1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.26 2008/09/06 14:24:44 swildner Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd September 2, 2008 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.It Pa kernel 57pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 58at boot time). 59.It Pa modules/ 60loadable kernel modules; 61see 62.Xr kldstat 8 63.El 64.It Pa /dev/ 65block and character device files 66.Pp 67.Bl -tag -width ".Pa MAKEDEV" -compact 68.It Pa MAKEDEV 69script for creating device files; 70see 71.Xr MAKEDEV 8 72.It Pa fd/ 73file descriptor files; 74see 75.Xr \&fd 4 76.El 77.It Pa /etc/ 78system configuration files and scripts 79.Pp 80.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 81.It Pa bluetooth/ 82bluetooth configuration files 83.It Pa defaults/ 84default system configuration files; 85see 86.Xr rc 8 87.It Pa dma/ 88.Xr dma 8 89configuration files 90.It Pa firmware/ 91Firmware image files; 92see 93.Xr firmware 9 94.It Pa isdn/ 95isdn4bsd configuration files; 96see 97.Xr isdnd 8 98.It Pa localtime 99local timezone information; 100see 101.Xr ctime 3 102.It Pa mail/ 103Sendmail control files 104.It Pa mtree/ 105mtree configuration files; 106see 107.Xr mtree 8 108.It Pa namedb/ 109named configuration files; 110see 111.Xr named 8 112.It Pa pam.d/ 113configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 114library 115.It Pa periodic/ 116scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 117.Xr cron 8 ; 118see 119.Xr periodic 8 120.It Pa ppp/ 121ppp configuration files; 122see 123.Xr ppp 8 124.It Pa rc.d/ 125System and daemon startup/control scripts; 126see 127.Xr rc 8 128.It Pa ssh/ 129OpenSSH configuration files; 130see 131.Xr ssh 1 132.It Pa ssl/ 133OpenSSL configuration files 134.It Pa upgrade/ 135Files relevant to system upgrades 136.It Pa uucp/ 137uucp configuration files; 138see 139.Xr uucp 1 140.El 141.It Pa /home/ 142HOME directories of non-root users 143.It Pa /mnt/ 144empty directory commonly used by 145system administrators as a temporary mount point 146.It Pa /proc/ 147process file system; 148see 149.Xr procfs 5 , 150.Xr mount_procfs 8 151.It Pa /root/ 152root's HOME directory 153.It Pa /sbin/ 154system programs and administration utilities 155fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 156.It Pa /sys/ 157the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 158.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 159.It Pa /tmp/ 160temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 161.It Pa /usr/ 162contains the majority of user utilities and applications 163.Pp 164.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 165.It Pa bin/ 166common utilities, programming tools, and applications 167.It Pa games/ 168useful and semi-frivolous programs 169.It Pa include/ 170standard C include files 171.Pp 172.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact 173.It Pa arpa/ 174C include files for Internet service protocols 175.It Pa c++/ 176C++ include files 177.It Pa cam/ 178C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 179.Pp 180.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 181.It Pa scsi/ 182The SCSI device on top of CAM 183.El 184.Pp 185.It Pa dev/ 186C include files for programming various 187.Dx 188devices 189.It Pa emulation/ 190Include Files for various emulation layers 191.It Pa fs/ 192.Pp 193.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 194.It Pa smbfs/ 195SMB/CIFS filesystem 196.El 197.Pp 198.It Pa isc/ 199ISC utility library libisc include files 200.It Pa isofs/ 201.Pp 202.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 203.It Pa cd9660/ 204iso9660 filesystem 205.El 206.Pp 207.It Pa libmilter/ 208C include files for libmilter, 209the sendmail mail filter API 210.It Pa machine/ 211machine-specific C include files 212.It Pa msdosfs/ 213MS-DOS file system 214.It Pa net/ 215misc network C include files 216.It Pa netatalk/ 217Appletalk protocol 218.It Pa netatm/ 219ATM include files; 220see 221.Xr atm 8 222.It Pa netinet/ 223C include files for Internet standard protocols; 224see 225.Xr inet 4 226.It Pa netinet6/ 227C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 228see 229.Xr inet6 4 230.It Pa netipx/ 231IPX/SPX protocol stacks 232.It Pa netkey/ 233kernel key-management service 234.It Pa netnatm/ 235NATM include files; 236see 237.Xr natm 4 238.It Pa netns/ 239Xerox NS protocols 240.It Pa netsmb/ 241SMB/CIFS requester 242.It Pa nfs/ 243C include files for NFS (Network File System) 244.It Pa objc/ 245Objective C include files 246.It Pa openssl/ 247OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 248.It Pa pcap/ 249Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 250see 251.Xr pcap 3 252.It Pa pccard/ 253PC-CARD controllers 254.It Pa protocols/ 255C include files for Berkeley service protocols 256.It Pa readline/ 257get a line from a user, with editing; 258see 259.Xr readline 3 260.It Pa rpc/ 261remote procedure calls; 262see 263.Xr rpc 3 264.It Pa rpcsvc/ 265definition of RPC service structures; see 266.Xr rpc 3 267.It Pa security/ 268PAM; see 269.Xr pam 8 270.It Pa sys/ 271system C include files (kernel data structures) 272.It Pa ufs/ 273C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 274.Pp 275.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 276.It Pa ffs/ 277Fast filesystem 278.It Pa mfs/ 279memory file system; 280see 281.Xr mount_mfs 8 282.It Pa ufs/ 283UFS filesystem 284.El 285.Pp 286.It Pa vm/ 287virtual memory; 288see 289.Xr vmstat 8 290.El 291.Pp 292.It Pa lib/ 293archive libraries 294.Pp 295.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 296.It Pa aout/ 297a.out archive libraries 298.It Pa compat/ 299shared libraries for compatibility 300.Pp 301.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 302.It Pa aout/ 303a.out backward compatibility libraries 304.El 305.El 306.Pp 307.It Pa libdata/ 308misc. utility data files 309.Pp 310.Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact 311.It Pa doscmd/ 312files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 313see 314.Xr doscmd 1 315.Pp 316.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact 317.It Pa fonts/ 318fonts used by doscmd 319.El 320.Pp 321.It Pa lint/ 322various prebuilt lint libraries; 323see 324.Xr lint 1 325.It Pa msdosfs/ 326Character set conversion tables 327.It Pa stallion/ 328holds the download firmware images 329.El 330.Pp 331.It Pa libexec/ 332system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 333.Pp 334.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact 335.It Pa binutils217/ 336.Pp 337.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 338.It Pa ldscripts/ 339linker scripts; 340see 341.Xr ld 1 342.El 343.Pp 344.It Pa lpr/ 345utilities and filters for LP print system; 346see 347.Xr lpr 1 348.It Pa sendmail/ 349the sendmail binary; 350see 351.Xr mailwrapper 8 352and 353.Xr sendmail 8 354.It Pa sm.bin/ 355restricted shell for sendmail; 356see 357.Xr smrsh 8 358.It Pa uucp/ 359uucp utilities; 360see 361.Xr uucp 1 362.El 363.Pp 364.It Pa local/ 365local executables, libraries, etc. 366Within 367.Pa local/ , 368the general layout sketched out by 369.Xr hier 7 370for 371.Pa /usr 372should be used. 373Exceptions are the 374.Pa man/ 375directory (directly under 376.Pa local/ 377rather than under 378.Pa local/share/ ) , 379documentation (in 380.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 381and 382.Pa /usr/local/etc 383.Pf ( mimics 384.Pa /etc ) . 385.It Pa obj/ 386architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 387.Pa /usr/src 388tree 389.It Pa pkg/ 390default destination directory for the 391.Xr pkgsrc 7 392collection. 393Within 394.Pa pkg/ , 395the general layout sketched out by 396.Xr hier 7 397for 398.Pa /usr 399should be used. 400Exceptions are the 401.Pa man/ 402directory (directly under 403.Pa pkg/ 404rather than under 405.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 406documentation (in 407.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 408and 409.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 410.Pf ( mimics 411.Pa /etc ) . 412.It Pa pkgsrc/ 413The 414.Xr pkgsrc 7 415collection (optional). 416.It Pa sbin/ 417system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 418.It Pa share/ 419architecture-independent files 420.Pp 421.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 422.It Pa calendar/ 423a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 424see 425.Xr calendar 1 426.It Pa dict/ 427word lists; 428see 429.Xr look 1 430.Pp 431.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 432.It Pa web2 433words from Webster's 2nd International 434.It Pa words 435common words 436.It Pa papers/ 437reference databases; 438see 439.Xr refer 1 440.El 441.Pp 442.It Pa examples/ 443various examples for users and programmers 444.It Pa games/ 445ASCII text files used by various games 446.It Pa groff_font/ 447device description file for device name 448.It Pa i18n/ 449internationalization databases; see 450.Xr iconv 3 451.It Pa info/ 452GNU Info hypertext system 453.It Pa isdn/ 454ISDN 455.It Pa libg++/ 456libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 457.It Pa locale/ 458localization files; 459see 460.Xr setlocale 3 461.It Pa man/ 462manual pages 463.It Pa me/ 464macros for use with the me macro package; 465see 466.Xr me 7 467.It Pa misc/ 468misc system-wide ASCII text files 469.Pp 470.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 471.It Pa termcap 472terminal characteristics database; 473see 474.Xr termcap 5 475.El 476.Pp 477.It Pa mk/ 478templates for make; 479see 480.Xr make 1 481.It Pa nls/ 482national language support files; 483see 484.Xr mklocale 1 485.It Pa openssl/ 486.Pp 487.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 488.It Pa man/ 489OpenSSL manual pages 490.El 491.Pp 492.It Pa sendmail/ 493sendmail configuration files; 494see 495.Xr sendmail 8 496.It Pa skel/ 497example . (dot) files for new accounts 498.It Pa syscons/ 499files used by 500.Xr syscons 4 501.Pp 502.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 503.It Pa fonts/ 504console fonts; 505see 506.Xr vidcontrol 1 507and 508.Xr vidfont 1 509.It Pa keymaps/ 510console keyboard maps; 511see 512.Xr kbdcontrol 1 513and 514.Xr kbdmap 1 515.It Pa scrnmaps/ 516console screen maps 517.El 518.Pp 519.It Pa tabset/ 520tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 521the termcap file; 522see 523.Xr termcap 5 524.It Pa tmac/ 525text processing macros; 526see 527.Xr nroff 1 528and 529.Xr troff 1 530.It Pa vi/ 531localization support and utilities for 532.Xr vi 1 533.It Pa zoneinfo/ 534timezone configuration information; 535see 536.Xr tzfile 5 537.El 538.Pp 539.It Pa src/ 540.Bx , 541third-party, and/or local source files 542.Pp 543.Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact 544.It Pa bin/ 545source code for files in 546.Pa /bin 547.It Pa contrib/ 548source code for contributed software 549.It Pa crypto/ 550source code for contributed cryptography software 551.It Pa etc/ 552source code for files in 553.Pa /etc 554.It Pa games/ 555source code for files in 556.Pa /usr/games 557.It Pa gnu/ 558Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 559.It Pa include/ 560source code for files in 561.Pa /usr/include 562.It Pa kerberos5/ 563source code for kerberos version 5 564.It Pa lib/ 565source code for files in 566.Pa /usr/lib 567.It Pa libexec/ 568source code for files in 569.Pa /usr/libexec 570.It Pa nrelease/ 571files required to produce a 572.Dx 573release 574.It Pa sbin/ 575source code for files in 576.Pa /sbin 577.It Pa secure/ 578build directory for files in 579.Pa /usr/src/crypto 580.It Pa share/ 581source for files in 582.Pa /usr/share 583.It Pa sys/ 584kernel source code 585.It Pa tools/ 586tools used for maintenance and testing of 587.Dx 588.It Pa usr.bin/ 589source code for files in 590.Pa /usr/bin 591.It Pa usr.sbin/ 592source code for files in 593.Pa /usr/sbin 594.El 595.El 596.It Pa /var/ 597multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 598.Pp 599.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 600.It Pa account/ 601system accounting files 602.Pp 603.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 604.It Pa acct 605execution accounting file; 606see 607.Xr acct 5 608.El 609.Pp 610.It Pa at/ 611timed command scheduling files; 612see 613.Xr \&at 1 614.Pp 615.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 616.It Pa jobs/ 617directory containing job files 618.It Pa spool/ 619directory containing output spool files 620.El 621.Pp 622.It Pa backups/ 623misc. backup files 624.It Pa crash/ 625default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 626.Xr crash 8 627and 628.Xr savecore 8 629.It Pa cron/ 630files used by cron; 631see 632.Xr cron 8 633.Pp 634.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 635.It Pa tabs/ 636crontab files; 637see 638.Xr crontab 5 639.El 640.Pp 641.It Pa db/ 642misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 643.It Pa empty/ 644empty directory used by 645.Xr sshd 8 646for privilege separation 647.It Pa games/ 648misc. game status and score files 649.It Pa heimdal/ 650kerberos server databases; see 651.Xr kdc 8 652.It Pa log/ 653misc. system log files 654.Pp 655.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 656.It Pa wtmp 657login/logout log; 658see 659.Xr wtmp 5 660.El 661.Pp 662.It Pa mail/ 663user mailbox files 664.It Pa msgs/ 665system messages database; 666see 667.Xr msgs 1 668.It Pa preserve/ 669temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 670of an editor; 671see 672.Xr \&ex 1 673.It Pa quotas/ 674filesystem quota information files 675.It Pa run/ 676system information files describing various info about 677system since it was booted 678.Pp 679.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 680.It Pa ppp/ 681writable by the 682.Dq network 683group for command connection sockets; see 684.Xr ppp 8 685.It Pa utmp 686database of current users; 687see 688.Xr utmp 5 689.El 690.Pp 691.It Pa rwho/ 692rwho data files; 693see 694.Xr rwhod 8 , 695.Xr rwho 1 , 696and 697.Xr ruptime 1 698.It Pa spool/ 699misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 700.Pp 701.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 702.It Pa clientmqueue/ 703undelivered submission mail queue; 704see 705.Xr sendmail 8 706.It Pa dma/ 707undelivered mail queue; 708see 709.Xr dma 8 710.It Pa ftp/ 711commonly 712.Pa ~ftp ; 713the anonymous ftp root directory 714.It Pa mqueue/ 715undelivered mail queue; 716see 717.Xr sendmail 8 718.It Pa output/ 719line printer spooling directories 720.It Pa uucp/ 721uucp spool directory 722.It Pa uucppublic/ 723commonly 724.Pa ~uucp ; 725public uucp temporary directory 726.El 727.Pp 728.It Pa tmp/ 729temporary files that are kept between system reboots 730.Pp 731.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 732.It Pa vi.recover/ 733the directory where recovery files are stored 734.El 735.Pp 736.It Pa yp/ 737the NIS maps 738.El 739.El 740.Sh NOTES 741This manual page documents the default 742.Dx 743filesystem layout, but 744the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 745administrator's discretion. 746A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 747this document. 748.Sh SEE ALSO 749.Xr apropos 1 , 750.Xr find 1 , 751.Xr finger 1 , 752.Xr grep 1 , 753.Xr ls 1 , 754.Xr whatis 1 , 755.Xr whereis 1 , 756.Xr which 1 , 757.Xr fsck 8 758.Sh HISTORY 759A 760.Nm 761manual page appeared in 762.At v7 . 763