sm/misc/utils.cc

/**
 * @file   utils.cc
 *
 * @section LICENSE
 *
 * The MIT License
 *
 * @copyright Copyright (c) 2017-2021 TileDB, Inc.
 * @copyright Copyright (c) 2016 MIT and Intel Corporation
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * @section DESCRIPTION
 *
 * This file implements useful (global) functions.
 */

#include "tiledb/sm/misc/utils.h"
#include "tiledb/common/logger.h"
#include "tiledb/sm/enums/datatype.h"
#include "tiledb/sm/enums/serialization_type.h"
#include "tiledb/sm/misc/constants.h"
#include "tiledb/sm/misc/uri.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>

#ifdef _WIN32
#include <sys/timeb.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#else
#include <sys/time.h>
#endif

#ifdef __linux__
#include "tiledb/sm/filesystem/posix.h"
#endif

using namespace tiledb::common;

namespace tiledb {
namespace sm {

namespace utils {

#ifdef __linux__
namespace https {
std::string find_ca_certs_linux(const Posix& posix) {
  // Check ever cert file location to see if the certificate exists
  for (const std::string& cert : constants::cert_files_linux) {
    // Check if the file exists, any errors are treated as the file not existing
    if (posix.is_file(cert)) {
      return cert;
    }
  }
  // Could not find the ca bundle
  return "";
}
}  // namespace https
#endif

namespace parse {

/* ********************************* */
/*          PARSING FUNCTIONS        */
/* ********************************* */

Status convert(const std::string& str, int* value) {
  if (!is_int(str)) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to int; Invalid argument";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  }

  try {
    *value = std::stoi(str);
  } catch (std::invalid_argument& e) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to int; Invalid argument";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  } catch (std::out_of_range& e) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to int; Value out of range";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status convert(const std::string& str, uint32_t* value) {
  if (!is_uint(str)) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to uint32_t; Invalid argument";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  }

  try {
    auto v = std::stoul(str);
    if (v > UINT32_MAX)
      throw std::out_of_range("Cannot convert long to unsigned int");
    *value = (uint32_t)v;
  } catch (std::invalid_argument& e) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to uint32_t; Invalid argument";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  } catch (std::out_of_range& e) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to uint32_t; Value out of range";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status convert(const std::string& str, uint64_t* value) {
  if (!is_uint(str)) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to uint64_t; Invalid argument";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  }

  try {
    *value = std::stoull(str);
  } catch (std::invalid_argument& e) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to uint64_t; Invalid argument";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  } catch (std::out_of_range& e) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to uint64_t; Value out of range";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status convert(const std::string& str, int64_t* value) {
  if (!is_int(str)) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to int64_t; Invalid argument";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  }

  try {
    *value = std::stoll(str);
  } catch (std::invalid_argument& e) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to int64_t; Invalid argument";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  } catch (std::out_of_range& e) {
    auto errmsg = std::string("Failed to convert string '") + str +
                  "' to int64_t; Value out of range";
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(errmsg));
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status convert(const std::string& str, float* value) {
  try {
    *value = std::stof(str);
  } catch (std::invalid_argument& e) {
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(
        "Failed to convert string to float32_t; Invalid argument"));
  } catch (std::out_of_range& e) {
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(
        "Failed to convert string to float32_t; Value out of range"));
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status convert(const std::string& str, double* value) {
  try {
    *value = std::stod(str);
  } catch (std::invalid_argument& e) {
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(
        "Failed to convert string to float64_t; Invalid argument"));
  } catch (std::out_of_range& e) {
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(
        "Failed to convert string to float64_t; Value out of range"));
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status convert(const std::string& str, bool* value) {
  std::string lvalue = str;
  std::transform(lvalue.begin(), lvalue.end(), lvalue.begin(), ::tolower);
  if (lvalue == "true") {
    *value = true;
  } else if (lvalue == "false") {
    *value = false;
  } else {
    return LOG_STATUS(Status::UtilsError(
        "Failed to convert string to bool; Value not 'true' or 'false'"));
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status convert(const std::string& str, SerializationType* value) {
  std::string lvalue = str;
  std::transform(lvalue.begin(), lvalue.end(), lvalue.begin(), ::tolower);
  if (lvalue == "json") {
    *value = SerializationType::JSON;
  } else if (lvalue == "capnp") {
    *value = SerializationType::CAPNP;
  } else {
    return LOG_STATUS(
        Status::UtilsError("Failed to convert string to SerializationType; "
                           "Value not 'json' or 'capnp'"));
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status get_timestamp_range(
    const URI& uri, std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t>* timestamp_range) {
  // Initializations
  auto name = uri.remove_trailing_slash().last_path_part();
  *timestamp_range = {0, 0};

  // Cut the suffix
  auto pos = name.find_last_of('.');
  name = (pos == std::string::npos) ? name : name.substr(0, pos);

  // Get fragment version
  uint32_t version = 0;
  RETURN_NOT_OK(utils::parse::get_fragment_name_version(name, &version));

  if (version == 1) {  // This is equivalent to format version <=2
    assert(name.find_last_of('_') != std::string::npos);
    auto t_str = name.substr(name.find_last_of('_') + 1);
    sscanf(
        t_str.c_str(),
        (std::string("%") + std::string(PRId64)).c_str(),
        (long long int*)&timestamp_range->first);
    timestamp_range->second = timestamp_range->first;
  } else {
    assert(name.find_last_of('_') != std::string::npos);
    sscanf(
        name.c_str(),
        (std::string("__%") + std::string(PRId64) + "_%" + std::string(PRId64))
            .c_str(),
        (long long int*)&timestamp_range->first,
        (long long int*)&timestamp_range->second);
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status get_fragment_name_version(const std::string& name, uint32_t* version) {
  // First check if it is version 3 or greater, which has 5 '_'
  // characters in the name.
  size_t n = std::count(name.begin(), name.end(), '_');
  if (n == 5) {
    // Fetch the fragment version from the fragment name. If the fragment
    // version is greater than or equal to 10, we have a footer version of 5.
    // version is greater than or equal to 7, we have a footer version of 4.
    // Otherwise, it is version 3.
    const int frag_version = std::stoi(name.substr(name.find_last_of('_') + 1));
    if (frag_version >= 10)
      *version = 5;
    else if (frag_version >= 7)
      *version = 4;
    else
      *version = 3;
    return Status::Ok();
  }

  // Check if it is in version 1 or 2
  // Version 2 has the 32-byte long UUID at the end
  auto t_str = name.substr(name.find_last_of('_') + 1);
  *version = (t_str.size() == 32) ? 2 : 1;

  return Status::Ok();
}

Status get_fragment_version(const std::string& name, uint32_t* version) {
  uint32_t name_version;
  RETURN_NOT_OK(get_fragment_name_version(name, &name_version));

  if (name_version <= 2) {
    *version = UINT32_MAX;
  } else {  // name version >= 3
    auto v_str = name.substr(name.find_last_of('_') + 1);
    std::stringstream ss(v_str);
    ss >> *version;
  }

  return Status::Ok();
}

bool is_int(const std::string& str) {
  // Check if empty
  if (str.empty())
    return false;

  // Check first character
  if (str[0] != '+' && str[0] != '-' && !(bool)isdigit(str[0]))
    return false;

  // Check rest of characters
  for (size_t i = 1; i < str.size(); ++i)
    if (!(bool)isdigit(str[i]))
      return false;

  return true;
}

bool is_uint(const std::string& str) {
  // Check if empty
  if (str.empty())
    return false;

  // Check first character
  if (str[0] != '+' && !isdigit(str[0]))
    return false;

  // Check characters
  for (size_t i = 1; i < str.size(); ++i)
    if (!(bool)isdigit(str[i]))
      return false;

  return true;
}

bool starts_with(const std::string& value, const std::string& prefix) {
  if (prefix.size() > value.size())
    return false;
  return std::equal(prefix.begin(), prefix.end(), value.begin());
}

bool ends_with(const std::string& value, const std::string& suffix) {
  if (suffix.size() > value.size())
    return false;
  return value.compare(value.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix) ==
         0;
}

template <class T>
std::string to_str(const T& value) {
  std::stringstream ss;
  ss << value;
  return ss.str();
}

std::string to_str(const void* value, Datatype type) {
  std::stringstream ss;
  switch (type) {
    case Datatype::INT8:
      ss << *(const int8_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::UINT8:
      ss << *(const uint8_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::INT16:
      ss << *(const int16_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::UINT16:
      ss << *(const uint16_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::INT32:
      ss << *(const int32_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::UINT32:
      ss << *(const uint32_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::INT64:
      ss << *(const int64_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::UINT64:
      ss << *(const uint64_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::FLOAT32:
      ss << *(const float*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::FLOAT64:
      ss << *(const double*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::CHAR:
      ss << *(const char*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::ANY:
      ss << *(const uint8_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::STRING_ASCII:
      ss << *(const uint8_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::STRING_UTF8:
      ss << *(const uint8_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::STRING_UTF16:
      ss << *(const uint16_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::STRING_UTF32:
      ss << *(const uint32_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::STRING_UCS2:
      ss << *(const uint16_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::STRING_UCS4:
      ss << *(const uint32_t*)value;
      break;
    case Datatype::DATETIME_YEAR:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_MONTH:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_WEEK:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_DAY:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_HR:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_MIN:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_SEC:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_MS:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_US:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_NS:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_PS:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_FS:
    case Datatype::DATETIME_AS:
    case Datatype::TIME_HR:
    case Datatype::TIME_MIN:
    case Datatype::TIME_SEC:
    case Datatype::TIME_MS:
    case Datatype::TIME_US:
    case Datatype::TIME_NS:
    case Datatype::TIME_PS:
    case Datatype::TIME_FS:
    case Datatype::TIME_AS:
      ss << *(const int64_t*)value;
      break;
    default:
      assert(false);
  }

  return ss.str();
}

uint64_t common_prefix_size(const std::string& a, const std::string& b) {
  auto size = std::min(a.size(), b.size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
    if (a[i] != b[i])
      return i;
  }

  return size;
}

}  // namespace parse

/* ****************************** */
/*         TYPE FUNCTIONS         */
/* ****************************** */

namespace datatype {

template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<int8_t>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::INT8)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type int8_t but datatype is not Datatype::INT8");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<uint8_t>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::UINT8)
    return Status::Ok();
  else if (datatype == Datatype::STRING_ASCII)
    return Status::Ok();
  else if (datatype == Datatype::STRING_UTF8)
    return Status::Ok();

  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type uint8_t but datatype is not Datatype::UINT8 nor "
      "Datatype::STRING_ASCII nor atatype::STRING_UTF8");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<int16_t>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::INT16)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type int16_t but datatype is not Datatype::INT16");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<uint16_t>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::UINT16)
    return Status::Ok();
  else if (datatype == Datatype::STRING_UTF16)
    return Status::Ok();
  else if (datatype == Datatype::STRING_UCS2)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type uint16_t but datatype is not Datatype::UINT16 nor "
      "Datatype::STRING_UTF16 nor Datatype::STRING_UCS2");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<int32_t>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::INT32)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type int32_t but datatype is not Datatype::INT32");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<uint32_t>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::UINT32)
    return Status::Ok();
  else if (datatype == Datatype::STRING_UTF32)
    return Status::Ok();
  else if (datatype == Datatype::STRING_UCS4)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type uint32_t but datatype is not Datatype::UINT32 nor "
      "Datatype::STRING_UTF32 nor Datatype::STRING_UCS4");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<int64_t>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::INT64)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type int64_t but datatype is not Datatype::INT64");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<uint64_t>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::UINT64)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type uint64_t but datatype is not Datatype::UINT64");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<float>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::FLOAT32)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type float but datatype is not Datatype::FLOAT32");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<double>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::FLOAT64)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type double but datatype is not Datatype::FLOAT64");
}
template <>
Status check_template_type_to_datatype<char>(Datatype datatype) {
  if (datatype == Datatype::CHAR)
    return Status::Ok();
  return Status::Error(
      "Template of type char but datatype is not Datatype::CHAR");
}

}  // namespace datatype

/* ********************************* */
/*        GEOMETRY FUNCTIONS         */
/* ********************************* */

namespace geometry {

template <class T>
inline bool coords_in_rect(
    const T* coords, const std::vector<const T*>& rect, unsigned int dim_num) {
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dim_num; ++i) {
    if (coords[i] < rect[i][0] || coords[i] > rect[i][1])
      return false;
  }

  return true;
}

template <class T>
inline bool coords_in_rect(
    const T* coords, const T* rect, unsigned int dim_num) {
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dim_num; ++i) {
    if (coords[i] < rect[2 * i] || coords[i] > rect[2 * i + 1])
      return false;
  }

  return true;
}

template <class T>
bool overlap(const T* a, const T* b, unsigned dim_num) {
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < dim_num; ++i) {
    if (a[2 * i] > b[2 * i + 1] || a[2 * i + 1] < b[2 * i])
      return false;
  }

  return true;
}

template <class T>
void overlap(const T* a, const T* b, unsigned dim_num, T* o, bool* overlap) {
  // Get overlap range
  *overlap = true;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dim_num; ++i) {
    o[2 * i] = std::max(a[2 * i], b[2 * i]);
    o[2 * i + 1] = std::min(a[2 * i + 1], b[2 * i + 1]);
    if (o[2 * i] > b[2 * i + 1] || o[2 * i + 1] < b[2 * i]) {
      *overlap = false;
      break;
    }
  }
}

template <class T>
double coverage(const T* a, const T* b, unsigned dim_num) {
  double c = 1.0;
  auto add = int(std::is_integral<T>::value);

  for (unsigned i = 0; i < dim_num; ++i) {
    if (b[2 * i] == b[2 * i + 1]) {
      c *= 1;
    } else {
      auto a_range = double(a[2 * i + 1]) - a[2 * i] + add;
      auto b_range = double(b[2 * i + 1]) - b[2 * i] + add;
      if (std::is_integral<T>::value) {
        auto max = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
        if (a_range == 0)
          a_range = std::nextafter(a_range, max);
        if (b_range == 0)
          b_range = std::nextafter(b_range, max);
      }
      c *= a_range / b_range;
    }
  }
  return c;
}

template <class T>
std::vector<std::array<T, 2>> intersection(
    const std::vector<std::array<T, 2>>& r1,
    const std::vector<std::array<T, 2>>& r2) {
  auto dim_num = r1.size();
  assert(r2.size() == dim_num);

  std::vector<std::array<T, 2>> ret(dim_num);
  for (size_t d = 0; d < dim_num; ++d)
    ret[d] = {std::max(r1[d][0], r2[d][0]), std::min(r1[d][1], r2[d][1])};

  return ret;
}

}  // namespace geometry

/* ********************************* */
/*          TIME FUNCTIONS           */
/* ********************************* */

namespace time {

uint64_t timestamp_now_ms() {
#ifdef _WIN32
  struct _timeb tb;
  memset(&tb, 0, sizeof(struct _timeb));
  _ftime_s(&tb);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(tb.time * 1000L + tb.millitm);
#else
  struct timeval tp;
  memset(&tp, 0, sizeof(struct timeval));
  gettimeofday(&tp, nullptr);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(tp.tv_sec * 1000L + tp.tv_usec / 1000);
#endif
}

}  // namespace time

/* ********************************* */
/*          MATH FUNCTIONS           */
/* ********************************* */

namespace math {

uint64_t ceil(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) {
  if (y == 0)
    return 0;

  return x / y + (x % y != 0);
}

double log(double b, double x) {
  return ::log(x) / ::log(b);
}

template <class T>
T safe_mul(T a, T b) {
  T prod = a * b;

  // Check for overflow only for integers
  if (std::is_integral<T>::value) {
    if (prod / a != b)  // Overflow
      return std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
  }

  return prod;
}

uint64_t left_p2_m1(uint64_t value) {
  // Edge case
  if (value == UINT64_MAX)
    return value;

  uint64_t ret = 0;  // Min power of 2 minus 1
  while (ret <= value) {
    ret = (ret << 1) | 1;  // Next larger power of 2 minus 1
  }

  return ret >> 1;
}

uint64_t right_p2_m1(uint64_t value) {
  // Edge case
  if (value == 0)
    return value;

  uint64_t ret = UINT64_MAX;  // Max power of 2 minus 1
  while (ret >= value) {
    ret >>= 1;  // Next smaller power of 2 minus 1
  }

  return (ret << 1) | 1;
}

}  // namespace math

// Explicit template instantiations

namespace geometry {

template bool coords_in_rect<int>(
    const int* corrds, const int* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<int64_t>(
    const int64_t* corrds, const int64_t* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<float>(
    const float* coords, const float* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<double>(
    const double* coords, const double* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<int8_t>(
    const int8_t* coords, const int8_t* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<uint8_t>(
    const uint8_t* coords, const uint8_t* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<int16_t>(
    const int16_t* coords, const int16_t* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<uint16_t>(
    const uint16_t* coords, const uint16_t* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<uint32_t>(
    const uint32_t* coords, const uint32_t* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<uint64_t>(
    const uint64_t* coords, const uint64_t* subarray, unsigned int dim_num);

template bool coords_in_rect<int>(
    const int* corrds,
    const std::vector<const int*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<int64_t>(
    const int64_t* corrds,
    const std::vector<const int64_t*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<float>(
    const float* coords,
    const std::vector<const float*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<double>(
    const double* coords,
    const std::vector<const double*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<int8_t>(
    const int8_t* coords,
    const std::vector<const int8_t*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<uint8_t>(
    const uint8_t* coords,
    const std::vector<const uint8_t*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<int16_t>(
    const int16_t* coords,
    const std::vector<const int16_t*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<uint16_t>(
    const uint16_t* coords,
    const std::vector<const uint16_t*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<uint32_t>(
    const uint32_t* coords,
    const std::vector<const uint32_t*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);
template bool coords_in_rect<uint64_t>(
    const uint64_t* coords,
    const std::vector<const uint64_t*>& subarray,
    unsigned int dim_num);

template bool overlap<int8_t>(
    const int8_t* a, const int8_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template bool overlap<uint8_t>(
    const uint8_t* a, const uint8_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template bool overlap<int16_t>(
    const int16_t* a, const int16_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template bool overlap<uint16_t>(
    const uint16_t* a, const uint16_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template bool overlap<int>(const int* a, const int* b, unsigned dim_num);
template bool overlap<unsigned>(
    const unsigned* a, const unsigned* b, unsigned dim_num);
template bool overlap<int64_t>(
    const int64_t* a, const int64_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template bool overlap<uint64_t>(
    const uint64_t* a, const uint64_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template bool overlap<float>(const float* a, const float* b, unsigned dim_num);
template bool overlap<double>(
    const double* a, const double* b, unsigned dim_num);

template void overlap<int>(
    const int* a, const int* b, unsigned dim_num, int* o, bool* overlap);
template void overlap<int64_t>(
    const int64_t* a,
    const int64_t* b,
    unsigned dim_num,
    int64_t* o,
    bool* overlap);
template void overlap<float>(
    const float* a, const float* b, unsigned dim_num, float* o, bool* overlap);
template void overlap<double>(
    const double* a,
    const double* b,
    unsigned dim_num,
    double* o,
    bool* overlap);
template void overlap<int8_t>(
    const int8_t* a,
    const int8_t* b,
    unsigned dim_num,
    int8_t* o,
    bool* overlap);
template void overlap<uint8_t>(
    const uint8_t* a,
    const uint8_t* b,
    unsigned dim_num,
    uint8_t* o,
    bool* overlap);
template void overlap<int16_t>(
    const int16_t* a,
    const int16_t* b,
    unsigned dim_num,
    int16_t* o,
    bool* overlap);
template void overlap<uint16_t>(
    const uint16_t* a,
    const uint16_t* b,
    unsigned dim_num,
    uint16_t* o,
    bool* overlap);
template void overlap<uint32_t>(
    const uint32_t* a,
    const uint32_t* b,
    unsigned dim_num,
    uint32_t* o,
    bool* overlap);
template void overlap<uint64_t>(
    const uint64_t* a,
    const uint64_t* b,
    unsigned dim_num,
    uint64_t* o,
    bool* overlap);

template double coverage<int8_t>(
    const int8_t* a, const int8_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template double coverage<uint8_t>(
    const uint8_t* a, const uint8_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template double coverage<int16_t>(
    const int16_t* a, const int16_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template double coverage<uint16_t>(
    const uint16_t* a, const uint16_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template double coverage<int>(const int* a, const int* b, unsigned dim_num);
template double coverage<unsigned>(
    const unsigned* a, const unsigned* b, unsigned dim_num);
template double coverage<int64_t>(
    const int64_t* a, const int64_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template double coverage<uint64_t>(
    const uint64_t* a, const uint64_t* b, unsigned dim_num);
template double coverage<float>(
    const float* a, const float* b, unsigned dim_num);
template double coverage<double>(
    const double* a, const double* b, unsigned dim_num);

template std::vector<std::array<int8_t, 2>> intersection<int8_t>(
    const std::vector<std::array<int8_t, 2>>& r1,
    const std::vector<std::array<int8_t, 2>>& r2);
template std::vector<std::array<uint8_t, 2>> intersection<uint8_t>(
    const std::vector<std::array<uint8_t, 2>>& r1,
    const std::vector<std::array<uint8_t, 2>>& r2);
template std::vector<std::array<int16_t, 2>> intersection<int16_t>(
    const std::vector<std::array<int16_t, 2>>& r1,
    const std::vector<std::array<int16_t, 2>>& r2);
template std::vector<std::array<uint16_t, 2>> intersection<uint16_t>(
    const std::vector<std::array<uint16_t, 2>>& r1,
    const std::vector<std::array<uint16_t, 2>>& r2);
template std::vector<std::array<int32_t, 2>> intersection<int32_t>(
    const std::vector<std::array<int32_t, 2>>& r1,
    const std::vector<std::array<int32_t, 2>>& r2);
template std::vector<std::array<uint32_t, 2>> intersection<uint32_t>(
    const std::vector<std::array<uint32_t, 2>>& r1,
    const std::vector<std::array<uint32_t, 2>>& r2);
template std::vector<std::array<int64_t, 2>> intersection<int64_t>(
    const std::vector<std::array<int64_t, 2>>& r1,
    const std::vector<std::array<int64_t, 2>>& r2);
template std::vector<std::array<uint64_t, 2>> intersection<uint64_t>(
    const std::vector<std::array<uint64_t, 2>>& r1,
    const std::vector<std::array<uint64_t, 2>>& r2);

}  // namespace geometry

namespace math {

template int8_t safe_mul<int8_t>(int8_t a, int8_t b);
template uint8_t safe_mul<uint8_t>(uint8_t a, uint8_t b);
template int16_t safe_mul<int16_t>(int16_t a, int16_t b);
template uint16_t safe_mul<uint16_t>(uint16_t a, uint16_t b);
template int32_t safe_mul<int32_t>(int32_t a, int32_t b);
template uint32_t safe_mul<uint32_t>(uint32_t a, uint32_t b);
template int64_t safe_mul<int64_t>(int64_t a, int64_t b);
template uint64_t safe_mul<uint64_t>(uint64_t a, uint64_t b);
template float safe_mul<float>(float a, float b);
template double safe_mul<double>(double a, double b);

}  // namespace math

namespace parse {

template std::string to_str<int32_t>(const int32_t& value);
template std::string to_str<uint32_t>(const uint32_t& value);

}  // namespace parse

}  // namespace utils

}  // namespace sm
}  // namespace tiledb