reference/gtk/css-overview.xml

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               "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.3/docbookx.dtd" [
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<refentry id="chap-css-overview">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>GTK+ CSS Overview</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo>GTK Library</refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>

<refnamediv>
<refname>GTK+ CSS Overview</refname>
<refpurpose>
Overview of CSS in GTK+
</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>


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<refsect1 id="css-overview">
  <title>Overview of CSS in GTK+</title>

  <para>
    This chapter describes in detail how GTK+ uses CSS for styling
    and layout.
  </para>

  <para>
    We loosely follow the CSS
    <ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#value-defs">value definition</ulink>
    specification in the formatting of syntax productions.
    <simplelist>
      <member>Nonterminals are enclosed in angle backets (〈〉), all other strings that are not listed here are literals</member>
      <member>Juxtaposition means all components must occur, in the given order</member>
      <member>A double ampersand (&amp;&amp;) means all components must occur, in any order</member>
      <member>A double bar (||) means one or more of the components must occur, in any order</member>
      <member>A single bar (|) indicates an alternative; exactly one of the components must occur</member>
      <member>Brackets ([]) are used for grouping</member>
      <member>A question mark (?) means that the preceding component is optional</member>
      <member>An asterisk (*) means zero or more copies of the preceding component</member>
      <member>A plus (+) means one or more copies of the preceding component</member>
      <member>A number in curly braces ({n}) means that the preceding component occurs exactly n times</member>
      <member>Two numbers in curly braces ({m,n}) mean that the preceding component occurs at least m times and at most n times</member>
    </simplelist>
  </para>

  <refsect2>
    <title>CSS nodes</title>

    <para>
      GTK+ applies the style information found in style sheets by matching
      the selectors against a tree of nodes. Each node in the tree has a
      name, a state and possibly style classes. The children of each node
      are linearly ordered.
    </para>

    <para>
      Every widget has one or more of these CSS nodes, and determines their
      name, state, style classes and how they are layed out as children and
      siblings in the overall node tree. The documentation for each widget
      explains what CSS nodes it has.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>The CSS nodes of a GtkScale</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
scale[.fine-tune]
├── marks.top
│   ├── mark
┊   ┊
│   ╰── mark
├── trough
│   ├── slider
│   ├── [highlight]
│   ╰── [fill]
╰── marks.bottom
    ├── mark
    ┊
    ╰── mark
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

  </refsect2>

  <refsect2>
    <title>Style sheets</title>

    <para>
      The basic structure of the style sheets understood by GTK+ is
      a series of statements, which are either rule sets or “@-rules”,
      separated by whitespace.
    </para>

    <para>
      A rule set consists of a selector and a declaration block, which is
      a series of declarations enclosed in curly braces. The declarations
      are separated by semicolons. Multiple selectors can share the same
      declaration block, by putting all the separators in front of the block,
      separated by commas.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>A rule set with two selectors</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button, entry {
  color: #ff00ea;
  font: 12px "Comic Sans";
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

  </refsect2>

  <refsect2>
    <title>Importing style sheets</title>

    <para>
      GTK+ supports the CSS @import rule, in order to load another
      style sheet in addition to the currently parsed one.
    </para>

    <para>
      The syntax for @import rules is as follows:
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈import rule〉 = @import [ 〈url〉 | 〈string〉 ]</code>
<code>〈url〉 = url( 〈string〉 )</code>
</literallayout>

    <example><title>An example for using the @import rule</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
@import url("path/to/common.css");
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      To learn more about the @import rule, you can read the
      <ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-cascade/#at-import">Cascading</ulink>
      module of the CSS specification.
    </para>

  </refsect2>

  <refsect2>
    <title>Selectors</title>

    <para>
      Selectors work very similar to the way they do in CSS.
    </para>

    <para>
      All widgets have one or more CSS nodes with element names and style
      classes. When style classes are used in selectors, they have to be prefixed
      with a period. Widget names can be used in selectors like IDs. When used
      in a selector, widget names must be prefixed with a &num; character.
    </para>

    <para>
      In more complicated situations, selectors can be combined in various ways.
      To require that a node satisfies several conditions, combine several selectors
      into one by concatenating them. To only match a node when it occurs inside some
      other node, write the two selectors after each other, separated by whitespace.
      To restrict the match to direct children of the parent node, insert a &gt;
      character between the two selectors.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Theme labels that are descendants of a window</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
window label {
  background-color: #898989;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme notebooks, and anything within</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
notebook {
  background-color: #a939f0;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme combo boxes, and entries that are direct children of a notebook</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
combobox,
notebook > entry {
  color: @fg_color;
  background-color: #1209a2;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme any widget within a GtkBox</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
box * {
  font: 20px Sans;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme a label named title-label</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
label#title-label {
  font: 15px Sans;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme any widget named main-entry</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
#main-entry {
  background-color: #f0a810;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme all widgets with the style class entry</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
.entry {
  color: #39f1f9;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme the entry of a GtkSpinButton</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
spinbutton entry {
  color: #900185;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      It is possible to select CSS nodes depending on their position amongst
      their siblings by applying pseudo-classes to the selector, like :first-child,
      :last-child or :nth-child(even). When used in selectors, pseudo-classes
      must be prefixed with a : character.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Theme labels in the first notebook tab</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
notebook tab:first-child label {
  color: #89d012;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      Another use of pseudo-classes is to match widgets depending on their
      state. The available pseudo-classes for widget states are :active, :hover
      :disabled, :selected, :focus, :indeterminate, :checked and :backdrop.
      In addition, the following pseudo-classes don't have a direct equivalent
      as a widget state: :dir(ltr) and :dir(rtl) (for text direction), :link and
      :visited (for links) and :drop(active) (for highlighting drop targets).
      Widget state pseudo-classes may only apply to the last element in a selector.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Theme pressed buttons</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button:active {
  background-color: #0274d9;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme buttons with the mouse pointer over it</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button:hover {
  background-color: #3085a9;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme insensitive widgets</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
*:disabled {
  background-color: #320a91;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme checkbuttons that are checked</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
checkbutton:checked {
  background-color: #56f9a0;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme focused labels</title>
        <programlisting><![CDATA[
label:focus {
  background-color: #b4940f;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Theme inconsistent checkbuttons</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
checkbutton:indeterminate {
  background-color: #20395a;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      To determine the effective style for a widget, all the matching rule
      sets are merged. As in CSS, rules apply by specificity, so the rules
      whose selectors more closely match a node will take precedence
      over the others.
    </para>

    <para>
      The full syntax for selectors understood by GTK+ can be found in the
      table below. The main difference to CSS is that GTK+ does not currently
      support attribute selectors.
    </para>

    <table>
      <title>Selector syntax</title>
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <thead>
          <row><entry>Pattern</entry><entry>Matches</entry><entry>Reference</entry><entry>Notes</entry></row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">*</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any node</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#universal-selector">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any node with name E</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#type-selectors">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E.class</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node with the given style class</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#class-html">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E#id</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node with the given ID</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#id-selectors">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry>GTK+ uses the widget name as ID</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:nth-child(〈nth-child〉)</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is the n-th child of its parent node</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#structural-pseudos">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:nth-last-child(〈nth-child〉)</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is the n-th child of its parent node, counting from the end</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#structural-pseudos">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:first-child</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is the first child of its parent node</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#structural-pseudos">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:last-child</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is the last child of its parent node</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#structural-pseudos">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:only-child</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is the only child of its parent node</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#structural-pseudos">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry>Equivalent to E:first-child:last-child</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:link, E:visited</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which represents a hyperlink, not yet visited (:link) or already visited (:visited)</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#link">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry>Corresponds to GTK_STATE_FLAG_LINK and GTK_STATE_FLAGS_VISITED</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:active, E:hover, E:focus</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is part of a widget with the corresponding state</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#useraction-pseudos">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry>Corresponds to GTK_STATE_FLAG_ACTIVE, GTK_STATE_FLAG_PRELIGHT and GTK_STATE_FLAGS_FOCUSED; GTK+ also allows E:prelight and E:focused</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:disabled</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is part of a widget which is disabled</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#UIstates">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry>Corresponds to GTK_STATE_FLAG_INSENSITIVE; GTK+ also allows E:insensitive</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:checked</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is part of a widget (e.g. radio- or checkbuttons) which is checked</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#UIstates">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry>Corresponds to GTK_STATE_FLAG_CHECKED</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:indeterminate</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is part of a widget (e.g. radio- or checkbuttons) which is in an indeterminate state</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#indeterminate">CSS3</ulink>,
                   <ulink url="https://drafts.csswg.org/selectors/#indeterminate">CSS4</ulink></entry>
            <entry>Corresponds to GTK_STATE_FLAG_INCONSISTENT; GTK+ also allows E:inconsistent</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:backdrop, E:selected</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which is part of a widget with the corresponding state</entry>
            <entry></entry>
            <entry>Corresponds to GTK_STATE_FLAG_BACKDROP, GTK_STATE_FLAG_SELECTED</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:not(〈selector〉)</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node which does not match the simple selector 〈selector〉</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#negation">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:dir(ltr), E:dir(rtl)</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node that has the corresponding text direction</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://drafts.csswg.org/selectors/#the-dir-pseudo">CSS4</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E:drop(active)</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any E node that is an active drop target for a current DND operation</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://drafts.csswg.org/selectors/#drag-pseudos">CSS4</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E F</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any F node which is a descendent of an E node</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#descendent-combinators">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E > F</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any F node which is a child of an E node</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#child-combinators">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E ~ F</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any F node which is preceded by an E node</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#general-sibling-combinators">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><phrase role="nowrap">E + F</phrase></entry>
            <entry>any F node which is immediately preceded by an E node</entry>
            <entry><ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#adjacent-sibling-combinators">CSS</ulink></entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>

<literallayout><code>〈nth-child〉 = even | odd | 〈integer〉 | 〈integer〉n | 〈integer〉n [ + | - ] 〈integer〉</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      To learn more about selectors in CSS, read the
      <ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/">Selectors</ulink>
      module of the CSS specification.
    </para>

  </refsect2>

  <refsect2>
    <title>Colors</title>

    <para>
      CSS allows to specify colors in various ways, using numeric
      values or names from a predefined list of colors.
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈color〉 = currentColor | transparent | 〈color name〉 | 〈rgb color〉 | 〈rgba color〉 | 〈hex color〉 | 〈gtk color〉</code>
<code>〈rgb color〉 = rgb( 〈number〉, 〈number〉, 〈number〉 ) | rgb( 〈percentage〉, 〈percentage〉, 〈percentage〉 )</code>
<code>〈rgba color〉 = rgba( 〈number〉, 〈number〉, 〈number〉, 〈alpha value〉 ) | rgba( 〈percentage〉, 〈percentage〉, 〈percentage〉, 〈alpha value〉 )</code>
<code>〈hex color〉 = #〈hex digits〉</code>
<code>〈alpha value〉 = 〈number〉</code>, clamped to values between 0 and 1
</literallayout>

    <para>
      The keyword currentColor resolves to the current value of the
      color property when used in another property, and to the inherited value
      of the color property when used in the color property itself.
    </para>

    <para>
      The keyword transparent can be considered a shorthand for rgba(0,0,0,0).
    </para>

    <para>
      For a list of valid color names and for more background on colors in
      CSS, see the <ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#svg-color">Color</ulink>
      module of the CSS specification.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Specifying colors in various ways</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
  color: transparent;
  background-color: red;
  border-top-color: rgb(128,57,0);
  border-left-color: rgba(10%,20%,30%,0.5);
  border-right-color: #ff00cc;
  border-bottom-color: #ffff0000cccc;
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      GTK+ adds several additional ways to specify colors.
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈gtk color〉 = 〈symbolic color〉 | 〈color expression〉 | 〈win32 color〉</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      The first is a reference to a color defined via a @define-color rule.
      The syntax for @define-color rules is as follows:
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈define color rule〉 = @define-color 〈name〉 〈color〉</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      To refer to the color defined by a @define-color rule,
      use the name from the rule, prefixed with @.
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈symbolic color〉 = @〈name〉</code>
</literallayout>

    <example><title>An example for defining colors</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
@define-color bg_color #f9a039;

* {
  background-color: @bg_color;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      GTK+ also supports color expressions, which allow colors to be transformed
      to new ones and can be nested, providing a rich language to define colors.
      Color expressions resemble functions, taking 1 or more colors and in some
      cases a number as arguments.
    </para>
    <para>
      shade() leaves the color unchanged when the number is 1 and transforms it
      to black or white as the number approaches 0 or 2 respectively. For mix(),
      0 or 1 return the unaltered 1st or 2nd color respectively; numbers between
      0 and 1 return blends of the two; and numbers below 0 or above 1 intensify
      the RGB components of the 1st or 2nd color respectively. alpha() takes a
      number from 0 to 1 and applies that as the opacity of the supplied color.
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈color expression〉 = lighter( 〈color〉 ) | darker( 〈color〉 ) | shade( 〈color〉, 〈number〉 ) |</code>
<code>                     alpha( 〈color〉, 〈number〉 ) | mix( 〈color〉, 〈color〉, 〈number〉 )</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      On Windows, GTK+ allows to refer to system colors, as follows:
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈win32 color〉 = -gtk-win32-color( 〈name〉, 〈integer〉 )</code>
</literallayout>

  </refsect2>

  <refsect2>
    <title>Images</title>

    <para>
      CSS allows to specify images in various ways, for backgrounds
      and borders.
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈image〉 = 〈url〉 | 〈crossfade〉 | 〈alternatives〉 | 〈gradient〉 | 〈gtk image〉</code>
<code>〈crossfade〉 = cross-fade( 〈percentage〉, 〈image〉, 〈image〉 )</code>
<code>〈alternatives〉 = image([ 〈image〉, ]* [ 〈image〉 | 〈color〉 ] )</code>
<code>〈gradient〉 = 〈linear gradient〉 | 〈radial gradient〉</code>
<code>〈linear gradient〉 = [ linear-gradient | repeating-linear-gradient ] (</code>
<code>                      [ [ 〈angle〉 | to 〈side or corner〉 ] , ]?</code>
<code>                      〈color stops〉 )</code>
<code>〈radial gradient〉 = [ radial-gradient | repeating-radial-gradient ] (</code>
<code>                      [ [ 〈shape〉 || 〈size〉 ] [ at 〈position〉 ]? , | at 〈position〉, ]?</code>
<code>                      〈color stops〉 )</code>
<code>〈side or corner〉 = [ left | right ] || [ top | bottom ]</code>
<code>〈color stops〉 =  〈color stop〉 [ , 〈color stop〉 ]+</code>
<code>〈color stop〉 = 〈color〉 [ 〈percentage〉 | 〈length〉 ]?</code>
<code>〈shape〉 = circle | ellipse</code>
<code>〈size〉 = 〈extent keyword〉 | 〈length〉 | [ 〈length〉 | 〈percentage〉 ]{1,2}</code>
<code>〈extent keyword〉 = closest-size | farthest-side | closest-corner | farthest-corner</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      The simplest way to specify an image in CSS is to load an image
      file from a URL. CSS does not specify anything about supported file
      formats; within GTK+, you can expect at least PNG, JPEG and SVG to
      work. The full list of supported image formats is determined by the
      available gdk-pixbuf image loaders and may vary between systems.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Loading an image file</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button {
  background-image: url("water-lily.png");
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      A crossfade lets you specify an image as an intermediate between two
      images. Crossfades are specified in the draft of the level 4
      <ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css4-images">Image</ulink>
      module of the CSS specification.
    </para>

    <para>
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Crossfading two images</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button {
  background-image: cross-fade(50%, url("water-lily.png"), url("buffalo.jpg"));
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      The image() syntax provides a way to specify fallbacks in case an image
      format may not be supported. Multiple fallback images can be specified,
      and will be tried in turn until one can be loaded successfully. The
      last fallback may be a color, which will be rendered as a solid color
      image.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Image fallback</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button {
  background-image: image(url("fancy.svg"), url("plain.png"), green);
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      Gradients are images that smoothly fades from one color to another. CSS
      provides ways to specify repeating and non-repeating linear and radial
      gradients. Radial gradients can be circular, or axis-aligned ellipses.
      In addition to CSS gradients, GTK+ has its own -gtk-gradient extensions.
    </para>

    <para>
      A linear gradient is created by specifying a gradient line and then several
      colors placed along that line. The gradient line may be specified using
      an angle, or by using direction keywords.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Linear gradients</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button {
  background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, yellow, blue);
}
label {
  background-image: linear-gradient(to top right, blue 20%, #f0f 80%);
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      A radial gradient is created by specifying a center point and one or two
      radii. The radii may be given explicitly as lengths or percentages or
      indirectly, by keywords that specify how the end circle or ellipsis
      should be positioned relative to the area it is derawn in.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Radial gradients</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button {
  background-image: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, yellow 0%, green 100%);
}
label {
  background-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side at left bottom, red, yellow 50px, green);
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      To learn more about gradients in CSS, including details of how color stops
      are placed on the gradient line and keywords for specifying radial sizes,
      you can read the
      <ulink url="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-images/#gradients">Image</ulink>
      module of the CSS specification.
    </para>

    <para>
      GTK+ extends the CSS syntax for images and also uses it for specifying icons.
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈gtk image〉 = 〈gtk gradient〉 | 〈themed icon〉 | 〈scaled image〉 | 〈recolored image〉 | 〈win32 theme part〉</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      GTK+ supports an alternative syntax for linear and radial gradients (which
      was implemented before CSS gradients were supported).
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈gtk gradient〉 = 〈gtk linear gradient〉 | 〈gtk radial gradient〉</code>
<code>〈gtk linear gradient〉 = -gtk-gradient(linear,</code>
<code>                          [ 〈x position〉 〈y position〉 , ]{2}</code>
<code>                          〈gtk color stops〉 )</code>
<code>〈gtk radial gradient〉 = -gtk-gradient(radial,</code>
<code>                          [ 〈x position〉 〈y position〉 , 〈radius〉 , ]{2}</code>
<code>                          〈gtk color stops〉 )</code>
<code>〈x position〉 = left | right | center | 〈number〉</code>
<code>〈y position〉 = top | bottom | center | 〈number〉</code>
<code>〈radius 〉 = 〈number〉</code>
<code>〈gtk color stops〉 = 〈gtk color stop〉 [ , 〈gtk color stop〉 ]+</code>
<code>〈gtk color stop〉 = color-stop( 〈number〉 , 〈color〉 ) | from( 〈color〉 ) | to( 〈color〉 )</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      The numbers used to specify x and y positions, radii, as well as the
      positions of color stops, must be between 0 and 1. The keywords for for
      x and y positions (left, right, top, bottom, center), map to numeric
      values of 0, 1 and 0.5 in the obvious way. Color stops using the from() and
      to() syntax are abbreviations for color-stop with numeric positions of
      0 and 1, respectively.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Linear gradients</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button {
  background-image: -gtk-gradient (linear,
                                   left top, right bottom,
                                   from(@yellow), to(@blue));
}
label {
  background-image: -gtk-gradient (linear,
                                   0 0, 0 1,
                                   color-stop(0, @yellow),
                                   color-stop(0.2, @blue),
                                   color-stop(1, #0f0));
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Radial gradients</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
button {
  background-image: -gtk-gradient (radial,
                                   center center, 0,
                                   center center, 1,
                                   from(@yellow), to(@green));
}
label {
  background-image: -gtk-gradient (radial,
                                   0.4 0.4, 0.1,
                                   0.6 0.6, 0.7,
                                   color-stop(0, #f00),
                                   color-stop(0.1, $a0f),
                                   color-stop(0.2, @yellow),
                                   color-stop(1, @green));
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      GTK+ has extensive support for loading icons from icon themes. It is
      accessible from CSS with the -gtk-icontheme syntax.
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈themed icon〉 = -gtk-icontheme( 〈icon name〉 )</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      The specified icon name is used to look up a themed icon, while taking
      into account the values of the -gtk-icon-theme and -gtk-icon-palette
      properties. This kind of image is mainly used as value of the
      -gtk-icon-source property.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Using themed icons in CSS</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
spinner {
  -gtk-icon-source: -gtk-icontheme('process-working-symbolic');
  -gtk-icon-palette: success blue, warning #fc3, error magenta;
}
arrow.fancy {
  -gtk-icon-source: -gtk-icontheme('pan-down');
  -gtk-icon-theme: 'Oxygen';
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      GTK+ supports scaled rendering on hi-resolution displays. This works
      best if images can specify normal and hi-resolution variants. From
      CSS, this can be done with the -gtk-scaled syntax.
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈scaled image〉 = -gtk-scaled( 〈image〉[ , 〈image〉 ]* )</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      While -gtk-scaled accepts multiple higher-resolution variants, in
      practice, it will mostly be used to specify a regular image and one
      variant for scale 2.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Scaled images in CSS</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
arrow {
  -gtk-icon-source: -gtk-scaled(url('my-arrow.png'),
                                url('my-arrow@2.png'));
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

<literallayout><code>〈recolored image〉 = -gtk-recolor( 〈url〉 [ , 〈color palette〉 ] )</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      Symbolic icons from the icon theme are recolored according to the
      -gtk-icon-palette property. The recoloring is sometimes needed for images
      that are not part of an icon theme, and the -gtk-recolor syntax makes
      this available. -gtk-recolor requires a url as first argument. The
      remaining arguments specify the color palette to use. If the palette
      is not explicitly specified, the current value of the -gtk-icon-palette
      property is used.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>Recoloring an image</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
arrow {
  -gtk-icon-source: -gtk-recolor(url('check.svg'), success blue, error rgb(255,0,0));
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>
    <para>
      On Windows, GTK+ allows to refer to system theme parts as images, as follows:
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈win32 theme part〉 = -gtk-win32-theme-part( 〈name〉, 〈integer〉 〈integer〉</code>
<code>                                              [ , [ over( 〈integer〉 〈integer〉 [ , 〈alpha value〉 ]? ) | margins( 〈integer〉{1,4} ) ] ]* )</code>
</literallayout>

  </refsect2>

  <refsect2>
    <title>Transitions</title>

    <para>
      CSS defines a mechanism by which changes in CSS property values can
      be made to take effect gradually, instead of all at once. GTK+ supports
      these transitions as well.
    </para>

    <para>
      To enable a transition for a property when a rule set takes effect, it
      needs to be listed in the transition-property property in that rule set.
      Only animatable properties can be listed in the transition-property.
    </para>

    <para>
      The details of a transition can modified with the transition-duration,
      transition-timing-function and transition-delay properties.
    </para>

    <para>
      To learn more about transitions, you can read the
      <ulink url="www.w3.org/TR/css3-transitions/">Transitions</ulink>
      module of the CSS specification.
    </para>

  </refsect2>

  <refsect2>
    <title>Animations</title>

    <para>
      In addition to transitions, which are triggered by changes of the underlying
      node tree, CSS also supports defined animations. While transitions specify how
      property values change from one value to a new value, animations explicitly
      define intermediate property values in keyframes.
    </para>

    <para>
      Keyframes are defined with an @-rule which contains one or more of rule sets
      with special selectors. Property declarations for nonanimatable properties
      are ignored in these rule sets (with the exception of animation properties).
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈keyframe rule〉 = @keyframes 〈name〉 { 〈animation rule〉 }</code>
<code>〈animation rule〉 = 〈animation selector〉 { 〈declaration〉* }</code>
<code>〈animation selector〉 = 〈single animation selector〉 [ , 〈single animation selector〉 ]*</code>
<code>〈single animation selector〉 = from | to | 〈percentage〉</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      To enable an animation, the name of the keyframes must be set as the value
      of the animation-name property. The details of the animation can modified
      with the animation-duration, animation-timing-function, animation-iteration-count
      and other animation properties.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>A CSS animation</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
@keyframes spin {
  to { -gtk-icon-transform: rotate(1turn); }
}

spinner {
  animation-name: spin;
  animation-duration: 1s;
  animation-timing-function: linear;
  animation-iteration-count: infinite;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

    <para>
      To learn more about animations, you can read the
      <ulink url="www.w3.org/TR/css3-animations/">Animations</ulink>
      module of the CSS specification.
    </para>

  </refsect2>

  <refsect2>
    <title>Key bindings</title>

    <para>
      In order to extend key bindings affecting different widgets,
      GTK+ supports the @binding-set rule to parse a set of bind/unbind
      directives. Note that in order to take effect, the binding sets
      defined in this way must be associated with rule sets by setting
      the -gtk-key-bindings property.
    </para>

    <para>
      The syntax for @binding-set rules is as follows:
    </para>

<literallayout><code>〈binding set rule〉 = @binding-set 〈binding name〉 { [ [ 〈binding〉 | 〈unbinding〉 ] ; ]* }</code>
<code>〈binding〉 = bind "〈accelerator〉" { 〈signal emission〉* }</code>
<code>〈signal emission〉 = "〈signal name〉" ( [ 〈argument〉 [ , 〈argument〉 ]* ]? }</code>
<code>〈unbinding〉 = unbind "〈accelerator〉"</code>
</literallayout>

    <para>
      where 〈accelerator〉 is a string that can be parsed by gtk_accelerator_parse(),
      〈signal name〉 is the name of a keybinding signal of the widget in question,
      and the 〈argument〉 list must be according to the signals declaration.
    </para>

    <example>
      <title>An example for using the @binding-set rule</title>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
@binding-set binding-set1 {
  bind "<alt>Left" { "move-cursor" (visual-positions, -3, 0) };
  unbind "End";
};

@binding-set binding-set2 {
  bind "<alt>Right" { "move-cursor" (visual-positions, 3, 0) };
  bind "<alt>KP_space" { "delete-from-cursor" (whitespace, 1)
                         "insert-at-cursor" (" ") };
};

entry {
  -gtk-key-bindings: binding-set1, binding-set2;
}
]]></programlisting>
    </example>

  </refsect2>

</refsect1>
</refentry>