xref: /dragonfly/bin/ps/print.c (revision 6fb88001) 
1 /*-
2  * Copyright (c) 1990, 1993, 1994
3  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
4  *
5  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7  * are met:
8  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
14  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
15  *	This product includes software developed by the University of
16  *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
17  * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
18  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
19  *    without specific prior written permission.
20  *
21  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
22  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
23  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
24  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
25  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
26  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
27  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
28  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
29  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
30  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
31  * SUCH DAMAGE.
32  *
33  * @(#)print.c	8.6 (Berkeley) 4/16/94
34  * $FreeBSD: src/bin/ps/print.c,v 1.36.2.4 2002/11/30 13:00:14 tjr Exp $
35  * $DragonFly: src/bin/ps/print.c,v 1.24 2005/11/14 18:49:48 dillon Exp $
36  */
37 
38 #include <sys/param.h>
39 #include <sys/time.h>
40 #include <sys/resource.h>
41 #include <sys/stat.h>
42 
43 #include <sys/ucred.h>
44 #include <sys/user.h>
45 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
46 #include <sys/rtprio.h>
47 #include <vm/vm.h>
48 
49 #include <err.h>
50 #include <langinfo.h>
51 #include <locale.h>
52 #include <math.h>
53 #include <nlist.h>
54 #include <stddef.h>
55 #include <stdio.h>
56 #include <stdlib.h>
57 #include <unistd.h>
58 #include <string.h>
59 #include <vis.h>
60 
61 #include "ps.h"
62 
63 static const char *make_printable(const char *str);
64 
65 void
66 printheader(void)
67 {
68 	const VAR *v;
69 	struct varent *vent;
70 	int allempty;
71 
72 	allempty = 1;
73 	STAILQ_FOREACH(vent, &var_head, link) {
74 		if (*vent->header != '\0') {
75 			allempty = 0;
76 			break;
77 		}
78 	}
79 	if (allempty)
80 		return;
81 	STAILQ_FOREACH(vent, &var_head, link) {
82 		v = vent->var;
83 		if (v->flag & LJUST) {
84 			if (STAILQ_NEXT(vent, link) == NULL)	/* last one */
85 				printf("%s", vent->header);
86 			else
87 				printf("%-*s", vent->width, vent->header);
88 		} else
89 			printf("%*s", vent->width, vent->header);
90 		if (STAILQ_NEXT(vent, link) != NULL)
91 			putchar(' ');
92 	}
93 	putchar('\n');
94 }
95 
96 void
97 command(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
98 {
99 	const VAR *v;
100 	int left;
101 	char *cp, *vis_env, *vis_args;
102 
103 	v = vent->var;
104 
105 	if (cflag) {
106 		/* Don't pad the last field. */
107 		if (STAILQ_NEXT(vent, link) == NULL)
108 			printf("%s", make_printable(KI_THREAD(k)->td_comm));
109 		else
110 			printf("%-*s", vent->width,
111 				make_printable(KI_THREAD(k)->td_comm));
112 		return;
113 	}
114 
115 	if ((vis_args = malloc(strlen(k->ki_args) * 4 + 1)) == NULL)
116 		err(1, NULL);
117 	strvis(vis_args, k->ki_args, VIS_TAB | VIS_NL | VIS_NOSLASH);
118 	if (k->ki_env) {
119 		if ((vis_env = malloc(strlen(k->ki_env) * 4 + 1)) == NULL)
120 			err(1, NULL);
121 		strvis(vis_env, k->ki_env, VIS_TAB | VIS_NL | VIS_NOSLASH);
122 	} else
123 		vis_env = NULL;
124 
125 	if (STAILQ_NEXT(vent, link) == NULL) {
126 		/* last field */
127 		if (termwidth == UNLIMITED) {
128 			if (vis_env)
129 				printf("%s ", vis_env);
130 			printf("%s", vis_args);
131 		} else {
132 			left = termwidth - (totwidth - vent->width);
133 			if (left < 1) /* already wrapped, just use std width */
134 				left = vent->width;
135 			if ((cp = vis_env) != NULL) {
136 				while (--left >= 0 && *cp)
137 					putchar(*cp++);
138 				if (--left >= 0)
139 					putchar(' ');
140 			}
141 			for (cp = vis_args; --left >= 0 && *cp != '\0';)
142 				putchar(*cp++);
143 		}
144 	} else
145 		/* XXX env? */
146 		printf("%-*.*s", vent->width, vent->width, vis_args);
147 	free(vis_args);
148 	if (vis_env != NULL)
149 		free(vis_env);
150 }
151 
152 void
153 ucomm(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
154 {
155 	printf("%-*s", vent->width, make_printable(KI_THREAD(k)->td_comm));
156 }
157 
158 void
159 logname(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
160 {
161 	const char *s = KI_EPROC(k)->e_login;
162 
163 	printf("%-*s", vent->width, *s != '\0' ? s : "-");
164 }
165 
166 void
167 state(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
168 {
169 	struct proc *p;
170 	int flag;
171 	char *cp;
172 	char buf[16];
173 
174 	p = KI_PROC(k);
175 	flag = p->p_flag;
176 	cp = buf;
177 
178 	switch (p->p_stat) {
179 
180 	case SSTOP:
181 		*cp = 'T';
182 		break;
183 
184 	case SSLEEP:
185 		if (flag & P_SINTR)	/* interruptable (long) */
186 			*cp = p->p_slptime >= MAXSLP ? 'I' : 'S';
187 		else if (KI_THREAD(k)->td_flags & TDF_SINTR)
188 			*cp = 'S';
189 		else
190 			*cp = 'D';
191 		break;
192 
193 	case SRUN:
194 	case SIDL:
195 		*cp = 'R';
196 		if (KI_THREAD(k)->td_flags & TDF_RUNNING) {
197 		    ++cp;
198 		    sprintf(cp, "%d", KI_EPROC(k)->e_cpuid);
199 		    while (cp[1])
200 			++cp;
201 		}
202 		break;
203 
204 	case SZOMB:
205 		*cp = 'Z';
206 		break;
207 
208 	default:
209 		*cp = '?';
210 	}
211 	cp++;
212 	if (flag & P_SWAPPEDOUT)
213 		*cp++ = 'W';
214 	if (p->p_nice < NZERO)
215 		*cp++ = '<';
216 	else if (p->p_nice > NZERO)
217 		*cp++ = 'N';
218 	if (flag & P_TRACED)
219 		*cp++ = 'X';
220 	if (flag & P_WEXIT && p->p_stat != SZOMB)
221 		*cp++ = 'E';
222 	if (flag & P_PPWAIT)
223 		*cp++ = 'V';
224 	if ((flag & P_SYSTEM) || p->p_lock > 0)
225 		*cp++ = 'L';
226 	if (numcpus > 1 && KI_THREAD(k)->td_mpcount_unused == 0)
227 		*cp++ = 'M';
228 	if (flag & P_JAILED)
229 		*cp++ = 'J';
230 	if (KI_EPROC(k)->e_flag & EPROC_SLEADER)
231 		*cp++ = 's';
232 	if ((flag & P_CONTROLT) && KI_EPROC(k)->e_pgid == KI_EPROC(k)->e_tpgid)
233 		*cp++ = '+';
234 	*cp = '\0';
235 	printf("%-*s", vent->width, buf);
236 }
237 
238 /*
239  * Normalized priority (lower is better).  For pure threads
240  * output a negated LWKT priority (so lower still means better).
241  *
242  * XXX bsd4 scheduler specific.
243  */
244 void
245 pri(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
246 {
247 	if (KI_THREAD(k)->td_proc)
248 	    printf("%*d", vent->width, KI_PROC(k)->p_usdata.bsd4.priority);
249 	else
250 	    printf("%*d", vent->width, -(KI_THREAD(k)->td_pri & TDPRI_MASK));
251 }
252 
253 void
254 tdpri(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
255 {
256 	char buf[32];
257 	int val = KI_THREAD(k)->td_pri;
258 
259 	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%02d/%d", val & TDPRI_MASK, val / TDPRI_CRIT);
260 	printf("%*s", vent->width, buf);
261 }
262 
263 void
264 uname(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
265 {
266 	printf("%-*s", vent->width,
267 	       user_from_uid(KI_EPROC(k)->e_ucred.cr_uid, 0));
268 }
269 
270 int
271 s_uname(const KINFO *k)
272 {
273 	return (strlen(user_from_uid(KI_EPROC(k)->e_ucred.cr_uid, 0)));
274 }
275 
276 void
277 runame(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
278 {
279 	printf("%-*s", vent->width,
280 	       user_from_uid(KI_EPROC(k)->e_ucred.cr_ruid, 0));
281 }
282 
283 int
284 s_runame(const KINFO *k)
285 {
286 	return (strlen(user_from_uid(KI_EPROC(k)->e_ucred.cr_ruid, 0)));
287 }
288 
289 void
290 tdev(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
291 {
292 	dev_t dev;
293 	char buff[16];
294 
295 	dev = KI_EPROC(k)->e_tdev;
296 	if (dev == NODEV)
297 		printf("%*s", vent->width, "??");
298 	else {
299 		snprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "%d/%d", major(dev), minor(dev));
300 		printf("%*s", vent->width, buff);
301 	}
302 }
303 
304 void
305 tname(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
306 {
307 	dev_t dev;
308 	const char *ttname;
309 
310 	dev = KI_EPROC(k)->e_tdev;
311 	if (dev == NODEV || (ttname = devname(dev, S_IFCHR)) == NULL)
312 		printf("%*s ", vent->width-1, "??");
313 	else {
314 		if (strncmp(ttname, "tty", 3) == 0 ||
315 		    strncmp(ttname, "cua", 3) == 0)
316 			ttname += 3;
317 		printf("%*.*s%c", vent->width-1, vent->width-1, ttname,
318 			KI_EPROC(k)->e_flag & EPROC_CTTY ? ' ' : '-');
319 	}
320 }
321 
322 void
323 longtname(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
324 {
325 	dev_t dev;
326 	const char *ttname;
327 
328 	dev = KI_EPROC(k)->e_tdev;
329 	if (dev == NODEV || (ttname = devname(dev, S_IFCHR)) == NULL)
330 		printf("%-*s", vent->width, "??");
331 	else
332 		printf("%-*s", vent->width, ttname);
333 }
334 
335 void
336 started(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
337 {
338 	static time_t now;
339 	time_t then;
340 	struct tm *tp;
341 	char buf[100];
342 	static int  use_ampm = -1;
343 
344 	if (!k->ki_u.u_valid) {
345 		printf("%-*s", vent->width, "-");
346 		return;
347 	}
348 
349 	if (use_ampm < 0)
350 		use_ampm = (*nl_langinfo(T_FMT_AMPM) != '\0');
351 
352 	then = k->ki_u.u_start.tv_sec;
353 	if (then < btime.tv_sec) {
354 		then = btime.tv_sec;
355 	}
356 
357 	tp = localtime(&then);
358 	if (!now)
359 		time(&now);
360 	if (now - then < 24 * 3600) {
361 		strftime(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1,
362 		use_ampm ? "%l:%M%p" : "%k:%M  ", tp);
363 	} else if (now - then < 7 * 86400) {
364 		strftime(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1,
365 		use_ampm ? "%a%I%p" : "%a%H  ", tp);
366 	} else
367 		strftime(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "%e%b%y", tp);
368 	printf("%-*s", vent->width, buf);
369 }
370 
371 void
372 lstarted(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
373 {
374 	time_t then;
375 	char buf[100];
376 
377 	if (!k->ki_u.u_valid) {
378 		printf("%-*s", vent->width, "-");
379 		return;
380 	}
381 	then = k->ki_u.u_start.tv_sec;
382 	strftime(buf, sizeof(buf) -1, "%c", localtime(&then));
383 	printf("%-*s", vent->width, buf);
384 }
385 
386 void
387 wchan(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
388 {
389 	if (KI_THREAD(k)->td_wchan) {
390 		if (KI_THREAD(k)->td_wmesg)
391 			printf("%-*.*s", vent->width, vent->width,
392 			       KI_EPROC(k)->e_wmesg);
393 		else
394 			printf("%-*lx", vent->width,
395 			       (long)KI_THREAD(k)->td_wchan);
396 	} else
397 		printf("%-*s", vent->width, "-");
398 }
399 
400 #ifndef pgtok
401 #define pgtok(a)        (((a)*getpagesize())/1024)
402 #endif
403 
404 void
405 vsize(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
406 {
407 	printf("%*d", vent->width, (KI_EPROC(k)->e_vm.vm_map.size/1024));
408 }
409 
410 void
411 rssize(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
412 {
413 	/* XXX don't have info about shared */
414 	printf("%*lu", vent->width, (u_long)pgtok(KI_EPROC(k)->e_vm.vm_rssize));
415 }
416 
417 void
418 p_rssize(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)	/* doesn't account for text */
419 {
420 	printf("%*ld", vent->width, (long)pgtok(KI_EPROC(k)->e_vm.vm_rssize));
421 }
422 
423 void
424 cputime(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
425 {
426 	long secs;
427 	long psecs;	/* "parts" of a second. first micro, then centi */
428 	char obuff[128];
429 	static char decimal_point = '\0';
430 
431 	if (decimal_point == '\0')
432 		decimal_point = localeconv()->decimal_point[0];
433 
434 	if (KI_PROC(k)->p_stat == SZOMB || !k->ki_u.u_valid) {
435 		secs = 0;
436 		psecs = 0;
437 	} else {
438 		u_int64_t timeus;
439 
440 		/*
441 		 * This counts time spent handling interrupts.  We could
442 		 * fix this, but it is not 100% trivial (and interrupt
443 		 * time fractions only work on the sparc anyway).	XXX
444 		 */
445 		timeus = KI_EPROC(k)->e_uticks + KI_EPROC(k)->e_sticks +
446 			KI_EPROC(k)->e_iticks;
447 		secs = timeus / 1000000;
448 		psecs = timeus % 1000000;
449 		if (sumrusage) {
450 			secs += k->ki_u.u_cru.ru_utime.tv_sec +
451 				k->ki_u.u_cru.ru_stime.tv_sec;
452 			psecs += k->ki_u.u_cru.ru_utime.tv_usec +
453 				k->ki_u.u_cru.ru_stime.tv_usec;
454 		}
455 		/*
456 		 * round and scale to 100's
457 		 */
458 		psecs = (psecs + 5000) / 10000;
459 		secs += psecs / 100;
460 		psecs = psecs % 100;
461 	}
462 	snprintf(obuff, sizeof(obuff),
463 	    "%3ld:%02ld%c%02ld", secs/60, secs%60, decimal_point, psecs);
464 	printf("%*s", vent->width, obuff);
465 }
466 
467 double
468 getpcpu(const KINFO *k)
469 {
470 	const struct proc *p;
471 	static int failure;
472 
473 	if (!nlistread)
474 		failure = donlist();
475 	if (failure)
476 		return (0.0);
477 
478 	p = KI_PROC(k);
479 #define	fxtofl(fixpt)	((double)(fixpt) / fscale)
480 
481 	/* XXX - I don't like this */
482 	if (p->p_swtime == 0 || (p->p_flag & P_SWAPPEDOUT))
483 		return (0.0);
484 	if (rawcpu)
485 		return (100.0 * fxtofl(p->p_pctcpu));
486 	return (100.0 * fxtofl(p->p_pctcpu) /
487 		(1.0 - exp(p->p_swtime * log(fxtofl(ccpu)))));
488 }
489 
490 void
491 pcpu(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
492 {
493 	printf("%*.1f", vent->width, getpcpu(k));
494 }
495 
496 void
497 pnice(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
498 {
499 	int niceval;
500 
501 	switch (KI_PROC(k)->p_rtprio.type) {
502 	case RTP_PRIO_REALTIME:
503 		niceval = PRIO_MIN - 1 - RTP_PRIO_MAX + KI_PROC(k)->p_rtprio.prio;
504 		break;
505 	case RTP_PRIO_IDLE:
506 		niceval = PRIO_MAX + 1 + KI_PROC(k)->p_rtprio.prio;
507 		break;
508 	case RTP_PRIO_THREAD:
509 		niceval = PRIO_MIN - 1 - RTP_PRIO_MAX - KI_PROC(k)->p_rtprio.prio;
510 		break;
511 	default:
512 		niceval = KI_PROC(k)->p_nice - NZERO;
513 		break;
514 	}
515 	printf("%*d", vent->width, niceval);
516 }
517 
518 
519 double
520 getpmem(const KINFO *k)
521 {
522 	static int failure;
523 	struct proc *p;
524 	struct eproc *e;
525 	double fracmem;
526 	int szptudot;
527 
528 	if (!nlistread)
529 		failure = donlist();
530 	if (failure)
531 		return (0.0);
532 
533 	p = KI_PROC(k);
534 	e = KI_EPROC(k);
535 	if (p->p_flag & P_SWAPPEDOUT)
536 		return (0.0);
537 	/* XXX want pmap ptpages, segtab, etc. (per architecture) */
538 	szptudot = UPAGES;
539 	/* XXX don't have info about shared */
540 	fracmem = ((float)e->e_vm.vm_rssize + szptudot)/mempages;
541 	return (100.0 * fracmem);
542 }
543 
544 void
545 pmem(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
546 {
547 	printf("%*.1f", vent->width, getpmem(k));
548 }
549 
550 void
551 pagein(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
552 {
553 	printf("%*ld", vent->width,
554 	       k->ki_u.u_valid ? k->ki_u.u_ru.ru_majflt : 0);
555 }
556 
557 /* ARGSUSED */
558 void
559 maxrss(const KINFO *k __unused, const struct varent *vent)
560 {
561 	/* XXX not yet */
562 	printf("%*s", vent->width, "-");
563 }
564 
565 void
566 tsize(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
567 {
568 	printf("%*ld", vent->width, (long)pgtok(KI_EPROC(k)->e_vm.vm_tsize));
569 }
570 
571 void
572 rtprior(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
573 {
574 	struct rtprio *prtp;
575 	char str[8];
576 	unsigned prio, type;
577 
578 	prtp = (struct rtprio *) ((char *)KI_PROC(k) + vent->var->off);
579 	prio = prtp->prio;
580 	type = prtp->type;
581 	switch (type) {
582 	case RTP_PRIO_REALTIME:
583 		snprintf(str, sizeof(str), "real:%u", prio);
584 		break;
585 	case RTP_PRIO_NORMAL:
586 		strncpy(str, "normal", sizeof(str));
587 		break;
588 	case RTP_PRIO_IDLE:
589 		snprintf(str, sizeof(str), "idle:%u", prio);
590 		break;
591 	default:
592 		snprintf(str, sizeof(str), "%u:%u", type, prio);
593 		break;
594 	}
595 	str[sizeof(str) - 1] = '\0';
596 	printf("%*s", vent->width, str);
597 }
598 
599 /*
600  * Generic output routines.  Print fields from various prototype
601  * structures.
602  */
603 static void
604 printval(const char *bp, const struct varent *vent)
605 {
606 	static char ofmt[32] = "%";
607 	const char *fcp;
608 	char *cp;
609 
610 	cp = ofmt + 1;
611 	fcp = vent->var->fmt;
612 	if (vent->var->flag & LJUST)
613 		*cp++ = '-';
614 	*cp++ = '*';
615 	while ((*cp++ = *fcp++));
616 
617 	switch (vent->var->type) {
618 	case CHAR:
619 		printf(ofmt, vent->width, *(const char *)bp);
620 		break;
621 	case UCHAR:
622 		printf(ofmt, vent->width, *(const u_char *)bp);
623 		break;
624 	case SHORT:
625 		printf(ofmt, vent->width, *(const short *)bp);
626 		break;
627 	case USHORT:
628 		printf(ofmt, vent->width, *(const u_short *)bp);
629 		break;
630 	case INT:
631 		printf(ofmt, vent->width, *(const int *)bp);
632 		break;
633 	case UINT:
634 		printf(ofmt, vent->width, *(const u_int *)bp);
635 		break;
636 	case LONG:
637 		printf(ofmt, vent->width, *(const long *)bp);
638 		break;
639 	case ULONG:
640 		printf(ofmt, vent->width, *(const u_long *)bp);
641 		break;
642 	case KPTR:
643 		printf(ofmt, vent->width, *(const u_long *)bp);
644 		break;
645 	default:
646 		errx(1, "unknown type %d", vent->var->type);
647 	}
648 }
649 
650 void
651 pvar(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
652 {
653 	printval((char *)((char *)KI_PROC(k) + vent->var->off), vent);
654 }
655 
656 void
657 pest(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
658 {
659 	int val;
660 
661 	val = *(int *)((char *)KI_PROC(k) + vent->var->off);
662 	val = val / 128;
663 	printval((char *)&val, vent);
664 }
665 
666 
667 void
668 tvar(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
669 {
670 	printval((char *)((char *)KI_THREAD(k) + vent->var->off), vent);
671 }
672 
673 void
674 evar(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
675 {
676 	printval((char *)((char *)KI_EPROC(k) + vent->var->off), vent);
677 }
678 
679 void
680 uvar(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
681 {
682 	if (k->ki_u.u_valid)
683 		printval(((const char *)&k->ki_u + vent->var->off), vent);
684 	else
685 		printf("%*s", vent->width, "-");
686 }
687 
688 void
689 rvar(const KINFO *k, const struct varent *vent)
690 {
691 	if (k->ki_u.u_valid)
692 		printval(((const char *)&k->ki_u.u_ru + vent->var->off), vent);
693 	else
694 		printf("%*s", vent->width, "-");
695 }
696 
697 static const char *
698 make_printable(const char *str)
699 {
700     static char *cpy;
701     int len;
702 
703     if (cpy)
704 	free(cpy);
705     len = strlen(str);
706     if ((cpy = malloc(len * 4 + 1)) == NULL)
707 	err(1, NULL);
708     strvis(cpy, str, VIS_TAB | VIS_NL | VIS_NOSLASH);
709     return(cpy);
710 }
711