1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Pa / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Pa /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Pa /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Pa defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.El 56.It Pa /dev/ 57block and character device files 58.Pp 59.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 60.It Pa MAKEDEV 61script for creating device files; 62see 63.Xr MAKEDEV 8 64.It Pa fd/ 65file descriptor files; 66see 67.Xr \&fd 4 68.El 69.It Pa /etc/ 70system configuration files and scripts 71.Pp 72.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 73.It Pa defaults/ 74default system configuration files; 75see 76.Xr rc 8 77.It Pa gnats/ 78gnats configuration files; 79see 80.Xr send-pr 1 81.It Pa isdn/ 82isdn4bsd configuration files; 83see 84.Xr isdnd 8 85.It Pa kerberosIV/ 86configuration files for kerberos version IV; 87see 88.Xr kerberos 1 89.It Pa localtime 90local timezone information; 91see 92.Xr ctime 3 93.It Pa mail/ 94Sendmail control files 95.It Pa mtree/ 96mtree configuration files; 97see 98.Xr mtree 8 99.It Pa namedb/ 100named configuration files; 101see 102.Xr named 8 103.It Pa periodic/ 104scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 105.Xr cron 8 ; 106see 107.Xr periodic 8 108.It Pa ppp/ 109ppp configuration files; 110see 111.Xr ppp 8 112.It Pa ssl/ 113OpenSSL configuration files 114.It Pa uucp/ 115uucp configuration files; 116see 117.Xr uucp 1 118.El 119.It Pa /kernel 120pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 121at boot time). 122.It Pa /modules/ 123loadable kernel modules; 124see 125.Xr kldstat 8 126.It Pa /mnt/ 127empty directory commonly used by 128system administrators as a temporary mount point 129.It Pa /proc/ 130process file system; 131see 132.Xr procfs 5 , 133.Xr mount_procfs 8 134.It Pa /root/ 135root's HOME directory 136.It Pa /sbin/ 137system programs and administration utilities 138fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 139.It Pa /stand/ 140programs used in a standalone environment 141.It Pa /tmp/ 142temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 143.It Pa /usr/ 144contains the majority of user utilities and applications 145.Pp 146.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 147.It Pa bin/ 148common utilities, programming tools, and applications 149.It Pa games/ 150useful and semi-frivolous programs 151.It Pa include/ 152standard C include files 153.Pp 154.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 155.It Pa arpa/ 156C include files for Internet service protocols 157.It Pa cam/ 158C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 159.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 160.It Pa scsi/ 161The SCSI device on top of CAM 162.El 163.It Pa dev/ 164C include files for programming various 165.Fx 166devices 167.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 168.It Pa ppbus/ 169The parallel port bus; 170see 171.Xr ppbus 4 172.It Pa usb/ 173The USB subsystem 174.El 175.It Pa fs/ 176.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 177.It Pa smbfs/ 178SMB/CIFS filesystem 179.El 180.It Pa g++/ 181GNU C++ include files 182.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 183.It Pa std/ 184GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 185.El 186.It Pa isc/ 187ISC utility library libisc include files 188.It Pa isofs/ 189.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 190.It Pa cd9660/ 191iso9660 filesystem 192.El 193.It Pa kerberosIV/ 194C include files for kerberos authentication package; 195see 196.Xr kerberos 1 197.It Pa libmilter/ 198C include files for libmilter, 199the sendmail mail filter API 200.It Pa machine/ 201machine-specific C include files 202.It Pa msdosfs/ 203MS-DOS file system 204.It Pa net/ 205misc network C include files 206.It Pa netatalk/ 207Appletalk protocol 208.It Pa netatm/ 209ATM include files; 210see 211.Xr atm 8 212.It Pa netinet/ 213C include files for Internet standard protocols; 214see 215.Xr inet 4 216.It Pa netinet6/ 217C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 218see 219.Xr inet6 4 220.It Pa netipx/ 221IPX/SPX protocol stacks 222.It Pa netkey/ 223kernel key-management service 224.It Pa netnatm/ 225NATM include files; 226see 227.Xr natm 4 228.It Pa netns/ 229Xerox NS protocols 230.It Pa netsmb/ 231SMB/CIFS requester 232.It Pa nfs/ 233C include files for NFS (Network File System) 234.It Pa objc/ 235Objective C include files 236.It Pa openssl/ 237OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 238.It Pa pccard/ 239PC-CARD controllers 240.It Pa posix4/ 241POSIX real-time extensions includes; 242see 243.Xr p1003_1b 9 244.It Pa protocols/ 245C include files for Berkeley service protocols 246.It Pa readline/ 247get a line from a user, with editing; 248see 249.Xr readline 3 250.It Pa rpc/ 251remote procedure calls; 252see 253.Xr rpc 3 254.It Pa rpcsvc/ 255definition of RPC service structures; see 256.Xr rpc 3 257.It Pa security/ 258PAM; see 259.Xr pam 8 260.It Pa ss/ 261MIT SIPB 262.Sq subsystem 263library, part of Kerberos IV. 264.It Pa sys/ 265system C include files (kernel data structures) 266.\" .It Pa tcl/ 267.\" Tcl language; 268.\" see 269.\" .Xr Tcl n 270.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 271.\" .It Pa generic/ 272.\" ??? 273.\" .It Pa unix/ 274.\" ??? 275.\" .El 276.It Pa ufs/ 277C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 278.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 279.It Pa ffs/ 280Fast filesystem 281.It Pa mfs/ 282memory file system; 283see 284.Xr mount_mfs 8 285.It Pa ufs/ 286UFS filesystem 287.El 288.It Pa vm/ 289virtual memory; 290see 291.Xr vmstat 8 292.El 293.Pp 294.It Pa lib/ 295archive libraries 296.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 297.It Pa aout/ 298a.out archive libraries 299.It Pa compat/ 300shared libraries for compatibility 301.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 302.It Pa aout/ 303a.out backward compatibility libraries 304.El 305.El 306.Pp 307.It Pa libdata/ 308misc. utility data files 309.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 310.It Pa doscmd/ 311files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 312see 313.Xr doscmd 1 314.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 315.It Pa fonts/ 316fonts used by doscmd 317.El 318.It Pa gcc/ 319??? 320.It Pa ldscripts/ 321linker scripts; 322see 323.Xr ld 1 324.It Pa lint/ 325various prebuilt lint libraries; 326see 327.Xr lint 1 328.It Pa msdosfs/ 329Character set conversion tables 330.It Pa perl/ 331.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 332.It Pa 5.00503/ 333contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 334see 335.Xr perl 1 336.El 337.It Pa stallion/ 338holds the download firmware images 339.El 340.Pp 341.It Pa libexec/ 342system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 343.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 344.It Pa aout/ 345utilities to manipulate a.out executables 346.It Pa elf/ 347utilities to manipulate ELF executables 348.It Pa lpr/ 349utilities and filters for LP print system; 350see 351.Xr lpr 1 352.It Pa sendmail/ 353the sendmail binary; 354see 355.Xr mailwrapper 8 356and 357.Xr sendmail 8 358.It Pa sm.bin/ 359restricted shell for sendmail; 360see 361.Xr smrsh 8 362.It Pa uucp/ 363uucp utilities; 364see 365.Xr uucp 1 366.El 367.Pp 368.It Pa local/ 369local executables, libraries, etc. 370Also used as the default destination for the 371.Fx 372ports framework. 373Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 374.Xr hier 7 375for /usr 376should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ 377rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), 378and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). 379.It Pa obj/ 380architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 381.It Pa ports/ 382The 383.Fx 384ports collection (optional). 385.It Pa sbin/ 386system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 387.It Pa share/ 388architecture-independent files 389.Pp 390.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 391.It Pa calendar/ 392a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 393see 394.Xr calendar 1 395.It Pa dict/ 396word lists; 397see 398.Xr look 1 399.Pp 400.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 401.It Pa web2 402words from Webster's 2nd International 403.It Pa words 404common words 405.It Pa papers/ 406reference databases; 407see 408.Xr refer 1 409.El 410.Pp 411.It Pa doc/ 412miscellaneous documentation; 413source for most of the printed 414.Bx 415manuals (available 416from the 417.Tn USENIX 418association) 419.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 420.It Pa FAQ/ 421Frequently Asked Questions 422.It Pa IPv6/ 423implementation notes for IPv6 424.It Pa bind/ 425documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 426.It Pa es/ 427Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 428.It Pa handbook/ 429.Fx 430Handbook 431.It Pa ja/ 432Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 433.It Pa ncurses/ 434HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 435see 436.Xr ncurses 3X 437.It Pa ntp/ 438HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 439.It Pa papers/ 440UNIX Papers 441.It Pa psd/ 442UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 443.It Pa ru/ 444Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 445.It Pa smm/ 446UNIX System Manager's Manual 447.It Pa tutorials/ 448.Fx 449tutorials 450.It Pa usd/ 451UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 452.It Pa zh/ 453Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 454.El 455.Pp 456.It Pa examples/ 457various examples for users and programmers 458.It Pa games/ 459ASCII text files used by various games 460.It Pa groff_font/ 461device description file for device name 462.It Pa info/ 463GNU Info hypertext system 464.It Pa isdn/ 465ISDN 466.It Pa libg++/ 467libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 468.It Pa locale/ 469localization files; 470see 471.Xr setlocale 3 472.It Pa man/ 473manual pages 474.It Pa me/ 475macros for use with the me macro package; 476see 477.Xr me 7 478.It Pa misc/ 479misc system-wide ASCII text files 480.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 481.It Pa fonts/ 482??? 483.It Pa pcvtfonts/ 484pcvt fonts; 485see 486.Xr pcvt 4 487.It Pa termcap 488terminal characteristics database; 489see 490.Xr termcap 5 491.El 492.It Pa mk/ 493templates for make; 494see 495.Xr make 1 496.It Pa nls/ 497national language support files; 498see 499.Xr mklocale 1 500.It Pa pcvt/ 501pcvt documentation and etc examples; 502see 503.Xr pcvt 4 504.It Pa perl/ 505perl library files; 506see 507.Xr perl 1 508.It Pa sendmail/ 509sendmail configuration files; 510see 511.Xr sendmail 8 512.It Pa skel/ 513example . (dot) files for new accounts 514.It Pa syscons/ 515files used by syscons; 516see 517.Xr syscons 4 518.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 519.It Pa fonts/ 520console fonts; 521see 522.Xr vidcontrol 1 523and 524.Xr vidfont 1 525.It Pa keymaps/ 526console keyboard maps; 527see 528.Xr kbdcontrol 1 529and 530.Xr kbdmap 1 531.It Pa scrnmaps/ 532console screen maps 533.El 534.It Pa tabset/ 535tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 536the termcap file; 537see 538.Xr termcap 5 539.It Pa tmac/ 540text processing macros; 541see 542.Xr nroff 1 543and 544.Xr troff 1 545.It Pa vi/ 546localization support and utilities for 547.Xr vi 1 548.It Pa zoneinfo/ 549timezone configuration information; 550see 551.Xr tzfile 5 552.El 553.It Pa src/ 554.Bx , 555third-party, and/or local source files 556.Pp 557.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 558.It Pa bin/ 559source code for files in /bin 560.It Pa contrib/ 561source code for contributed software 562.It Pa crypto/ 563source code for contributed cryptography software 564.It Pa etc/ 565source code for files in /etc 566.It Pa games/ 567source code for files in /usr/games 568.It Pa gnu/ 569Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 570.It Pa include/ 571source code for files in /usr/include 572.It Pa kerberosIV/ 573source code for kerberos version IV 574.It Pa lib/ 575source code for files in /usr/lib 576.It Pa libexec/ 577source code for files in /usr/libexec 578.It Pa release/ 579files required to produce a 580.Fx 581release 582.It Pa sbin/ 583source code for files in /sbin 584.It Pa secure/ 585build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto 586.It Pa share/ 587source for files in /usr/share 588.It Pa sys/ 589kernel source code 590.It Pa tools/ 591tools used for maintenance and testing of 592.Fx 593.It Pa usr.bin/ 594source code for files in /usr/bin 595.It Pa usr.sbin/ 596source code for files in /usr/sbin 597.El 598.Pp 599.It Pa X11R6/ 600X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 601.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 602.It Pa bin/ 603X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 604.It Pa etc/ 605X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 606.It Pa include/ 607X11R6 include files. 608.It Pa lib/ 609X11R6 libraries. 610.It Pa man/ 611X11R6 manual pages. 612.It Pa share/ 613architecture-independent files. 614.El 615.El 616.It Pa /var/ 617multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 618.Pp 619.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 620.It Pa account/ 621system accounting files 622.Pp 623.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 624.It Pa acct 625execution accounting file; 626see 627.Xr acct 5 628.El 629.Pp 630.It Pa at/ 631timed command scheduling files; 632see 633.Xr \&at 1 634.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 635.It Pa jobs/ 636directory containing job files 637.It Pa spool/ 638directory containing output spool files 639.El 640.Pp 641.It Pa backups/ 642misc. backup files 643.It Pa crash/ 644default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 645.Xr crash 8 646and 647.Xr savecore 8 648.It Pa cron/ 649files used by cron; 650see 651.Xr cron 8 652.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 653.It Pa tabs/ 654crontab files; 655see 656.Xr crontab 5 657.El 658.Pp 659.It Pa db/ 660misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 661.It Pa empty/ 662empty directory used by sshd(8) for privilege separation; 663see 664.Xr sshd 8 665.It Pa games/ 666misc. game status and score files 667.It Pa heimdal/ 668kerberos server databases; see 669.Xr kdc 8 670.It Pa log/ 671misc. system log files 672.Pp 673.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 674.It Pa wtmp 675login/logout log; 676see 677.Xr wtmp 5 678.El 679.Pp 680.It Pa mail/ 681user mailbox files 682.It Pa msgs/ 683system messages database; 684see 685.Xr msgs 1 686.It Pa preserve/ 687temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 688of an editor; 689see 690.Xr \&ex 1 691.It Pa quotas/ 692filesystem quota information files 693.It Pa run/ 694system information files describing various info about 695system since it was booted 696.Pp 697.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 698.It Pa ppp/ 699writable by the 700.Dq network 701group for command connection sockets; see 702.Xr ppp 8 703.It Pa utmp 704database of current users; 705see 706.Xr utmp 5 707.El 708.Pp 709.It Pa rwho/ 710rwho data files; 711see 712.Xr rwhod 8 , 713.Xr rwho 1 , 714and 715.Xr ruptime 1 716.It Pa spool/ 717misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 718.Pp 719.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 720.It Pa clientmqueue/ 721undelivered submission mail queue; 722see 723.Xr sendmail 8 724.It Pa ftp/ 725commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 726.It Pa mqueue/ 727undelivered mail queue; 728see 729.Xr sendmail 8 730.It Pa output/ 731line printer spooling directories 732.It Pa uucp/ 733uucp spool directory 734.It Pa uucppublic/ 735commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 736.El 737.Pp 738.It Pa tmp/ 739temporary files that are kept between system reboots 740.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 741.It Pa vi.recover/ 742the directory where recovery files are stored 743.El 744.It Pa yp/ 745the NIS maps 746.El 747.El 748.Sh NOTES 749This manual page documents the default 750.Fx 751filesystem layout, but 752the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 753administrator's discretion. 754A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 755this document. 756.Sh SEE ALSO 757.Xr apropos 1 , 758.Xr find 1 , 759.Xr finger 1 , 760.Xr grep 1 , 761.Xr ls 1 , 762.Xr whatis 1 , 763.Xr whereis 1 , 764.Xr which 1 , 765.Xr fsck 8 766.Sh HISTORY 767A 768.Nm 769manual page appeared in 770.At v7 . 771