xref: /dports/print/tex-xetex/texlive-20150521-source/texk/web2c/luatexdir/luapeg/lpeg.c

#include "lpeg.h"


/*
** $Id: lpprint.c,v 1.7 2013/04/12 16:29:49 roberto Exp $
** Copyright 2007, Lua.org & PUC-Rio  (see 'lpeg.html' for license)
*/

/* #include <ctype.h>*/
/* #include <limits.h>*/
/* #include <stdio.h>*/


/* #include "lptypes.h"*/
/* #include "lpprint.h"*/
/* #include "lpcode.h"*/


#if defined(LPEG_DEBUG)

/*
** {======================================================
** Printing patterns (for debugging)
** =======================================================
*/


void printcharset (const byte *st) {
  int i;
  printf("[");
  for (i = 0; i <= UCHAR_MAX; i++) {
    int first = i;
    while (testchar(st, i) && i <= UCHAR_MAX) i++;
    if (i - 1 == first)  /* unary range? */
      printf("(%02x)", first);
    else if (i - 1 > first)  /* non-empty range? */
      printf("(%02x-%02x)", first, i - 1);
  }
  printf("]");
}


static void printcapkind (int kind) {
  const char *const modes[] = {
    "close", "position", "constant", "backref",
    "argument", "simple", "table", "function",
    "query", "string", "num", "substitution", "fold",
    "runtime", "group"};
  printf("%s", modes[kind]);
}


static void printjmp (const Instruction *op, const Instruction *p) {
  printf("-> %d", (int)(p + (p + 1)->offset - op));
}


static void printinst (const Instruction *op, const Instruction *p) {
  const char *const names[] = {
    "any", "char", "set",
    "testany", "testchar", "testset",
    "span", "behind",
    "ret", "end",
    "choice", "jmp", "call", "open_call",
    "commit", "partial_commit", "back_commit", "failtwice", "fail", "giveup",
     "fullcapture", "opencapture", "closecapture", "closeruntime"
  };
  printf("%02ld: %s ", (long)(p - op), names[p->i.code]);
  switch ((Opcode)p->i.code) {
    case IChar: {
      printf("'%c'", p->i.aux);
      break;
    }
    case ITestChar: {
      printf("'%c'", p->i.aux); printjmp(op, p);
      break;
    }
    case IFullCapture: {
      printcapkind(getkind(p));
      printf(" (size = %d)  (idx = %d)", getoff(p), p->i.key);
      break;
    }
    case IOpenCapture: {
      printcapkind(getkind(p));
      printf(" (idx = %d)", p->i.key);
      break;
    }
    case ISet: {
      printcharset((p+1)->buff);
      break;
    }
    case ITestSet: {
      printcharset((p+2)->buff); printjmp(op, p);
      break;
    }
    case ISpan: {
      printcharset((p+1)->buff);
      break;
    }
    case IOpenCall: {
      printf("-> %d", (p + 1)->offset);
      break;
    }
    case IBehind: {
      printf("%d", p->i.aux);
      break;
    }
    case IJmp: case ICall: case ICommit: case IChoice:
    case IPartialCommit: case IBackCommit: case ITestAny: {
      printjmp(op, p);
      break;
    }
    default: break;
  }
  printf("\n");
}


void printpatt (Instruction *p, int n) {
  Instruction *op = p;
  while (p < op + n) {
    printinst(op, p);
    p += sizei(p);
  }
}


#if defined(LPEG_DEBUG)
static void printcap (Capture *cap) {
  printcapkind(cap->kind);
  printf(" (idx: %d - size: %d) -> %p\n", cap->idx, cap->siz, cap->s);
}


void printcaplist (Capture *cap, Capture *limit) {
  printf(">======\n");
  for (; cap->s && (limit == NULL || cap < limit); cap++)
    printcap(cap);
  printf("=======\n");
}
#endif

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Printing trees (for debugging)
** =======================================================
*/

static const char *tagnames[] = {
  "char", "set", "any",
  "true", "false",
  "rep",
  "seq", "choice",
  "not", "and",
  "call", "opencall", "rule", "grammar",
  "behind",
  "capture", "run-time"
};


void printtree (TTree *tree, int ident) {
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < ident; i++) printf(" ");
  printf("%s", tagnames[tree->tag]);
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TChar: {
      int c = tree->u.n;
      if (isprint(c))
        printf(" '%c'\n", c);
      else
        printf(" (%02X)\n", c);
      break;
    }
    case TSet: {
      printcharset(treebuffer(tree));
      printf("\n");
      break;
    }
    case TOpenCall: case TCall: {
      printf(" key: %d\n", tree->key);
      break;
    }
    case TBehind: {
      printf(" %d\n", tree->u.n);
        printtree(sib1(tree), ident + 2);
      break;
    }
    case TCapture: {
      printf(" cap: %d  key: %d  n: %d\n", tree->cap, tree->key, tree->u.n);
      printtree(sib1(tree), ident + 2);
      break;
    }
    case TRule: {
      printf(" n: %d  key: %d\n", tree->cap, tree->key);
      printtree(sib1(tree), ident + 2);
      break;  /* do not print next rule as a sibling */
    }
    case TGrammar: {
      TTree *rule = sib1(tree);
      printf(" %d\n", tree->u.n);  /* number of rules */
      for (i = 0; i < tree->u.n; i++) {
        printtree(rule, ident + 2);
        rule = sib2(rule);
      }
      assert(rule->tag == TTrue);  /* sentinel */
      break;
    }
    default: {
      int sibs = numsiblings[tree->tag];
      printf("\n");
      if (sibs >= 1) {
        printtree(sib1(tree), ident + 2);
        if (sibs >= 2)
          printtree(sib2(tree), ident + 2);
      }
      break;
    }
  }
}


void printktable (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  int n, i;
  lua_getfenv(L, idx);
  if (lua_isnil(L, -1))  /* no ktable? */
    return;
  n = lua_objlen(L, -1);
  printf("[");
  for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
    printf("%d = ", i);
    lua_rawgeti(L, -1, i);
    if (lua_isstring(L, -1))
      printf("%s  ", lua_tostring(L, -1));
    else
      printf("%s  ", lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -1)));
    lua_pop(L, 1);
  }
  printf("]\n");
  /* leave ktable at the stack */
}

/* }====================================================== */

#endif
/*
** $Id: lpvm.c,v 1.5 2013/04/12 16:29:49 roberto Exp $
** Copyright 2007, Lua.org & PUC-Rio  (see 'lpeg.html' for license)
*/

/* #include <limits.h>*/
/* #include <string.h>*/


/* #include "lua.h"*/
/* #include "lauxlib.h"*/

/* #include "lpcap.h"*/
/* #include "lptypes.h"*/
/* #include "lpvm.h"*/
/* #include "lpprint.h"*/


/* initial size for call/backtrack stack */
#if !defined(INITBACK)
#define INITBACK	100
#endif


#define getoffset(p)	(((p) + 1)->offset)

static const Instruction giveup = {{IGiveup, 0, 0}};


/*
** {======================================================
** Virtual Machine
** =======================================================
*/


typedef struct Stack {
  const char *s;  /* saved position (or NULL for calls) */
  const Instruction *p;  /* next instruction */
  int caplevel;
} Stack;


#define getstackbase(L, ptop)	((Stack *)lua_touserdata(L, stackidx(ptop)))


/*
** Double the size of the array of captures
*/
static Capture *doublecap (lua_State *L, Capture *cap, int captop, int ptop) {
  Capture *newc;
  if (captop >= INT_MAX/((int)sizeof(Capture) * 2))
    luaL_error(L, "too many captures");
  newc = (Capture *)lua_newuserdata(L, captop * 2 * sizeof(Capture));
  memcpy(newc, cap, captop * sizeof(Capture));
  lua_replace(L, caplistidx(ptop));
  return newc;
}


/*
** Double the size of the stack
*/
static Stack *doublestack (lua_State *L, Stack **stacklimit, int ptop) {
  Stack *stack = getstackbase(L, ptop);
  Stack *newstack;
  int n = *stacklimit - stack;  /* current stack size */
  int max, newn;
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, MAXSTACKIDX);
  max = lua_tointeger(L, -1);  /* maximum allowed size */
  lua_pop(L, 1);
  if (n >= max)  /* already at maximum size? */
    luaL_error(L, "too many pending calls/choices");
  newn = 2 * n;  /* new size */
  if (newn > max) newn = max;
  newstack = (Stack *)lua_newuserdata(L, newn * sizeof(Stack));
  memcpy(newstack, stack, n * sizeof(Stack));
  lua_replace(L, stackidx(ptop));
  *stacklimit = newstack + newn;
  return newstack + n;  /* return next position */
}


/*
** Interpret the result of a dynamic capture: false -> fail;
** true -> keep current position; number -> next position.
** Return new subject position. 'fr' is stack index where
** is the result; 'curr' is current subject position; 'limit'
** is subject's size.
*/
static int resdyncaptures (lua_State *L, int fr, int curr, int limit) {
  lua_Integer res;
  if (!lua_toboolean(L, fr)) {  /* false value? */
    lua_settop(L, fr - 1);  /* remove results */
    return -1;  /* and fail */
  }
  else if (lua_isboolean(L, fr))  /* true? */
    res = curr;  /* keep current position */
  else {
    res = lua_tointeger(L, fr) - 1;  /* new position */
    if (res < curr || res > limit)
      luaL_error(L, "invalid position returned by match-time capture");
  }
  lua_remove(L, fr);  /* remove first result (offset) */
  return res;
}


/*
** Add capture values returned by a dynamic capture to the capture list
** 'base', nested inside a group capture. 'fd' indexes the first capture
** value, 'n' is the number of values (at least 1).
*/
static void adddyncaptures (const char *s, Capture *base, int n, int fd) {
  int i;
  /* Cgroup capture is already there */
  assert(base[0].kind == Cgroup && base[0].siz == 0);
  base[0].idx = 0;  /* make it an anonymous group */
  for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {  /* add runtime captures */
    base[i].kind = Cruntime;
    base[i].siz = 1;  /* mark it as closed */
    base[i].idx = fd + i - 1;  /* stack index of capture value */
    base[i].s = s;
  }
  base[i].kind = Cclose;  /* close group */
  base[i].siz = 1;
  base[i].s = s;
}


/*
** Remove dynamic captures from the Lua stack (called in case of failure)
*/
static int removedyncap (lua_State *L, Capture *capture,
                         int level, int last) {
  int id = finddyncap(capture + level, capture + last);  /* index of 1st cap. */
  int top = lua_gettop(L);
  if (id == 0) return 0;  /* no dynamic captures? */
  lua_settop(L, id - 1);  /* remove captures */
  return top - id + 1;  /* number of values removed */
}


/*
** Opcode interpreter
*/
const char *match (lua_State *L, const char *o, const char *s, const char *e,
                   Instruction *op, Capture *capture, int ptop) {
  Stack stackbase[INITBACK];
  Stack *stacklimit = stackbase + INITBACK;
  Stack *stack = stackbase;  /* point to first empty slot in stack */
  int capsize = INITCAPSIZE;
  int captop = 0;  /* point to first empty slot in captures */
  int ndyncap = 0;  /* number of dynamic captures (in Lua stack) */
  const Instruction *p = op;  /* current instruction */
  stack->p = &giveup; stack->s = s; stack->caplevel = 0; stack++;
  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, stackbase);
  for (;;) {
#if defined(DEBUG)
      printf("s: |%s| stck:%d, dyncaps:%d, caps:%d  ",
             s, stack - getstackbase(L, ptop), ndyncap, captop);
      printinst(op, p);
      printcaplist(capture, capture + captop);
#endif
    assert(stackidx(ptop) + ndyncap == lua_gettop(L) && ndyncap <= captop);
    switch ((Opcode)p->i.code) {
      case IEnd: {
        assert(stack == getstackbase(L, ptop) + 1);
        capture[captop].kind = Cclose;
        capture[captop].s = NULL;
        return s;
      }
      case IGiveup: {
        assert(stack == getstackbase(L, ptop));
        return NULL;
      }
      case IRet: {
        assert(stack > getstackbase(L, ptop) && (stack - 1)->s == NULL);
        p = (--stack)->p;
        continue;
      }
      case IAny: {
        if (s < e) { p++; s++; }
        else goto fail;
        continue;
      }
      case ITestAny: {
        if (s < e) p += 2;
        else p += getoffset(p);
        continue;
      }
      case IChar: {
        if ((byte)*s == p->i.aux && s < e) { p++; s++; }
        else goto fail;
        continue;
      }
      case ITestChar: {
        if ((byte)*s == p->i.aux && s < e) p += 2;
        else p += getoffset(p);
        continue;
      }
      case ISet: {
        int c = (byte)*s;
        if (testchar((p+1)->buff, c) && s < e)
          { p += CHARSETINSTSIZE; s++; }
        else goto fail;
        continue;
      }
      case ITestSet: {
        int c = (byte)*s;
        if (testchar((p + 2)->buff, c) && s < e)
          p += 1 + CHARSETINSTSIZE;
        else p += getoffset(p);
        continue;
      }
      case IBehind: {
        int n = p->i.aux;
        if (n > s - o) goto fail;
        s -= n; p++;
        continue;
      }
      case ISpan: {
        for (; s < e; s++) {
          int c = (byte)*s;
          if (!testchar((p+1)->buff, c)) break;
        }
        p += CHARSETINSTSIZE;
        continue;
      }
      case IJmp: {
        p += getoffset(p);
        continue;
      }
      case IChoice: {
        if (stack == stacklimit)
          stack = doublestack(L, &stacklimit, ptop);
        stack->p = p + getoffset(p);
        stack->s = s;
        stack->caplevel = captop;
        stack++;
        p += 2;
        continue;
      }
      case ICall: {
        if (stack == stacklimit)
          stack = doublestack(L, &stacklimit, ptop);
        stack->s = NULL;
        stack->p = p + 2;  /* save return address */
        stack++;
        p += getoffset(p);
        continue;
      }
      case ICommit: {
        assert(stack > getstackbase(L, ptop) && (stack - 1)->s != NULL);
        stack--;
        p += getoffset(p);
        continue;
      }
      case IPartialCommit: {
        assert(stack > getstackbase(L, ptop) && (stack - 1)->s != NULL);
        (stack - 1)->s = s;
        (stack - 1)->caplevel = captop;
        p += getoffset(p);
        continue;
      }
      case IBackCommit: {
        assert(stack > getstackbase(L, ptop) && (stack - 1)->s != NULL);
        s = (--stack)->s;
        captop = stack->caplevel;
        p += getoffset(p);
        continue;
      }
      case IFailTwice:
        assert(stack > getstackbase(L, ptop));
        stack--;
        /* go through */
      case IFail:
      fail: { /* pattern failed: try to backtrack */
        do {  /* remove pending calls */
          assert(stack > getstackbase(L, ptop));
          s = (--stack)->s;
        } while (s == NULL);
        if (ndyncap > 0)  /* is there matchtime captures? */
          ndyncap -= removedyncap(L, capture, stack->caplevel, captop);
        captop = stack->caplevel;
        p = stack->p;
        continue;
      }
      case ICloseRunTime: {
        CapState cs;
        int rem, res, n;
        int fr = lua_gettop(L) + 1;  /* stack index of first result */
        cs.s = o; cs.L = L; cs.ocap = capture; cs.ptop = ptop;
        n = runtimecap(&cs, capture + captop, s, &rem);  /* call function */
        captop -= n;  /* remove nested captures */
        fr -= rem;  /* 'rem' items were popped from Lua stack */
        res = resdyncaptures(L, fr, s - o, e - o);  /* get result */
        if (res == -1)  /* fail? */
          goto fail;
        s = o + res;  /* else update current position */
        n = lua_gettop(L) - fr + 1;  /* number of new captures */
        ndyncap += n - rem;  /* update number of dynamic captures */
        if (n > 0) {  /* any new capture? */
          if ((captop += n + 2) >= capsize) {
            capture = doublecap(L, capture, captop, ptop);
            capsize = 2 * captop;
          }
          /* add new captures to 'capture' list */
          adddyncaptures(s, capture + captop - n - 2, n, fr);
        }
        p++;
        continue;
      }
      case ICloseCapture: {
        const char *s1 = s;
        assert(captop > 0);
        /* if possible, turn capture into a full capture */
        if (capture[captop - 1].siz == 0 &&
            s1 - capture[captop - 1].s < UCHAR_MAX) {
          capture[captop - 1].siz = s1 - capture[captop - 1].s + 1;
          p++;
          continue;
        }
        else {
          capture[captop].siz = 1;  /* mark entry as closed */
          capture[captop].s = s;
          goto pushcapture;
        }
      }
      case IOpenCapture:
        capture[captop].siz = 0;  /* mark entry as open */
        capture[captop].s = s;
        goto pushcapture;
      case IFullCapture:
        capture[captop].siz = getoff(p) + 1;  /* save capture size */
        capture[captop].s = s - getoff(p);
        /* goto pushcapture; */
      pushcapture: {
        capture[captop].idx = p->i.key;
        capture[captop].kind = getkind(p);
        if (++captop >= capsize) {
          capture = doublecap(L, capture, captop, ptop);
          capsize = 2 * captop;
        }
        p++;
        continue;
      }
      default: assert(0); return NULL;
    }
  }
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** $Id: lpcode.c,v 1.21 2014/12/12 17:01:29 roberto Exp $
** Copyright 2007, Lua.org & PUC-Rio  (see 'lpeg.html' for license)
*/

/* #include <limits.h>*/


/* #include "lua.h"*/
/* #include "lauxlib.h"*/

/* #include "lptypes.h"*/
/* #include "lpcode.h"*/


/* signals a "no-instruction */
#define NOINST		-1



static const Charset fullset_ =
  {{0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
    0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
    0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
    0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF}};

static const Charset *fullset = &fullset_;

/*
** {======================================================
** Analysis and some optimizations
** =======================================================
*/

/*
** Check whether a charset is empty (returns IFail), singleton (IChar),
** full (IAny), or none of those (ISet). When singleton, '*c' returns
** which character it is. (When generic set, the set was the input,
** so there is no need to return it.)
*/
static Opcode charsettype (const byte *cs, int *c) {
  int count = 0;  /* number of characters in the set */
  int i;
  int candidate = -1;  /* candidate position for the singleton char */
  for (i = 0; i < CHARSETSIZE; i++) {  /* for each byte */
    int b = cs[i];
    if (b == 0) {  /* is byte empty? */
      if (count > 1)  /* was set neither empty nor singleton? */
        return ISet;  /* neither full nor empty nor singleton */
      /* else set is still empty or singleton */
    }
    else if (b == 0xFF) {  /* is byte full? */
      if (count < (i * BITSPERCHAR))  /* was set not full? */
        return ISet;  /* neither full nor empty nor singleton */
      else count += BITSPERCHAR;  /* set is still full */
    }
    else if ((b & (b - 1)) == 0) {  /* has byte only one bit? */
      if (count > 0)  /* was set not empty? */
        return ISet;  /* neither full nor empty nor singleton */
      else {  /* set has only one char till now; track it */
        count++;
        candidate = i;
      }
    }
    else return ISet;  /* byte is neither empty, full, nor singleton */
  }
  switch (count) {
    case 0: return IFail;  /* empty set */
    case 1: {  /* singleton; find character bit inside byte */
      int b = cs[candidate];
      *c = candidate * BITSPERCHAR;
      if ((b & 0xF0) != 0) { *c += 4; b >>= 4; }
      if ((b & 0x0C) != 0) { *c += 2; b >>= 2; }
      if ((b & 0x02) != 0) { *c += 1; }
      return IChar;
    }
    default: {
       assert(count == CHARSETSIZE * BITSPERCHAR);  /* full set */
       return IAny;
    }
  }
}


/*
** A few basic operations on Charsets
*/
static void cs_complement (Charset *cs) {
  loopset(i, cs->cs[i] = ~cs->cs[i]);
}

static int cs_equal (const byte *cs1, const byte *cs2) {
  loopset(i, if (cs1[i] != cs2[i]) return 0);
  return 1;
}

static int cs_disjoint (const Charset *cs1, const Charset *cs2) {
  loopset(i, if ((cs1->cs[i] & cs2->cs[i]) != 0) return 0;)
  return 1;
}


/*
** If 'tree' is a 'char' pattern (TSet, TChar, TAny), convert it into a
** charset and return 1; else return 0.
*/
int tocharset (TTree *tree, Charset *cs) {
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TSet: {  /* copy set */
      loopset(i, cs->cs[i] = treebuffer(tree)[i]);
      return 1;
    }
    case TChar: {  /* only one char */
      assert(0 <= tree->u.n && tree->u.n <= UCHAR_MAX);
      loopset(i, cs->cs[i] = 0);  /* erase all chars */
      setchar(cs->cs, tree->u.n);  /* add that one */
      return 1;
    }
    case TAny: {
      loopset(i, cs->cs[i] = 0xFF);  /* add all characters to the set */
      return 1;
    }
    default: return 0;
  }
}


/*
** Check whether a pattern tree has captures
*/
int hascaptures (TTree *tree) {
 tailcall:
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TCapture: case TRunTime:
      return 1;
    case TCall:
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;  /* return hascaptures(sib2(tree)); */
    case TOpenCall: assert(0);
    default: {
      switch (numsiblings[tree->tag]) {
        case 1:  /* return hascaptures(sib1(tree)); */
          tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
        case 2:
          if (hascaptures(sib1(tree))) return 1;
          /* else return hascaptures(sib2(tree)); */
          tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
        default: assert(numsiblings[tree->tag] == 0); return 0;
      }
    }
  }
}


/*
** Checks how a pattern behaves regarding the empty string,
** in one of two different ways:
** A pattern is *nullable* if it can match without consuming any character;
** A pattern is *nofail* if it never fails for any string
** (including the empty string).
** The difference is only for predicates and run-time captures;
** for other patterns, the two properties are equivalent.
** (With predicates, &'a' is nullable but not nofail. Of course,
** nofail => nullable.)
** These functions are all convervative in the following way:
**    p is nullable => nullable(p)
**    nofail(p) => p cannot fail
** The function assumes that TOpenCall is not nullable;
** this will be checked again when the grammar is fixed.
** Run-time captures can do whatever they want, so the result
** is conservative.
*/
int checkaux (TTree *tree, int pred) {
 tailcall:
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TChar: case TSet: case TAny:
    case TFalse: case TOpenCall:
      return 0;  /* not nullable */
    case TRep: case TTrue:
      return 1;  /* no fail */
    case TNot: case TBehind:  /* can match empty, but can fail */
      if (pred == PEnofail) return 0;
      else return 1;  /* PEnullable */
    case TAnd:  /* can match empty; fail iff body does */
      if (pred == PEnullable) return 1;
      /* else return checkaux(sib1(tree), pred); */
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TRunTime:  /* can fail; match empty iff body does */
      if (pred == PEnofail) return 0;
      /* else return checkaux(sib1(tree), pred); */
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TSeq:
      if (!checkaux(sib1(tree), pred)) return 0;
      /* else return checkaux(sib2(tree), pred); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TChoice:
      if (checkaux(sib2(tree), pred)) return 1;
      /* else return checkaux(sib1(tree), pred); */
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TCapture: case TGrammar: case TRule:
      /* return checkaux(sib1(tree), pred); */
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TCall:  /* return checkaux(sib2(tree), pred); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    default: assert(0); return 0;
  }
}


/*
** number of characters to match a pattern (or -1 if variable)
** ('count' avoids infinite loops for grammars)
*/
int fixedlenx (TTree *tree, int count, int len) {
 tailcall:
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TChar: case TSet: case TAny:
      return len + 1;
    case TFalse: case TTrue: case TNot: case TAnd: case TBehind:
      return len;
    case TRep: case TRunTime: case TOpenCall:
      return -1;
    case TCapture: case TRule: case TGrammar:
      /* return fixedlenx(sib1(tree), count); */
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TCall:
      if (count++ >= MAXRULES)
        return -1;  /* may be a loop */
      /* else return fixedlenx(sib2(tree), count); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TSeq: {
      len = fixedlenx(sib1(tree), count, len);
      if (len < 0) return -1;
      /* else return fixedlenx(sib2(tree), count, len); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    }
    case TChoice: {
      int n1, n2;
      n1 = fixedlenx(sib1(tree), count, len);
      if (n1 < 0) return -1;
      n2 = fixedlenx(sib2(tree), count, len);
      if (n1 == n2) return n1;
      else return -1;
    }
    default: assert(0); return 0;
  };
}


/*
** Computes the 'first set' of a pattern.
** The result is a conservative aproximation:
**   match p ax -> x (for some x) ==> a belongs to first(p)
** or
**   a not in first(p) ==> match p ax -> fail (for all x)
**
** The set 'follow' is the first set of what follows the
** pattern (full set if nothing follows it).
**
** The function returns 0 when this resulting set can be used for
** test instructions that avoid the pattern altogether.
** A non-zero return can happen for two reasons:
** 1) match p '' -> ''            ==> return has bit 1 set
** (tests cannot be used because they would always fail for an empty input);
** 2) there is a match-time capture ==> return has bit 2 set
** (optimizations should not bypass match-time captures).
*/
static int getfirst (TTree *tree, const Charset *follow, Charset *firstset) {
 tailcall:
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TChar: case TSet: case TAny: {
      tocharset(tree, firstset);
      return 0;
    }
    case TTrue: {
      loopset(i, firstset->cs[i] = follow->cs[i]);
      return 1;  /* accepts the empty string */
    }
    case TFalse: {
      loopset(i, firstset->cs[i] = 0);
      return 0;
    }
    case TChoice: {
      Charset csaux;
      int e1 = getfirst(sib1(tree), follow, firstset);
      int e2 = getfirst(sib2(tree), follow, &csaux);
      loopset(i, firstset->cs[i] |= csaux.cs[i]);
      return e1 | e2;
    }
    case TSeq: {
      if (!nullable(sib1(tree))) {
        /* when p1 is not nullable, p2 has nothing to contribute;
           return getfirst(sib1(tree), fullset, firstset); */
        tree = sib1(tree); follow = fullset; goto tailcall;
      }
      else {  /* FIRST(p1 p2, fl) = FIRST(p1, FIRST(p2, fl)) */
        Charset csaux;
        int e2 = getfirst(sib2(tree), follow, &csaux);
        int e1 = getfirst(sib1(tree), &csaux, firstset);
        if (e1 == 0) return 0;  /* 'e1' ensures that first can be used */
        else if ((e1 | e2) & 2)  /* one of the children has a matchtime? */
          return 2;  /* pattern has a matchtime capture */
        else return e2;  /* else depends on 'e2' */
      }
    }
    case TRep: {
      getfirst(sib1(tree), follow, firstset);
      loopset(i, firstset->cs[i] |= follow->cs[i]);
      return 1;  /* accept the empty string */
    }
    case TCapture: case TGrammar: case TRule: {
      /* return getfirst(sib1(tree), follow, firstset); */
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    }
    case TRunTime: {  /* function invalidates any follow info. */
      int e = getfirst(sib1(tree), fullset, firstset);
      if (e) return 2;  /* function is not "protected"? */
      else return 0;  /* pattern inside capture ensures first can be used */
    }
    case TCall: {
      /* return getfirst(sib2(tree), follow, firstset); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    }
    case TAnd: {
      int e = getfirst(sib1(tree), follow, firstset);
      loopset(i, firstset->cs[i] &= follow->cs[i]);
      return e;
    }
    case TNot: {
      if (tocharset(sib1(tree), firstset)) {
        cs_complement(firstset);
        return 1;
      }
      /* else go through */
    }
    case TBehind: {  /* instruction gives no new information */
      /* call 'getfirst' only to check for math-time captures */
      int e = getfirst(sib1(tree), follow, firstset);
      loopset(i, firstset->cs[i] = follow->cs[i]);  /* uses follow */
      return e | 1;  /* always can accept the empty string */
    }
    default: assert(0); return 0;
  }
}


/*
** If 'headfail(tree)' true, then 'tree' can fail only depending on the
** next character of the subject.
*/
static int headfail (TTree *tree) {
 tailcall:
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TChar: case TSet: case TAny: case TFalse:
      return 1;
    case TTrue: case TRep: case TRunTime: case TNot:
    case TBehind:
      return 0;
    case TCapture: case TGrammar: case TRule: case TAnd:
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;  /* return headfail(sib1(tree)); */
    case TCall:
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;  /* return headfail(sib2(tree)); */
    case TSeq:
      if (!nofail(sib2(tree))) return 0;
      /* else return headfail(sib1(tree)); */
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TChoice:
      if (!headfail(sib1(tree))) return 0;
      /* else return headfail(sib2(tree)); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    default: assert(0); return 0;
  }
}


/*
** Check whether the code generation for the given tree can benefit
** from a follow set (to avoid computing the follow set when it is
** not needed)
*/
static int needfollow (TTree *tree) {
 tailcall:
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TChar: case TSet: case TAny:
    case TFalse: case TTrue: case TAnd: case TNot:
    case TRunTime: case TGrammar: case TCall: case TBehind:
      return 0;
    case TChoice: case TRep:
      return 1;
    case TCapture:
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TSeq:
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    default: assert(0); return 0;
  }
}

/* }====================================================== */



/*
** {======================================================
** Code generation
** =======================================================
*/


/*
** size of an instruction
*/
int sizei (const Instruction *i) {
  switch((Opcode)i->i.code) {
    case ISet: case ISpan: return CHARSETINSTSIZE;
    case ITestSet: return CHARSETINSTSIZE + 1;
    case ITestChar: case ITestAny: case IChoice: case IJmp: case ICall:
    case IOpenCall: case ICommit: case IPartialCommit: case IBackCommit:
      return 2;
    default: return 1;
  }
}


/*
** state for the compiler
*/
typedef struct CompileState {
  Pattern *p;  /* pattern being compiled */
  int ncode;  /* next position in p->code to be filled */
  lua_State *L;
} CompileState;


/*
** code generation is recursive; 'opt' indicates that the code is
** being generated under a 'IChoice' operator jumping to its end
** (that is, the match is "optional").
** 'tt' points to a previous test protecting this code. 'fl' is
** the follow set of the pattern.
*/
static void codegen (CompileState *compst, TTree *tree, int opt, int tt,
                     const Charset *fl);


void realloccode (lua_State *L, Pattern *p, int nsize) {
  void *ud;
  lua_Alloc f = lua_getallocf(L, &ud);
  void *newblock = f(ud, p->code, p->codesize * sizeof(Instruction),
                                  nsize * sizeof(Instruction));
  if (newblock == NULL && nsize > 0)
    luaL_error(L, "not enough memory");
  p->code = (Instruction *)newblock;
  p->codesize = nsize;
}


static int nextinstruction (CompileState *compst) {
  int size = compst->p->codesize;
  if (compst->ncode >= size)
    realloccode(compst->L, compst->p, size * 2);
  return compst->ncode++;
}


#define getinstr(cs,i)		((cs)->p->code[i])


static int addinstruction (CompileState *compst, Opcode op, int aux) {
  int i = nextinstruction(compst);
  getinstr(compst, i).i.code = op;
  getinstr(compst, i).i.aux = aux;
  return i;
}


/*
** Add an instruction followed by space for an offset (to be set later)
*/
static int addoffsetinst (CompileState *compst, Opcode op) {
  int i = addinstruction(compst, op, 0);  /* instruction */
  addinstruction(compst, (Opcode)0, 0);  /* open space for offset */
  assert(op == ITestSet || sizei(&getinstr(compst, i)) == 2);
  return i;
}


/*
** Set the offset of an instruction
*/
static void setoffset (CompileState *compst, int instruction, int offset) {
  getinstr(compst, instruction + 1).offset = offset;
}


/*
** Add a capture instruction:
** 'op' is the capture instruction; 'cap' the capture kind;
** 'key' the key into ktable; 'aux' is the optional capture offset
**
*/
static int addinstcap (CompileState *compst, Opcode op, int cap, int key,
                       int aux) {
  int i = addinstruction(compst, op, joinkindoff(cap, aux));
  getinstr(compst, i).i.key = key;
  return i;
}


#define gethere(compst) 	((compst)->ncode)

#define target(code,i)		((i) + code[i + 1].offset)


/*
** Patch 'instruction' to jump to 'target'
*/
static void jumptothere (CompileState *compst, int instruction, int target) {
  if (instruction >= 0)
    setoffset(compst, instruction, target - instruction);
}


/*
** Patch 'instruction' to jump to current position
*/
static void jumptohere (CompileState *compst, int instruction) {
  jumptothere(compst, instruction, gethere(compst));
}


/*
** Code an IChar instruction, or IAny if there is an equivalent
** test dominating it
*/
static void codechar (CompileState *compst, int c, int tt) {
  if (tt >= 0 && getinstr(compst, tt).i.code == ITestChar &&
                 getinstr(compst, tt).i.aux == c)
    addinstruction(compst, IAny, 0);
  else
    addinstruction(compst, IChar, c);
}


/*
** Add a charset posfix to an instruction
*/
static void addcharset (CompileState *compst, const byte *cs) {
  int p = gethere(compst);
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < (int)CHARSETINSTSIZE - 1; i++)
    nextinstruction(compst);  /* space for buffer */
  /* fill buffer with charset */
  loopset(j, getinstr(compst, p).buff[j] = cs[j]);
}


/*
** code a char set, optimizing unit sets for IChar, "complete"
** sets for IAny, and empty sets for IFail; also use an IAny
** when instruction is dominated by an equivalent test.
*/
static void codecharset (CompileState *compst, const byte *cs, int tt) {
  int c = 0;  /* (=) to avoid warnings */
  Opcode op = charsettype(cs, &c);
  switch (op) {
    case IChar: codechar(compst, c, tt); break;
    case ISet: {  /* non-trivial set? */
      if (tt >= 0 && getinstr(compst, tt).i.code == ITestSet &&
          cs_equal(cs, getinstr(compst, tt + 2).buff))
        addinstruction(compst, IAny, 0);
      else {
        addinstruction(compst, ISet, 0);
        addcharset(compst, cs);
      }
      break;
    }
    default: addinstruction(compst, op, c); break;
  }
}


/*
** code a test set, optimizing unit sets for ITestChar, "complete"
** sets for ITestAny, and empty sets for IJmp (always fails).
** 'e' is true iff test should accept the empty string. (Test
** instructions in the current VM never accept the empty string.)
*/
static int codetestset (CompileState *compst, Charset *cs, int e) {
  if (e) return NOINST;  /* no test */
  else {
    int c = 0;
    Opcode op = charsettype(cs->cs, &c);
    switch (op) {
      case IFail: return addoffsetinst(compst, IJmp);  /* always jump */
      case IAny: return addoffsetinst(compst, ITestAny);
      case IChar: {
        int i = addoffsetinst(compst, ITestChar);
        getinstr(compst, i).i.aux = c;
        return i;
      }
      case ISet: {
        int i = addoffsetinst(compst, ITestSet);
        addcharset(compst, cs->cs);
        return i;
      }
      default: assert(0); return 0;
    }
  }
}


/*
** Find the final destination of a sequence of jumps
*/
static int finaltarget (Instruction *code, int i) {
  while (code[i].i.code == IJmp)
    i = target(code, i);
  return i;
}


/*
** final label (after traversing any jumps)
*/
static int finallabel (Instruction *code, int i) {
  return finaltarget(code, target(code, i));
}


/*
** <behind(p)> == behind n; <p>   (where n = fixedlen(p))
*/
static void codebehind (CompileState *compst, TTree *tree) {
  if (tree->u.n > 0)
    addinstruction(compst, IBehind, tree->u.n);
  codegen(compst, sib1(tree), 0, NOINST, fullset);
}


/*
** Choice; optimizations:
** - when p1 is headfail
** - when first(p1) and first(p2) are disjoint; than
** a character not in first(p1) cannot go to p1, and a character
** in first(p1) cannot go to p2 (at it is not in first(p2)).
** (The optimization is not valid if p1 accepts the empty string,
** as then there is no character at all...)
** - when p2 is empty and opt is true; a IPartialCommit can resuse
** the Choice already active in the stack.
*/
static void codechoice (CompileState *compst, TTree *p1, TTree *p2, int opt,
                        const Charset *fl) {
  int emptyp2 = (p2->tag == TTrue);
  Charset cs1, cs2;
  int e1 = getfirst(p1, fullset, &cs1);
  if (headfail(p1) ||
      (!e1 && (getfirst(p2, fl, &cs2), cs_disjoint(&cs1, &cs2)))) {
    /* <p1 / p2> == test (fail(p1)) -> L1 ; p1 ; jmp L2; L1: p2; L2: */
    int test = codetestset(compst, &cs1, 0);
    int jmp = NOINST;
    codegen(compst, p1, 0, test, fl);
    if (!emptyp2)
      jmp = addoffsetinst(compst, IJmp);
    jumptohere(compst, test);
    codegen(compst, p2, opt, NOINST, fl);
    jumptohere(compst, jmp);
  }
  else if (opt && emptyp2) {
    /* p1? == IPartialCommit; p1 */
    jumptohere(compst, addoffsetinst(compst, IPartialCommit));
    codegen(compst, p1, 1, NOINST, fullset);
  }
  else {
    /* <p1 / p2> ==
        test(fail(p1)) -> L1; choice L1; <p1>; commit L2; L1: <p2>; L2: */
    int pcommit;
    int test = codetestset(compst, &cs1, e1);
    int pchoice = addoffsetinst(compst, IChoice);
    codegen(compst, p1, emptyp2, test, fullset);
    pcommit = addoffsetinst(compst, ICommit);
    jumptohere(compst, pchoice);
    jumptohere(compst, test);
    codegen(compst, p2, opt, NOINST, fl);
    jumptohere(compst, pcommit);
  }
}


/*
** And predicate
** optimization: fixedlen(p) = n ==> <&p> == <p>; behind n
** (valid only when 'p' has no captures)
*/
static void codeand (CompileState *compst, TTree *tree, int tt) {
  int n = fixedlen(tree);
  if (n >= 0 && n <= MAXBEHIND && !hascaptures(tree)) {
    codegen(compst, tree, 0, tt, fullset);
    if (n > 0)
      addinstruction(compst, IBehind, n);
  }
  else {  /* default: Choice L1; p1; BackCommit L2; L1: Fail; L2: */
    int pcommit;
    int pchoice = addoffsetinst(compst, IChoice);
    codegen(compst, tree, 0, tt, fullset);
    pcommit = addoffsetinst(compst, IBackCommit);
    jumptohere(compst, pchoice);
    addinstruction(compst, IFail, 0);
    jumptohere(compst, pcommit);
  }
}


/*
** Captures: if pattern has fixed (and not too big) length, use
** a single IFullCapture instruction after the match; otherwise,
** enclose the pattern with OpenCapture - CloseCapture.
*/
static void codecapture (CompileState *compst, TTree *tree, int tt,
                         const Charset *fl) {
  int len = fixedlen(sib1(tree));
  if (len >= 0 && len <= MAXOFF && !hascaptures(sib1(tree))) {
    codegen(compst, sib1(tree), 0, tt, fl);
    addinstcap(compst, IFullCapture, tree->cap, tree->key, len);
  }
  else {
    addinstcap(compst, IOpenCapture, tree->cap, tree->key, 0);
    codegen(compst, sib1(tree), 0, tt, fl);
    addinstcap(compst, ICloseCapture, Cclose, 0, 0);
  }
}


static void coderuntime (CompileState *compst, TTree *tree, int tt) {
  addinstcap(compst, IOpenCapture, Cgroup, tree->key, 0);
  codegen(compst, sib1(tree), 0, tt, fullset);
  addinstcap(compst, ICloseRunTime, Cclose, 0, 0);
}


/*
** Repetion; optimizations:
** When pattern is a charset, can use special instruction ISpan.
** When pattern is head fail, or if it starts with characters that
** are disjoint from what follows the repetions, a simple test
** is enough (a fail inside the repetition would backtrack to fail
** again in the following pattern, so there is no need for a choice).
** When 'opt' is true, the repetion can reuse the Choice already
** active in the stack.
*/
static void coderep (CompileState *compst, TTree *tree, int opt,
                     const Charset *fl) {
  Charset st;
  if (tocharset(tree, &st)) {
    addinstruction(compst, ISpan, 0);
    addcharset(compst, st.cs);
  }
  else {
    int e1 = getfirst(tree, fullset, &st);
    if (headfail(tree) || (!e1 && cs_disjoint(&st, fl))) {
      /* L1: test (fail(p1)) -> L2; <p>; jmp L1; L2: */
      int jmp;
      int test = codetestset(compst, &st, 0);
      codegen(compst, tree, opt, test, fullset);
      jmp = addoffsetinst(compst, IJmp);
      jumptohere(compst, test);
      jumptothere(compst, jmp, test);
    }
    else {
      /* test(fail(p1)) -> L2; choice L2; L1: <p>; partialcommit L1; L2: */
      /* or (if 'opt'): partialcommit L1; L1: <p>; partialcommit L1; */
      int commit, l2;
      int test = codetestset(compst, &st, e1);
      int pchoice = NOINST;
      if (opt)
        jumptohere(compst, addoffsetinst(compst, IPartialCommit));
      else
        pchoice = addoffsetinst(compst, IChoice);
      l2 = gethere(compst);
      codegen(compst, tree, 0, NOINST, fullset);
      commit = addoffsetinst(compst, IPartialCommit);
      jumptothere(compst, commit, l2);
      jumptohere(compst, pchoice);
      jumptohere(compst, test);
    }
  }
}


/*
** Not predicate; optimizations:
** In any case, if first test fails, 'not' succeeds, so it can jump to
** the end. If pattern is headfail, that is all (it cannot fail
** in other parts); this case includes 'not' of simple sets. Otherwise,
** use the default code (a choice plus a failtwice).
*/
static void codenot (CompileState *compst, TTree *tree) {
  Charset st;
  int e = getfirst(tree, fullset, &st);
  int test = codetestset(compst, &st, e);
  if (headfail(tree))  /* test (fail(p1)) -> L1; fail; L1:  */
    addinstruction(compst, IFail, 0);
  else {
    /* test(fail(p))-> L1; choice L1; <p>; failtwice; L1:  */
    int pchoice = addoffsetinst(compst, IChoice);
    codegen(compst, tree, 0, NOINST, fullset);
    addinstruction(compst, IFailTwice, 0);
    jumptohere(compst, pchoice);
  }
  jumptohere(compst, test);
}


/*
** change open calls to calls, using list 'positions' to find
** correct offsets; also optimize tail calls
*/
static void correctcalls (CompileState *compst, int *positions,
                          int from, int to) {
  int i;
  Instruction *code = compst->p->code;
  for (i = from; i < to; i += sizei(&code[i])) {
    if (code[i].i.code == IOpenCall) {
      int n = code[i].i.key;  /* rule number */
      int rule = positions[n];  /* rule position */
      assert(rule == from || code[rule - 1].i.code == IRet);
      if (code[finaltarget(code, i + 2)].i.code == IRet)  /* call; ret ? */
        code[i].i.code = IJmp;  /* tail call */
      else
        code[i].i.code = ICall;
      jumptothere(compst, i, rule);  /* call jumps to respective rule */
    }
  }
  assert(i == to);
}


/*
** Code for a grammar:
** call L1; jmp L2; L1: rule 1; ret; rule 2; ret; ...; L2:
*/
static void codegrammar (CompileState *compst, TTree *grammar) {
  int positions[MAXRULES];
  int rulenumber = 0;
  TTree *rule;
  int firstcall = addoffsetinst(compst, ICall);  /* call initial rule */
  int jumptoend = addoffsetinst(compst, IJmp);  /* jump to the end */
  int start = gethere(compst);  /* here starts the initial rule */
  jumptohere(compst, firstcall);
  for (rule = sib1(grammar); rule->tag == TRule; rule = sib2(rule)) {
    positions[rulenumber++] = gethere(compst);  /* save rule position */
    codegen(compst, sib1(rule), 0, NOINST, fullset);  /* code rule */
    addinstruction(compst, IRet, 0);
  }
  assert(rule->tag == TTrue);
  jumptohere(compst, jumptoend);
  correctcalls(compst, positions, start, gethere(compst));
}


static void codecall (CompileState *compst, TTree *call) {
  int c = addoffsetinst(compst, IOpenCall);  /* to be corrected later */
  getinstr(compst, c).i.key = sib2(call)->cap;  /* rule number */
  assert(sib2(call)->tag == TRule);
}


/*
** Code first child of a sequence
** (second child is called in-place to allow tail call)
** Return 'tt' for second child
*/
static int codeseq1 (CompileState *compst, TTree *p1, TTree *p2,
                     int tt, const Charset *fl) {
  if (needfollow(p1)) {
    Charset fl1;
    getfirst(p2, fl, &fl1);  /* p1 follow is p2 first */
    codegen(compst, p1, 0, tt, &fl1);
  }
  else  /* use 'fullset' as follow */
    codegen(compst, p1, 0, tt, fullset);
  if (fixedlen(p1) != 0)  /* can 'p1' consume anything? */
    return  NOINST;  /* invalidate test */
  else return tt;  /* else 'tt' still protects sib2 */
}


/*
** Main code-generation function: dispatch to auxiliar functions
** according to kind of tree. ('needfollow' should return true
** only for consructions that use 'fl'.)
*/
static void codegen (CompileState *compst, TTree *tree, int opt, int tt,
                     const Charset *fl) {
 tailcall:
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TChar: codechar(compst, tree->u.n, tt); break;
    case TAny: addinstruction(compst, IAny, 0); break;
    case TSet: codecharset(compst, treebuffer(tree), tt); break;
    case TTrue: break;
    case TFalse: addinstruction(compst, IFail, 0); break;
    case TChoice: codechoice(compst, sib1(tree), sib2(tree), opt, fl); break;
    case TRep: coderep(compst, sib1(tree), opt, fl); break;
    case TBehind: codebehind(compst, tree); break;
    case TNot: codenot(compst, sib1(tree)); break;
    case TAnd: codeand(compst, sib1(tree), tt); break;
    case TCapture: codecapture(compst, tree, tt, fl); break;
    case TRunTime: coderuntime(compst, tree, tt); break;
    case TGrammar: codegrammar(compst, tree); break;
    case TCall: codecall(compst, tree); break;
    case TSeq: {
      tt = codeseq1(compst, sib1(tree), sib2(tree), tt, fl);  /* code 'p1' */
      /* codegen(compst, p2, opt, tt, fl); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    }
    default: assert(0);
  }
}


/*
** Optimize jumps and other jump-like instructions.
** * Update labels of instructions with labels to their final
** destinations (e.g., choice L1; ... L1: jmp L2: becomes
** choice L2)
** * Jumps to other instructions that do jumps become those
** instructions (e.g., jump to return becomes a return; jump
** to commit becomes a commit)
*/
static void peephole (CompileState *compst) {
  Instruction *code = compst->p->code;
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < compst->ncode; i += sizei(&code[i])) {
   redo:
    switch (code[i].i.code) {
      case IChoice: case ICall: case ICommit: case IPartialCommit:
      case IBackCommit: case ITestChar: case ITestSet:
      case ITestAny: {  /* instructions with labels */
        jumptothere(compst, i, finallabel(code, i));  /* optimize label */
        break;
      }
      case IJmp: {
        int ft = finaltarget(code, i);
        switch (code[ft].i.code) {  /* jumping to what? */
          case IRet: case IFail: case IFailTwice:
          case IEnd: {  /* instructions with unconditional implicit jumps */
            code[i] = code[ft];  /* jump becomes that instruction */
            code[i + 1].i.code = IAny;  /* 'no-op' for target position */
            break;
          }
          case ICommit: case IPartialCommit:
          case IBackCommit: {  /* inst. with unconditional explicit jumps */
            int fft = finallabel(code, ft);
            code[i] = code[ft];  /* jump becomes that instruction... */
            jumptothere(compst, i, fft);  /* but must correct its offset */
            goto redo;  /* reoptimize its label */
          }
          default: {
            jumptothere(compst, i, ft);  /* optimize label */
            break;
          }
        }
        break;
      }
      default: break;
    }
  }
  assert(code[i - 1].i.code == IEnd);
}


/*
** Compile a pattern
*/
Instruction *compile (lua_State *L, Pattern *p) {
  CompileState compst;
  compst.p = p;  compst.ncode = 0;  compst.L = L;
  realloccode(L, p, 2);  /* minimum initial size */
  codegen(&compst, p->tree, 0, NOINST, fullset);
  addinstruction(&compst, IEnd, 0);
  realloccode(L, p, compst.ncode);  /* set final size */
  peephole(&compst);
  return p->code;
}


/* }====================================================== */

/*
** $Id: lpcap.c,v 1.5 2014/12/12 16:58:47 roberto Exp $
** Copyright 2007, Lua.org & PUC-Rio  (see 'lpeg.html' for license)
*/

/* #include "lua.h"*/
/* #include "lauxlib.h"*/

/* #include "lpcap.h"*/
/* #include "lptypes.h"*/


#define captype(cap)	((cap)->kind)

#define isclosecap(cap)	(captype(cap) == Cclose)

#define closeaddr(c)	((c)->s + (c)->siz - 1)

#define isfullcap(cap)	((cap)->siz != 0)

#define getfromktable(cs,v)	lua_rawgeti((cs)->L, ktableidx((cs)->ptop), v)

#define pushluaval(cs)		getfromktable(cs, (cs)->cap->idx)



/*
** Put at the cache for Lua values the value indexed by 'v' in ktable
** of the running pattern (if it is not there yet); returns its index.
*/
static int updatecache (CapState *cs, int v) {
  int idx = cs->ptop + 1;  /* stack index of cache for Lua values */
  if (v != cs->valuecached) {  /* not there? */
    getfromktable(cs, v);  /* get value from 'ktable' */
    lua_replace(cs->L, idx);  /* put it at reserved stack position */
    cs->valuecached = v;  /* keep track of what is there */
  }
  return idx;
}


static int pushcapture (CapState *cs);


/*
** Goes back in a list of captures looking for an open capture
** corresponding to a close
*/
static Capture *findopen (Capture *cap) {
  int n = 0;  /* number of closes waiting an open */
  for (;;) {
    cap--;
    if (isclosecap(cap)) n++;  /* one more open to skip */
    else if (!isfullcap(cap))
      if (n-- == 0) return cap;
  }
}


/*
** Go to the next capture
*/
static void nextcap (CapState *cs) {
  Capture *cap = cs->cap;
  if (!isfullcap(cap)) {  /* not a single capture? */
    int n = 0;  /* number of opens waiting a close */
    for (;;) {  /* look for corresponding close */
      cap++;
      if (isclosecap(cap)) {
        if (n-- == 0) break;
      }
      else if (!isfullcap(cap)) n++;
    }
  }
  cs->cap = cap + 1;  /* + 1 to skip last close (or entire single capture) */
}


/*
** Push on the Lua stack all values generated by nested captures inside
** the current capture. Returns number of values pushed. 'addextra'
** makes it push the entire match after all captured values. The
** entire match is pushed also if there are no other nested values,
** so the function never returns zero.
*/
static int pushnestedvalues (CapState *cs, int addextra) {
  Capture *co = cs->cap;
  if (isfullcap(cs->cap++)) {  /* no nested captures? */
    lua_pushlstring(cs->L, co->s, co->siz - 1);  /* push whole match */
    return 1;  /* that is it */
  }
  else {
    int n = 0;
    while (!isclosecap(cs->cap))  /* repeat for all nested patterns */
      n += pushcapture(cs);
    if (addextra || n == 0) {  /* need extra? */
      lua_pushlstring(cs->L, co->s, cs->cap->s - co->s);  /* push whole match */
      n++;
    }
    cs->cap++;  /* skip close entry */
    return n;
  }
}


/*
** Push only the first value generated by nested captures
*/
static void pushonenestedvalue (CapState *cs) {
  int n = pushnestedvalues(cs, 0);
  if (n > 1)
    lua_pop(cs->L, n - 1);  /* pop extra values */
}


/*
** Try to find a named group capture with the name given at the top of
** the stack; goes backward from 'cap'.
*/
static Capture *findback (CapState *cs, Capture *cap) {
  lua_State *L = cs->L;
  while (cap-- > cs->ocap) {  /* repeat until end of list */
    if (isclosecap(cap))
      cap = findopen(cap);  /* skip nested captures */
    else if (!isfullcap(cap))
      continue; /* opening an enclosing capture: skip and get previous */
    if (captype(cap) == Cgroup) {
      getfromktable(cs, cap->idx);  /* get group name */
      if (lua_equal(L, -2, -1)) {  /* right group? */
        lua_pop(L, 2);  /* remove reference name and group name */
        return cap;
      }
      else lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove group name */
    }
  }
  luaL_error(L, "back reference '%s' not found", lua_tostring(L, -1));
  return NULL;  /* to avoid warnings */
}


/*
** Back-reference capture. Return number of values pushed.
*/
static int backrefcap (CapState *cs) {
  int n;
  Capture *curr = cs->cap;
  pushluaval(cs);  /* reference name */
  cs->cap = findback(cs, curr);  /* find corresponding group */
  n = pushnestedvalues(cs, 0);  /* push group's values */
  cs->cap = curr + 1;
  return n;
}


/*
** Table capture: creates a new table and populates it with nested
** captures.
*/
static int tablecap (CapState *cs) {
  lua_State *L = cs->L;
  int n = 0;
  lua_newtable(L);
  if (isfullcap(cs->cap++))
    return 1;  /* table is empty */
  while (!isclosecap(cs->cap)) {
    if (captype(cs->cap) == Cgroup && cs->cap->idx != 0) {  /* named group? */
      pushluaval(cs);  /* push group name */
      pushonenestedvalue(cs);
      lua_settable(L, -3);
    }
    else {  /* not a named group */
      int i;
      int k = pushcapture(cs);
      for (i = k; i > 0; i--)  /* store all values into table */
        lua_rawseti(L, -(i + 1), n + i);
      n += k;
    }
  }
  cs->cap++;  /* skip close entry */
  return 1;  /* number of values pushed (only the table) */
}


/*
** Table-query capture
*/
static int querycap (CapState *cs) {
  int idx = cs->cap->idx;
  pushonenestedvalue(cs);  /* get nested capture */
  lua_gettable(cs->L, updatecache(cs, idx));  /* query cap. value at table */
  if (!lua_isnil(cs->L, -1))
    return 1;
  else {  /* no value */
    lua_pop(cs->L, 1);  /* remove nil */
    return 0;
  }
}


/*
** Fold capture
*/
static int foldcap (CapState *cs) {
  int n;
  lua_State *L = cs->L;
  int idx = cs->cap->idx;
  if (isfullcap(cs->cap++) ||  /* no nested captures? */
      isclosecap(cs->cap) ||  /* no nested captures (large subject)? */
      (n = pushcapture(cs)) == 0)  /* nested captures with no values? */
    return luaL_error(L, "no initial value for fold capture");
  if (n > 1)
    lua_pop(L, n - 1);  /* leave only one result for accumulator */
  while (!isclosecap(cs->cap)) {
    lua_pushvalue(L, updatecache(cs, idx));  /* get folding function */
    lua_insert(L, -2);  /* put it before accumulator */
    n = pushcapture(cs);  /* get next capture's values */
    lua_call(L, n + 1, 1);  /* call folding function */
  }
  cs->cap++;  /* skip close entry */
  return 1;  /* only accumulator left on the stack */
}


/*
** Function capture
*/
static int functioncap (CapState *cs) {
  int n;
  int top = lua_gettop(cs->L);
  pushluaval(cs);  /* push function */
  n = pushnestedvalues(cs, 0);  /* push nested captures */
  lua_call(cs->L, n, LUA_MULTRET);  /* call function */
  return lua_gettop(cs->L) - top;  /* return function's results */
}


/*
** Select capture
*/
static int numcap (CapState *cs) {
  int idx = cs->cap->idx;  /* value to select */
  if (idx == 0) {  /* no values? */
    nextcap(cs);  /* skip entire capture */
    return 0;  /* no value produced */
  }
  else {
    int n = pushnestedvalues(cs, 0);
    if (n < idx)  /* invalid index? */
      return luaL_error(cs->L, "no capture '%d'", idx);
    else {
      lua_pushvalue(cs->L, -(n - idx + 1));  /* get selected capture */
      lua_replace(cs->L, -(n + 1));  /* put it in place of 1st capture */
      lua_pop(cs->L, n - 1);  /* remove other captures */
      return 1;
    }
  }
}


/*
** Return the stack index of the first runtime capture in the given
** list of captures (or zero if no runtime captures)
*/
int finddyncap (Capture *cap, Capture *last) {
  for (; cap < last; cap++) {
    if (cap->kind == Cruntime)
      return cap->idx;  /* stack position of first capture */
  }
  return 0;  /* no dynamic captures in this segment */
}


/*
** Calls a runtime capture. Returns number of captures removed by
** the call, including the initial Cgroup. (Captures to be added are
** on the Lua stack.)
*/
int runtimecap (CapState *cs, Capture *close, const char *s, int *rem) {
  int n, id;
  lua_State *L = cs->L;
  int otop = lua_gettop(L);
  Capture *open = findopen(close);
  assert(captype(open) == Cgroup);
  id = finddyncap(open, close);  /* get first dynamic capture argument */
  close->kind = Cclose;  /* closes the group */
  close->s = s;
  cs->cap = open; cs->valuecached = 0;  /* prepare capture state */
  luaL_checkstack(L, 4, "too many runtime captures");
  pushluaval(cs);  /* push function to be called */
  lua_pushvalue(L, SUBJIDX);  /* push original subject */
  lua_pushinteger(L, s - cs->s + 1);  /* push current position */
  n = pushnestedvalues(cs, 0);  /* push nested captures */
  lua_call(L, n + 2, LUA_MULTRET);  /* call dynamic function */
  if (id > 0) {  /* are there old dynamic captures to be removed? */
    int i;
    for (i = id; i <= otop; i++)
      lua_remove(L, id);  /* remove old dynamic captures */
    *rem = otop - id + 1;  /* total number of dynamic captures removed */
  }
  else
    *rem = 0;  /* no dynamic captures removed */
  return close - open;  /* number of captures of all kinds removed */
}


/*
** Auxiliary structure for substitution and string captures: keep
** information about nested captures for future use, avoiding to push
** string results into Lua
*/
typedef struct StrAux {
  int isstring;  /* whether capture is a string */
  union {
    Capture *cp;  /* if not a string, respective capture */
    struct {  /* if it is a string... */
      const char *s;  /* ... starts here */
      const char *e;  /* ... ends here */
    } s;
  } u;
} StrAux;

#define MAXSTRCAPS	10

/*
** Collect values from current capture into array 'cps'. Current
** capture must be Cstring (first call) or Csimple (recursive calls).
** (In first call, fills %0 with whole match for Cstring.)
** Returns number of elements in the array that were filled.
*/
static int getstrcaps (CapState *cs, StrAux *cps, int n) {
  int k = n++;
  cps[k].isstring = 1;  /* get string value */
  cps[k].u.s.s = cs->cap->s;  /* starts here */
  if (!isfullcap(cs->cap++)) {  /* nested captures? */
    while (!isclosecap(cs->cap)) {  /* traverse them */
      if (n >= MAXSTRCAPS)  /* too many captures? */
        nextcap(cs);  /* skip extra captures (will not need them) */
      else if (captype(cs->cap) == Csimple)  /* string? */
        n = getstrcaps(cs, cps, n);  /* put info. into array */
      else {
        cps[n].isstring = 0;  /* not a string */
        cps[n].u.cp = cs->cap;  /* keep original capture */
        nextcap(cs);
        n++;
      }
    }
    cs->cap++;  /* skip close */
  }
  cps[k].u.s.e = closeaddr(cs->cap - 1);  /* ends here */
  return n;
}


/*
** add next capture value (which should be a string) to buffer 'b'
*/
static int addonestring (luaL_Buffer *b, CapState *cs, const char *what);


/*
** String capture: add result to buffer 'b' (instead of pushing
** it into the stack)
*/
static void stringcap (luaL_Buffer *b, CapState *cs) {
  StrAux cps[MAXSTRCAPS];
  int n;
  size_t len, i;
  const char *fmt;  /* format string */
  fmt = lua_tolstring(cs->L, updatecache(cs, cs->cap->idx), &len);
  n = getstrcaps(cs, cps, 0) - 1;  /* collect nested captures */
  for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {  /* traverse them */
    if (fmt[i] != '%')  /* not an escape? */
      luaL_addchar(b, fmt[i]);  /* add it to buffer */
    else if (fmt[++i] < '0' || fmt[i] > '9')  /* not followed by a digit? */
      luaL_addchar(b, fmt[i]);  /* add to buffer */
    else {
      int l = fmt[i] - '0';  /* capture index */
      if (l > n)
        luaL_error(cs->L, "invalid capture index (%d)", l);
      else if (cps[l].isstring)
        luaL_addlstring(b, cps[l].u.s.s, cps[l].u.s.e - cps[l].u.s.s);
      else {
        Capture *curr = cs->cap;
        cs->cap = cps[l].u.cp;  /* go back to evaluate that nested capture */
        if (!addonestring(b, cs, "capture"))
          luaL_error(cs->L, "no values in capture index %d", l);
        cs->cap = curr;  /* continue from where it stopped */
      }
    }
  }
}


/*
** Substitution capture: add result to buffer 'b'
*/
static void substcap (luaL_Buffer *b, CapState *cs) {
  const char *curr = cs->cap->s;
  if (isfullcap(cs->cap))  /* no nested captures? */
    luaL_addlstring(b, curr, cs->cap->siz - 1);  /* keep original text */
  else {
    cs->cap++;  /* skip open entry */
    while (!isclosecap(cs->cap)) {  /* traverse nested captures */
      const char *next = cs->cap->s;
      luaL_addlstring(b, curr, next - curr);  /* add text up to capture */
      if (addonestring(b, cs, "replacement"))
        curr = closeaddr(cs->cap - 1);  /* continue after match */
      else  /* no capture value */
        curr = next;  /* keep original text in final result */
    }
    luaL_addlstring(b, curr, cs->cap->s - curr);  /* add last piece of text */
  }
  cs->cap++;  /* go to next capture */
}


/*
** Evaluates a capture and adds its first value to buffer 'b'; returns
** whether there was a value
*/
static int addonestring (luaL_Buffer *b, CapState *cs, const char *what) {
  switch (captype(cs->cap)) {
    case Cstring:
      stringcap(b, cs);  /* add capture directly to buffer */
      return 1;
    case Csubst:
      substcap(b, cs);  /* add capture directly to buffer */
      return 1;
    default: {
      lua_State *L = cs->L;
      int n = pushcapture(cs);
      if (n > 0) {
        if (n > 1) lua_pop(L, n - 1);  /* only one result */
        if (!lua_isstring(L, -1))
          luaL_error(L, "invalid %s value (a %s)", what, luaL_typename(L, -1));
        luaL_addvalue(b);
      }
      return n;
    }
  }
}


/*
** Push all values of the current capture into the stack; returns
** number of values pushed
*/
static int pushcapture (CapState *cs) {
  lua_State *L = cs->L;
  luaL_checkstack(L, 4, "too many captures");
  switch (captype(cs->cap)) {
    case Cposition: {
      lua_pushinteger(L, cs->cap->s - cs->s + 1);
      cs->cap++;
      return 1;
    }
    case Cconst: {
      pushluaval(cs);
      cs->cap++;
      return 1;
    }
    case Carg: {
      int arg = (cs->cap++)->idx;
      if (arg + FIXEDARGS > cs->ptop)
        return luaL_error(L, "reference to absent extra argument #%d", arg);
      lua_pushvalue(L, arg + FIXEDARGS);
      return 1;
    }
    case Csimple: {
      int k = pushnestedvalues(cs, 1);
      lua_insert(L, -k);  /* make whole match be first result */
      return k;
    }
    case Cruntime: {
      lua_pushvalue(L, (cs->cap++)->idx);  /* value is in the stack */
      return 1;
    }
    case Cstring: {
      luaL_Buffer b;
      luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
      stringcap(&b, cs);
      luaL_pushresult(&b);
      return 1;
    }
    case Csubst: {
      luaL_Buffer b;
      luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
      substcap(&b, cs);
      luaL_pushresult(&b);
      return 1;
    }
    case Cgroup: {
      if (cs->cap->idx == 0)  /* anonymous group? */
        return pushnestedvalues(cs, 0);  /* add all nested values */
      else {  /* named group: add no values */
        nextcap(cs);  /* skip capture */
        return 0;
      }
    }
    case Cbackref: return backrefcap(cs);
    case Ctable: return tablecap(cs);
    case Cfunction: return functioncap(cs);
    case Cnum: return numcap(cs);
    case Cquery: return querycap(cs);
    case Cfold: return foldcap(cs);
    default: assert(0); return 0;
  }
}


/*
** Prepare a CapState structure and traverse the entire list of
** captures in the stack pushing its results. 's' is the subject
** string, 'r' is the final position of the match, and 'ptop'
** the index in the stack where some useful values were pushed.
** Returns the number of results pushed. (If the list produces no
** results, push the final position of the match.)
*/
int getcaptures (lua_State *L, const char *s, const char *r, int ptop) {
  Capture *capture = (Capture *)lua_touserdata(L, caplistidx(ptop));
  int n = 0;
  if (!isclosecap(capture)) {  /* is there any capture? */
    CapState cs;
    cs.ocap = cs.cap = capture; cs.L = L;
    cs.s = s; cs.valuecached = 0; cs.ptop = ptop;
    do {  /* collect their values */
      n += pushcapture(&cs);
    } while (!isclosecap(cs.cap));
  }
  if (n == 0) {  /* no capture values? */
    lua_pushinteger(L, r - s + 1);  /* return only end position */
    n = 1;
  }
  return n;
}


/*
** $Id: lptree.c,v 1.15 2015/03/04 17:23:00 roberto Exp $
** Copyright 2013, Lua.org & PUC-Rio  (see 'lpeg.html' for license)
*/

/* #include <ctype.h>*/
/* #include <limits.h>*/
/* #include <string.h>*/


/* #include "lua.h"*/
/* #include "lauxlib.h"*/

/* #include "lptypes.h"*/
/* #include "lpcap.h"*/
/* #include "lpcode.h"*/
/* #include "lpprint.h"*/
/* #include "lptree.h"*/


/* number of siblings for each tree */
const byte numsiblings[] = {
  0, 0, 0,	/* char, set, any */
  0, 0,		/* true, false */
  1,		/* rep */
  2, 2,		/* seq, choice */
  1, 1,		/* not, and */
  0, 0, 2, 1,  /* call, opencall, rule, grammar */
  1,  /* behind */
  1, 1  /* capture, runtime capture */
};


static TTree *newgrammar (lua_State *L, int arg);


/*
** returns a reasonable name for value at index 'idx' on the stack
*/
static const char *val2str (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const char *k = lua_tostring(L, idx);
  if (k != NULL)
    return lua_pushfstring(L, "%s", k);
  else
    return lua_pushfstring(L, "(a %s)", luaL_typename(L, idx));
}


/*
** Fix a TOpenCall into a TCall node, using table 'postable' to
** translate a key to its rule address in the tree. Raises an
** error if key does not exist.
*/
static void fixonecall (lua_State *L, int postable, TTree *g, TTree *t) {
  int n;
  lua_rawgeti(L, -1, t->key);  /* get rule's name */
  lua_gettable(L, postable);  /* query name in position table */
  n = lua_tonumber(L, -1);  /* get (absolute) position */
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove position */
  if (n == 0) {  /* no position? */
    lua_rawgeti(L, -1, t->key);  /* get rule's name again */
    luaL_error(L, "rule '%s' undefined in given grammar", val2str(L, -1));
  }
  t->tag = TCall;
  t->u.ps = n - (t - g);  /* position relative to node */
  assert(sib2(t)->tag == TRule);
  sib2(t)->key = t->key;
}


/*
** Transform left associative constructions into right
** associative ones, for sequence and choice; that is:
** (t11 + t12) + t2  =>  t11 + (t12 + t2)
** (t11 * t12) * t2  =>  t11 * (t12 * t2)
** (that is, Op (Op t11 t12) t2 => Op t11 (Op t12 t2))
*/
static void correctassociativity (TTree *tree) {
  TTree *t1 = sib1(tree);
  assert(tree->tag == TChoice || tree->tag == TSeq);
  while (t1->tag == tree->tag) {
    int n1size = tree->u.ps - 1;  /* t1 == Op t11 t12 */
    int n11size = t1->u.ps - 1;
    int n12size = n1size - n11size - 1;
    memmove(sib1(tree), sib1(t1), n11size * sizeof(TTree)); /* move t11 */
    tree->u.ps = n11size + 1;
    sib2(tree)->tag = tree->tag;
    sib2(tree)->u.ps = n12size + 1;
  }
}


/*
** Make final adjustments in a tree. Fix open calls in tree 't',
** making them refer to their respective rules or raising appropriate
** errors (if not inside a grammar). Correct associativity of associative
** constructions (making them right associative). Assume that tree's
** ktable is at the top of the stack (for error messages).
*/
static void finalfix (lua_State *L, int postable, TTree *g, TTree *t) {
 tailcall:
  switch (t->tag) {
    case TGrammar:  /* subgrammars were already fixed */
      return;
    case TOpenCall: {
      if (g != NULL)  /* inside a grammar? */
        fixonecall(L, postable, g, t);
      else {  /* open call outside grammar */
        lua_rawgeti(L, -1, t->key);
        luaL_error(L, "rule '%s' used outside a grammar", val2str(L, -1));
      }
      break;
    }
    case TSeq: case TChoice:
      correctassociativity(t);
      break;
  }
  switch (numsiblings[t->tag]) {
    case 1: /* finalfix(L, postable, g, sib1(t)); */
      t = sib1(t); goto tailcall;
    case 2:
      finalfix(L, postable, g, sib1(t));
      t = sib2(t); goto tailcall;  /* finalfix(L, postable, g, sib2(t)); */
    default: assert(numsiblings[t->tag] == 0); break;
  }
}



/*
** {===================================================================
** KTable manipulation
**
** - The ktable of a pattern 'p' can be shared by other patterns that
** contain 'p' and no other constants. Because of this sharing, we
** should not add elements to a 'ktable' unless it was freshly created
** for the new pattern.
**
** - The maximum index in a ktable is USHRT_MAX, because trees and
** patterns use unsigned shorts to store those indices.
** ====================================================================
*/

/*
** Create a new 'ktable' to the pattern at the top of the stack.
*/
static void newktable (lua_State *L, int n) {
  lua_createtable(L, n, 0);  /* create a fresh table */
  lua_setfenv(L, -2);  /* set it as 'ktable' for pattern */
}


/*
** Add element 'idx' to 'ktable' of pattern at the top of the stack;
** Return index of new element.
** If new element is nil, does not add it to table (as it would be
** useless) and returns 0, as ktable[0] is always nil.
*/
static int addtoktable (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  if (lua_isnil(L, idx))  /* nil value? */
    return 0;
  else {
    int n;
    lua_getfenv(L, -1);  /* get ktable from pattern */
    n = lua_objlen(L, -1);
    if (n >= USHRT_MAX)
      luaL_error(L, "too many Lua values in pattern");
    lua_pushvalue(L, idx);  /* element to be added */
    lua_rawseti(L, -2, ++n);
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove 'ktable' */
    return n;
  }
}


/*
** Return the number of elements in the ktable at 'idx'.
** In Lua 5.2/5.3, default "environment" for patterns is nil, not
** a table. Treat it as an empty table. In Lua 5.1, assumes that
** the environment has no numeric indices (len == 0)
*/
static int ktablelen (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  if (!lua_istable(L, idx)) return 0;
  else return lua_objlen(L, idx);
}


/*
** Concatentate the contents of table 'idx1' into table 'idx2'.
** (Assume that both indices are negative.)
** Return the original length of table 'idx2' (or 0, if no
** element was added, as there is no need to correct any index).
*/
static int concattable (lua_State *L, int idx1, int idx2) {
  int i;
  int n1 = ktablelen(L, idx1);
  int n2 = ktablelen(L, idx2);
  if (n1 + n2 > USHRT_MAX)
    luaL_error(L, "too many Lua values in pattern");
  if (n1 == 0) return 0;  /* nothing to correct */
  for (i = 1; i <= n1; i++) {
    lua_rawgeti(L, idx1, i);
    lua_rawseti(L, idx2 - 1, n2 + i);  /* correct 'idx2' */
  }
  return n2;
}


/*
** When joining 'ktables', constants from one of the subpatterns must
** be renumbered; 'correctkeys' corrects their indices (adding 'n'
** to each of them)
*/
static void correctkeys (TTree *tree, int n) {
  if (n == 0) return;  /* no correction? */
 tailcall:
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TOpenCall: case TCall: case TRunTime: case TRule: {
      if (tree->key > 0)
        tree->key += n;
      break;
    }
    case TCapture: {
      if (tree->key > 0 && tree->cap != Carg && tree->cap != Cnum)
        tree->key += n;
      break;
    }
    default: break;
  }
  switch (numsiblings[tree->tag]) {
    case 1:  /* correctkeys(sib1(tree), n); */
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    case 2:
      correctkeys(sib1(tree), n);
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;  /* correctkeys(sib2(tree), n); */
    default: assert(numsiblings[tree->tag] == 0); break;
  }
}


/*
** Join the ktables from p1 and p2 the ktable for the new pattern at the
** top of the stack, reusing them when possible.
*/
static void joinktables (lua_State *L, int p1, TTree *t2, int p2) {
  int n1, n2;
  lua_getfenv(L, p1);  /* get ktables */
  lua_getfenv(L, p2);
  n1 = ktablelen(L, -2);
  n2 = ktablelen(L, -1);
  if (n1 == 0 && n2 == 0)  /* are both tables empty? */
    lua_pop(L, 2);  /* nothing to be done; pop tables */
  else if (n2 == 0 || lua_equal(L, -2, -1)) {  /* 2nd table empty or equal? */
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop 2nd table */
    lua_setfenv(L, -2);  /* set 1st ktable into new pattern */
  }
  else if (n1 == 0) {  /* first table is empty? */
    lua_setfenv(L, -3);  /* set 2nd table into new pattern */
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop 1st table */
  }
  else {
    lua_createtable(L, n1 + n2, 0);  /* create ktable for new pattern */
    /* stack: new p; ktable p1; ktable p2; new ktable */
    concattable(L, -3, -1);  /* from p1 into new ktable */
    concattable(L, -2, -1);  /* from p2 into new ktable */
    lua_setfenv(L, -4);  /* new ktable becomes 'p' environment */
    lua_pop(L, 2);  /* pop other ktables */
    correctkeys(t2, n1);  /* correction for indices from p2 */
  }
}


/*
** copy 'ktable' of element 'idx' to new tree (on top of stack)
*/
static void copyktable (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lua_getfenv(L, idx);
  lua_setfenv(L, -2);
}


/*
** merge 'ktable' from 'stree' at stack index 'idx' into 'ktable'
** from tree at the top of the stack, and correct corresponding
** tree.
*/
static void mergektable (lua_State *L, int idx, TTree *stree) {
  int n;
  lua_getfenv(L, -1);  /* get ktables */
  lua_getfenv(L, idx);
  n = concattable(L, -1, -2);
  lua_pop(L, 2);  /* remove both ktables */
  correctkeys(stree, n);
}


/*
** Create a new 'ktable' to the pattern at the top of the stack, adding
** all elements from pattern 'p' (if not 0) plus element 'idx' to it.
** Return index of new element.
*/
static int addtonewktable (lua_State *L, int p, int idx) {
  newktable(L, 1);
  if (p)
    mergektable(L, p, NULL);
  return addtoktable(L, idx);
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Tree generation
** =======================================================
*/

/*
** In 5.2, could use 'luaL_testudata'...
*/
static int testpattern (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  if (lua_touserdata(L, idx)) {  /* value is a userdata? */
    if (lua_getmetatable(L, idx)) {  /* does it have a metatable? */
      luaL_getmetatable(L, PATTERN_T);
      if (lua_rawequal(L, -1, -2)) {  /* does it have the correct mt? */
        lua_pop(L, 2);  /* remove both metatables */
        return 1;
      }
    }
  }
  return 0;
}


static Pattern *getpattern (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  return (Pattern *)luaL_checkudata(L, idx, PATTERN_T);
}


static int getsize (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  return (lua_objlen(L, idx) - sizeof(Pattern)) / sizeof(TTree) + 1;
}


static TTree *gettree (lua_State *L, int idx, int *len) {
  Pattern *p = getpattern(L, idx);
  if (len)
    *len = getsize(L, idx);
  return p->tree;
}


/*
** create a pattern
*/
static TTree *newtree (lua_State *L, int len) {
  size_t size = (len - 1) * sizeof(TTree) + sizeof(Pattern);
  Pattern *p = (Pattern *)lua_newuserdata(L, size);
  luaL_getmetatable(L, PATTERN_T);
  lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
  p->code = NULL;  p->codesize = 0;
  return p->tree;
}


static TTree *newleaf (lua_State *L, int tag) {
  TTree *tree = newtree(L, 1);
  tree->tag = tag;
  return tree;
}


static TTree *newcharset (lua_State *L) {
  TTree *tree = newtree(L, bytes2slots(CHARSETSIZE) + 1);
  tree->tag = TSet;
  loopset(i, treebuffer(tree)[i] = 0);
  return tree;
}


/*
** add to tree a sequence where first sibling is 'sib' (with size
** 'sibsize'); returns position for second sibling
*/
static TTree *seqaux (TTree *tree, TTree *sib, int sibsize) {
  tree->tag = TSeq; tree->u.ps = sibsize + 1;
  memcpy(sib1(tree), sib, sibsize * sizeof(TTree));
  return sib2(tree);
}


/*
** Build a sequence of 'n' nodes, each with tag 'tag' and 'u.n' got
** from the array 's' (or 0 if array is NULL). (TSeq is binary, so it
** must build a sequence of sequence of sequence...)
*/
static void fillseq (TTree *tree, int tag, int n, const char *s) {
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {  /* initial n-1 copies of Seq tag; Seq ... */
    tree->tag = TSeq; tree->u.ps = 2;
    sib1(tree)->tag = tag;
    sib1(tree)->u.n = s ? (byte)s[i] : 0;
    tree = sib2(tree);
  }
  tree->tag = tag;  /* last one does not need TSeq */
  tree->u.n = s ? (byte)s[i] : 0;
}


/*
** Numbers as patterns:
** 0 == true (always match); n == TAny repeated 'n' times;
** -n == not (TAny repeated 'n' times)
*/
static TTree *numtree (lua_State *L, int n) {
  if (n == 0)
    return newleaf(L, TTrue);
  else {
    TTree *tree, *nd;
    if (n > 0)
      tree = nd = newtree(L, 2 * n - 1);
    else {  /* negative: code it as !(-n) */
      n = -n;
      tree = newtree(L, 2 * n);
      tree->tag = TNot;
      nd = sib1(tree);
    }
    fillseq(nd, TAny, n, NULL);  /* sequence of 'n' any's */
    return tree;
  }
}


/*
** Convert value at index 'idx' to a pattern
*/
static TTree *getpatt (lua_State *L, int idx, int *len) {
  TTree *tree;
  switch (lua_type(L, idx)) {
    case LUA_TSTRING: {
      size_t slen;
      const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, idx, &slen);  /* get string */
      if (slen == 0)  /* empty? */
        tree = newleaf(L, TTrue);  /* always match */
      else {
        tree = newtree(L, 2 * (slen - 1) + 1);
        fillseq(tree, TChar, slen, s);  /* sequence of 'slen' chars */
      }
      break;
    }
    case LUA_TNUMBER: {
      int n = lua_tointeger(L, idx);
      tree = numtree(L, n);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_TBOOLEAN: {
      tree = (lua_toboolean(L, idx) ? newleaf(L, TTrue) : newleaf(L, TFalse));
      break;
    }
    case LUA_TTABLE: {
      tree = newgrammar(L, idx);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_TFUNCTION: {
      tree = newtree(L, 2);
      tree->tag = TRunTime;
      tree->key = addtonewktable(L, 0, idx);
      sib1(tree)->tag = TTrue;
      break;
    }
    default: {
      return gettree(L, idx, len);
    }
  }
  lua_replace(L, idx);  /* put new tree into 'idx' slot */
  if (len)
    *len = getsize(L, idx);
  return tree;
}


/*
** create a new tree, whith a new root and one sibling.
** Sibling must be on the Lua stack, at index 1.
*/
static TTree *newroot1sib (lua_State *L, int tag) {
  int s1;
  TTree *tree1 = getpatt(L, 1, &s1);
  TTree *tree = newtree(L, 1 + s1);  /* create new tree */
  tree->tag = tag;
  memcpy(sib1(tree), tree1, s1 * sizeof(TTree));
  copyktable(L, 1);
  return tree;
}


/*
** create a new tree, whith a new root and 2 siblings.
** Siblings must be on the Lua stack, first one at index 1.
*/
static TTree *newroot2sib (lua_State *L, int tag) {
  int s1, s2;
  TTree *tree1 = getpatt(L, 1, &s1);
  TTree *tree2 = getpatt(L, 2, &s2);
  TTree *tree = newtree(L, 1 + s1 + s2);  /* create new tree */
  tree->tag = tag;
  tree->u.ps =  1 + s1;
  memcpy(sib1(tree), tree1, s1 * sizeof(TTree));
  memcpy(sib2(tree), tree2, s2 * sizeof(TTree));
  joinktables(L, 1, sib2(tree), 2);
  return tree;
}


static int lp_P (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checkany(L, 1);
  getpatt(L, 1, NULL);
  lua_settop(L, 1);
  return 1;
}


/*
** sequence operator; optimizations:
** false x => false, x true => x, true x => x
** (cannot do x . false => false because x may have runtime captures)
*/
static int lp_seq (lua_State *L) {
  TTree *tree1 = getpatt(L, 1, NULL);
  TTree *tree2 = getpatt(L, 2, NULL);
  if (tree1->tag == TFalse || tree2->tag == TTrue)
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* false . x == false, x . true = x */
  else if (tree1->tag == TTrue)
    lua_pushvalue(L, 2);  /* true . x = x */
  else
    newroot2sib(L, TSeq);
  return 1;
}


/*
** choice operator; optimizations:
** charset / charset => charset
** true / x => true, x / false => x, false / x => x
** (x / true is not equivalent to true)
*/
static int lp_choice (lua_State *L) {
  Charset st1, st2;
  TTree *t1 = getpatt(L, 1, NULL);
  TTree *t2 = getpatt(L, 2, NULL);
  if (tocharset(t1, &st1) && tocharset(t2, &st2)) {
    TTree *t = newcharset(L);
    loopset(i, treebuffer(t)[i] = st1.cs[i] | st2.cs[i]);
  }
  else if (nofail(t1) || t2->tag == TFalse)
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* true / x => true, x / false => x */
  else if (t1->tag == TFalse)
    lua_pushvalue(L, 2);  /* false / x => x */
  else
    newroot2sib(L, TChoice);
  return 1;
}


/*
** p^n
*/
static int lp_star (lua_State *L) {
  int size1;
  int n = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
  TTree *tree1 = getpatt(L, 1, &size1);
  if (n >= 0) {  /* seq tree1 (seq tree1 ... (seq tree1 (rep tree1))) */
    TTree *tree = newtree(L, (n + 1) * (size1 + 1));
    if (nullable(tree1))
      luaL_error(L, "loop body may accept empty string");
    while (n--)  /* repeat 'n' times */
      tree = seqaux(tree, tree1, size1);
    tree->tag = TRep;
    memcpy(sib1(tree), tree1, size1 * sizeof(TTree));
  }
  else {  /* choice (seq tree1 ... choice tree1 true ...) true */
    TTree *tree;
    n = -n;
    /* size = (choice + seq + tree1 + true) * n, but the last has no seq */
    tree = newtree(L, n * (size1 + 3) - 1);
    for (; n > 1; n--) {  /* repeat (n - 1) times */
      tree->tag = TChoice; tree->u.ps = n * (size1 + 3) - 2;
      sib2(tree)->tag = TTrue;
      tree = sib1(tree);
      tree = seqaux(tree, tree1, size1);
    }
    tree->tag = TChoice; tree->u.ps = size1 + 1;
    sib2(tree)->tag = TTrue;
    memcpy(sib1(tree), tree1, size1 * sizeof(TTree));
  }
  copyktable(L, 1);
  return 1;
}


/*
** #p == &p
*/
static int lp_and (lua_State *L) {
  newroot1sib(L, TAnd);
  return 1;
}


/*
** -p == !p
*/
static int lp_not (lua_State *L) {
  newroot1sib(L, TNot);
  return 1;
}


/*
** [t1 - t2] == Seq (Not t2) t1
** If t1 and t2 are charsets, make their difference.
*/
static int lp_sub (lua_State *L) {
  Charset st1, st2;
  int s1, s2;
  TTree *t1 = getpatt(L, 1, &s1);
  TTree *t2 = getpatt(L, 2, &s2);
  if (tocharset(t1, &st1) && tocharset(t2, &st2)) {
    TTree *t = newcharset(L);
    loopset(i, treebuffer(t)[i] = st1.cs[i] & ~st2.cs[i]);
  }
  else {
    TTree *tree = newtree(L, 2 + s1 + s2);
    tree->tag = TSeq;  /* sequence of... */
    tree->u.ps =  2 + s2;
    sib1(tree)->tag = TNot;  /* ...not... */
    memcpy(sib1(sib1(tree)), t2, s2 * sizeof(TTree));  /* ...t2 */
    memcpy(sib2(tree), t1, s1 * sizeof(TTree));  /* ... and t1 */
    joinktables(L, 1, sib1(tree), 2);
  }
  return 1;
}


static int lp_set (lua_State *L) {
  size_t l;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
  TTree *tree = newcharset(L);
  while (l--) {
    setchar(treebuffer(tree), (byte)(*s));
    s++;
  }
  return 1;
}


static int lp_range (lua_State *L) {
  int arg;
  int top = lua_gettop(L);
  TTree *tree = newcharset(L);
  for (arg = 1; arg <= top; arg++) {
    int c;
    size_t l;
    const char *r = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &l);
    luaL_argcheck(L, l == 2, arg, "range must have two characters");
    for (c = (byte)r[0]; c <= (byte)r[1]; c++)
      setchar(treebuffer(tree), c);
  }
  return 1;
}


/*
** Look-behind predicate
*/
static int lp_behind (lua_State *L) {
  TTree *tree;
  TTree *tree1 = getpatt(L, 1, NULL);
  int n = fixedlen(tree1);
  luaL_argcheck(L, n > 0, 1, "pattern may not have fixed length");
  luaL_argcheck(L, !hascaptures(tree1), 1, "pattern have captures");
  luaL_argcheck(L, n <= MAXBEHIND, 1, "pattern too long to look behind");
  tree = newroot1sib(L, TBehind);
  tree->u.n = n;
  return 1;
}


/*
** Create a non-terminal
*/
static int lp_V (lua_State *L) {
  TTree *tree = newleaf(L, TOpenCall);
  luaL_argcheck(L, !lua_isnoneornil(L, 1), 1, "non-nil value expected");
  tree->key = addtonewktable(L, 0, 1);
  return 1;
}


/*
** Create a tree for a non-empty capture, with a body and
** optionally with an associated Lua value (at index 'labelidx' in the
** stack)
*/
static int capture_aux (lua_State *L, int cap, int labelidx) {
  TTree *tree = newroot1sib(L, TCapture);
  tree->cap = cap;
  tree->key = (labelidx == 0) ? 0 : addtonewktable(L, 1, labelidx);
  return 1;
}


/*
** Fill a tree with an empty capture, using an empty (TTrue) sibling.
*/
static TTree *auxemptycap (TTree *tree, int cap) {
  tree->tag = TCapture;
  tree->cap = cap;
  sib1(tree)->tag = TTrue;
  return tree;
}


/*
** Create a tree for an empty capture
*/
static TTree *newemptycap (lua_State *L, int cap) {
  return auxemptycap(newtree(L, 2), cap);
}


/*
** Create a tree for an empty capture with an associated Lua value
*/
static TTree *newemptycapkey (lua_State *L, int cap, int idx) {
  TTree *tree = auxemptycap(newtree(L, 2), cap);
  tree->key = addtonewktable(L, 0, idx);
  return tree;
}


/*
** Captures with syntax p / v
** (function capture, query capture, string capture, or number capture)
*/
static int lp_divcapture (lua_State *L) {
  switch (lua_type(L, 2)) {
    case LUA_TFUNCTION: return capture_aux(L, Cfunction, 2);
    case LUA_TTABLE: return capture_aux(L, Cquery, 2);
    case LUA_TSTRING: return capture_aux(L, Cstring, 2);
    case LUA_TNUMBER: {
      int n = lua_tointeger(L, 2);
      TTree *tree = newroot1sib(L, TCapture);
      luaL_argcheck(L, 0 <= n && n <= SHRT_MAX, 1, "invalid number");
      tree->cap = Cnum;
      tree->key = n;
      return 1;
    }
    default: return luaL_argerror(L, 2, "invalid replacement value");
  }
}


static int lp_substcapture (lua_State *L) {
  return capture_aux(L, Csubst, 0);
}


static int lp_tablecapture (lua_State *L) {
  return capture_aux(L, Ctable, 0);
}


static int lp_groupcapture (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_isnoneornil(L, 2))
    return capture_aux(L, Cgroup, 0);
  else {
    luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
    return capture_aux(L, Cgroup, 2);
  }
}


static int lp_foldcapture (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TFUNCTION);
  return capture_aux(L, Cfold, 2);
}


static int lp_simplecapture (lua_State *L) {
  return capture_aux(L, Csimple, 0);
}


static int lp_poscapture (lua_State *L) {
  newemptycap(L, Cposition);
  return 1;
}


static int lp_argcapture (lua_State *L) {
  int n = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);
  TTree *tree = newemptycap(L, Carg);
  tree->key = n;
  luaL_argcheck(L, 0 < n && n <= SHRT_MAX, 1, "invalid argument index");
  return 1;
}


static int lp_backref (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  newemptycapkey(L, Cbackref, 1);
  return 1;
}


/*
** Constant capture
*/
static int lp_constcapture (lua_State *L) {
  int i;
  int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of values */
  if (n == 0)  /* no values? */
    newleaf(L, TTrue);  /* no capture */
  else if (n == 1)
    newemptycapkey(L, Cconst, 1);  /* single constant capture */
  else {  /* create a group capture with all values */
    TTree *tree = newtree(L, 1 + 3 * (n - 1) + 2);
    newktable(L, n);  /* create a 'ktable' for new tree */
    tree->tag = TCapture;
    tree->cap = Cgroup;
    tree->key = 0;
    tree = sib1(tree);
    for (i = 1; i <= n - 1; i++) {
      tree->tag = TSeq;
      tree->u.ps = 3;  /* skip TCapture and its sibling */
      auxemptycap(sib1(tree), Cconst);
      sib1(tree)->key = addtoktable(L, i);
      tree = sib2(tree);
    }
    auxemptycap(tree, Cconst);
    tree->key = addtoktable(L, i);
  }
  return 1;
}


static int lp_matchtime (lua_State *L) {
  TTree *tree;
  luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TFUNCTION);
  tree = newroot1sib(L, TRunTime);
  tree->key = addtonewktable(L, 1, 2);
  return 1;
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Grammar - Tree generation
** =======================================================
*/

/*
** push on the stack the index and the pattern for the
** initial rule of grammar at index 'arg' in the stack;
** also add that index into position table.
*/
static void getfirstrule (lua_State *L, int arg, int postab) {
  lua_rawgeti(L, arg, 1);  /* access first element */
  if (lua_isstring(L, -1)) {  /* is it the name of initial rule? */
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);  /* duplicate it to use as key */
    lua_gettable(L, arg);  /* get associated rule */
  }
  else {
    lua_pushinteger(L, 1);  /* key for initial rule */
    lua_insert(L, -2);  /* put it before rule */
  }
  if (!testpattern(L, -1)) {  /* initial rule not a pattern? */
    if (lua_isnil(L, -1))
      luaL_error(L, "grammar has no initial rule");
    else
      luaL_error(L, "initial rule '%s' is not a pattern", lua_tostring(L, -2));
  }
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* push key */
  lua_pushinteger(L, 1);  /* push rule position (after TGrammar) */
  lua_settable(L, postab);  /* insert pair at position table */
}

/*
** traverse grammar at index 'arg', pushing all its keys and patterns
** into the stack. Create a new table (before all pairs key-pattern) to
** collect all keys and their associated positions in the final tree
** (the "position table").
** Return the number of rules and (in 'totalsize') the total size
** for the new tree.
*/
static int collectrules (lua_State *L, int arg, int *totalsize) {
  int n = 1;  /* to count number of rules */
  int postab = lua_gettop(L) + 1;  /* index of position table */
  int size;  /* accumulator for total size */
  lua_newtable(L);  /* create position table */
  getfirstrule(L, arg, postab);
  size = 2 + getsize(L, postab + 2);  /* TGrammar + TRule + rule */
  lua_pushnil(L);  /* prepare to traverse grammar table */
  while (lua_next(L, arg) != 0) {
    if (lua_tonumber(L, -2) == 1 ||
        lua_equal(L, -2, postab + 1)) {  /* initial rule? */
      lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove value (keep key for lua_next) */
      continue;
    }
    if (!testpattern(L, -1))  /* value is not a pattern? */
      luaL_error(L, "rule '%s' is not a pattern", val2str(L, -2));
    luaL_checkstack(L, LUA_MINSTACK, "grammar has too many rules");
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* push key (to insert into position table) */
    lua_pushinteger(L, size);
    lua_settable(L, postab);
    size += 1 + getsize(L, -1);  /* update size */
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* push key (for next lua_next) */
    n++;
  }
  *totalsize = size + 1;  /* TTrue to finish list of rules */
  return n;
}


static void buildgrammar (lua_State *L, TTree *grammar, int frule, int n) {
  int i;
  TTree *nd = sib1(grammar);  /* auxiliary pointer to traverse the tree */
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {  /* add each rule into new tree */
    int ridx = frule + 2*i + 1;  /* index of i-th rule */
    int rulesize;
    TTree *rn = gettree(L, ridx, &rulesize);
    nd->tag = TRule;
    nd->key = 0;
    nd->cap = i;  /* rule number */
    nd->u.ps = rulesize + 1;  /* point to next rule */
    memcpy(sib1(nd), rn, rulesize * sizeof(TTree));  /* copy rule */
    mergektable(L, ridx, sib1(nd));  /* merge its ktable into new one */
    nd = sib2(nd);  /* move to next rule */
  }
  nd->tag = TTrue;  /* finish list of rules */
}


/*
** Check whether a tree has potential infinite loops
*/
static int checkloops (TTree *tree) {
 tailcall:
  if (tree->tag == TRep && nullable(sib1(tree)))
    return 1;
  else if (tree->tag == TGrammar)
    return 0;  /* sub-grammars already checked */
  else {
    switch (numsiblings[tree->tag]) {
      case 1:  /* return checkloops(sib1(tree)); */
        tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
      case 2:
        if (checkloops(sib1(tree))) return 1;
        /* else return checkloops(sib2(tree)); */
        tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
      default: assert(numsiblings[tree->tag] == 0); return 0;
    }
  }
}


static int verifyerror (lua_State *L, int *passed, int npassed) {
  int i, j;
  for (i = npassed - 1; i >= 0; i--) {  /* search for a repetition */
    for (j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
      if (passed[i] == passed[j]) {
        lua_rawgeti(L, -1, passed[i]);  /* get rule's key */
        return luaL_error(L, "rule '%s' may be left recursive", val2str(L, -1));
      }
    }
  }
  return luaL_error(L, "too many left calls in grammar");
}


/*
** Check whether a rule can be left recursive; raise an error in that
** case; otherwise return 1 iff pattern is nullable. Assume ktable at
** the top of the stack.
*/
static int verifyrule (lua_State *L, TTree *tree, int *passed, int npassed,
                       int nullable) {
 tailcall:
  switch (tree->tag) {
    case TChar: case TSet: case TAny:
    case TFalse:
      return nullable;  /* cannot pass from here */
    case TTrue:
    case TBehind:  /* look-behind cannot have calls */
      return 1;
    case TNot: case TAnd: case TRep:
      /* return verifyrule(L, sib1(tree), passed, npassed, 1); */
      tree = sib1(tree); nullable = 1; goto tailcall;
    case TCapture: case TRunTime:
      /* return verifyrule(L, sib1(tree), passed, npassed); */
      tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TCall:
      /* return verifyrule(L, sib2(tree), passed, npassed); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TSeq:  /* only check 2nd child if first is nullable */
      if (!verifyrule(L, sib1(tree), passed, npassed, 0))
        return nullable;
      /* else return verifyrule(L, sib2(tree), passed, npassed); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TChoice:  /* must check both children */
      nullable = verifyrule(L, sib1(tree), passed, npassed, nullable);
      /* return verifyrule(L, sib2(tree), passed, npassed, nullable); */
      tree = sib2(tree); goto tailcall;
    case TRule:
      if (npassed >= MAXRULES)
        return verifyerror(L, passed, npassed);
      else {
        passed[npassed++] = tree->key;
        /* return verifyrule(L, sib1(tree), passed, npassed); */
        tree = sib1(tree); goto tailcall;
      }
    case TGrammar:
      return nullable(tree);  /* sub-grammar cannot be left recursive */
    default: assert(0); return 0;
  }
}


static void verifygrammar (lua_State *L, TTree *grammar) {
  int passed[MAXRULES];
  TTree *rule;
  /* check left-recursive rules */
  for (rule = sib1(grammar); rule->tag == TRule; rule = sib2(rule)) {
    if (rule->key == 0) continue;  /* unused rule */
    verifyrule(L, sib1(rule), passed, 0, 0);
  }
  assert(rule->tag == TTrue);
  /* check infinite loops inside rules */
  for (rule = sib1(grammar); rule->tag == TRule; rule = sib2(rule)) {
    if (rule->key == 0) continue;  /* unused rule */
    if (checkloops(sib1(rule))) {
      lua_rawgeti(L, -1, rule->key);  /* get rule's key */
      luaL_error(L, "empty loop in rule '%s'", val2str(L, -1));
    }
  }
  assert(rule->tag == TTrue);
}


/*
** Give a name for the initial rule if it is not referenced
*/
static void initialrulename (lua_State *L, TTree *grammar, int frule) {
  if (sib1(grammar)->key == 0) {  /* initial rule is not referenced? */
    int n = lua_objlen(L, -1) + 1;  /* index for name */
    lua_pushvalue(L, frule);  /* rule's name */
    lua_rawseti(L, -2, n);  /* ktable was on the top of the stack */
    sib1(grammar)->key = n;
  }
}


static TTree *newgrammar (lua_State *L, int arg) {
  int treesize;
  int frule = lua_gettop(L) + 2;  /* position of first rule's key */
  int n = collectrules(L, arg, &treesize);
  TTree *g = newtree(L, treesize);
  luaL_argcheck(L, n <= MAXRULES, arg, "grammar has too many rules");
  g->tag = TGrammar;  g->u.n = n;
  lua_newtable(L);  /* create 'ktable' */
  lua_setfenv(L, -2);
  buildgrammar(L, g, frule, n);
  lua_getfenv(L, -1);  /* get 'ktable' for new tree */
  finalfix(L, frule - 1, g, sib1(g));
  initialrulename(L, g, frule);
  verifygrammar(L, g);
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove 'ktable' */
  lua_insert(L, -(n * 2 + 2));  /* move new table to proper position */
  lua_pop(L, n * 2 + 1);  /* remove position table + rule pairs */
  return g;  /* new table at the top of the stack */
}

/* }====================================================== */


static Instruction *prepcompile (lua_State *L, Pattern *p, int idx) {
  lua_getfenv(L, idx);  /* push 'ktable' (may be used by 'finalfix') */
  finalfix(L, 0, NULL, p->tree);
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove 'ktable' */
  return compile(L, p);
}


static int lp_printtree (lua_State *L) {
  TTree *tree = getpatt(L, 1, NULL);
  int c = lua_toboolean(L, 2);
  if (c) {
    lua_getfenv(L, 1);  /* push 'ktable' (may be used by 'finalfix') */
    finalfix(L, 0, NULL, tree);
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove 'ktable' */
  }
  printktable(L, 1);
  printtree(tree, 0);
  return 0;
}


static int lp_printcode (lua_State *L) {
  Pattern *p = getpattern(L, 1);
  printktable(L, 1);
  if (p->code == NULL)  /* not compiled yet? */
    prepcompile(L, p, 1);
  printpatt(p->code, p->codesize);
  return 0;
}


/*
** Get the initial position for the match, interpreting negative
** values from the end of the subject
*/
static size_t initposition (lua_State *L, size_t len) {
  lua_Integer ii = luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 1);
  if (ii > 0) {  /* positive index? */
    if ((size_t)ii <= len)  /* inside the string? */
      return (size_t)ii - 1;  /* return it (corrected to 0-base) */
    else return len;  /* crop at the end */
  }
  else {  /* negative index */
    if ((size_t)(-ii) <= len)  /* inside the string? */
      return len - ((size_t)(-ii));  /* return position from the end */
    else return 0;  /* crop at the beginning */
  }
}


/*
** Main match function
*/
static int lp_match (lua_State *L) {
  Capture capture[INITCAPSIZE];
  const char *r;
  size_t l;
  Pattern *p = (getpatt(L, 1, NULL), getpattern(L, 1));
  Instruction *code = (p->code != NULL) ? p->code : prepcompile(L, p, 1);
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, SUBJIDX, &l);
  size_t i = initposition(L, l);
  int ptop = lua_gettop(L);
  lua_pushnil(L);  /* initialize subscache */
  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, capture);  /* initialize caplistidx */
  lua_getfenv(L, 1);  /* initialize penvidx */
  r = match(L, s, s + i, s + l, code, capture, ptop);
  if (r == NULL) {
    lua_pushnil(L);
    return 1;
  }
  return getcaptures(L, s, r, ptop);
}



/*
** {======================================================
** Library creation and functions not related to matching
** =======================================================
*/

static int lp_setmax (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_optinteger(L, 1, -1);
  lua_settop(L, 1);
  lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, MAXSTACKIDX);
  return 0;
}


static int lp_version (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushstring(L, VERSION);
  return 1;
}


static int lp_type (lua_State *L) {
  if (testpattern(L, 1))
    lua_pushliteral(L, "pattern");
  else
    lua_pushnil(L);
  return 1;
}


int lp_gc (lua_State *L) {
  Pattern *p = getpattern(L, 1);
  if (p->codesize > 0)
    realloccode(L, p, 0);
  return 0;
}


static void createcat (lua_State *L, const char *catname, int (catf) (int)) {
  TTree *t = newcharset(L);
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i <= UCHAR_MAX; i++)
    if (catf(i)) setchar(treebuffer(t), i);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, catname);
}


static int lp_locale (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_isnoneornil(L, 1)) {
    lua_settop(L, 0);
    lua_createtable(L, 0, 12);
  }
  else {
    luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
    lua_settop(L, 1);
  }
  createcat(L, "alnum", isalnum);
  createcat(L, "alpha", isalpha);
  createcat(L, "cntrl", iscntrl);
  createcat(L, "digit", isdigit);
  createcat(L, "graph", isgraph);
  createcat(L, "lower", islower);
  createcat(L, "print", isprint);
  createcat(L, "punct", ispunct);
  createcat(L, "space", isspace);
  createcat(L, "upper", isupper);
  createcat(L, "xdigit", isxdigit);
  return 1;
}


static struct luaL_Reg pattreg[] = {
  {"ptree", lp_printtree},
  {"pcode", lp_printcode},
  {"match", lp_match},
  {"B", lp_behind},
  {"V", lp_V},
  {"C", lp_simplecapture},
  {"Cc", lp_constcapture},
  {"Cmt", lp_matchtime},
  {"Cb", lp_backref},
  {"Carg", lp_argcapture},
  {"Cp", lp_poscapture},
  {"Cs", lp_substcapture},
  {"Ct", lp_tablecapture},
  {"Cf", lp_foldcapture},
  {"Cg", lp_groupcapture},
  {"P", lp_P},
  {"S", lp_set},
  {"R", lp_range},
  {"locale", lp_locale},
  {"version", lp_version},
  {"setmaxstack", lp_setmax},
  {"type", lp_type},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


static struct luaL_Reg metareg[] = {
  {"__mul", lp_seq},
  {"__add", lp_choice},
  {"__pow", lp_star},
  {"__gc", lp_gc},
  {"__len", lp_and},
  {"__div", lp_divcapture},
  {"__unm", lp_not},
  {"__sub", lp_sub},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


int luaopen_lpeg (lua_State *L);
int luaopen_lpeg (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newmetatable(L, PATTERN_T);
  lua_pushnumber(L, MAXBACK);  /* initialize maximum backtracking */
  lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, MAXSTACKIDX);
  luaL_register(L, NULL, metareg);
  luaL_register(L, "lpeg", pattreg);
  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
  lua_setfield(L, -3, "__index");
  return 1;
}

/* }====================================================== */