->numpop);

    g->execMethod = 99;

    // post("switchToThread ip %p\n", g->ip);
    // post(slotRawInt(&"switchToThread newthread->ip) %d\n", slotRawInt(&newthread->ip));
    // post(slotRawInt(&"switchToThread oldthread->ip) %d\n", slotRawInt(&oldthread->ip));

    // wipe out values which will become stale as new thread executes:
    SetNil(&newthread->method);
    SetNil(&newthread->block);
    SetNil(&newthread->frame);
    SetRaw(&newthread->ip, (void*)nullptr);
    SetRaw(&newthread->sp, (void*)nullptr);
    SetNil(&newthread->receiver);

    SetRaw(&newthread->state, tRunning);


    // set new environment
    slotCopy(currentEnvironmentSlot, &g->thread->environment);
    g->gc->GCWrite(g->classvars, currentEnvironmentSlot);

    // post("old thread %p stack %p\n", oldthread, slotRawObject(&oldthread->stack));
    // post("new thread %p stack %p\n", g->thread, slotRawObject(&g->thread->stack));
    // post("main thread %p stack %p\n", slotRawThread(&g->process->mainThread),
    // slotRawObject(&slotRawThread(&g->process->mainThread)->stack));

    // postfl("<-switchToThread\n");
    // post("<-stack %p  g->sp %p [%d]  g->top %p [%d]\n",
    //	g->gc->Stack()->slots, g->sp, g->sp - g->gc->Stack()->slots, g->top, g->top - g->gc->Stack()->slots);
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "switchToThreadB");
    // post("switchToThread ip2 %p\n", g->ip);
}

void initPyrThread(VMGlobals* g, PyrThread* thread, PyrSlot* func, int stacksize, PyrInt32Array* rgenArray,
                   double beats, double seconds, PyrSlot* clock, bool runGC);
void initPyrThread(VMGlobals* g, PyrThread* thread, PyrSlot* func, int stacksize, PyrInt32Array* rgenArray,
                   double beats, double seconds, PyrSlot* clock, bool runGC) {
    PyrObject* array;
    PyrGC* gc = g->gc;

    slotCopy(&thread->func, func);
    gc->GCWrite(thread, func);

    array = newPyrArray(gc, stacksize, 0, runGC);
    SetObject(&thread->stack, array);
    gc->GCWriteNew(thread, array); // we know array is white so we can use GCWriteNew

    SetInt(&thread->state, tInit);

    SetPtr(&thread->ip, nullptr);
    SetPtr(&thread->sp, nullptr);

    SetObject(&thread->randData, rgenArray);
    gc->GCWrite(thread, rgenArray);

    SetFloat(&thread->beats, beats);
    SetFloat(&thread->seconds, seconds);
    SetInt(&thread->numArgsPushed, 0);
    SetInt(&thread->numpop, 0);

    if (IsNil(clock)) {
        SetObject(&thread->clock, s_systemclock->u.classobj);
    } else {
        slotCopy(&thread->clock, clock);
        gc->GCWrite(thread, clock);
    }

    PyrSlot* currentEnvironmentSlot = &g->classvars->slots[1];
    slotCopy(&thread->environment, currentEnvironmentSlot);
    gc->GCWrite(thread, currentEnvironmentSlot);

    if (g->process) { // check we're not just starting up
        slotCopy(&thread->executingPath, &g->process->nowExecutingPath);
        gc->GCWrite(thread, &g->process->nowExecutingPath);
    }

    SetInt(&thread->stackSize, stacksize);
}

extern PyrSymbol* s_prstart;

int prThreadInit(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prThreadInit(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b, *c;
    int stacksize, err;
    PyrThread* thread;

    // postfl("->prThreadInit\n");
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "prThreadInit");
    a = g->sp - 2; // thread
    b = g->sp - 1; // function
    c = g->sp; // stacksize

    thread = slotRawThread(a);

    if (NotObj(b) || !isKindOf(slotRawObject(b), class_func)) {
        error("Thread function arg not a Function.\n");
        return errWrongType;
    }

    err = slotIntVal(c, &stacksize);
    if (err)
        return err;

    stacksize = std::max(stacksize, EVALSTACKDEPTH);

    double beats, seconds;
    err = slotDoubleVal(&g->thread->beats, &beats);
    if (err)
        return err;
    err = slotDoubleVal(&g->thread->seconds, &seconds);
    if (err)
        return err;

    initPyrThread(g, thread, b, stacksize, (PyrInt32Array*)(slotRawObject(&g->thread->randData)), beats, seconds,
                  &g->thread->clock, true);

    // postfl("<-prThreadInit\n");
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "<prThreadInit");
    return errNone;
}

int prThreadRandSeed(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prThreadRandSeed(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp - 1; // thread
    PyrSlot* b = g->sp; // rand seed

    PyrThread* thread = slotRawThread(a);

    int32 seed;
    int err = slotIntVal(b, &seed);
    if (err)
        return err;

    PyrInt32Array* rgenArray = newPyrInt32Array(g->gc, 4, 0, true);
    rgenArray->size = 4;
    ((RGen*)(rgenArray->i))->init(seed);

    if (thread == g->thread) {
        g->rgen = (RGen*)(rgenArray->i);
    }
    SetObject(&thread->randData, rgenArray);
    g->gc->GCWriteNew(thread, rgenArray); // we know rgenArray is white so we can use GCWriteNew

    return errNone;
}

int prThreadGetRandData(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prThreadGetRandData(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp; // thread

    PyrThread* thread = slotRawThread(a);

    RGen* rgen = (RGen*)slotRawObject(&thread->randData)->slots;

    PyrInt32Array* rgenArray = newPyrInt32Array(g->gc, 4, 0, false);
    rgenArray->size = 3;

    rgenArray->i[0] = rgen->s1;
    rgenArray->i[1] = rgen->s2;
    rgenArray->i[2] = rgen->s3;

    SetObject(a, rgenArray);
    return errNone;
}

int prThreadSetRandData(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prThreadSetRandData(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp - 1; // thread
    PyrSlot* b = g->sp; // rand data array

    if (!isKindOfSlot(b, class_int32array))
        return errWrongType;
    if (slotRawObject(b)->size < 3)
        return errWrongType;

    PyrThread* thread = slotRawThread(a);

    RGen* rgen = (RGen*)slotRawObject(&thread->randData)->slots;

    PyrInt32Array* rgenArray = (PyrInt32Array*)slotRawObject(b);

    rgen->s1 = rgenArray->i[0];
    rgen->s2 = rgenArray->i[1];
    rgen->s3 = rgenArray->i[2];

    return errNone;
}

#if 0
int32 timeseed();

int transformMainThreadToRoutine(VMGlobals *g)
{
	PyrProcess* process = g->process;
	if (g->thread != process->mainThread.uot) return errFailed;
	//if (g->thread != process->curThread.uot) return errFailed;

	PyrThread* curthread = (PyrThread*)slotRawObject(&process->mainThread);

	// create a new main thread
	PyrThread* newthread = (PyrThread*)instantiateObject(g->gc, class_thread, 0, true, false);

	PyrInt32Array *rgenArray = newPyrInt32Array(g->gc, 4, 0, false);
	rgenArray->size = 4;
	((RGen*)(rgenArray->i))->init(timeseed());

	PyrSlot clockSlot;
	SetObject(&clockSlot, s_systemclock->u.classobj);
	initPyrThread(g, newthread, &o_nil, EVALSTACKDEPTH, rgenArray, 0., 0., &clockSlot, false);
	slotRawInt(&newthread->sp) = (int)slotRawObject(&newthread->stack)->slots - 1;
	SetObject(&process->mainThread, newthread);
	g->gc->GCWrite(process, newthread);

	curthread->classptr = class_routine;
	PyrSlot *cmdFunc = &process->interpreter.uoi->cmdFunc;
	slotCopy(&curthread->func,cmdFunc);
	g->gc->GCWrite(curthread, cmdFunc);

	return errNone;
}

void schedAdd(VMGlobals *g, PyrObject* inQueue, double inSeconds, PyrSlot* inTask);
#endif


int prRoutineYield(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prRoutineYield(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot value;

    // postfl("->prRoutineYield %p\n", g->thread);
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "prRoutineYield");
    // postfl("->numArgsPushed %d\n", numArgsPushed);

    slotCopy(&value, g->sp);

    if (!isKindOf((PyrObject*)g->thread, class_routine)) {
        error("yield was called outside of a Routine.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }

    PyrThread* parent = slotRawThread(&g->thread->parent);
    SetNil(&g->thread->parent);
    slotCopy(&g->process->nowExecutingPath, &g->thread->oldExecutingPath);
    // debugf("yield from thread %p to parent %p\n", g->thread, slotRawThread(&g->thread->parent));
    switchToThread(g, parent, tSuspended, &numArgsPushed);

    // on the other side of the looking glass, put the yielded value on the stack as the result..
    slotCopy((g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1), &value);

    // postfl("<-numArgsPushed %d\n", numArgsPushed);
    // postfl("<-prRoutineYield\n");
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "<prRoutineYield");
    return errNone;
}

int prRoutineAlwaysYield(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prRoutineAlwaysYield(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot value;

    // postfl("->prRoutineAlwaysYield ip %p\n", g->ip);
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "prRoutineAlwaysYield");
    if (!isKindOf((PyrObject*)g->thread, class_routine)) {
        error("alwaysYield was called outside of a Routine.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }

    slotCopy(&value, g->sp);
    slotCopy(&g->thread->terminalValue, &value);
    g->gc->GCWrite(g->thread, g->sp);

    PyrThread* parent = slotRawThread(&g->thread->parent);
    SetNil(&g->thread->parent);
    slotCopy(&g->process->nowExecutingPath, &g->thread->oldExecutingPath);
    // post("alwaysYield from thread %p to parent %p\n", g->thread, parent);
    switchToThread(g, parent, tDone, &numArgsPushed);

    // on the other side of the looking glass, put the yielded value on the stack as the result..
    slotCopy((g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1), &value);

    // postfl("<-prRoutineAlwaysYield ip %p\n", g->ip);
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "<prRoutineAlwaysYield");
    return errNone;
}

int prRoutineResume(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prRoutineResume(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b, threadSlot, value;
    PyrThread* thread;
    int state;

    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "prRoutineResume");
    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    thread = slotRawThread(a);
    state = slotRawInt(&thread->state);
    // postfl("->prRoutineResume %d\n", state);

    slotCopy(&thread->oldExecutingPath, &g->process->nowExecutingPath);
    slotCopy(&g->process->nowExecutingPath, &thread->executingPath);
    if (state == tInit) {
        slotCopy(&threadSlot, a);
        slotCopy(&value, b);

        // post("g->thread %p\n", g->thread);
        // post("thread %p\n", thread);
        SetObject(&thread->parent, g->thread);
        g->gc->GCWrite(thread, g->thread);

        slotCopy(&thread->beats, &g->thread->beats);
        slotCopy(&thread->seconds, &g->thread->seconds);
        slotCopy(&thread->clock, &g->thread->clock);
        g->gc->GCWrite(thread, &g->thread->beats);
        g->gc->GCWrite(thread, &g->thread->seconds);
        g->gc->GCWrite(thread, &g->thread->clock);

        // postfl("start into thread %p from parent %p\n", thread, g->thread);
        switchToThread(g, thread, tSuspended, &numArgsPushed);

        // set stack
        // post("set stack %p %p\n", g->sp, g->gc->Stack()->slots - 1);
        g->sp = g->gc->Stack()->slots - 1;
        slotCopy((++g->sp), &threadSlot);
        slotCopy(&g->receiver, &threadSlot);
        slotCopy((++g->sp), &value);

        sendMessage(g, s_prstart, 2);
    } else if (state == tSuspended) {
        if (IsNil(&thread->parent)) {
            SetObject(&thread->parent, g->thread);
        }
        g->gc->GCWrite(thread, g->thread);

        slotCopy(&thread->beats, &g->thread->beats);
        slotCopy(&thread->seconds, &g->thread->seconds);
        slotCopy(&thread->clock, &g->thread->clock);
        g->gc->GCWrite(thread, &g->thread->beats);
        g->gc->GCWrite(thread, &g->thread->seconds);
        g->gc->GCWrite(thread, &g->thread->clock);

        slotCopy(&value, b);
        // debugf("resume into thread %p from parent %p\n", thread, g->thread);
        switchToThread(g, thread, tSuspended, &numArgsPushed);
        // on the other side of the looking glass, put the yielded value on the stack as the result..
        slotCopy((g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1), &value);
    } else if (state == tDone) {
        slotCopy(a, &thread->terminalValue);
    } else if (state == tRunning) {
        error("Tried to resume the running thread.\n");
        return errFailed;
    } else {
        error("Thread in strange state: %d\n", state);
        return errFailed;
    }
    // postfl("<-prRoutineResume\n");
    // CallStackSanity(g);
    return errNone;
}

int prRoutineReset(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prRoutineReset(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrThread* thread;
    int state;

    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "prRoutineReset");
    thread = slotRawThread(g->sp);
    state = slotRawInt(&thread->state);
    // post("->prRoutineReset %d\n", state);
    if (state == tSuspended) {
        SetRaw(&thread->state, tInit);
        slotRawObject(&thread->stack)->size = 0;
        SetNil(&thread->method);
        SetNil(&thread->block);
        SetNil(&thread->receiver);
        SetNil(&thread->frame);
        SetRaw(&thread->ip, (void*)nullptr);
        SetRaw(&thread->sp, (void*)nullptr);
        SetRaw(&thread->numArgsPushed, 0);
        SetRaw(&thread->numpop, 0);
        SetNil(&thread->parent);
    } else if (state == tDone) {
        SetRaw(&thread->state, tInit);
        slotRawObject(&thread->stack)->size = 0;
        SetNil(&thread->method);
        SetNil(&thread->block);
        SetNil(&thread->receiver);
        SetNil(&thread->frame);
        SetRaw(&thread->ip, (void*)nullptr);
        SetRaw(&thread->sp, (void*)nullptr);
        SetRaw(&thread->numArgsPushed, 0);
        SetRaw(&thread->numpop, 0);
        SetNil(&thread->parent);
    } else if (state == tInit) {
        // do nothing
    } else if (state == tRunning) {
        error("A Routine cannot reset itself except by yieldAndReset.\n");
        return errFailed;
    } else {
        error("Routine in unknown state. %d\n", state);
        return errFailed;
    }
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "<prRoutineReset");
    return errNone;
}

int prRoutineStop(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prRoutineStop(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrThread* thread;
    int state;
    // post("->prRoutineStop\n");
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "prRoutineStop");

    thread = slotRawThread(g->sp);
    state = slotRawInt(&thread->state);


    if (state == tSuspended || state == tInit) {
        SetNil(&g->thread->terminalValue);
        SetRaw(&thread->state, tDone);
        slotRawObject(&thread->stack)->size = 0;
    } else if (state == tDone) {
        // do nothing
    } else if (state == tRunning) {
        error("Do not call .stop from within the Routine.\n");
        post("A Routine should stop itself using nil.alwaysYield.\n");
        return errFailed;
    } else {
        error("Routine in unknown state. %d\n", state);
        return errFailed;
    }
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "<prRoutineStop");
    return errNone;
}


int prRoutineYieldAndReset(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prRoutineYieldAndReset(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot *a, *b, value;
    int state;

    // post("->prRoutineYieldAndReset\n");
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "prRoutineYieldAndReset");
    a = g->sp - 1;
    b = g->sp;

    if (!isKindOf((PyrObject*)g->thread, class_routine)) {
        error("yieldAndReset was called outside of a Routine.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }
    /*if (!slotRawThread(&g->thread->parent)) {
        error ("yieldAndReset was called from a thread with no parent.\n");
        return errFailed;
    }*/
    slotCopy(&value, a);

    if (IsFalse(b))
        state = tSuspended;
    else
        state = tInit;

    PyrThread* parent = slotRawThread(&g->thread->parent);
    SetNil(&g->thread->parent);
    switchToThread(g, parent, state, &numArgsPushed);
    // on the other side of the looking glass, put the yielded value on the stack as the result..
    slotCopy((g->sp - numArgsPushed + 1), &value);

    // slotCopy(&g->process->nowExecutingPath, &g->thread->oldExecutingPath);

    // post("<-prRoutineYieldAndReset\n");
    // assert(g->gc->SanityCheck());
    // CallStackSanity(g, "prRoutineYieldAndReset");
    return errNone;
}


bool gBlork = false;

int prBlork(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prBlork(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a;

    a = g->sp;
    if (IsTrue(a))
        gBlork = true;
    else
        gBlork = false;

    return errNone;
}

int prOverwriteMsg(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed);
int prOverwriteMsg(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;
    PyrString* string = newPyrString(g->gc, overwriteMsg.c_str(), 0, false);
    SetObject(a, string);
    return errNone;
}

int prAppClockSchedNotify(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    // NOTE: the _AppClock_SchedNotify primitive shall be redefined by language clients
    // if they wish to respond to AppClock scheduling notifications
    return errNone;
}

enum { includePaths, excludePaths };

static int prLanguageConfig_getLibraryPaths(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed, int pathType) {
    PyrSlot* result = g->sp;

    typedef SC_LanguageConfig::DirVector DirVector;

    const DirVector& dirVector =
        (pathType == includePaths) ? gLanguageConfig->includedDirectories() : gLanguageConfig->excludedDirectories();

    size_t numberOfPaths = dirVector.size();
    PyrObject* resultArray = newPyrArray(g->gc, numberOfPaths, 0, true);
    SetObject(result, resultArray); // this is okay here as we don't use the receiver

    for (size_t i = 0; i != numberOfPaths; ++i) {
        const std::string& utf8_path = SC_Codecvt::path_to_utf8_str(dirVector[i]);
        PyrString* pyrString = newPyrString(g->gc, utf8_path.c_str(), 0, true);
        SetObject(resultArray->slots + i, pyrString);
        g->gc->GCWriteNew(resultArray, pyrString); // we know pyrString is white so we can use GCWriteNew
        resultArray->size++;
    }
    return errNone;
}

static int prLanguageConfig_getIncludePaths(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    return prLanguageConfig_getLibraryPaths(g, numArgsPushed, includePaths);
}

static int prLanguageConfig_getExcludePaths(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    return prLanguageConfig_getLibraryPaths(g, numArgsPushed, excludePaths);
}

static int prLanguageConfig_addLibraryPath(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed, int pathType) {
    PyrSlot* removeString = g->sp;

    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
    bool error = slotStrVal(removeString, path, MAXPATHLEN);
    if (error)
        return errWrongType;

    const bfs::path& native_path = SC_Codecvt::utf8_str_to_path(path);
    if (pathType == includePaths)
        gLanguageConfig->addIncludedDirectory(native_path);
    else
        gLanguageConfig->addExcludedDirectory(native_path);
    return errNone;
}

static int prLanguageConfig_addIncludePath(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    return prLanguageConfig_addLibraryPath(g, numArgsPushed, includePaths);
}

static int prLanguageConfig_addExcludePath(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    return prLanguageConfig_addLibraryPath(g, numArgsPushed, excludePaths);
}

static int prLanguageConfig_removeLibraryPath(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed, int pathType) {
    PyrSlot* dirString = g->sp;

    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
    bool error = slotStrVal(dirString, path, MAXPATHLEN);
    if (error)
        return errWrongType;

    const bfs::path& native_path = SC_Codecvt::utf8_str_to_path(path);
    if (pathType == includePaths)
        gLanguageConfig->removeIncludedDirectory(native_path);
    else
        gLanguageConfig->removeExcludedDirectory(native_path);
    return errNone;
}

static int prLanguageConfig_removeIncludePath(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    return prLanguageConfig_removeLibraryPath(g, numArgsPushed, includePaths);
}

static int prLanguageConfig_removeExcludePath(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    return prLanguageConfig_removeLibraryPath(g, numArgsPushed, excludePaths);
}

static int prLanguageConfig_getCurrentConfigPath(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* a = g->sp;
    const std::string& config_path = SC_Codecvt::path_to_utf8_str(gLanguageConfig->getConfigPath());
    PyrString* str = newPyrString(g->gc, config_path.c_str(), 0, false);
    if (str->size == 0) {
        SetNil(a);
    } else {
        SetObject(a, str);
    }

    return errNone;
}

static int prLanguageConfig_writeConfigFile(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* fileString = g->sp;
    bfs::path config_path;

    if (NotNil(fileString)) {
        char path[MAXPATHLEN];
        bool error = slotStrVal(fileString, path, MAXPATHLEN);
        if (error)
            return errWrongType;

        config_path = SC_Codecvt::utf8_str_to_path(path);
    } else {
        config_path = SC_Codecvt::path_to_utf8_str(gLanguageConfig->getConfigPath());
        if (config_path.empty())
            config_path = SC_Filesystem::instance().getDirectory(SC_Filesystem::DirName::UserConfig)
                / SCLANG_YAML_CONFIG_FILENAME;
    }

    if (!gLanguageConfig->writeLibraryConfigYAML(config_path))
        return errFailed;
    else
        return errNone;
}

static int prLanguageConfig_getPostInlineWarnings(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* result = g->sp;
    SetBool(result, SC_LanguageConfig::getPostInlineWarnings());
    return errNone;
}

static int prLanguageConfig_setPostInlineWarnings(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* arg = g->sp;

    if (IsTrue(arg))
        SC_LanguageConfig::setPostInlineWarnings(true);
    else if (IsFalse(arg))
        SC_LanguageConfig::setPostInlineWarnings(false);
    else
        return errWrongType;

    return errNone;
}


static int prVersionMajor(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* result = g->sp;
    SetInt(result, SC_VersionMajor);
    return errNone;
}

static int prVersionMinor(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* result = g->sp;
    SetInt(result, SC_VersionMinor);
    return errNone;
}

static int prVersionPatch(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* result = g->sp;
    SetInt(result, SC_VersionPatch);
    return errNone;
}

static int prVersionTweak(struct VMGlobals* g, int numArgsPushed) {
    PyrSlot* result = g->sp;
    SetObject(result, newPyrString(g->gc, SC_VersionTweak, 0, 1));
    return errNone;
}


#define PRIMGROWSIZE 480
PrimitiveTable gPrimitiveTable;

void initPrimitiveTable() {
    int i;
    gPrimitiveTable.maxsize = PRIMGROWSIZE;
    gPrimitiveTable.size = 0;
    // pyrmalloc:
    // lifetime: runtime. primitives are reloaded when library is compiled.
    gPrimitiveTable.table = (PrimitiveDef*)pyr_pool_runtime->Alloc(gPrimitiveTable.maxsize * sizeof(PrimitiveDef));
    MEMFAIL(gPrimitiveTable.table);
    for (i = 0; i < gPrimitiveTable.maxsize; ++i) {
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].func = undefinedPrimitive;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].name = s_none;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].base = 0;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].numArgs = 0;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].varArgs = 0;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].keyArgs = 0;
    }
}

void growPrimitiveTable(int newsize) {
    PrimitiveDef* oldtable;
    int i, oldsize;
    // postfl("growPrimitiveTable %d %d\n", oldsize, newsize);
    oldtable = gPrimitiveTable.table;
    oldsize = gPrimitiveTable.maxsize;
    gPrimitiveTable.maxsize = newsize;
    // pyrmalloc:
    // lifetime: runtime. primitives are reloaded when library is compiled.
    gPrimitiveTable.table = (PrimitiveDef*)pyr_pool_runtime->Alloc(gPrimitiveTable.maxsize * sizeof(PrimitiveDef));
    MEMFAIL(gPrimitiveTable.table);
    memcpy(gPrimitiveTable.table, oldtable, oldsize * sizeof(PrimitiveDef));
    for (i = oldsize; i < gPrimitiveTable.maxsize; ++i) {
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].func = undefinedPrimitive;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].name = s_none;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].base = 0;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].numArgs = 0;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].varArgs = 0;
        gPrimitiveTable.table[i].keyArgs = 0;
    }
    pyr_pool_runtime->Free(oldtable);
}

int definePrimitive(int base, int index, const char* name, PrimitiveHandler handler, int numArgs, int varArgs) {
    int tableIndex;
    PyrSymbol* sym;

    if (name[0] != '_') {
        error("*** Primitive Name must begin with an underscore ***\n");
        postfl("name: '%s' index: %d\n", name, index);
        return -1;
    }
    tableIndex = base + index;
    if (tableIndex < 0) {
        error("*** Negative Primitive Index ***\n");
        postfl("name: '%s' index: %d\n", name, tableIndex);
        return -1;
    }
    if (tableIndex >= gPrimitiveTable.maxsize) {
        growPrimitiveTable(tableIndex + PRIMGROWSIZE);
    }
    if (gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].func != undefinedPrimitive) {
        error("*** Duplicate Primitive Index ***\n");
        postfl("name: '%s' index: %d\n", name, tableIndex);
        return -1;
    }
    sym = getsym(name);
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].func = handler;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].name = sym;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].base = base;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].numArgs = numArgs;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].varArgs = varArgs;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].keyArgs = 0;
    if (tableIndex > gPrimitiveTable.size)
        gPrimitiveTable.size = tableIndex;
    sym->u.index = tableIndex;
    return tableIndex;
}

int definePrimitiveWithKeys(int base, int index, const char* name, PrimitiveHandler handler,
                            PrimitiveWithKeysHandler keyhandler, int numArgs, int varArgs) {
    int tableIndex;
    PyrSymbol* sym;

    if (name[0] != '_') {
        error("*** Primitive Name must begin with an underscore ***\n");
        postfl("name: '%s' index: %d\n", name, index);
        return -1;
    }
    tableIndex = base + index;
    if (tableIndex < 0) {
        error("*** Negative Primitive Index ***\n");
        postfl("name: '%s' index: %d\n", name, tableIndex);
        return -1;
    }
    if (tableIndex + 1 >= gPrimitiveTable.maxsize) {
        growPrimitiveTable(tableIndex + PRIMGROWSIZE);
    }
    if (gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].func != undefinedPrimitive) {
        error("*** Duplicate Primitive Index ***\n");
        postfl("name: '%s' index: %d\n", name, tableIndex);
        return -1;
    }
    sym = getsym(name);
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].func = handler;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].name = sym;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].base = base;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].numArgs = numArgs;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].varArgs = varArgs;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].keyArgs = 1;
    sym->u.index = tableIndex;

    tableIndex++;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].func = (PrimitiveHandler)keyhandler;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].name = sym;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].base = base;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].numArgs = numArgs;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].varArgs = varArgs;
    gPrimitiveTable.table[tableIndex].keyArgs = 1;
    if (tableIndex > gPrimitiveTable.size)
        gPrimitiveTable.size = tableIndex;
    return tableIndex;
}

int nextPrimitiveIndex() { return gPrimitiveTable.size + 1; }


void doPrimitive(VMGlobals* g, PyrMethod* meth, int numArgsPushed) {
#ifdef GC_SANITYCHECK
    g->gc->SanityCheck();
#endif

    // post("doPrimitive %s:%s\n", slotRawSymbol(&slotRawClass(&meth->ownerclass)->name)->name,
    // slotRawSymbol(&meth->name)->name);

    PyrMethodRaw* methraw = METHRAW(meth);
    int primIndex = methraw->specialIndex;

    PrimitiveDef* def = gPrimitiveTable.table + primIndex;
    int numArgsNeeded = def->numArgs;
    int diff = numArgsNeeded - numArgsPushed;

    if (diff != 0) { // incorrect num of args
        if (diff > 0) { // not enough args
            PyrSlot* pslot = g->sp;
            PyrSlot* qslot = slotRawObject(&meth->prototypeFrame)->slots + numArgsPushed - 1;
            for (int m = 0; m < diff; ++m)
                slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);

            g->sp += diff;
        } else if (def->varArgs) { // has var args
            numArgsNeeded = numArgsPushed;
        } else {
            g->sp += diff; // remove excess args
        }
    }
    g->numpop = numArgsNeeded - 1;
    g->primitiveIndex = primIndex - def->base;
    g->primitiveMethod = meth;
    g->args = g->sp - numArgsNeeded;
    int err;
    try {
#ifdef GC_SANITYCHECK
        g->gc->SanityCheck();
#endif
        err = (*def->func)(g, numArgsNeeded);
#ifdef GC_SANITYCHECK
        g->gc->SanityCheck();
#endif
    } catch (std::exception& ex) {
        g->lastExceptions[g->thread] = std::make_pair(std::current_exception(), meth);
        err = errException;
    } catch (...) {
        g->lastExceptions[g->thread] = std::make_pair(nullptr, meth);
        err = errException;
    }
    if (err <= errNone)
        g->sp -= g->numpop;
    else {
        // post("primitive failed %s:%s\n", slotRawSymbol(&slotRawClass(&meth->ownerclass)->name)->name,
        // slotRawSymbol(&meth->name)->name);
        SetInt(&g->thread->primitiveIndex, methraw->specialIndex);
        SetInt(&g->thread->primitiveError, err);
        executeMethod(g, meth, numArgsNeeded);
    }
#ifdef GC_SANITYCHECK
    g->gc->SanityCheck();
#endif
}

void doPrimitiveWithKeys(VMGlobals* g, PyrMethod* meth, int allArgsPushed, int numKeyArgsPushed) {
    int i, j, m, diff, err;
    PyrSlot *pslot, *qslot;
    int numArgsNeeded, numArgsPushed;

#ifdef GC_SANITYCHECK
    g->gc->SanityCheck();
#endif
    // post("doPrimitive %s:%s\n", slotRawSymbol(&slotRawClass(&meth->ownerclass)->name)->name,
    // slotRawSymbol(&meth->name)->name); printf("doPrimitive %s:%s\n",
    // slotRawSymbol(&slotRawClass(&meth->ownerclass)->name)->name, slotRawSymbol(&meth->name)->name);

    PyrMethodRaw* methraw = METHRAW(meth);
    int primIndex = methraw->specialIndex;
    PrimitiveDef* def = gPrimitiveTable.table + primIndex;
    g->primitiveIndex = primIndex - def->base;
    g->primitiveMethod = meth;

    if (def->keyArgs && numKeyArgsPushed) {
        g->numpop = allArgsPushed - 1;
        try {
            err = ((PrimitiveWithKeysHandler)def[1].func)(g, allArgsPushed, numKeyArgsPushed);
        } catch (std::exception& ex) {
            g->lastExceptions[g->thread] = std::make_pair(std::current_exception(), meth);
            err = errException;
        } catch (...) {
            g->lastExceptions[g->thread] = std::make_pair(nullptr, meth);
            err = errException;
        }
        if (err <= errNone)
            g->sp -= g->numpop;
        else {
            // post("primerr %d\n", err);
            SetInt(&g->thread->primitiveIndex, methraw->specialIndex);
            SetInt(&g->thread->primitiveError, err);
            executeMethodWithKeys(g, meth, allArgsPushed, numKeyArgsPushed);
        }
    } else {
        numArgsNeeded = def->numArgs;
        numArgsPushed = allArgsPushed - (numKeyArgsPushed << 1);

        if (numKeyArgsPushed) {
            // evacuate keyword args to separate area
            pslot = keywordstack + (numKeyArgsPushed << 1);
            qslot = g->sp + 1;
            for (m = 0; m < numKeyArgsPushed; ++m) {
                slotCopy(--pslot, --qslot);
                slotCopy(--pslot, --qslot);
            }
        }

        diff = numArgsNeeded - numArgsPushed;
        if (diff != 0) { // incorrect num of args
            if (diff > 0) { // not enough args
                g->sp += numArgsNeeded - allArgsPushed; // remove excess args
                pslot = g->sp - diff;
                qslot = slotRawObject(&meth->prototypeFrame)->slots + numArgsPushed - 1;
                for (m = 0; m < diff; ++m)
                    slotCopy(++pslot, ++qslot);
            } else if (def->varArgs) { // has var args
                numArgsNeeded = numArgsPushed;
                g->sp += numArgsNeeded - allArgsPushed; // remove excess args
            } else {
                g->sp += numArgsNeeded - allArgsPushed; // remove excess args
            }
        }

        // do keyword lookup:
        if (numKeyArgsPushed && methraw->posargs) {
            PyrSymbol **name0, **name;
            PyrSlot *key, *vars;
            name0 = slotRawSymbolArray(&meth->argNames)->symbols + 1;
            key = keywordstack;
            vars = g->sp - numArgsNeeded + 1;
            for (i = 0; i < numKeyArgsPushed; ++i, key += 2) {
                name = name0;
                for (j = 1; j < methraw->posargs; ++j, ++name) {
                    if (*name == slotRawSymbol(key)) {
                        slotCopy(&vars[j], &key[1]);
                        goto found;
                    }
                }
                if (gKeywordError) {
                    post("WARNING: keyword arg '%s' not found in call to %s:%s\n", slotRawSymbol(key)->name,
                         slotRawSymbol(&slotRawClass(&meth->ownerclass)->name)->name, slotRawSymbol(&meth->name)->name);
                }
            found:;
            }
        }
        g->numpop = numArgsNeeded - 1;
        try {
            err = (*def->func)(g, numArgsNeeded);
        } catch (std::exception& ex) {
            g->lastExceptions[g->thread] = std::make_pair(std::current_exception(), meth);
            err = errException;
        } catch (...) {
            g->lastExceptions[g->thread] = std::make_pair(nullptr, meth);
            err = errException;
        }
        if (err <= errNone)
            g->sp -= g->numpop;
        else {
            // post("primerr %d\n", err);
            SetInt(&g->thread->primitiveIndex, methraw->specialIndex);
            SetInt(&g->thread->primitiveError, err);
            executeMethod(g, meth, numArgsNeeded);
        }
    }
#ifdef GC_SANITYCHECK
    g->gc->SanityCheck();
#endif
}

void initPrimitives() {
    int base, index;

    initPrimitiveTable();

    // unary operators
    base = nextPrimitiveIndex();
    definePrimitive(base, opNeg, "_Neg", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opBitNot, "_BitNot", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opAbs, "_Abs", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opAsFloat, "_AsFloat", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opAsInteger, "_AsInteger", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opCeil, "_Ceil", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0); // 5
    definePrimitive(base, opFloor, "_Floor", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opFrac, "_Frac", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opSign, "_Sign", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opSquared, "_Squared", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opCubed, "_Cubed", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0); // 10
    definePrimitive(base, opSqrt, "_Sqrt", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opExp, "_Exp", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opRecip, "_Recip", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opMIDICPS, "_MIDICPS", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opCPSMIDI, "_CPSMIDI", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0); // 15

    definePrimitive(base, opMIDIRatio, "_MIDIRatio", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opRatioMIDI, "_RatioMIDI", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opDbAmp, "_DbAmp", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opAmpDb, "_AmpDb", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opOctCPS, "_OctCPS", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opCPSOct, "_CPSOct", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opLog, "_Log", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opLog2, "_Log2", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opLog10, "_Log10", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opSin, "_Sin", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opCos, "_Cos", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opTan, "_Tan", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opArcSin, "_ArcSin", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opArcCos, "_ArcCos", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opArcTan, "_ArcTan", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opSinH, "_SinH", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opCosH, "_CosH", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opTanH, "_TanH", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opRand, "_Rand", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opRand2, "_Rand2", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opLinRand, "_LinRand", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opBiLinRand, "_BiLinRand", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, opSum3Rand, "_Sum3Rand", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    //	definePrimitive(base, opExpRand, "_ExpRand", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    //	definePrimitive(base, opBiExpRand, "_BiExpRand", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    //	definePrimitive(base, opGammaRand, "_GammaRand", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    //	definePrimitive(base, opGaussRand, "_GaussRand", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    //	definePrimitive(base, opPoiRand, "_PoiRand", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, opDistort, "_Distort", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opSoftClip, "_SoftClip", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opCoin, "_Coin", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, opRectWindow, "_RectWindow", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opHanWindow, "_HanWindow", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opWelchWindow, "_WelchWindow", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opTriWindow, "_TriWindow", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, opSCurve, "_SCurve", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opRamp, "_Ramp", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, opDigitValue, "_DigitValue", doSpecialUnaryArithMsg, 1, 0);


    // binary operators
    base = nextPrimitiveIndex();
    definePrimitive(base, opAdd, "_Add", prAddNum, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opSub, "_Sub", prSubNum, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opMul, "_Mul", prMulNum, 2, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, opIDiv, "_IDiv", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opFDiv, "_FDiv", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opMod, "_Mod", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opEQ, "_EQ", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opNE, "_NE", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opLT, "_LT", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opGT, "_GT", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opLE, "_LE", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opGE, "_GE", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    // definePrimitive(base, opIdentical, "_Identical", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    // definePrimitive(base, opNotIdentical, "_NotIdentical", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, opMin, "_Min", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opMax, "_Max", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opBitAnd, "_BitAnd", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opBitOr, "_BitOr", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opBitXor, "_BitXor", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opLCM, "_LCM", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opGCD, "_GCD", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opRound, "_Round", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opRoundUp, "_RoundUp", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opTrunc, "_Trunc", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opAtan2, "_Atan2", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opHypot, "_Hypot", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opHypotx, "_HypotApx", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opPow, "_Pow", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opShiftLeft, "_ShiftLeft", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opShiftRight, "_ShiftRight", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opUnsignedShift, "_UnsignedShift", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opFill, "_Fill", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opRing1, "_Ring1", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // a * (b + 1) == a * b + a
    definePrimitive(base, opRing2, "_Ring2", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // a * b + a + b
    definePrimitive(base, opRing3, "_Ring3", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // a*a*b
    definePrimitive(base, opRing4, "_Ring4", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // a*a*b - a*b*b
    definePrimitive(base, opDifSqr, "_DifSqr", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // a*a - b*b
    definePrimitive(base, opSumSqr, "_SumSqr", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // a*a + b*b
    definePrimitive(base, opSqrSum, "_SqrSum", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // (a + b)^2
    definePrimitive(base, opSqrDif, "_SqrDif", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // (a - b)^2
    definePrimitive(base, opAbsDif, "_AbsDif", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // abs(a - b)
    definePrimitive(base, opThresh, "_Thresh", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // a * max(0,b)
    definePrimitive(base, opAMClip, "_AMClip", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // a * max(0,b)
    definePrimitive(base, opScaleNeg, "_ScaleNeg", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0); // a < 0 ? a*b : a
    definePrimitive(base, opClip2, "_Clip2", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opFold2, "_Fold2", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opWrap2, "_Wrap2", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opExcess, "_Excess", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opFirstArg, "_FirstArg", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opRandRange, "_RandRange", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, opExpRandRange, "_ExpRandRange", prSpecialBinaryArithMsg, 3, 0);

    // general primitives
    base = nextPrimitiveIndex();
    index = 0;
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_Halt", haltInterpreter, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_InstVarAt", instVarAt, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_InstVarPut", instVarPut, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_InstVarSize", instVarSize, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectHash", objectHash, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectClass", objectClass, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_BasicNew", basicNew, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_BasicNewClear", basicNewClear, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_BasicNewCopyArgsToInstVars", basicNewCopyArgsToInstanceVars, 1, 1);
    // definePrimitive(base, index++, "_BasicNewCopyArgsByName", basicNewCopyArgsByName, 1, 1);

    definePrimitiveWithKeys(base, index, "_FunctionValue", blockValue, blockValueWithKeys, 1, 1);
    index += 2;
    definePrimitiveWithKeys(base, index, "_FunctionValueEnvir", blockValueEnvir, blockValueEnvirWithKeys, 1, 1);
    index += 2;

    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_FunctionValueArray", blockValueArray, 1, 1);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_FunctionValueArrayEnvir", blockValueArrayEnvir, 1, 1);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_FunctionDefAsFunction", prFunctionDefAsFunction, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_FunctionDefDumpContexts", prFunctionDefDumpContexts, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_FunctionDefIsClosed", prFunctionDefIsClosed, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_FunctionDefIsWithinClosed", prFunctionDefIsWithinClosed, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectIsKindOf", objectIsKindOf, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectIsMemberOf", objectIsMemberOf, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectDump", objectDump, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_TotalFree", prTotalFree, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LargestFreeBlock", prLargestFreeBlock, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_GCInfo", dumpGCinfo, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_GCDumpGrey", dumpGCdumpGrey, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_GCDumpSet", dumpGCdumpSet, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_GCSanity", prGCSanity, 1, 0);
#if GCDEBUG
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_TraceAllPathsTo", prTraceAllPathsTo, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_TraceAnyPathsTo", prTraceAnyPathsTo, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_TraceAnyPathToAllInstancesOf", prTraceAnyPathToAllInstancesOf, 1, 0);
#endif

    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_Identical", objectIdentical, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_NotIdentical", objectNotIdentical, 2, 0);
    definePrimitiveWithKeys(base, index, "_ObjectPerform", objectPerform, objectPerformWithKeys, 2, 1);
    index += 2;
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectPerformList", objectPerformList, 2, 1);
    definePrimitiveWithKeys(base, index, "_SuperPerform", objectSuperPerform, objectSuperPerformWithKeys, 2, 1);
    index += 2;
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_SuperPerformList", objectSuperPerformList, 2, 1);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectPerformMsg", objectPerformSelList, 2, 0);
    // definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ArrayPerformMsg", arrayPerformMsg, 1, 1);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectString", prObjectString, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_Float_AsStringPrec", prFloat_AsStringPrec, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectCompileString", prAsCompileString, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ClassString", prClassString, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_PostString", prPostString, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_PostLine", prPostLine, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_HostDebugger", prDebugger, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_Trace", prTraceOn, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_CanCallOS", prCanCallOS, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_KeywordError", prKeywordError, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_GetTailCallOptimize", prGetTailCallOptimize, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_SetTailCallOptimize", prSetTailCallOptimize, 2, 0);


    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_PrimitiveError", prPrimitiveError, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_PrimitiveErrorString", prPrimitiveErrorString, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_DumpStack", prDumpStack, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_DumpDetailedBackTrace", prDumpDetailedBackTrace, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_StackDepth", prStackDepth, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_PrimName", prPrimName, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectShallowCopy", prObjectShallowCopy, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectCopyImmutable", prObjectCopyImmutable, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectCopyRange", prObjectCopyRange, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectCopySeries", prObjectCopySeries, 4, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectPointsTo", prObjectPointsTo, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectRespondsTo", prObjectRespondsTo, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectIsMutable", prObjectIsMutable, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectIsPermanent", prObjectIsPermanent, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectDeepFreeze", prDeepFreeze, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ObjectDeepCopy", prDeepCopy, 1, 0);

#if !SCPLAYER
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_CompileExpression", prCompileString, 2, 0);
#endif
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_GetBackTrace", prGetBackTrace, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_DumpBackTrace", prDumpBackTrace, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_DumpByteCodes", prDumpByteCodes, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_AllClasses", prAllClasses, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_DumpClassSubtree", prPostClassTree, 1, 0);

    //	definePrimitive(base, index++, "_TabletTracking", prTabletTracking, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_FunDef_NumArgs", prFunDef_NumArgs, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_FunDef_NumVars", prFunDef_NumVars, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_FunDef_VarArgs", prFunDef_VarArgs, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_Thread_Init", prThreadInit, 3, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_Thread_RandSeed", prThreadRandSeed, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_Thread_GetRandData", prThreadGetRandData, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_Thread_SetRandData", prThreadSetRandData, 2, 0);
    //	definePrimitive(base, index++, "_ThreadRun", prThreadRun, 2, 0);
    //	definePrimitive(base, index++, "_RunNextThread", prRunNextThread, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_RoutineYield", prRoutineYield, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_RoutineAlwaysYield", prRoutineAlwaysYield, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_RoutineResume", prRoutineResume, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_RoutineReset", prRoutineReset, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_RoutineYieldAndReset", prRoutineYieldAndReset, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_RoutineStop", prRoutineStop, 1, 0);

    //	definePrimitive(base, index++, "_IsDemo", prIsDemo, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_Blork", prBlork, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_UGenCodeString", prUGenCodeString, 5, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_MainOverwriteMsg", prOverwriteMsg, 1, 0);

    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_AppClock_SchedNotify", prAppClockSchedNotify, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_getCurrentConfigPath", prLanguageConfig_getCurrentConfigPath, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_getIncludePaths", prLanguageConfig_getIncludePaths, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_getExcludePaths", prLanguageConfig_getExcludePaths, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_addIncludePath", prLanguageConfig_addIncludePath, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_addExcludePath", prLanguageConfig_addExcludePath, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_removeIncludePath", prLanguageConfig_removeIncludePath, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_removeExcludePath", prLanguageConfig_removeExcludePath, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_writeConfigFile", prLanguageConfig_writeConfigFile, 2, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_getPostInlineWarnings", prLanguageConfig_getPostInlineWarnings, 1,
                    0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_LanguageConfig_setPostInlineWarnings", prLanguageConfig_setPostInlineWarnings, 2,
                    0);

    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_SC_VersionMajor", prVersionMajor, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_SC_VersionMinor", prVersionMinor, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_SC_VersionPatch", prVersionPatch, 1, 0);
    definePrimitive(base, index++, "_SC_VersionTweak", prVersionTweak, 1, 0);

    // void initOscilPrimitives();
    // void initControllerPrimitives();

    // initOscilPrimitives();
    // initControllerPrimitives();
    initMathPrimitives();
    initSignalPrimitives();
    initArrayPrimitives();
    initAudioDevicePrimitives();

    void initSymbolPrimitives();
    initSymbolPrimitives();

    void initArchiverPrimitives();
    initArchiverPrimitives();

    void initArrayPrimitives();
    initArrayPrimitives();

    void initBitPrimitives();
    initBitPrimitives();

    void initCharPrimitives();
    initCharPrimitives();

    void initFilePrimitives();
    initFilePrimitives();

    void initPlatformPrimitives();
    initPlatformPrimitives();

    void initStringPrimitives();
    initStringPrimitives();

    void initListPrimitives();
    initListPrimitives();

    void initUnixPrimitives();
    initUnixPrimitives();

    void init_OSC_primitives();
    init_OSC_primitives();

    void initGUIPrimitives();
    initGUIPrimitives();

#ifdef SC_APP
    void initSCViewPrimitives();
    initSCViewPrimitives();

    void initRendezvousPrimitives();
    initRendezvousPrimitives();

    void initCocoaFilePrimitives();
    initCocoaFilePrimitives();
#endif

    void initSchedPrimitives();
    initSchedPrimitives();

#ifdef SC_ABLETON_LINK
    void initLinkPrimitives();
    initLinkPrimitives();
#endif

#ifdef SC_HIDAPI
    void initHIDAPIPrimitives();
    initHIDAPIPrimitives();
#endif

#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(HAVE_ALSA) || defined(HAVE_PORTMIDI)
    void initMIDIPrimitives();
    initMIDIPrimitives();
#endif

#if defined __linux__
    void initLIDPrimitives();
    initLIDPrimitives();
#endif

    void initSerialPrimitives();
    initSerialPrimitives();

#ifdef SCOGL_COMPILE
    void initOpenGLPrimitives();
    initOpenGLPrimitives();
#endif

#ifdef SC_QT
    QtCollider::initPrimitives();
#endif

#ifdef SC_IDE
    void initScIDEPrimitives();
    initScIDEPrimitives();
#endif

    initSCDocPrimitives();

    s_recvmsg = getsym("receiveMsg");
    post("\tFound %d primitives.\n", nextPrimitiveIndex());
}

void deinitPrimitives() {
#ifdef SC_HIDAPI
    void deinitHIDAPIPrimitives();
    deinitHIDAPIPrimitives();
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_PORTMIDI) || defined(HAVE_ALSA)
    void deinitMIDIPrimitives();
    deinitMIDIPrimitives();
#endif
}


void initThreads();
void initThreads() {
    s_prrunnextthread = getsym("prRunNextThread");
    s_prready = getsym("prReady");
}