xref: /dragonfly/share/zoneinfo/europe (revision 25a2db75)
1# <pre>
2# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
3# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4
5# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
8
9# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
10# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
12# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
13#
14# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
15# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
17# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
18# of the IATA's data after 1990.
19#
20# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
21# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
22#
23# Other sources occasionally used include:
24#
25#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
27#	which I found in the UCLA library.
28#
29#	<a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
30#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
31#	</a> (1914-03)
32#
33#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
34#	<http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
35#	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
36#	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
37#	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
38#
39#	Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
40#	<a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
41#	History of Summer Time
42#	</a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
43
44#
45# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
46# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
47# Corrections are welcome!
48#                   std dst  2dst
49#                   LMT           Local Mean Time
50#       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
51#       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
52#       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
53#        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
54#        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
55#        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
56#        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
57#        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
58#        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
59#        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
60#        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
61#        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
62#
63# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
64# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
65
66# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
67# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
68# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
69# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
70# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
71# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
72# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
73# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
74# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
75# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
76# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
77# ...
78# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
79# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
80# ...
81# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
82# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
83# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
84# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
85# in the Directive.
86
87
88###############################################################################
89
90# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
91
92# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
93#
94# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
95# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
96# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
97# of the text said:
98#
99# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
100# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
101# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
102# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
103# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
104# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
105# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
106#
107# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
108# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
109# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
110#
111# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
112
113# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
114#
115# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
116# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
117# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
118# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
119# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
120# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
121# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
122# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
123# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
124# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
125# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
126# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
127# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
128# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
129# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
130# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
131# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
132# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
133# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
134# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
135#
136# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
137# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
138# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
139
140# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
141# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
142# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
143# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
144# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
145# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
146# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
147# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
148# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
149# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
150# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
151# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
152# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
153# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
154# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
155# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
156
157# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
158# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
159# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
160# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
161# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
162# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
163#	-- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
164#	"A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
165#	</a>
166
167# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
168# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
169# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
170# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
171# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
172
173# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
174#
175# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
176# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
177
178# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
179# From: Jonathan Leffler
180# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
181# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
182# politics making a fortune, not computing.
183
184# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
185# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
186# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
187# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
188# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
189
190# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
191# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
192# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
193# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
194
195# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
196# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
197# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
198# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
199# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
200# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
201# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
202# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
203
204# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
205# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
206# which is to be introduced in May....
207# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
208# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
209
210# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
211# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
212# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
213# so we use `BDST'.
214
215# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
216# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
217# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
218# and extending this list, which can be found in
219# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
220# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
221# History of legal time in Britain
222# </a>
223# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
224# exists, and the article can now be found at:
225# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
226# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
227# </a>
228
229# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
230#
231# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
232# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
233# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
234# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
235# </a>.
236
237# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
238#
239# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
240#
241# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
242# are incorrect:
243#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
244#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
245# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
246#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
247# It actually just had one transition.
248#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
249# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
250#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
251# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
252# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
253#
254# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
255#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
256#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
257#	conform with Great Britain.
258# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
259#
260# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
261# we'll ignore it for now.
262#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
263#
264#
265# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
266# Shanks & Pottenger.
267# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
268# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
269# to London.  For example:
270#
271#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
272#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
273
274# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
275# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie.  These include
276# various relating to legal time, for example:
277#
278# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
279#
280# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
281# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
282#
283# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
284# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
285# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
286#
287# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
288# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
289# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
290#
291# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
292# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
293#
294# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
295# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
296# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
297#
298# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
299# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
300# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
301# being GMT+1.)
302
303# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
304# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
305# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
306# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
307# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
308# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
309# and Frethun run in CT.
310# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
311# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
312# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
313# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
314# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
315# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
316
317# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
318# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
319# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
320# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
321# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
322# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
323# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
324
325# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
326# Summer Time Act, 1916
327Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
328Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
329# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
330Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
331Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
332# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
333Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
334Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
335# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
336Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
337Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
338# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
339Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
340# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
341Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
342# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
343Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
344Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
345# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
346Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
347Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
348# The Summer Time Act, 1922
349Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
350Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
351Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
352Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
353# The Summer Time Act, 1925
354Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
355Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
356Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
357Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
358Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
359Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
360Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
361Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
362Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
363Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
364Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
365# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
366Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
367# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
368Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
369# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
370Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
371Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
372# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
373Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
374# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
375Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
376# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
377Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
378Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
379# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
380Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
381Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
382# The Summer Time Act, 1947
383Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
384Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
385Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
386Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
387# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
388Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
389Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
390# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
391Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
392Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
393# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
394# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
395# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
396Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
397Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
398# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
399Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
400Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
401Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
402Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
403Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
404Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
405Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
406# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
407# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
408# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
409Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
410Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
411# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
412# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
413# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
414Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
415# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
416Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
417# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
418#	(no summer time)
419# The Summer Time Act, 1972
420Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
421Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
422# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
423# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
424# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
425# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
426Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
427Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
428# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
429# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
430# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
431Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
432# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
433# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
434
435# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
436Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1 0:00s
437			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
438			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
439			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
440			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
441Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
442Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
443Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
444Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
445			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00
446			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
447			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
448			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
449			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
450			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00
451			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
452			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00
453			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
454			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
455			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
456			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
457
458###############################################################################
459
460# Europe
461
462# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
463# Common Market, etc.
464
465# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
466Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
467Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
468Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
469Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
470Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
471Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
472# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
473# <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
474# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
475# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
476# </a>
477
478# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
479Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
480Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
481Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
482Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
483Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
484Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
485
486# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
487# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
488Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
489Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
490Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
491Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
492Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
493Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
494Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
495Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
496Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
497# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
498Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
499# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
500#
501# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
502# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
503# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
504# tz database itself, as seen below:
505#
506# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
507#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
508#
509# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
510#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
511#
512# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
513#    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
514#
515# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
516# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
517# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
518#
519# The rule line to be changed is:
520#
521# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
522#
523# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
524# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
525# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
526# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
527# CET and MET:
528#
529# Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
530# Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
531#
532# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
533#
534# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
535#
536# A small step for mankind though 8-)
537Rule	C-Eur	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
538Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
539Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
540Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
541Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
542Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
543Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
544
545# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
546Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
547Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
548Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
549Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
550Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
551Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
552
553# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
554Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time
555Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time
556Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
557Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
558Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
559Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
560Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
561Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
562Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
563Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
564Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
565# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
566Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
567Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
568# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
569# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
570Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
571Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
572#
573Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
574Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
575Rule	Russia	1993	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
576Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
577Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
578
579# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
580# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
581# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
582# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
583#
584# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
585# <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
586# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
587# </a>
588#
589# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
590# <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
591# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
592# </a>
593
594# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
595# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
596# to be standard.
597
598# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
599
600# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
601Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
602Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
603Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
604Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
605
606# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
607# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
608
609# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
610# The official German names ... are
611#
612#	Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
613#	Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
614#
615# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
616# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
617# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
618#
619#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
620#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
621#	Postfach 3345
622#	D-38023 Braunschweig
623#	phone: +49 531 592-0
624#
625# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
626# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
627# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
628#
629#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
630#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
631
632
633# Albania
634# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
635Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
636Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
637Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
638Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
639Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
640Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
641Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
642Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
643Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
644Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
645Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
646Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
647Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
648Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
649Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
650Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
651Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
652Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
653Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
654Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
655Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
656Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
657Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
658Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
659Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
660# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
661Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
662			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
663			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
664			1:00	EU	CE%sT
665
666# Andorra
667# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
668Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
669			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
670			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
671			1:00	EU	CE%sT
672
673# Austria
674
675# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
676
677# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
678# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
679# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
680# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
681# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
682# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
683
684# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
685Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
686Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
687Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
688Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
689Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
690Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
691Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
692Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
693# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
694Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
695			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
696			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00s
697			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
698			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12 2:00s
699			1:00	-	CET	1946
700			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
701			1:00	EU	CE%sT
702
703# Belarus
704# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
705# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
706# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
707#
708# Sources (Russian language):
709# 1.
710# <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
711# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
712# </a>
713# 2.
714# <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
715# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
716# </a>
717# 3.
718# <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
719# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
720# </a>
721# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
722Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
723			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
724			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
725			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
726			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
727			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
728			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
729			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
730			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00s
731			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00s
732			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
733			3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
734
735# Belgium
736#
737# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
738# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
739#	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
740#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
741#	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
742#	pp 8-9.
743# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
744#	Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
745# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
746# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
747# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
748#
749# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
750Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
751Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
752Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
753Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
754Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
755Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
756Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
757Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
758Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
759Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
760Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
761Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
762# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
763# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
764# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
765# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
766Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
767Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
768Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
769Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
770Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
771Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
772Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
773Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
774Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
775Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
776Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
777Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
778Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
779Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
780Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
781Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
782Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
783Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
784Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
785Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
786Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
787Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
788# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
789Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
790			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
791			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
792			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
793			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
794			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
795			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
796			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
797			1:00	EU	CE%sT
798
799# Bosnia and Herzegovina
800# see Serbia
801
802# Bulgaria
803#
804# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
805# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
806# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
807# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
808#
809# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
810Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
811Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
812Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
813Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
814Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
815# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
816Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
817			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
818			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
819			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
820			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr 2 3:00
821			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
822			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
823			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
824			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
825			2:00	EU	EE%sT
826
827# Croatia
828# see Serbia
829
830# Cyprus
831# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
832
833# Czech Republic
834# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
835Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
836Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
837Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
838Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
839Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
840Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
841Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
842# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
843Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
844			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
845			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
846			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
847			1:00	EU	CE%sT
848
849# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
850
851# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
852# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
853# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
854# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
855# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
856#
857# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
858# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
859#
860# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
861# in subsequenet decrees with the law
862# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
863#
864# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
865# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
866# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
867# 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
868# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
869# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
870# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
871# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
872# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
873# was suspended on that night):
874# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
875
876# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
877# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
878# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
879
880# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
881# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
882# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
883
884# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
885Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
886Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
887Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
888Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
889Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
890Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
891Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
892Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
893Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
894Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
895Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
896#
897# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
898Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
899			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
900			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
901			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
902			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
903			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
904Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
905			 0:00	-	WET	1981
906			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
907#
908# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
909# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
910# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
911# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
912#
913# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
914# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
915# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
916# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
917# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
918# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
919
920# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
921# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
922# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
923#
924# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
925# is according to the following time line:
926#
927# The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
928# Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
929# Scoresbysund			UTC-1
930# Danmarkshavn			UTC
931#
932# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
933# introduced.
934
935# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
936#
937# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
938# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
939# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
940# info from earlier correspondence.]
941#
942# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
943# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
944# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
945#
946# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
947# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
948# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
949# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
950# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
951# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
952# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
953#
954# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
955# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
956#
957# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
958# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
959# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
960#
961# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
962# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
963# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
964# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time.  This area might be
965# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
966
967# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
968# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
969# there at 2:00 AM.
970
971# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
972# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
973# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
974# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
975# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
976# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
977# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
978#
979# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
980Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
981Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
982Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
983Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
984Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
985Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
986#
987# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
988Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
989			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
990			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
991			0:00	-	GMT
992Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
993			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
994			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
995			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
996Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
997			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
998			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
999Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1000			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
1001
1002# Estonia
1003# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1004# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1005# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1006# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1007#
1008# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1009# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1010# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1011# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1012# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1013# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1014# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1015# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1016# summer time next spring.''
1017
1018# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1019# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1020# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1021# </a>
1022# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1023# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1024#
1025# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1026# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1027# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1028
1029# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1030# via Steffen Thorsen:
1031# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1032# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1033# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1034# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1035# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1036# after that.
1037
1038# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1039# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1040# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1041# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1042
1043# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1044# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1045# Now we are using again EU rules.
1046#
1047# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1048# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1049
1050# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1051Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
1052			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1053			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
1054			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
1055			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
1056			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
1057			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
1058			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1059			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1060			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
1061			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Nov  1
1062			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
1063			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1064
1065# Finland
1066
1067# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1068# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1069# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1070
1071# From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
1072#
1073# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1074# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1075# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1076# according to the central European standards.
1077#
1078# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1079# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1080# Finnish) at
1081#
1082# <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1083# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1084# </a>
1085#
1086# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1087# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1088#
1089# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1090#
1091# <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1092# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1093# </a>
1094#
1095# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1096# exist tonight."
1097
1098# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1099Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
1100Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
1101Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
1102Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
1103# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1104Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
1105			1:39:52	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
1106			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
1107			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1108
1109# Aaland Is
1110Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
1111
1112
1113# France
1114
1115# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1116#
1117# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1118# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1119#
1120# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1121# Paris, 1991
1122#
1123# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1124# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1125
1126
1127#
1128# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1129# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1130Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1131Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
1132Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
1133Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1134Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
1135Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1136Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
1137Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1138Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
1139Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1140# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1141# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1142# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1143Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1144Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1145Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
1146Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
1147Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
1148Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1149Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1150Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
1151Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
1152Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1153Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
1154Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1155Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
1156Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
1157Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1158Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
1159Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1160Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
1161Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
1162Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1163# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1164# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1165# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1166# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1167# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1168# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1169# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1170# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1171Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
1172# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1173# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1174# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1175# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1176Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
1177Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
1178Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
1179Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
1180Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
1181Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
1182Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
1183Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
1184Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
1185# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1186# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1187Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
1188Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
1189# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1190# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1191# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1192# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1193# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1194Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
1195			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01  # Paris MT
1196# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1197			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
1198# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1199# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1200			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
1201			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
1202			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1203			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1204
1205# Germany
1206
1207# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1208# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1209# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1210# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1211
1212# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1213# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1214# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1215# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1216
1217# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1218# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1219# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1220# </a>
1221# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1222# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1223# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1224
1225
1226# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1227Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
1228Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
1229Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
1230# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1231# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1232# Go with the PTB.
1233Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	3:00s	1:00	S
1234Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
1235Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
1236Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
1237Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
1238
1239Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
1240Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
1241Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
1242
1243# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1244Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
1245			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24 2:00
1246			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
1247			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
1248			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1249
1250# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1251# Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1252# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1253# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1254# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1255# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1256#
1257# Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
1258# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1259
1260# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1261# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1262
1263Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
1264
1265# Georgia
1266# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1267# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1268# is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1269
1270# Gibraltar
1271# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1272Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2 0:00s
1273			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
1274			1:00	-	CET	1982
1275			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1276
1277# Greece
1278# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1279# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1280Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1281Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
1282# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1283Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1284# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1285Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
1286Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
1287Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
1288# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1289Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1290Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
1291Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
1292Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
1293Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
1294Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
1295Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
1296Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
1297Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
1298Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
1299Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
1300Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1301Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
1302# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1303Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
1304			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
1305			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
1306			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
1307			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
1308			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1309			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1310			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1311
1312# Hungary
1313# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1314Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
1315Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
1316Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
1317Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
1318Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
1319Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
1320Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1321Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
1322Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
1323Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
1324Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
1325Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
1326Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
1327Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
1328Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
1329Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
1330Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
1331Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
1332Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
1333Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
1334# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1335Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
1336			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
1337			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
1338			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
1339			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
1340			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1341
1342# Iceland
1343#
1344# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1345# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1346#
1347# (1993-12-05):
1348# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1349# Iceland Almanak.
1350#
1351# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1352# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1353# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1354# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1355#
1356# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1357# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1358# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
1359# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1360#
1361# (1993-12-10):
1362# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1363# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1364# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1365#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1366#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1367# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1368# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1369# might mean something else (???).
1370#
1371# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1372# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1373# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1374# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1375#
1376# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1377Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
1378Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
1379Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
1380Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
1381Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	-
1382Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1383Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	-
1384Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	S
1385Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	-
1386Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	S
1387Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	-
1388# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1389Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1390Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1391# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1392Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1393# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1394Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
1395Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1396Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
1397# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1398Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
1399			-1:27:48 -	RMT	1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1400			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1401			 0:00	-	GMT
1402
1403# Italy
1404#
1405# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1406# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1407# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1408# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1409# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1410# so record only the time in Rome.
1411#
1412# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1413# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1414# F. Pollastri
1415# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1416# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1417# </a>
1418# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1419# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1420#
1421# year	FP	Shanks&P. (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
1422# 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
1423#	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1424# 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
1425#	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
1426# 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
1427#	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
1428# 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
1429#	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1430# 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
1431#	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1432# 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
1433#	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
1434# 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
1435# 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
1436#	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
1437#
1438# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1439Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
1440Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
1441Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
1442Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
1443Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
1444Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
1445Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
1446Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
1447Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
1448Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
1449Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
1450Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
1451Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
1452Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
1453Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
1454Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
1455Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
1456Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
1457Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
1458Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
1459Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
1460Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1461Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
1462Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
1463Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
1464Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
1465Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
1466Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
1467Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
1468Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
1469Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
1470Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
1471Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
1472Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
1473Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
1474Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
1475# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1476Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
1477			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov  1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1478			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
1479			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
1480			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
1481			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1482
1483Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
1484Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
1485
1486# Latvia
1487
1488# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1489
1490# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1491# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1492# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1493# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1494#
1495# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1496# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1497# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1498# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1499# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1500#
1501# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1502# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1503# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1504# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1505# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1506# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1507#
1508# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1509# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1510# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1511# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1512# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1513# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1514# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
1515# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1516# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1517# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1518#
1519# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1520# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1521# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1522
1523# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1524# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1525# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1526# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1527# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1528
1529# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1530# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1531# </a>
1532# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1533# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1534# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1535# clocks one hour in the spring....
1536# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1537# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1538# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1539# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1540# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1541# appears that they will not do so....
1542
1543# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1544Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
1545Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
1546# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1547Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
1548			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1549			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1550			1:36:24	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
1551			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
1552			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
1553			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
1554			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
1555			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
1556			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1557			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1558			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
1559			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
1560			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
1561			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1562
1563# Liechtenstein
1564# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1565Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
1566			1:00	-	CET	1981
1567			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1568
1569# Lithuania
1570
1571# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1572# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1573# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1574
1575# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1576# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1577# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1578
1579# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1580# via Steffen Thorsen:
1581# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1582# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1583# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1584# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1585# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1586# already done by Estonia.
1587
1588# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1589# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1590# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1591
1592# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1593# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1594# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1595# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1596# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1597# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1598# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1599
1600
1601# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1602Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
1603			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917	    # Warsaw Mean Time
1604			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1605			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
1606			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
1607			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
1608			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
1609			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
1610			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1611			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1612			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
1613			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1614			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1615			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
1616			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1617
1618# Luxembourg
1619# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1620# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1621# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1622Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
1623Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
1624Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
1625Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
1626Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
1627Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
1628Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1629Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
1630Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
1631Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
1632Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
1633Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
1634Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
1635Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1636Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
1637Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
1638Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
1639Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1640Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
1641Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
1642Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
1643Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
1644Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
1645# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1646Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
1647			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
1648			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
1649			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14 3:00
1650			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18 3:00
1651			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
1652			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1653
1654# Macedonia
1655# see Serbia
1656
1657# Malta
1658# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1659Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
1660Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
1661Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
1662Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
1663Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
1664Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
1665Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
1666# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1667Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
1668			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
1669			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
1670			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
1671			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
1672			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1673
1674# Moldova
1675
1676# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1677# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1678# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1679# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1680# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1681# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1682# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1683# But [two people] separately reported via
1684# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1685# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1686#
1687# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1688# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1689# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1690# to the Winter Time).
1691#
1692# News (in Russian):
1693# <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1694# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1695# </a>
1696#
1697# <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1698# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1699# </a>
1700#
1701# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1702# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1703#
1704# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1705# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1706# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1707#
1708# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1709#
1710# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1711# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1712# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1713# decision to abolish DST this winter.
1714# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1715# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1716# News from Moldova (in russian):
1717# <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1718# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1719# </a>
1720
1721
1722# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1723Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
1724			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1725			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1726			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
1727			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
1728			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
1729			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
1730			3:00	-	MSK	1990 May 6
1731			2:00	-	EET	1991
1732			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
1733			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
1734# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1735			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1736
1737# Monaco
1738# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1739# more precise 0:09:21.
1740# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1741Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
1742			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
1743			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
1744			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1745			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1746
1747# Montenegro
1748# see Serbia
1749
1750# Netherlands
1751
1752# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1753# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1754
1755# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1756# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1757# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1758# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1759# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1760# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1761# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1762# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1763# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1764#
1765# (2001-04-08):
1766# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1767# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1768# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1769#
1770# (2001-04-09):
1771# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1772# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1773# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1774# actually followed.
1775#
1776# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1777# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1778# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1779# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1780# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1781#
1782# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1783# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1784# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1785# Amsterdam mean time.
1786
1787# The data before 1945 are taken from
1788# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1789
1790# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1791Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
1792Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
1793Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
1794Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
1795Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1796Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	lastMon	2:00s	0	AMT
1797Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
1798Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
1799Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1800Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
1801Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1802# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1803# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1804Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1805Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1806Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1807Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1808Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1809Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
1810Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
1811Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1812Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
1813#
1814# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1815# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1816# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1817Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
1818			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
1819			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1820			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
1821			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
1822			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1823
1824# Norway
1825# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1826# Pottenger.
1827# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1828Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
1829Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
1830Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1831Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
1832Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
1833Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
1834Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
1835# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1836Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
1837			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
1838			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
1839			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
1840			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1841
1842# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1843
1844# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1845# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1846# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1847# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
1848# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1849# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1850# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1851# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html).  The law/regulation
1852# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1853# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1854# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1855# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1856# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1857# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1858# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1859# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1860# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1861# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1862
1863# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1864#
1865# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1866# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1867# keeping Berlin time.
1868#
1869# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1870# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1871# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1872# frequent air ttacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
1873# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
1874# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1875# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1876#
1877# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1878# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1879# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
1880# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1881# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
1882# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1883# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1884# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1885# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1886#
1887# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970.  Unless we can
1888# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1889# war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
1890Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
1891
1892# Poland
1893# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1894Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
1895Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
1896Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
1897# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1898Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
1899# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1900Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
1901Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
1902# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1903# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1904# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1905# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1906# He also gives these further references:
1907# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1908# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1909Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00s	1:00	S
1910Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
1911Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
1912Rule	Poland	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
1913Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
1914Rule	Poland	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
1915Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
1916Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
1917Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
1918Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
1919Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
1920Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
1921Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
1922Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
1923# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1924Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
1925			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
1926			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16 3:00
1927			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
1928			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23 2:00
1929			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
1930			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
1931			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
1932			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1933
1934# Portugal
1935#
1936# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1937# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1938# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1939#
1940# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1941# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1942# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1943#
1944# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1945# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1946# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
1947# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1948# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1949# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1950# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1951#
1952# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1953# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1954# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1955# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1956Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
1957# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1958Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
1959Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
1960Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
1961Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
1962Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
1963Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
1964Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
1965Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
1966Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
1967Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
1968Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1969Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1970Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1971Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
1972Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1973# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1974Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1975Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
1976Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
1977# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1978Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1979# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1980Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
1981Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1982# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1983Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
1984Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1985Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
1986# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1987Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
1988Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
1989# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1990Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
1991Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
1992Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
1993Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
1994Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
1995Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
1996Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
1997Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
1998Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
1999Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
2000Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2001Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
2002Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
2003# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2004# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2005Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
2006Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
2007Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
2008Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
2009Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
2010Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
2011Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
2012Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
2013Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
2014Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
2015# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2016# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2017# Willett says 1912-01-01.  Go with Willett.
2018Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
2019			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  # Lisbon Mean Time
2020			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00
2021			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
2022			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2023			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2024			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2025			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2026Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
2027			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
2028			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
2029			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2030			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2031			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2032			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
2033Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
2034			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
2035			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2036			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2037			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2038
2039# Romania
2040#
2041# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2042# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2043# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2044# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
2045# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2046# the same year as Bulgaria.
2047#
2048# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2049Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
2050Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
2051Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
2052Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
2053Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
2054Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
2055Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
2056Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
2057Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
2058# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2059Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
2060			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
2061			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2062			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
2063			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
2064			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
2065			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2066
2067# Russia
2068
2069# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2070# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2071# (Government document
2072# <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
2073# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2074# </a>
2075# in Russian)
2076# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2077# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2078# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2079# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
2080# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2081# </a>
2082
2083# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2084# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2085# <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
2086# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2087# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2088
2089# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2090# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2091# changed in September 2011:
2092#
2093# One source is
2094# < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
2095# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2096# </a>
2097# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2098# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2099#
2100# Another source is
2101# <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
2102# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2103# </a>
2104# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2105# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2106# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2107# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2108# does not contain any "effective date" information.
2109#
2110# Another source is
2111# <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
2112# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2113# </a>
2114# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2115# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2116# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2117#
2118# The Wikipedia article refers to
2119# <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
2120# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2121# </a>
2122# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2123#
2124# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2125# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2126# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
2127# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
2128#
2129# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2130#
2131# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2132
2133# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2134# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2135# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2136# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2137# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2138# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2139#
2140# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2141# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2142# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2143# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2144# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2145#
2146# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2147# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2148# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2149# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2150# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2151#
2152# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2153# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2154# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2155# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2156#
2157# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2158# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2159# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
2160# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2161# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2162# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2163#
2164# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2165# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2166# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
2167# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2168# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2169# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
2170# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2171# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2172#
2173# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2174#
2175# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2176Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
2177			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
2178			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
2179			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2180			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2181			 3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
2182#
2183# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2184# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2185# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2186# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2187# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2188# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2189# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2190# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2191# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2192# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2193# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2194# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2195# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2196# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2197# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2198# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2199# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2200# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2201# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2202# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2203Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
2204			 2:30	-	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
2205			 2:30:48 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
2206			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
2207			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2208			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2209			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2210			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2211			 4:00	-	MSK
2212#
2213# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2214# Volgogradskaya oblast'.  Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2215# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300.  Perhaps it switched after the
2216# others?  But we have no data.
2217Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
2218			 3:00	-	TSAT	1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2219			 3:00	-	STAT	1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2220			 4:00	-	STAT	1961 Nov 11
2221			 4:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2222			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2223			 4:00	-	VOLT	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2224			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2225			 4:00	-	VOLT
2226#
2227# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2228# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2229Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1 2:00
2230			 3:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21
2231			 4:00	-	SAMT	1935 Jan 27
2232			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2233			 3:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2234			 2:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2235			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20 3:00
2236			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2237			 3:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2238			 4:00	-	SAMT
2239
2240#
2241# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2242# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2243# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2244# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2245# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2246# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2247Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:24 -	LMT	1919 Jul 15 4:00
2248			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2249			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2250			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2251			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2252			 6:00	-	YEKT	# Yekaterinburg Time
2253#
2254# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2255# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2256Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
2257			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2258			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2259			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2260			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2261			 7:00	-	OMST
2262#
2263# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2264# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2265# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2266Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
2267			 6:00	-	NOVT	1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2268			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2269			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2270			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2271			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2272			 7:00	-	NOVT
2273
2274# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2275# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2276# March 28, 2010:
2277# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2278# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2279#
2280# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2281# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2282# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2283#
2284# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2285# <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2286# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2287# </a>
2288# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2289# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2290# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2291# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2292# </a>
2293#
2294# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2295# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2296#
2297# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2298# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2299
2300Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	NMT	1920 Jan  6
2301			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2302			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2303			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2304			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2305			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2306			 7:00	-	NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2307
2308#
2309# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2310# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2311# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2312# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2313Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
2314			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2315			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2316			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2317			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2318			 8:00	-	KRAT
2319#
2320# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2321# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2322# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2323Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
2324			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2325			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2326			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2327			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2328			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2329			 9:00	-	IRKT
2330#
2331# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2332# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2333# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2334
2335# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2336# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2337# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2338# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2339
2340# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2341# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2342# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2343# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2344# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2345# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2346# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2347
2348Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2349			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2350			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2351			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2352			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2353			 10:00	-	YAKT
2354#
2355# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2356# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2357# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2358
2359# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2360# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
2361Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
2362			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2363			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2364			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2365			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2366			11:00	-	VLAT
2367
2368# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2369# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2370# in 2011.
2371#
2372# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2373# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2374# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2375# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2376#
2377Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2378			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2379			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2380			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2381			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2004
2382			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2383			11:00	-	VLAT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2384			10:00	-	YAKT
2385
2386#
2387# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2388# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2389Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
2390			 9:00	-	CJT	1938
2391			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
2392			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2393			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2394			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2395			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2396			11:00	-	SAKT
2397#
2398# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2399# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2400# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2401
2402# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2403# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2404# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
2405Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
2406			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2407			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2408			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2409			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2410			12:00	-	MAGT
2411
2412# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2413# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
2414# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2415Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2416			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2417			 9:00	Russia	YAKT	1981 Apr  1
2418			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2419			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2420			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2421			12:00	-	MAGT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2422			11:00	-	VLAT
2423
2424# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2425# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2426#
2427# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2428Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
2429			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2430			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2431			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2432			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2433			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2434			12:00	-	PETT
2435#
2436# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2437Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
2438			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2439			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1 0:00s
2440			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2441			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2442			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2443			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2444			12:00	-	ANAT
2445
2446# Serbia
2447# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2448Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
2449			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
2450			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
2451			1:00	-	CET	1945 May 8 2:00s
2452			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
2453# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2454# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2455# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2456			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
2457			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2458Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
2459Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica	# Montenegro
2460Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
2461Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
2462Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
2463
2464# Slovakia
2465Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2466
2467# Slovenia
2468# see Serbia
2469
2470# Spain
2471# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2472# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2473# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2474Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
2475Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
2476Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
2477Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
2478# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2479Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
2480# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2481Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
2482Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
2483# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2484Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2485Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
2486Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
2487Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
2488# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2489# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2490Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
2491Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2492Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
2493Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
2494Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
2495# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2496Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
2497Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
2498Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
2499Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
2500Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
2501Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
2502Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
2503Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
2504Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
2505Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
2506Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
2507Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
2508Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
2509Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
2510Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
2511# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2512Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
2513Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
2514Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
2515Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
2516Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
2517Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
2518Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
2519Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
2520Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
2521# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2522Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00s
2523			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
2524			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
2525			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
2526Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
2527			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
2528			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
2529			 0:00	-	WET	1924
2530			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
2531			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2532			 1:00	-	CET	1986
2533			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
2534Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2535			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2536			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6 0:00s
2537			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2538			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2539# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2540# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2541
2542# Sweden
2543
2544# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2545#
2546# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2547# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2548# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2549# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2550# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2551#
2552# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2553# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
2554# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2555#
2556# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2557# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2558# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2559# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2560# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2561# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2562# 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2563# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2564#
2565# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2566# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2567# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2568# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2569#
2570# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2571# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2572# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2573# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2574# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2575# the Sok-button).
2576#
2577# (2001-05-13):
2578#
2579# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2580# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2581# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
2582# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2583# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2584# hour before the event took place.
2585#
2586# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2587
2588# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2589Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
2590			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1	# Swedish Time
2591			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
2592			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1 01:00
2593			1:00	-	CET	1980
2594			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2595
2596# Switzerland
2597# From Howse:
2598# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2599# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
2600# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2601# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2602# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2603# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
2604# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
2605# From Shanks & Pottenger:
2606# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
2607# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
2608
2609# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2610# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2611#
2612# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2613# to be wrong. This is now verified.
2614#
2615# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2616# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2617# federal law collection)...
2618#
2619# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2620# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2621#
2622# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2623# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2624#
2625# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2626# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2627# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2628# other years are made.
2629#
2630# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2631# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2632# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2633# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2634#
2635# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2636# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2637# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2638# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2639#
2640# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2641# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
2642# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
2643#
2644# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2645#
2646# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2647# most users of tzdata:
2648# The zone file
2649# Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
2650#                          0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
2651#                          1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
2652#                          1:00    EU      CE%sT
2653# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2654# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2655# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2656# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2657
2658# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2659Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
2660Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
2661# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2662Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
2663			0:29:44	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2664			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
2665			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2666
2667# Turkey
2668
2669# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2670# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2671# ... The latest rules are available at -
2672# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2673# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2674# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2675# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
2676# what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2677# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2678# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2679# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2680# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2681# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2682# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2683# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2684# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2685
2686# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2687# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2688# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2689# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2690# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2691# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2692# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2693# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2694# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2695
2696# From G&ouml;kdeniz Karada&#x011f; (2011-03-10):
2697#
2698# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2699# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2700# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2701#
2702# <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872">
2703# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2704# </a>
2705# Turkish:
2706# <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373">
2707# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2708# </a>
2709
2710# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2711Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2712Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
2713Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
2714Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
2715Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
2716Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
2717Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
2718Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
2719# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2720# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2721Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
2722Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
2723Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2724Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
2725Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
2726Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2727Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
2728Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2729# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2730# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2731Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
2732Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
2733Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
2734Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2735Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
2736Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
2737Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
2738Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
2739Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
2740Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
2741Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
2742Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
2743Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
2744Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
2745Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
2746Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
2747Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
2748Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
2749Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
2750Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
2751Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
2752Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
2753Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
2754Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2755Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
2756Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
2757Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
2758Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
2759Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
2760Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
2761Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
2762Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
2763Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
2764Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
2765Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
2766Rule	Turkey	1991	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
2767Rule	Turkey	1991	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
2768Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
2769# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2770Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
2771			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2772			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
2773			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2774			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
2775			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2776			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2777			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2778Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
2779
2780# Ukraine
2781#
2782# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2783# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2784# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2785# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2786# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2787# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2788# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2789
2790# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2791# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2792# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2793#
2794# Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2795# approval from 266 deputies.
2796#
2797# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2798# <a href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/">
2799# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2800# </a>
2801#
2802# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2803# <a href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html">
2804# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2805# </a>
2806#
2807# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2808# <a href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/">
2809# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2810# </a>
2811#
2812# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2813# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2814# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2815# time this year after all.
2816#
2817# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2818# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukranian time zone
2819# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2820# to Russia) was reverted today:
2821#
2822# <a href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995">
2823# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2824# </a>
2825#
2826# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2827# The law documents themselves are at
2828#
2829# <a href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484">
2830# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
2831# </a>
2832
2833
2834# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2835# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2836# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2837# "Kiev" is more common in English.
2838Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
2839			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
2840			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2841			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
2842			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
2843			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
2844			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
2845			2:00	-	EET	1992
2846			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
2847			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2848# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2849# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2850# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2851Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
2852			1:00	-	CET	1940
2853			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
2854			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
2855			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
2856			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
2857			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
2858			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31 3:00
2859			2:00	-	EET	1992
2860			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
2861			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2862# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2863# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2864# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
2865# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2866# portable Posix file names.
2867Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
2868			2:20	-	CUT	1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
2869			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2870			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
2871			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
2872			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00
2873			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
2874			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2875# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2876Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
2877			2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
2878			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2879			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
2880			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
2881			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
2882			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
2883			2:00	-	EET	1992
2884# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2885# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2886# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2887# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2888# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2889# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
2890# changed in May.
2891			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
2892# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2893			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2894			3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2895# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2896# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2897			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
2898			3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2899			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2900
2901###############################################################################
2902
2903# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2904# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2905# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2906#
2907# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2908# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2909# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2910# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
2911# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2912# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2913
2914# ...
2915# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2916# From: Tom Hofmann
2917# ...
2918#
2919# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2920# most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
2921# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2922# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
2923# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2924# years...
2925# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2926# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2927# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2928# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2929#
2930# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2931# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2932#
2933# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2934# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2935# ...
2936
2937# ...
2938# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2939# From: Dik T. Winter
2940# ...
2941#
2942# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2943# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2944# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
2945#
2946# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2947# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2948# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2949# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
2950# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2951# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2952# dates...
2953#
2954# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2955# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2956# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2957# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2958# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
2959# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2960# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2961# in advance of normal time.
2962#
2963# ...
2964# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2965# ...
2966
2967# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2968# ...
2969# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2970# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
2971# ...
2972# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2973# ...
2974