1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 14.\" without specific prior written permission. 15.\" 16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 27.\" 28.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 29.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 30.\" 31.Dd April 28, 2016 32.Dt HIER 7 33.Os 34.Sh NAME 35.Nm hier 36.Nd layout of filesystems 37.Sh DESCRIPTION 38A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 39.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 40.It Pa / 41root directory of the filesystem 42.It Pa /bin/ 43user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 44.It Pa /boot/ 45programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 46.Pp 47.Bl -tag -width ".Pa modules.local/" -compact 48.It Pa defaults/ 49default bootstrapping configuration files; see 50.Xr loader.conf 5 51.It Pa kernel/ 52pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 53at boot time) and loadable kernel modules; 54see 55.Xr kldstat 8 56.It Pa modules.local/ 57local loadable kernel modules and wrapped external firmware images; see 58.Xr firmware 9 59.El 60.It Pa /compat/ 61files related to compatibility layers 62.Pp 63.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ndis/" -compact 64.It Pa ndis/ 65firmware for 66.Xr ndis 4 67drivers 68.El 69.It Pa /dev/ 70block and character device files 71.Pp 72.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 73.It Pa fd/ 74file descriptor files; 75see 76.Xr \&fd 4 77.El 78.It Pa /etc/ 79system configuration files and scripts 80.Pp 81.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 82.It Pa bluetooth/ 83bluetooth configuration files 84.It Pa defaults/ 85default system configuration files; 86see 87.Xr rc 8 88.It Pa devd/ 89hardware specific 90.Xr devd 8 91configuration files 92.It Pa dma/ 93.Xr dma 8 94configuration files 95.It Pa localtime 96local timezone information; 97see 98.Xr ctime 3 99.It Pa mail/ 100Sendmail control files 101.It Pa mtree/ 102mtree configuration files; 103see 104.Xr mtree 8 105.It Pa pam.d/ 106configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 107library 108.It Pa periodic/ 109scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 110.Xr cron 8 ; 111see 112.Xr periodic 8 113.It Pa ppp/ 114ppp configuration files; 115see 116.Xr ppp 8 117.It Pa rc.d/ 118System and daemon startup/control scripts; 119see 120.Xr rc 8 121.It Pa ssh/ 122OpenSSH configuration files; 123see 124.Xr ssh 1 125.It Pa ssl/ 126OpenSSL configuration files 127.It Pa upgrade/ 128Files relevant to system upgrades 129.It Pa uucp/ 130uucp configuration files; 131see 132.Xr uucp 1 133.El 134.It Pa /home/ 135HOME directories of non-root users 136.It Pa /lib/ 137critical system libraries needed for binaries in 138.Pa /bin 139and 140.Pa /sbin 141.It Pa /libexec/ 142critical system utilities needed for binaries in 143.Pa /bin 144and 145.Pa /sbin 146.It Pa /mnt/ 147empty directory commonly used by 148system administrators as a temporary mount point 149.It Pa /pfs/ 150pseudo file system directory (on 151.Xr hammer 5 152root file systems) 153.It Pa /proc/ 154process file system; 155see 156.Xr procfs 5 , 157.Xr mount_procfs 8 158.It Pa /root/ 159root's HOME directory 160.It Pa /sbin/ 161system programs and administration utilities 162fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 163.It Pa /sys/ 164the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 165.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 166.It Pa /tmp/ 167temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 168.It Pa /usr/ 169contains the majority of user utilities and applications 170.Pp 171.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 172.It Pa bin/ 173common utilities, programming tools, and applications 174.It Pa dports/ 175The 176.Dx 177.Xr dports 7 178collection (optional). 179.It Pa games/ 180useful and semi-frivolous programs 181.It Pa include/ 182standard C include files 183.Pp 184.Bl -tag -width ".Pa protocols/" -compact 185.It Pa arpa/ 186C include files for Internet service protocols 187.It Pa c++/ 188C++ include files 189.It Pa cam/ 190C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 191.Pp 192.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 193.It Pa scsi/ 194The SCSI device on top of CAM 195.El 196.Pp 197.It Pa dev/ 198C include files for programming various 199.Dx 200devices 201.It Pa emulation/ 202Include Files for various emulation layers 203.It Pa fs/ 204.Pp 205.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 206.It Pa smbfs/ 207SMB/CIFS filesystem 208.El 209.Pp 210.It Pa isofs/ 211.Pp 212.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 213.It Pa cd9660/ 214iso9660 filesystem 215.El 216.Pp 217.It Pa libprop/ 218C include files for libprop 219.It Pa machine/ 220machine-specific C include files 221.It Pa msdosfs/ 222MS-DOS file system 223.It Pa net/ 224misc network C include files 225.It Pa netinet/ 226C include files for Internet standard protocols; 227see 228.Xr inet 4 229.It Pa netinet6/ 230C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 231see 232.Xr inet6 4 233.It Pa netkey/ 234kernel key-management service 235.It Pa netsmb/ 236SMB/CIFS requester 237.It Pa nfs/ 238C include files for NFS (Network File System) 239.It Pa openssl/ 240OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 241.It Pa pcap/ 242Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 243see 244.Xr pcap 3 245.It Pa pccard/ 246PC-CARD controllers 247.It Pa protocols/ 248C include files for Berkeley service protocols 249.It Pa readline/ 250get a line from a user, with editing; 251see 252.Xr readline 3 253.It Pa rpc/ 254remote procedure calls; 255see 256.Xr rpc 3 257.It Pa rpcsvc/ 258definition of RPC service structures; see 259.Xr rpc 3 260.It Pa security/ 261PAM; see 262.Xr pam 8 263.It Pa sys/ 264system C include files (kernel data structures) 265.It Pa ufs/ 266C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 267.Pp 268.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 269.It Pa ffs/ 270Fast filesystem 271.It Pa mfs/ 272memory file system; 273see 274.Xr mount_mfs 8 275.It Pa ufs/ 276UFS filesystem 277.El 278.Pp 279.It Pa vm/ 280virtual memory; 281see 282.Xr vmstat 8 283.El 284.Pp 285.It Pa lib/ 286archive libraries 287.Pp 288.Bl -tag -width ".Pa engines/" -compact 289.It Pa aout/ 290a.out archive libraries 291.It Pa engines/ 292OpenSSL dynamic engines 293.El 294.Pp 295.It Pa libdata/ 296misc. utility data files 297.It Pa libexec/ 298system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 299.Pp 300.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils224/" -compact 301.It Pa binutils224/ 302.Pp 303.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 304.It Pa ldscripts/ 305linker scripts; 306see 307.Xr ld 1 308.El 309.Pp 310.It Pa binutils225/ 311.Pp 312.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 313.It Pa ldscripts/ 314linker scripts; 315see 316.Xr ld 1 317.El 318.Pp 319.It Pa lpr/ 320utilities and filters for LP print system; 321see 322.Xr lpr 1 323.It Pa sm.bin/ 324restricted shell for sendmail; 325see 326.Xr smrsh 8 327.It Pa uucp/ 328uucp utilities; 329see 330.Xr uucp 1 331.El 332.Pp 333.It Pa local/ 334local executables, libraries, etc. 335Also used as the default destination for the 336.Dx 337.Xr dports 7 338framework. 339Within 340.Pa local/ , 341the general layout sketched out by 342.Nm 343for 344.Pa /usr 345should be used. 346Exceptions are the 347.Pa man 348directory 349.Po directly under 350.Pa local/ 351rather than under 352.Pa local/share/ Ns Pc , 353ports documentation 354.Po in 355.Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc , 356and 357.Pa /usr/local/etc 358.Po mimics 359.Pa /etc Ns Pc . 360.It Pa obj/ 361architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 362.Pa /usr/src 363tree 364.It Pa sbin/ 365system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 366.It Pa share/ 367architecture-independent files 368.Pp 369.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 370.It Pa calendar/ 371a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 372see 373.Xr calendar 1 374.It Pa dict/ 375word lists; 376see 377.Xr look 1 378.Pp 379.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 380.It Pa web2 381words from Webster's 2nd International 382.It Pa words 383common words 384.It Pa papers/ 385reference databases; 386see 387.Xr refer 1 388.El 389.Pp 390.It Pa doc/ 391miscellaneous documentation 392.Pp 393.Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact 394.It Pa legal/ 395License files for vendor supplied firmware 396.El 397.Pp 398.It Pa examples/ 399various examples for users and programmers 400.It Pa games/ 401ASCII text files used by various games 402.It Pa groff_font/ 403device description file for device name 404.It Pa i18n/ 405internationalization databases; see 406.Xr iconv 3 407.It Pa info/ 408GNU Info hypertext system 409.It Pa libg++/ 410libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 411.It Pa locale/ 412localization files; 413see 414.Xr setlocale 3 415.It Pa man/ 416manual pages 417.It Pa me/ 418macros for use with the me macro package; 419see 420.Xr me 7 421.It Pa misc/ 422misc system-wide ASCII text files 423.Pp 424.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 425.It Pa termcap 426terminal characteristics database; 427see 428.Xr termcap 5 429.El 430.Pp 431.It Pa mk/ 432templates for make; 433see 434.Xr make 1 435.It Pa nls/ 436national language support files; 437see 438.Xr nls 7 439.It Pa openssl/ 440.Pp 441.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 442.It Pa man/ 443OpenSSL manual pages 444.El 445.Pp 446.It Pa sendmail/ 447sendmail configuration files; 448see 449.Xr sendmail 8 450.It Pa skel/ 451example . (dot) files for new accounts 452.It Pa syscons/ 453files used by 454.Xr syscons 4 455.Pp 456.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 457.It Pa fonts/ 458console fonts; 459see 460.Xr vidcontrol 1 461and 462.Xr vidfont 1 463.It Pa keymaps/ 464console keyboard maps; 465see 466.Xr kbdcontrol 1 467and 468.Xr kbdmap 1 469.It Pa scrnmaps/ 470console screen maps 471.El 472.Pp 473.It Pa tabset/ 474tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 475the termcap file; 476see 477.Xr termcap 5 478.It Pa terminfo/ 479compiled 480.Xr terminfo 5 481database files 482.It Pa tmac/ 483text processing macros; 484see 485.Xr nroff 1 486and 487.Xr troff 1 488.It Pa vi/ 489localization support and utilities for 490.Xr vi 1 491.It Pa zoneinfo/ 492timezone configuration information; 493see 494.Xr tzfile 5 495.El 496.Pp 497.It Pa src/ 498.Bx , 499third-party, and/or local source files 500.Pp 501.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 502.It Pa bin/ 503source code for files in 504.Pa /bin 505.It Pa contrib/ 506source code for contributed software 507.It Pa crypto/ 508source code for contributed cryptography software 509.It Pa etc/ 510source code for files in 511.Pa /etc 512.It Pa games/ 513source code for files in 514.Pa /usr/games 515.It Pa gnu/ 516Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 517.It Pa include/ 518source code for files in 519.Pa /usr/include 520.It Pa lib/ 521source code for files in 522.Pa /usr/lib 523.It Pa libexec/ 524source code for files in 525.Pa /usr/libexec 526.It Pa nrelease/ 527files required to produce a 528.Dx 529release 530.It Pa sbin/ 531source code for files in 532.Pa /sbin 533.It Pa secure/ 534build directory for files in 535.Pa /usr/src/crypto 536.It Pa share/ 537source for files in 538.Pa /usr/share 539.It Pa sys/ 540kernel source code 541.It Pa tools/ 542tools used for maintenance and testing of 543.Dx 544.It Pa usr.bin/ 545source code for files in 546.Pa /usr/bin 547.It Pa usr.sbin/ 548source code for files in 549.Pa /usr/sbin 550.El 551.El 552.It Pa /var/ 553multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 554.Pp 555.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 556.It Pa account/ 557system accounting files 558.Pp 559.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 560.It Pa acct 561execution accounting file; 562see 563.Xr acct 5 564.El 565.Pp 566.It Pa at/ 567timed command scheduling files; 568see 569.Xr \&at 1 570.Pp 571.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 572.It Pa jobs/ 573directory containing job files 574.It Pa spool/ 575directory containing output spool files 576.El 577.Pp 578.It Pa backups/ 579misc. backup files 580.It Pa crash/ 581default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 582.Xr crash 8 583and 584.Xr savecore 8 585.It Pa cron/ 586files used by cron; 587see 588.Xr cron 8 589.Pp 590.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 591.It Pa tabs/ 592crontab files; 593see 594.Xr crontab 5 595.El 596.Pp 597.It Pa db/ 598misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 599.It Pa empty/ 600empty directory used by 601.Xr sshd 8 602for privilege separation 603.It Pa games/ 604misc. game status and score files 605.It Pa hammer/ 606per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for 607.Xr hammer 5 608file systems 609.It Pa log/ 610misc. system log files 611.Pp 612.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 613.It Pa wtmp 614login/logout log; 615see 616.Xr wtmp 5 617.El 618.Pp 619.It Pa mail/ 620user mailbox files 621.It Pa msgs/ 622system messages database; 623see 624.Xr msgs 1 625.It Pa preserve/ 626temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 627of an editor; 628see 629.Xr \&ex 1 630.It Pa quotas/ 631filesystem quota information files 632.It Pa run/ 633system information files describing various info about 634system since it was booted 635.Pp 636.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 637.It Pa ppp/ 638writable by the 639.Dq network 640group for command connection sockets; see 641.Xr ppp 8 642.It Pa utmp 643database of current users; 644see 645.Xr utmp 5 646.It Pa sem/ 647rendez-vous files for posix named semaphores; 648see 649.Xr sem_open 3 650.El 651.Pp 652.It Pa rwho/ 653rwho data files; 654see 655.Xr rwhod 8 , 656.Xr rwho 1 , 657and 658.Xr ruptime 1 659.It Pa spool/ 660misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 661.Pp 662.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 663.It Pa clientmqueue/ 664undelivered submission mail queue; 665see 666.Xr sendmail 8 667.It Pa dma/ 668undelivered mail queue; 669see 670.Xr dma 8 671.It Pa ftp/ 672commonly 673.Pa ~ftp ; 674the anonymous ftp root directory 675.It Pa mqueue/ 676undelivered mail queue; 677see 678.Xr sendmail 8 679.It Pa output/ 680line printer spooling directories 681.It Pa uucp/ 682uucp spool directory 683.It Pa uucppublic/ 684commonly 685.Pa ~uucp ; 686public uucp temporary directory 687.El 688.Pp 689.It Pa tmp/ 690temporary files that are kept between system reboots 691.Pp 692.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 693.It Pa vi.recover/ 694the directory where recovery files are stored 695.El 696.Pp 697.It Pa yp/ 698the NIS maps 699.El 700.El 701.Sh NOTES 702This manual page documents the default 703.Dx 704filesystem layout, but 705the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 706administrator's discretion. 707A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 708this document. 709.Sh SEE ALSO 710.Xr apropos 1 , 711.Xr find 1 , 712.Xr finger 1 , 713.Xr grep 1 , 714.Xr ls 1 , 715.Xr whatis 1 , 716.Xr whereis 1 , 717.Xr which 1 , 718.Xr fsck 8 719.Sh HISTORY 720A 721.Nm 722manual page appeared in 723.At v7 . 724