1 /* log2q.c
2 * Base 2 logarithm for __float128 precision
3 *
4 *
5 *
6 * SYNOPSIS:
7 *
8 * __float128 x, y, log2q();
9 *
10 * y = log2q( x );
11 *
12 *
13 *
14 * DESCRIPTION:
15 *
16 * Returns the base 2 logarithm of x.
17 *
18 * The argument is separated into its exponent and fractional
19 * parts. If the exponent is between -1 and +1, the (natural)
20 * logarithm of the fraction is approximated by
21 *
22 * log(1+x) = x - 0.5 x^2 + x^3 P(x)/Q(x).
23 *
24 * Otherwise, setting z = 2(x-1)/x+1),
25 *
26 * log(x) = z + z^3 P(z)/Q(z).
27 *
28 *
29 *
30 * ACCURACY:
31 *
32 * Relative error:
33 * arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
34 * IEEE 0.5, 2.0 100,000 2.6e-34 4.9e-35
35 * IEEE exp(+-10000) 100,000 9.6e-35 4.0e-35
36 *
37 * In the tests over the interval exp(+-10000), the logarithms
38 * of the random arguments were uniformly distributed over
39 * [-10000, +10000].
40 *
41 */
42
43 /*
44 Cephes Math Library Release 2.2: January, 1991
45 Copyright 1984, 1991 by Stephen L. Moshier
46 Adapted for glibc November, 2001
47
48 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
49 modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
50 License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
51 version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
52
53 This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
54 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
55 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
56 Lesser General Public License for more details.
57
58 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
59 License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
60 Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
61 */
62
63 #include "quadmath-imp.h"
64
65 /* Coefficients for ln(1+x) = x - x**2/2 + x**3 P(x)/Q(x)
66 * 1/sqrt(2) <= x < sqrt(2)
67 * Theoretical peak relative error = 5.3e-37,
68 * relative peak error spread = 2.3e-14
69 */
70 static const __float128 P[13] =
71 {
72 1.313572404063446165910279910527789794488E4Q,
73 7.771154681358524243729929227226708890930E4Q,
74 2.014652742082537582487669938141683759923E5Q,
75 3.007007295140399532324943111654767187848E5Q,
76 2.854829159639697837788887080758954924001E5Q,
77 1.797628303815655343403735250238293741397E5Q,
78 7.594356839258970405033155585486712125861E4Q,
79 2.128857716871515081352991964243375186031E4Q,
80 3.824952356185897735160588078446136783779E3Q,
81 4.114517881637811823002128927449878962058E2Q,
82 2.321125933898420063925789532045674660756E1Q,
83 4.998469661968096229986658302195402690910E-1Q,
84 1.538612243596254322971797716843006400388E-6Q
85 };
86 static const __float128 Q[12] =
87 {
88 3.940717212190338497730839731583397586124E4Q,
89 2.626900195321832660448791748036714883242E5Q,
90 7.777690340007566932935753241556479363645E5Q,
91 1.347518538384329112529391120390701166528E6Q,
92 1.514882452993549494932585972882995548426E6Q,
93 1.158019977462989115839826904108208787040E6Q,
94 6.132189329546557743179177159925690841200E5Q,
95 2.248234257620569139969141618556349415120E5Q,
96 5.605842085972455027590989944010492125825E4Q,
97 9.147150349299596453976674231612674085381E3Q,
98 9.104928120962988414618126155557301584078E2Q,
99 4.839208193348159620282142911143429644326E1Q
100 /* 1.000000000000000000000000000000000000000E0Q, */
101 };
102
103 /* Coefficients for log(x) = z + z^3 P(z^2)/Q(z^2),
104 * where z = 2(x-1)/(x+1)
105 * 1/sqrt(2) <= x < sqrt(2)
106 * Theoretical peak relative error = 1.1e-35,
107 * relative peak error spread 1.1e-9
108 */
109 static const __float128 R[6] =
110 {
111 1.418134209872192732479751274970992665513E5Q,
112 -8.977257995689735303686582344659576526998E4Q,
113 2.048819892795278657810231591630928516206E4Q,
114 -2.024301798136027039250415126250455056397E3Q,
115 8.057002716646055371965756206836056074715E1Q,
116 -8.828896441624934385266096344596648080902E-1Q
117 };
118 static const __float128 S[6] =
119 {
120 1.701761051846631278975701529965589676574E6Q,
121 -1.332535117259762928288745111081235577029E6Q,
122 4.001557694070773974936904547424676279307E5Q,
123 -5.748542087379434595104154610899551484314E4Q,
124 3.998526750980007367835804959888064681098E3Q,
125 -1.186359407982897997337150403816839480438E2Q
126 /* 1.000000000000000000000000000000000000000E0Q, */
127 };
128
129 static const __float128
130 /* log2(e) - 1 */
131 LOG2EA = 4.4269504088896340735992468100189213742664595E-1Q,
132 /* sqrt(2)/2 */
133 SQRTH = 7.071067811865475244008443621048490392848359E-1Q;
134
135
136 /* Evaluate P[n] x^n + P[n-1] x^(n-1) + ... + P[0] */
137
138 static __float128
neval(__float128 x,const __float128 * p,int n)139 neval (__float128 x, const __float128 *p, int n)
140 {
141 __float128 y;
142
143 p += n;
144 y = *p--;
145 do
146 {
147 y = y * x + *p--;
148 }
149 while (--n > 0);
150 return y;
151 }
152
153
154 /* Evaluate x^n+1 + P[n] x^(n) + P[n-1] x^(n-1) + ... + P[0] */
155
156 static __float128
deval(__float128 x,const __float128 * p,int n)157 deval (__float128 x, const __float128 *p, int n)
158 {
159 __float128 y;
160
161 p += n;
162 y = x + *p--;
163 do
164 {
165 y = y * x + *p--;
166 }
167 while (--n > 0);
168 return y;
169 }
170
171
172
173 __float128
log2q(__float128 x)174 log2q (__float128 x)
175 {
176 __float128 z;
177 __float128 y;
178 int e;
179 int64_t hx, lx;
180
181 /* Test for domain */
182 GET_FLT128_WORDS64 (hx, lx, x);
183 if (((hx & 0x7fffffffffffffffLL) | lx) == 0)
184 return (-1.0Q / (x - x));
185 if (hx < 0)
186 return (x - x) / (x - x);
187 if (hx >= 0x7fff000000000000LL)
188 return (x + x);
189
190 /* separate mantissa from exponent */
191
192 /* Note, frexp is used so that denormal numbers
193 * will be handled properly.
194 */
195 x = frexpq (x, &e);
196
197
198 /* logarithm using log(x) = z + z**3 P(z)/Q(z),
199 * where z = 2(x-1)/x+1)
200 */
201 if ((e > 2) || (e < -2))
202 {
203 if (x < SQRTH)
204 { /* 2( 2x-1 )/( 2x+1 ) */
205 e -= 1;
206 z = x - 0.5Q;
207 y = 0.5Q * z + 0.5Q;
208 }
209 else
210 { /* 2 (x-1)/(x+1) */
211 z = x - 0.5Q;
212 z -= 0.5Q;
213 y = 0.5Q * x + 0.5Q;
214 }
215 x = z / y;
216 z = x * x;
217 y = x * (z * neval (z, R, 5) / deval (z, S, 5));
218 goto done;
219 }
220
221
222 /* logarithm using log(1+x) = x - .5x**2 + x**3 P(x)/Q(x) */
223
224 if (x < SQRTH)
225 {
226 e -= 1;
227 x = 2.0 * x - 1.0Q; /* 2x - 1 */
228 }
229 else
230 {
231 x = x - 1.0Q;
232 }
233 z = x * x;
234 y = x * (z * neval (x, P, 12) / deval (x, Q, 11));
235 y = y - 0.5 * z;
236
237 done:
238
239 /* Multiply log of fraction by log2(e)
240 * and base 2 exponent by 1
241 */
242 z = y * LOG2EA;
243 z += x * LOG2EA;
244 z += y;
245 z += x;
246 z += e;
247 return (z);
248 }
249