xref: /minix/sbin/sysctl/sysctl.c (revision e1cdaee1)
1 /*	$NetBSD: sysctl.c,v 1.156 2015/08/17 06:42:46 knakahara Exp $ */
2 
3 /*-
4  * Copyright (c) 2003 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
5  *	All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
8  * by Andrew Brown.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  *
19  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
20  * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
21  * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
22  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
23  * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
24  * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
25  * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
26  * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
27  * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
28  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
29  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
30  */
31 
32 /*
33  * Copyright (c) 1993
34  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
35  *
36  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
37  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
38  * are met:
39  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
40  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
41  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
42  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
43  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
44  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
45  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
46  *    without specific prior written permission.
47  *
48  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
49  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
50  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
51  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
52  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
53  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
54  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
55  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
56  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
57  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
58  * SUCH DAMAGE.
59  */
60 
61 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
62 #ifndef lint
63 __COPYRIGHT("@(#) Copyright (c) 1993\
64  The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.");
65 #endif /* not lint */
66 
67 #ifndef lint
68 #if 0
69 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)sysctl.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93";
70 #else
71 __RCSID("$NetBSD: sysctl.c,v 1.156 2015/08/17 06:42:46 knakahara Exp $");
72 #endif
73 #endif /* not lint */
74 
75 #include <sys/types.h>
76 #include <sys/param.h>
77 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
78 #include <sys/mount.h>
79 #include <sys/resource.h>
80 #include <sys/stat.h>
81 #include <sys/sched.h>
82 #include <sys/socket.h>
83 #include <sys/bitops.h>
84 #include <netinet/in.h>
85 #include <netinet/ip_var.h>
86 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
87 #ifndef __minix
88 #include <netinet/tcp_timer.h>
89 #include <netinet/tcp_var.h>
90 #include <netinet/icmp6.h>
91 #include <nfs/rpcv2.h>
92 #include <nfs/nfsproto.h>
93 #include <nfs/nfs.h>
94 #endif /* !__minix */
95 #include <machine/cpu.h>
96 
97 #include <assert.h>
98 #include <ctype.h>
99 #include <err.h>
100 #include <errno.h>
101 #include <inttypes.h>
102 #include <regex.h>
103 #include <stdarg.h>
104 #include <stdio.h>
105 #include <stdlib.h>
106 #include <string.h>
107 #include <time.h>
108 #include <unistd.h>
109 
110 #include "prog_ops.h"
111 
112 /*
113  * this needs to be able to do the printing and the setting
114  */
115 #define HANDLER_PROTO const char *, const char *, char *, \
116 	int *, u_int, const struct sysctlnode *, \
117 	u_int, void *
118 #define HANDLER_ARGS const char *sname, const char *dname, char *value, \
119 	int *name, u_int namelen, const struct sysctlnode *pnode, \
120 	u_int type, void *v
121 #define DISPLAY_VALUE	0
122 #define DISPLAY_OLD	1
123 #define DISPLAY_NEW	2
124 
125 /*
126  * generic routines
127  */
128 static const struct handlespec *findhandler(const char *, regex_t *, size_t *);
129 static void canonicalize(const char *, char *);
130 static void purge_tree(struct sysctlnode *);
131 static void print_tree(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, u_int, int, regex_t *,
132     size_t *);
133 static void write_number(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, char *);
134 static void write_string(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, char *);
135 static void display_number(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
136 			   const void *, size_t, int);
137 static void display_string(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
138 			   const void *, size_t, int);
139 static void display_struct(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
140 			   const void *, size_t, int);
141 static void hex_dump(const unsigned char *, size_t);
142 __dead static void usage(void);
143 static void parse(char *, regex_t *, size_t *);
144 static void parse_create(char *);
145 static void parse_destroy(char *);
146 static void parse_describe(char *);
147 static void getdesc1(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
148 static void getdesc(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
149 static void trim_whitespace(char *, int);
150 static void sysctlerror(int);
151 static void sysctlparseerror(u_int, const char *);
152 static void sysctlperror(const char *, ...) __printflike(1, 2);
153 #define EXIT(n) do { \
154 	if (fn == NULL) exit(n); else return; } while (/*CONSTCOND*/0)
155 
156 /*
157  * "borrowed" from libc:sysctlgetmibinfo.c
158  */
159 int __learn_tree(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
160 
161 /*
162  * "handlers"
163  */
164 static void printother(HANDLER_PROTO);
165 static void kern_clockrate(HANDLER_PROTO);
166 static void kern_boottime(HANDLER_PROTO);
167 static void kern_consdev(HANDLER_PROTO);
168 static void kern_cp_time(HANDLER_PROTO);
169 static void kern_cp_id(HANDLER_PROTO);
170 static void kern_drivers(HANDLER_PROTO);
171 static void vm_loadavg(HANDLER_PROTO);
172 static void proc_limit(HANDLER_PROTO);
173 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
174 static void machdep_diskinfo(HANDLER_PROTO);
175 #endif /* CPU_DISKINFO */
176 static void mode_bits(HANDLER_PROTO);
177 static void reserve(HANDLER_PROTO);
178 
179 static const struct handlespec {
180 	const char *ps_re;
181 	void (*ps_p)(HANDLER_PROTO);
182 	void (*ps_w)(HANDLER_PROTO);
183 	const void *ps_d;
184 } handlers[] = {
185 	{ "/kern/clockrate",			kern_clockrate, NULL, NULL },
186 	{ "/kern/evcnt",			printother, NULL, "vmstat -e" },
187 	{ "/kern/vnode",			printother, NULL, "pstat" },
188 	{ "/kern/proc(2|_args)?",		printother, NULL, "ps" },
189 	{ "/kern/file2?",			printother, NULL, "pstat" },
190 	{ "/kern/ntptime",			printother, NULL,
191 						"ntpdc -c kerninfo" },
192 	{ "/kern/msgbuf",			printother, NULL, "dmesg" },
193 	{ "/kern/boottime",			kern_boottime, NULL, NULL },
194 	{ "/kern/consdev",			kern_consdev, NULL, NULL },
195 	{ "/kern/cp_time(/[0-9]+)?",		kern_cp_time, NULL, NULL },
196 	{ "/kern/sysvipc_info",			printother, NULL, "ipcs" },
197 	{ "/kern/cp_id(/[0-9]+)?",		kern_cp_id, NULL, NULL },
198 
199 	{ "/kern/coredump/setid/mode",		mode_bits, mode_bits, NULL },
200 	{ "/kern/drivers",			kern_drivers, NULL, NULL },
201 
202 	{ "/kern/intr/list",			printother, NULL, "intrctl" },
203 	{ "/kern/intr/affinity",		printother, NULL, "intrctl" },
204 	{ "/kern/intr/intr",			printother, NULL, "intrctl" },
205 	{ "/kern/intr/nointr",			printother, NULL, "intrctl" },
206 
207 	{ "/vm/vmmeter",			printother, NULL,
208 						"vmstat' or 'systat" },
209 	{ "/vm/loadavg",			vm_loadavg, NULL, NULL },
210 	{ "/vm/uvmexp2?",			printother, NULL,
211 						"vmstat' or 'systat" },
212 
213 	{ "/vfs/nfs/nfsstats",			printother, NULL, "nfsstat" },
214 
215 	{ "/net/inet6?/tcp6?/ident",		printother, NULL, "identd" },
216 	{ "/net/inet6/icmp6/nd6_[dp]rlist",	printother, NULL, "ndp" },
217 	{ "/net/key/dumps[ap]",			printother, NULL, "setkey" },
218 	{ "/net/[^/]+/[^/]+/pcblist",		printother, NULL,
219 						"netstat' or 'sockstat" },
220 	{ "/net/(inet|inet6)/[^/]+/stats",	printother, NULL, "netstat"},
221 	{ "/net/bpf/(stats|peers)",		printother, NULL, "netstat"},
222 
223 	{ "/net/inet.*/tcp.*/deb.*",		printother, NULL, "trpt" },
224 
225 	{ "/net/inet.*/ip.*/anonportalgo/reserve", reserve, reserve, NULL },
226 
227 	{ "/net/ns/spp/deb.*",			printother, NULL, "trsp" },
228 
229 	{ "/hw/diskstats",			printother, NULL, "iostat" },
230 
231 #ifdef CPU_CONSDEV
232 	{ "/machdep/consdev",			kern_consdev, NULL, NULL },
233 #endif /* CPU_CONSDEV */
234 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
235 	{ "/machdep/diskinfo",			machdep_diskinfo, NULL, NULL },
236 #endif /* CPU_CONSDEV */
237 
238 	{ "/proc/[^/]+/rlimit/[^/]+/[^/]+",	proc_limit, proc_limit, NULL },
239 
240 	/*
241 	 * these will only be called when the given node has no children
242 	 */
243 	{ "/net/[^/]+",				printother, NULL, NULL },
244 	{ "/debug",				printother, NULL, NULL },
245 	{ "/ddb",				printother, NULL, NULL },
246 	{ "/vendor",				printother, NULL, NULL },
247 
248 	{ NULL,					NULL, NULL, NULL },
249 };
250 
251 struct sysctlnode my_root = {
252 	.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|CTLFLAG_ROOT|CTLTYPE_NODE,
253 	.sysctl_size = sizeof(struct sysctlnode),
254 	.sysctl_num = 0,
255 	.sysctl_name = "(prog_root)",
256 };
257 
258 int	Aflag, aflag, dflag, Mflag, nflag, qflag, rflag, wflag, xflag;
259 size_t	nr;
260 char	*fn;
261 int	req, stale, errs;
262 FILE	*warnfp = stderr;
263 
264 #define MAXPORTS	0x10000
265 
266 /*
267  * vah-riables n stuff
268  */
269 char gsname[SYSCTL_NAMELEN * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME],
270 	canonname[SYSCTL_NAMELEN * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME],
271 	gdname[10 * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME];
272 char sep[] = ".";
273 const char *eq = " = ";
274 const char *lname[] = {
275 	"top", "second", "third", "fourth", "fifth", "sixth",
276 	"seventh", "eighth", "ninth", "tenth", "eleventh", "twelfth"
277 };
278 
279 /*
280  * you've heard of main, haven't you?
281  */
282 int
283 main(int argc, char *argv[])
284 {
285 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME];
286 	int ch;
287 	size_t lastcompiled = 0;
288 	regex_t *re;
289 
290 	setprogname(argv[0]);
291 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "Aabdef:Mnqrwx")) != -1) {
292 		switch (ch) {
293 		case 'A':
294 			Aflag++;
295 			break;
296 		case 'a':
297 			aflag++;
298 			break;
299 		case 'd':
300 			dflag++;
301 			break;
302 		case 'e':
303 			eq = "=";
304 			break;
305 		case 'f':
306 			fn = optarg;
307 			wflag++;
308 			break;
309 		case 'M':
310 			Mflag++;
311 			break;
312 		case 'n':
313 			nflag++;
314 			break;
315 		case 'q':
316 			qflag++;
317 			break;
318 		case 'b':	/* FreeBSD compat */
319 		case 'r':
320 			rflag++;
321 			break;
322 		case 'w':
323 			wflag++;
324 			break;
325 		case 'x':
326 			xflag++;
327 			break;
328 		default:
329 			usage();
330 		}
331 	}
332 
333 	argc -= optind;
334 	argv += optind;
335 
336 	if (xflag && rflag)
337 		usage();
338 	/* if ((xflag || rflag) && wflag)
339 		usage(); */
340 	/* if (aflag && (Mflag || qflag))
341 		usage(); */
342 	if ((aflag || Aflag) && qflag)
343 		usage();
344 	if ((Aflag || Mflag || dflag) && argc == 0 && fn == NULL)
345 		aflag = 1;
346 
347 	if (prog_init && prog_init() == -1)
348 		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "prog init failed");
349 
350 	if (Aflag)
351 		warnfp = stdout;
352 	stale = req = 0;
353 
354 	if ((re = malloc(sizeof(*re) * __arraycount(handlers))) == NULL)
355 		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "malloc regex");
356 
357 	if (aflag) {
358 		print_tree(&name[0], 0, NULL, CTLTYPE_NODE, 1,
359 		    re, &lastcompiled);
360 		/* if (argc == 0) */
361 		return (0);
362 	}
363 
364 	if (fn) {
365 		FILE *fp;
366 		char *l;
367 
368 		fp = fopen(fn, "r");
369 		if (fp == NULL) {
370 			err(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s", fn);
371 		} else {
372 			nr = 0;
373 			while ((l = fparseln(fp, NULL, &nr, NULL, 0)) != NULL)
374 			{
375 				if (*l) {
376 					parse(l, re, &lastcompiled);
377 					free(l);
378 				}
379 			}
380 			fclose(fp);
381 		}
382 		return errs ? 1 : 0;
383 	}
384 
385 	if (argc == 0)
386 		usage();
387 
388 	while (argc-- > 0)
389 		parse(*argv++, re, &lastcompiled);
390 
391 	return errs ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
392 }
393 
394 /*
395  * ********************************************************************
396  * how to find someone special to handle the reading (or maybe even
397  * writing) of a particular node
398  * ********************************************************************
399  */
400 static const struct handlespec *
401 findhandler(const char *s, regex_t *re, size_t *lastcompiled)
402 {
403 	const struct handlespec *p;
404 	size_t i, l;
405 	int j;
406 	char eb[64];
407 	regmatch_t match;
408 
409 	p = &handlers[0];
410 	l = strlen(s);
411 	for (i = 0; p[i].ps_re != NULL; i++) {
412 		if (i >= *lastcompiled) {
413 			j = regcomp(&re[i], p[i].ps_re, REG_EXTENDED);
414 			if (j != 0) {
415 				regerror(j, &re[i], eb, sizeof(eb));
416 				errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "regcomp: %s: %s", p[i].ps_re, eb);
417 			}
418 			*lastcompiled = i + 1;
419 		}
420 		j = regexec(&re[i], s, 1, &match, 0);
421 		if (j == 0) {
422 			if (match.rm_so == 0 && match.rm_eo == (int)l)
423 				return &p[i];
424 		}
425 		else if (j != REG_NOMATCH) {
426 			regerror(j, &re[i], eb, sizeof(eb));
427 			errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "regexec: %s: %s", p[i].ps_re, eb);
428 		}
429 	}
430 
431 	return NULL;
432 }
433 
434 /*
435  * after sysctlgetmibinfo is done with the name, we convert all
436  * separators to / and stuff one at the front if it was missing
437  */
438 static void
439 canonicalize(const char *i, char *o)
440 {
441 	const char *t;
442 	char p[SYSCTL_NAMELEN + 1];
443 	int l;
444 
445 	if (i[0] != *sep) {
446 		o[0] = '/';
447 		o[1] = '\0';
448 	}
449 	else
450 		o[0] = '\0';
451 
452 	t = i;
453 	do {
454 		i = t;
455 		t = strchr(i, sep[0]);
456 		if (t == NULL)
457 			strcat(o, i);
458 		else {
459 			l = t - i;
460 			t++;
461 			memcpy(p, i, l);
462 			p[l] = '\0';
463 			strcat(o, p);
464 			strcat(o, "/");
465 		}
466 	} while (t != NULL);
467 }
468 
469 /*
470  * ********************************************************************
471  * convert this special number to a special string so we can print the
472  * mib
473  * ********************************************************************
474  */
475 static const char *
476 sf(u_int f)
477 {
478 	static char s[256];
479 	const char *c;
480 
481 	s[0] = '\0';
482 	c = "";
483 
484 #define print_flag(_f, _s, _c, _q, _x) \
485 	if (((_f) & (__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_x))) == (__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_q))) { \
486 		strlcat((_s), (_c), sizeof(_s)); \
487 		strlcat((_s), __STRING(_q), sizeof(_s)); \
488 		(_c) = ","; \
489 		(_f) &= ~(__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_x)); \
490 	}
491 	print_flag(f, s, c, READONLY,  READWRITE);
492 	print_flag(f, s, c, READWRITE, READWRITE);
493 	print_flag(f, s, c, ANYWRITE,  ANYWRITE);
494 	print_flag(f, s, c, PRIVATE,   PRIVATE);
495 	print_flag(f, s, c, PERMANENT, PERMANENT);
496 	print_flag(f, s, c, OWNDATA,   OWNDATA);
497 	print_flag(f, s, c, IMMEDIATE, IMMEDIATE);
498 	print_flag(f, s, c, HEX,       HEX);
499 	print_flag(f, s, c, ROOT,      ROOT);
500 	print_flag(f, s, c, ANYNUMBER, ANYNUMBER);
501 	print_flag(f, s, c, HIDDEN,    HIDDEN);
502 	print_flag(f, s, c, ALIAS,     ALIAS);
503 #undef print_flag
504 
505 	if (f) {
506 		char foo[9];
507 		snprintf(foo, sizeof(foo), "%x", f);
508 		strlcat(s, c, sizeof(s));
509 		strlcat(s, foo, sizeof(s));
510 	}
511 
512 	return (s);
513 }
514 
515 static const char *
516 st(u_int t)
517 {
518 
519 	switch (t) {
520 	case CTLTYPE_NODE:
521 		return "NODE";
522 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
523 		return "INT";
524 	case CTLTYPE_STRING:
525 		return "STRING";
526 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
527                 return "QUAD";
528 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
529 		return "STRUCT";
530 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
531 		return "BOOL";
532 	}
533 
534 	return "???";
535 }
536 
537 /*
538  * ********************************************************************
539  * recursively eliminate all data belonging to the given node
540  * ********************************************************************
541  */
542 static void
543 purge_tree(struct sysctlnode *rnode)
544 {
545 	struct sysctlnode *node;
546 
547 	if (rnode == NULL ||
548 	    SYSCTL_TYPE(rnode->sysctl_flags) != CTLTYPE_NODE ||
549 	    rnode->sysctl_child == NULL)
550 		return;
551 
552 	for (node = rnode->sysctl_child;
553 	     node < &rnode->sysctl_child[rnode->sysctl_clen];
554 	     node++)
555 		purge_tree(node);
556 	free(rnode->sysctl_child);
557 	rnode->sysctl_csize = 0;
558 	rnode->sysctl_clen = 0;
559 	rnode->sysctl_child = NULL;
560 
561 	if (rnode->sysctl_desc == (const char*)-1)
562 		rnode->sysctl_desc = NULL;
563 	if (rnode->sysctl_desc != NULL)
564 		free(__UNCONST(rnode->sysctl_desc));
565 	rnode->sysctl_desc = NULL;
566 }
567 
568 static void __attribute__((__format__(__printf__, 3, 4)))
569 appendprintf(char **bp, size_t *lbp, const char *fmt, ...)
570 {
571 	int r;
572 	va_list ap;
573 
574 	va_start(ap, fmt);
575 	r = vsnprintf(*bp, *lbp, fmt, ap);
576 	va_end(ap);
577 	if (r < 0 || (size_t)r > *lbp)
578 		r = *lbp;
579 	*bp += r;
580 	*lbp -= r;
581 }
582 
583 /*
584  * ********************************************************************
585  * print this node and any others underneath it
586  * ********************************************************************
587  */
588 static void
589 print_tree(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode, u_int type,
590    int add, regex_t *re, size_t *lastcompiled)
591 {
592 	struct sysctlnode *node;
593 	int rc;
594 	size_t ni, sz, ldp, lsp;
595 	char *sp, *dp, *tsp, *tdp;
596 	const struct handlespec *p;
597 
598 	sp = tsp = &gsname[strlen(gsname)];
599 	dp = tdp = &gdname[strlen(gdname)];
600 	ldp = sizeof(gdname) - (dp - gdname);
601 	lsp = sizeof(gsname) - (sp - gsname);
602 
603 	if (sp != &gsname[0] && dp == &gdname[0]) {
604 		/*
605 		 * aw...shucks.  now we must play catch up
606 		 */
607 		for (ni = 0; ni < namelen; ni++)
608 			appendprintf(&tdp, &ldp, "%s%d", ni > 0 ? "." : "",
609 			    name[ni]);
610 	}
611 
612 	if (pnode == NULL)
613 		pnode = &my_root;
614 	else if (add) {
615 		appendprintf(&tsp, &lsp, "%s%s", namelen > 1 ? sep : "",
616 			pnode->sysctl_name);
617 		appendprintf(&tdp, &ldp, "%s%d", namelen > 1 ? "." : "",
618 			pnode->sysctl_num);
619 	}
620 
621 	if (Mflag && pnode != &my_root) {
622 		if (nflag)
623 			printf("%s: ", gdname);
624 		else
625 			printf("%s (%s): ", gsname, gdname);
626 		printf("CTLTYPE_%s", st(type));
627 		if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE) {
628 			if (SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) & CTLFLAG_ALIAS)
629 				printf(", alias %d",
630 				       pnode->sysctl_alias);
631 			else
632 				printf(", children %d/%d",
633 				       pnode->sysctl_clen,
634 				       pnode->sysctl_csize);
635 		}
636 		printf(", size %zu", pnode->sysctl_size);
637 		printf(", flags 0x%x<%s>",
638 		       SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags),
639 		       sf(SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags)));
640 		if (pnode->sysctl_func)
641 			printf(", func=%p", pnode->sysctl_func);
642 		printf(", ver=%d", pnode->sysctl_ver);
643 		printf("\n");
644 		if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
645 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
646 			return;
647 		}
648 	}
649 
650 	if (dflag && pnode != &my_root) {
651 		if (Aflag || type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
652 			if (pnode->sysctl_desc == NULL)
653 				getdesc1(name, namelen, pnode);
654 			if (Aflag || !add ||
655 			    (pnode->sysctl_desc != NULL &&
656 			     pnode->sysctl_desc != (const char*)-1)) {
657 				if (!nflag)
658 					printf("%s: ", gsname);
659 				if (pnode->sysctl_desc == NULL ||
660 				    pnode->sysctl_desc == (const char*)-1)
661 					printf("(no description)\n");
662 				else
663 					printf("%s\n", pnode->sysctl_desc);
664 			}
665 		}
666 
667 		if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
668 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
669 			return;
670 		}
671 	}
672 
673 	/*
674 	 * if this is an alias and we added our name, that means we
675 	 * got here by recursing down into the tree, so skip it.  The
676 	 * only way to print an aliased node is with either -M or by
677 	 * name specifically.
678 	 */
679 	if (SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) & CTLFLAG_ALIAS && add) {
680 		*sp = *dp = '\0';
681 		return;
682 	}
683 
684 	canonicalize(gsname, canonname);
685 	p = findhandler(canonname, re, lastcompiled);
686 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && p != NULL) {
687 		if (p->ps_p == NULL) {
688 			sysctlperror("Cannot print `%s': %s\n", gsname,
689 			    strerror(EOPNOTSUPP));
690 			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
691 		}
692 		(*p->ps_p)(gsname, gdname, NULL, name, namelen, pnode, type,
693 			   __UNCONST(p->ps_d));
694 		*sp = *dp = '\0';
695 		return;
696 	}
697 
698 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && pnode->sysctl_size == 0) {
699 		rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
700 		if (rc == -1) {
701 			sysctlerror(1);
702 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
703 			return;
704 		}
705 		if (sz == 0) {
706 			if ((Aflag || req) && !Mflag)
707 				printf("%s: node contains no data\n", gsname);
708 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
709 			return;
710 		}
711 	}
712 	else
713 		sz = pnode->sysctl_size;
714 
715 	switch (type) {
716 	case CTLTYPE_NODE: {
717 		__learn_tree(name, namelen, pnode);
718 		node = pnode->sysctl_child;
719 		if (node == NULL) {
720 			if (dflag)
721 				/* do nothing */;
722 			else if (p != NULL)
723 				(*p->ps_p)(gsname, gdname, NULL, name, namelen,
724 					   pnode, type, __UNCONST(p->ps_d));
725 			else if ((Aflag || req) && !Mflag)
726 				printf("%s: no children\n", gsname);
727 		}
728 		else {
729 			if (dflag)
730 				/*
731 				 * get all descriptions for next level
732 				 * in one chunk
733 				 */
734 				getdesc(name, namelen, pnode);
735 			req = 0;
736 			for (ni = 0; ni < pnode->sysctl_clen; ni++) {
737 				name[namelen] = node[ni].sysctl_num;
738 				if ((node[ni].sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HIDDEN) &&
739 				    !(Aflag || req))
740 					continue;
741 				print_tree(name, namelen + 1, &node[ni],
742 					   SYSCTL_TYPE(node[ni].sysctl_flags),
743 					   1, re, lastcompiled);
744 			}
745 		}
746 		break;
747 	}
748 	case CTLTYPE_INT: {
749 		int i;
750 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &i, &sz, NULL, 0);
751 		if (rc == -1) {
752 			sysctlerror(1);
753 			break;
754 		}
755 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &i, sizeof(i), DISPLAY_VALUE);
756 		break;
757 	}
758 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL: {
759 		bool b;
760 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &b, &sz, NULL, 0);
761 		if (rc == -1) {
762 			sysctlerror(1);
763 			break;
764 		}
765 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &b, sizeof(b), DISPLAY_VALUE);
766 		break;
767 	}
768 	case CTLTYPE_STRING: {
769 		unsigned char buf[1024], *tbuf;
770 		tbuf = buf;
771 		sz = sizeof(buf);
772 		rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, tbuf, &sz, NULL, 0);
773 		if (rc == -1 && errno == ENOMEM) {
774 			tbuf = malloc(sz);
775 			if (tbuf == NULL) {
776 				sysctlerror(1);
777 				break;
778 			}
779 			rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, tbuf, &sz, NULL, 0);
780 		}
781 		if (rc == -1)
782 			sysctlerror(1);
783 		else
784 			display_string(pnode, gsname, tbuf, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
785 		if (tbuf != buf)
786 			free(tbuf);
787 		break;
788 	}
789 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD: {
790 		u_quad_t q;
791 		sz = sizeof(q);
792 		rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &q, &sz, NULL, 0);
793 		if (rc == -1) {
794 			sysctlerror(1);
795 			break;
796 		}
797 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &q, sizeof(q), DISPLAY_VALUE);
798 		break;
799 	}
800 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT: {
801 		/*
802 		 * we shouldn't actually get here, but if we
803 		 * do, would it be nice to have *something* to
804 		 * do other than completely ignore the
805 		 * request.
806 		 */
807 		unsigned char *d;
808 		if ((d = malloc(sz)) == NULL) {
809 			fprintf(warnfp, "%s: !malloc failed!\n", gsname);
810 			break;
811 		}
812 		rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, d, &sz, NULL, 0);
813 		if (rc == -1) {
814 			sysctlerror(1);
815 			break;
816 		}
817 		display_struct(pnode, gsname, d, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
818 		free(d);
819 		break;
820 	}
821 	default:
822 		/* should i print an error here? */
823 		break;
824 	}
825 
826 	*sp = *dp = '\0';
827 }
828 
829 /*
830  * ********************************************************************
831  * parse a request, possibly determining that it's a create or destroy
832  * request
833  * ********************************************************************
834  */
835 static void
836 parse(char *l, regex_t *re, size_t *lastcompiled)
837 {
838 	struct sysctlnode *node;
839 	const struct handlespec *w;
840 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], dodesc = 0;
841 	u_int namelen, type;
842 	char *key, *value, *dot;
843 	size_t sz;
844 	bool optional = false;
845 
846 	req = 1;
847 	key = l;
848 
849 	if ((value = strchr(l, '=')) != NULL) {
850 		if (value > l && value[-1] == '?') {
851 			value[-1] = '\0';
852 			optional = true;
853 		}
854 		*value++ = '\0';
855 	}
856 
857 	if ((dot = strpbrk(key, "./")) == NULL)
858 		sep[0] = '.';
859 	else
860 		sep[0] = dot[0];
861 	sep[1] = '\0';
862 
863 	while (key[0] == sep[0] && key[1] == sep[0]) {
864 		if (value != NULL)
865 			value[-1] = '=';
866 		if (strncmp(key + 2, "create", 6) == 0 &&
867 		    (key[8] == '=' || key[8] == sep[0]))
868 			parse_create(key + 8 + (key[8] == '=' ? 1 : 0));
869 		else if (strncmp(key + 2, "destroy", 7) == 0 &&
870 			 (key[9] == '=' || key[9] == sep[0]))
871 			parse_destroy(key + 9 + (key[9] == '=' ? 1 : 0));
872 		else if (strncmp(key + 2, "describe", 8) == 0 &&
873 			 (key[10] == '=' || key[10] == sep[0])) {
874 			key += 10 + (key[10] == '=');
875 			if ((value = strchr(key, '=')) != NULL)
876 				parse_describe(key);
877 			else {
878 				if (!dflag)
879 					dodesc = 1;
880 				break;
881 			}
882 		}
883 		else
884 			sysctlperror("unable to parse '%s'\n", key);
885 		return;
886 	}
887 
888 	if (stale) {
889 		purge_tree(&my_root);
890 		stale = 0;
891 	}
892 	node = &my_root;
893 	namelen = CTL_MAXNAME;
894 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
895 
896 	if (sysctlgetmibinfo(key, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, &node,
897 			     SYSCTL_VERSION) == -1) {
898 		if (optional)
899 			return;
900 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
901 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
902 	}
903 
904 	type = SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags);
905 
906 	if (value == NULL) {
907 		if (dodesc)
908 			dflag = 1;
909 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, type, 0, re, lastcompiled);
910 		if (dodesc)
911 			dflag = 0;
912 		gsname[0] = '\0';
913 		return;
914 	}
915 
916 	if (fn)
917 		trim_whitespace(value, 1);
918 
919 	if (!wflag) {
920 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to set variables\n");
921 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
922 	}
923 
924 	canonicalize(gsname, canonname);
925 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && (w = findhandler(canonname, re,
926 	    lastcompiled)) != NULL) {
927 		if (w->ps_w == NULL) {
928 			sysctlperror("Cannot write `%s': %s\n", gsname,
929 			    strerror(EOPNOTSUPP));
930 			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
931 		}
932 		(*w->ps_w)(gsname, gdname, value, name, namelen, node, type,
933 			   __UNCONST(w->ps_d));
934 		gsname[0] = '\0';
935 		return;
936 	}
937 
938 	switch (type) {
939 	case CTLTYPE_NODE:
940 		/*
941 		 * XXX old behavior is to print.  should we error instead?
942 		 */
943 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, CTLTYPE_NODE, 1, re,
944 		    lastcompiled);
945 		break;
946 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
947 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
948 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
949 		write_number(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
950 		break;
951 	case CTLTYPE_STRING:
952 		write_string(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
953 		break;
954 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
955 		/*
956 		 * XXX old behavior is to print.  should we error instead?
957 		 */
958 		/* fprintf(warnfp, "you can't write to %s\n", gsname); */
959 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, type, 0, re, lastcompiled);
960 		break;
961 	}
962 }
963 
964 /*
965 
966   //create=foo.bar.whatever...,
967   [type=(int|quad|string|struct|node),]
968   [size=###,]
969   [n=###,]
970   [flags=(iohxparw12),]
971   [addr=0x####,|symbol=...|value=...]
972 
973   size is optional for some types.  type must be set before anything
974   else.  nodes can have [rwhp], but nothing else applies.  if no
975   size or type is given, node is asserted.  writeable is the default,
976   with [rw] being read-only and unconditionally writeable
977   respectively.  if you specify addr, it is assumed to be the name of
978   a kernel symbol, if value, CTLFLAG_OWNDATA will be asserted for
979   strings, CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE for ints and u_quad_ts.  you cannot
980   specify both value and addr.
981 
982 */
983 
984 static void
985 parse_create(char *l)
986 {
987 	struct sysctlnode node;
988 	size_t sz;
989 	char *nname, *key, *value, *data, *addr, *c, *t;
990 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], i, rc, method, flags, rw;
991 	u_int namelen, type;
992 	u_quad_t uq;
993 	quad_t q;
994 	bool b;
995 
996 	if (!wflag) {
997 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to create nodes\n");
998 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
999 	}
1000 
1001 	/*
1002 	 * these are the pieces that make up the description of a new
1003 	 * node
1004 	 */
1005 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
1006 	node.sysctl_num = CTL_CREATE;  /* any number is fine */
1007 	flags = 0;
1008 	rw = -1;
1009 	type = 0;
1010 	sz = 0;
1011 	data = addr = NULL;
1012 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
1013 	namelen = 0;
1014 	method = 0;
1015 
1016 	/*
1017 	 * misc stuff used when constructing
1018 	 */
1019 	i = 0;
1020 	b = false;
1021 	uq = 0;
1022 	key = NULL;
1023 	value = NULL;
1024 
1025 	/*
1026 	 * the name of the thing we're trying to create is first, so
1027 	 * pick it off.
1028 	 */
1029 	nname = l;
1030 	if ((c = strchr(nname, ',')) != NULL)
1031 		*c++ = '\0';
1032 
1033 	while (c != NULL) {
1034 
1035 		/*
1036 		 * pull off the next "key=value" pair
1037 		 */
1038 		key = c;
1039 		if ((t = strchr(key, '=')) != NULL) {
1040 			*t++ = '\0';
1041 			value = t;
1042 		}
1043 		else
1044 			value = NULL;
1045 
1046 		/*
1047 		 * if the "key" is "value", then that eats the rest of
1048 		 * the string, so we're done, otherwise bite it off at
1049 		 * the next comma.
1050 		 */
1051 		if (strcmp(key, "value") == 0) {
1052 			c = NULL;
1053 			data = value;
1054 			break;
1055 		}
1056 		else if (value) {
1057 			if ((c = strchr(value, ',')) != NULL)
1058 				*c++ = '\0';
1059 		}
1060 
1061 		/*
1062 		 * note that we (mostly) let the invoker of prog_sysctl(8)
1063 		 * play rampant here and depend on the kernel to tell
1064 		 * them that they were wrong.  well...within reason.
1065 		 * we later check the various parameters against each
1066 		 * other to make sure it makes some sort of sense.
1067 		 */
1068 		if (strcmp(key, "addr") == 0) {
1069 			/*
1070 			 * we can't check these two.  only the kernel
1071 			 * can tell us when it fails to find the name
1072 			 * (or if the address is invalid).
1073 			 */
1074 			if (method != 0) {
1075 				sysctlperror(
1076 				    "%s: already have %s for new node\n",
1077 				    nname,
1078 				    method == CTL_CREATE ? "addr" : "symbol");
1079 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1080 			}
1081 			if (value == NULL) {
1082 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1083 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1084 			}
1085 			errno = 0;
1086 			addr = (void*)strtoul(value, &t, 0);
1087 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1088 				sysctlperror(
1089 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid address\n",
1090 				    nname, value);
1091 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1092 			}
1093 			method = CTL_CREATE;
1094 		}
1095 		else if (strcmp(key, "symbol") == 0) {
1096 			if (method != 0) {
1097 				sysctlperror(
1098 				    "%s: already have %s for new node\n",
1099 				    nname,
1100 				    method == CTL_CREATE ? "addr" : "symbol");
1101 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1102 			}
1103 			addr = value;
1104 			method = CTL_CREATESYM;
1105 		}
1106 		else if (strcmp(key, "type") == 0) {
1107 			if (value == NULL) {
1108 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1109 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1110 			}
1111 			if (strcmp(value, "node") == 0)
1112 				type = CTLTYPE_NODE;
1113 			else if (strcmp(value, "int") == 0) {
1114 				sz = sizeof(int);
1115 				type = CTLTYPE_INT;
1116 			}
1117 			else if (strcmp(value, "bool") == 0) {
1118 				sz = sizeof(bool);
1119 				type = CTLTYPE_BOOL;
1120 			}
1121 			else if (strcmp(value, "string") == 0)
1122 				type = CTLTYPE_STRING;
1123 			else if (strcmp(value, "quad") == 0) {
1124 				sz = sizeof(u_quad_t);
1125 				type = CTLTYPE_QUAD;
1126 			}
1127 			else if (strcmp(value, "struct") == 0)
1128 				type = CTLTYPE_STRUCT;
1129 			else {
1130 				sysctlperror(
1131 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid type\n",
1132 					nname, value);
1133 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1134 			}
1135 		}
1136 		else if (strcmp(key, "size") == 0) {
1137 			if (value == NULL) {
1138 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1139 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1140 			}
1141 			errno = 0;
1142 			/*
1143 			 * yes, i know size_t is not an unsigned long,
1144 			 * but we can all agree that it ought to be,
1145 			 * right?
1146 			 */
1147 			sz = strtoul(value, &t, 0);
1148 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1149 				sysctlperror(
1150 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid size\n",
1151 					nname, value);
1152 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1153 			}
1154 		}
1155 		else if (strcmp(key, "n") == 0) {
1156 			if (value == NULL) {
1157 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1158 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1159 			}
1160 			errno = 0;
1161 			q = strtoll(value, &t, 0);
1162 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1163 			    q < INT_MIN || q > UINT_MAX) {
1164 				sysctlperror(
1165 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid mib number\n",
1166 				    nname, value);
1167 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1168 			}
1169 			node.sysctl_num = (int)q;
1170 		}
1171 		else if (strcmp(key, "flags") == 0) {
1172 			if (value == NULL) {
1173 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1174 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1175 			}
1176 			t = value;
1177 			while (*t != '\0') {
1178 				switch (*t) {
1179 				case 'a':
1180 					flags |= CTLFLAG_ANYWRITE;
1181 					break;
1182 				case 'h':
1183 					flags |= CTLFLAG_HIDDEN;
1184 					break;
1185 				case 'i':
1186 					flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1187 					break;
1188 				case 'o':
1189 					flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1190 					break;
1191 				case 'p':
1192 					flags |= CTLFLAG_PRIVATE;
1193 					break;
1194 				case 'u':
1195 					flags |= CTLFLAG_UNSIGNED;
1196 					break;
1197 				case 'x':
1198 					flags |= CTLFLAG_HEX;
1199 					break;
1200 
1201 				case 'r':
1202 					rw = CTLFLAG_READONLY;
1203 					break;
1204 				case 'w':
1205 					rw = CTLFLAG_READWRITE;
1206 					break;
1207 				default:
1208 					sysctlperror(
1209 					   "%s: '%c' is not a valid flag\n",
1210 					    nname, *t);
1211 					EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1212 				}
1213 				t++;
1214 			}
1215 		}
1216 		else {
1217 			sysctlperror("%s: unrecognized keyword '%s'\n",
1218 				     nname, key);
1219 			EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1220 		}
1221 	}
1222 
1223 	/*
1224 	 * now that we've finished parsing the given string, fill in
1225 	 * anything they didn't specify
1226 	 */
1227 	if (type == 0)
1228 		type = CTLTYPE_NODE;
1229 
1230 	/*
1231 	 * the "data" can be interpreted various ways depending on the
1232 	 * type of node we're creating, as can the size
1233 	 */
1234 	if (data != NULL) {
1235 		if (addr != NULL) {
1236 			sysctlperror(
1237 				"%s: cannot specify both value and "
1238 				"address\n", nname);
1239 			EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1240 		}
1241 
1242 		switch (type) {
1243 		case CTLTYPE_INT:
1244 			errno = 0;
1245 			q = strtoll(data, &t, 0);
1246 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1247 				q < INT_MIN || q > UINT_MAX) {
1248 				sysctlperror(
1249 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid integer\n",
1250 				    nname, value);
1251 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1252 			}
1253 			i = (int)q;
1254 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1255 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1256 				node.sysctl_idata = i;
1257 			}
1258 			else
1259 				node.sysctl_data = &i;
1260 			if (sz == 0)
1261 				sz = sizeof(int);
1262 			break;
1263 		case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
1264 			errno = 0;
1265 			q = strtoll(data, &t, 0);
1266 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1267 				(q != 0 && q != 1)) {
1268 				sysctlperror(
1269 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid bool\n",
1270 				    nname, value);
1271 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1272 			}
1273 			b = q == 1;
1274 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1275 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1276 				node.sysctl_idata = b;
1277 			}
1278 			else
1279 				node.sysctl_data = &b;
1280 			if (sz == 0)
1281 				sz = sizeof(bool);
1282 			break;
1283 		case CTLTYPE_STRING:
1284 			flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1285 			node.sysctl_data = data;
1286 			if (sz == 0)
1287 				sz = strlen(data) + 1;
1288 			else if (sz < strlen(data) + 1) {
1289 				sysctlperror("%s: ignoring size=%zu for "
1290 					"string node, too small for given "
1291 					"value\n", nname, sz);
1292 				sz = strlen(data) + 1;
1293 			}
1294 			break;
1295 		case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1296 			errno = 0;
1297 			uq = strtouq(data, &t, 0);
1298 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1299 				sysctlperror(
1300 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid quad\n",
1301 					nname, value);
1302 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1303 			}
1304 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1305 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1306 				node.sysctl_qdata = uq;
1307 			}
1308 			else
1309 				node.sysctl_data = &uq;
1310 			if (sz == 0)
1311 				sz = sizeof(u_quad_t);
1312 			break;
1313 		case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
1314 			sysctlperror("%s: struct not initializable\n",
1315 				     nname);
1316 			EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1317 		}
1318 
1319 		/*
1320 		 * these methods have all provided local starting
1321 		 * values that the kernel must copy in
1322 		 */
1323 	}
1324 
1325 	/*
1326 	 * hmm...no data, but we have an address of data.  that's
1327 	 * fine.
1328 	 */
1329 	else if (addr != 0)
1330 		node.sysctl_data = (void*)addr;
1331 
1332 	/*
1333 	 * no data and no address?  well...okay.  we might be able to
1334 	 * manage that.
1335 	 */
1336 	else if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
1337 		if (sz == 0) {
1338 			sysctlperror(
1339 			    "%s: need a size or a starting value\n",
1340 			    nname);
1341                         EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1342                 }
1343 		if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE))
1344 			flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1345 	}
1346 
1347 	/*
1348 	 * now we do a few sanity checks on the description we've
1349 	 * assembled
1350 	 */
1351 	if ((flags & CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE) &&
1352 	    (type == CTLTYPE_STRING || type == CTLTYPE_STRUCT)) {
1353 		sysctlperror("%s: cannot make an immediate %s\n",
1354 			     nname,
1355 			     (type == CTLTYPE_STRING) ? "string" : "struct");
1356 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1357 	}
1358 	if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE && node.sysctl_data != NULL) {
1359 		sysctlperror("%s: nodes do not have data\n", nname);
1360 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1361 	}
1362 
1363 	/*
1364 	 * some types must have a particular size
1365 	 */
1366 	if (sz != 0) {
1367 		if ((type == CTLTYPE_INT && sz != sizeof(int)) ||
1368 		    (type == CTLTYPE_BOOL && sz != sizeof(bool)) ||
1369 		    (type == CTLTYPE_QUAD && sz != sizeof(u_quad_t)) ||
1370 		    (type == CTLTYPE_NODE && sz != 0)) {
1371 			sysctlperror("%s: wrong size for type\n", nname);
1372 			EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1373 		}
1374 	}
1375 	else if (type == CTLTYPE_STRUCT) {
1376 		sysctlperror("%s: struct must have size\n", nname);
1377 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1378 	}
1379 
1380 	/*
1381 	 * now...if no one said anything yet, we default nodes or
1382 	 * any type that owns data being writeable, and everything
1383 	 * else being readonly.
1384 	 */
1385 	if (rw == -1) {
1386 		if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE ||
1387 		    (flags & (CTLFLAG_OWNDATA|CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE)))
1388 			rw = CTLFLAG_READWRITE;
1389 		else
1390 			rw = CTLFLAG_READONLY;
1391 	}
1392 
1393 	/*
1394 	 * if a kernel address was specified, that can't be made
1395 	 * writeable by us.
1396 	if (rw != CTLFLAG_READONLY && addr) {
1397 		sysctlperror("%s: kernel data can only be readable\n", nname);
1398 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1399 	}
1400 	 */
1401 
1402 	/*
1403 	 * what separator were they using in the full name of the new
1404 	 * node?
1405 	 */
1406 	if ((t = strpbrk(nname, "./")) == NULL)
1407 		sep[0] = '.';
1408 	else
1409 		sep[0] = t[0];
1410 	sep[1] = '\0';
1411 
1412 	/*
1413 	 * put it all together, now.  t'ain't much, is it?
1414 	 */
1415 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|flags|rw|type;
1416 	node.sysctl_size = sz;
1417 	t = strrchr(nname, sep[0]);
1418 	if (t != NULL)
1419 		strlcpy(node.sysctl_name, t + 1, sizeof(node.sysctl_name));
1420 	else
1421 		strlcpy(node.sysctl_name, nname, sizeof(node.sysctl_name));
1422 	if (t == nname)
1423 		t = NULL;
1424 
1425 	/*
1426 	 * if this is a new top-level node, then we don't need to find
1427 	 * the mib for its parent
1428 	 */
1429 	if (t == NULL) {
1430 		namelen = 0;
1431 		gsname[0] = '\0';
1432 	}
1433 
1434 	/*
1435 	 * on the other hand, if it's not a top-level node...
1436 	 */
1437 	else {
1438 		namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1439 		sz = sizeof(gsname);
1440 		*t = '\0';
1441 		rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(nname, &name[0], &namelen,
1442 				      gsname, &sz, NULL, SYSCTL_VERSION);
1443 		*t = sep[0];
1444 		if (rc == -1) {
1445 			sysctlparseerror(namelen, nname);
1446 			EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1447 		}
1448 	}
1449 
1450 	/*
1451 	 * yes, a new node is being created
1452 	 */
1453 	if (method != 0)
1454 		name[namelen++] = method;
1455 	else
1456 		name[namelen++] = CTL_CREATE;
1457 
1458 	sz = sizeof(node);
1459 	rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &node, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1460 
1461 	if (rc == -1) {
1462 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_CREATE failed: %s\n",
1463 			     nname, strerror(errno));
1464 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1465 	}
1466 	else {
1467 		if (!qflag && !nflag)
1468 			printf("%s(%s): (created)\n", nname, st(type));
1469 		stale = 1;
1470 	}
1471 }
1472 
1473 static void
1474 parse_destroy(char *l)
1475 {
1476 	struct sysctlnode node;
1477 	size_t sz;
1478 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], rc;
1479 	u_int namelen;
1480 
1481 	if (!wflag) {
1482 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to destroy nodes\n");
1483 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
1484 	}
1485 
1486 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
1487 	namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1488 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
1489 	rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(l, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, NULL,
1490 			      SYSCTL_VERSION);
1491 	if (rc == -1) {
1492 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
1493 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1494 	}
1495 
1496 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
1497 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION;
1498 	node.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1499 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESTROY;
1500 
1501 	sz = sizeof(node);
1502 	rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &node, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1503 
1504 	if (rc == -1) {
1505 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_DESTROY failed: %s\n",
1506 			     l, strerror(errno));
1507 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1508 	}
1509 	else {
1510 		if (!qflag && !nflag)
1511 			printf("%s(%s): (destroyed)\n", gsname,
1512 			       st(SYSCTL_TYPE(node.sysctl_flags)));
1513 		stale = 1;
1514 	}
1515 }
1516 
1517 static void
1518 parse_describe(char *l)
1519 {
1520 	struct sysctlnode newdesc;
1521 	char buf[1024], *value;
1522 	struct sysctldesc *d = (void*)&buf[0];
1523 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], rc;
1524 	u_int namelen;
1525 	size_t sz;
1526 
1527 	if (!wflag) {
1528 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to set descriptions\n");
1529 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
1530 	}
1531 
1532 	value = strchr(l, '=');
1533 	*value++ = '\0';
1534 
1535 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
1536 	namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1537 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
1538 	rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(l, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, NULL,
1539 			      SYSCTL_VERSION);
1540 	if (rc == -1) {
1541 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
1542 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1543 	}
1544 
1545 	sz = sizeof(buf);
1546 	memset(&newdesc, 0, sizeof(newdesc));
1547 	newdesc.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|CTLFLAG_OWNDESC;
1548 	newdesc.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1549 	newdesc.sysctl_desc = value;
1550 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1551 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, d, &sz, &newdesc, sizeof(newdesc));
1552 	if (rc == -1)
1553 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_DESCRIBE failed: %s\n",
1554 			     gsname, strerror(errno));
1555 	else if (d->descr_len == 1)
1556 		sysctlperror("%s: description not set\n", gsname);
1557 	else if (!qflag && !nflag)
1558 		printf("%s: %s\n", gsname, d->descr_str);
1559 }
1560 
1561 /*
1562  * ********************************************************************
1563  * when things go wrong...
1564  * ********************************************************************
1565  */
1566 static void
1567 usage(void)
1568 {
1569 	const char *progname = getprogname();
1570 
1571 	(void)fprintf(stderr,
1572 		      "usage:\t%s %s\n"
1573 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1574 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1575 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1576 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1577 		      "\t%s %s\n",
1578 		      progname, "[-dneq] [-x[x]|-r] variable ...",
1579 		      progname, "[-ne] [-q] -w variable=value ...",
1580 		      progname, "[-dne] -a",
1581 		      progname, "[-dne] -A",
1582 		      progname, "[-ne] -M",
1583 		      progname, "[-dne] [-q] -f file");
1584 	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
1585 }
1586 
1587 static void
1588 getdesc1(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode)
1589 {
1590 	struct sysctlnode node;
1591 	char buf[1024], *desc;
1592 	struct sysctldesc *d = (void*)buf;
1593 	size_t sz = sizeof(buf);
1594 	int rc;
1595 
1596 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
1597 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION;
1598 	node.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1599 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1600 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, d, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1601 
1602 	if (rc == -1 ||
1603 	    d->descr_len == 1 ||
1604 	    d->descr_num != pnode->sysctl_num ||
1605 	    d->descr_ver != pnode->sysctl_ver)
1606 		desc = (char *)-1;
1607 	else
1608 		desc = malloc(d->descr_len);
1609 
1610 	if (desc == NULL)
1611 		desc = (char *)-1;
1612 	if (desc != (char *)-1)
1613 		memcpy(desc, &d->descr_str[0], d->descr_len);
1614 	name[namelen - 1] = node.sysctl_num;
1615 	if (pnode->sysctl_desc != NULL &&
1616 	    pnode->sysctl_desc != (const char *)-1)
1617 		free(__UNCONST(pnode->sysctl_desc));
1618 	pnode->sysctl_desc = desc;
1619 }
1620 
1621 static void
1622 getdesc(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode)
1623 {
1624 	struct sysctlnode *node = pnode->sysctl_child;
1625 	struct sysctldesc *d, *p, *plim;
1626 	char *desc;
1627 	size_t i, sz, child_cnt;
1628 	int rc;
1629 
1630 	sz = 128 * pnode->sysctl_clen;
1631 	name[namelen] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1632 
1633 	/*
1634 	 * attempt *twice* to get the description chunk.  if two tries
1635 	 * doesn't work, give up.
1636 	 */
1637 	i = 0;
1638 	do {
1639 		d = malloc(sz);
1640 		if (d == NULL)
1641 			return;
1642 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen + 1, d, &sz, NULL, 0);
1643 		if (rc == -1) {
1644 			free(d);
1645 			d = NULL;
1646 			if (i == 0 && errno == ENOMEM)
1647 				i = 1;
1648 			else
1649 				return;
1650 		}
1651 	} while (d == NULL);
1652 
1653 	/*
1654 	 * hokey nested loop here, giving O(n**2) behavior, but should
1655 	 * suffice for now
1656 	 */
1657 	plim = /*LINTED ptr cast*/(struct sysctldesc *)((char*)d + sz);
1658 	child_cnt = (pnode->sysctl_flags & CTLTYPE_NODE) ? pnode->sysctl_clen
1659 	    : 0;
1660 	for (i = 0; i < child_cnt; i++) {
1661 		node = &pnode->sysctl_child[i];
1662 		for (p = d; p < plim; p = NEXT_DESCR(p))
1663 			if (node->sysctl_num == p->descr_num)
1664 				break;
1665 		if (p < plim && node->sysctl_ver == p->descr_ver) {
1666 			/*
1667 			 * match found, attempt to attach description
1668 			 */
1669 			if (p->descr_len == 1)
1670 				desc = NULL;
1671 			else
1672 				desc = malloc(p->descr_len);
1673 			if (desc == NULL)
1674 				desc = (char *)-1;
1675 			else
1676 				memcpy(desc, &p->descr_str[0], p->descr_len);
1677 			node->sysctl_desc = desc;
1678 		}
1679 	}
1680 
1681 	free(d);
1682 }
1683 
1684 static void
1685 trim_whitespace(char *s, int dir)
1686 {
1687 	char *i, *o;
1688 
1689 	i = o = s;
1690 	if (dir & 1)
1691 		while (isspace((unsigned char)*i))
1692 			i++;
1693 	while ((*o++ = *i++) != '\0');
1694 	o -= 2; /* already past nul, skip back to before it */
1695 	if (dir & 2)
1696 		while (o > s && isspace((unsigned char)*o))
1697 			*o-- = '\0';
1698 }
1699 
1700 void
1701 sysctlerror(int soft)
1702 {
1703 	if (soft) {
1704 		switch (errno) {
1705 		case ENOENT:
1706 		case ENOPROTOOPT:
1707 		case ENOTDIR:
1708 		case EINVAL:
1709 		case EOPNOTSUPP:
1710 		case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
1711 			if (Aflag || req)
1712 				sysctlperror("%s: the value is not available "
1713 				    "(%s)\n", gsname, strerror(errno));
1714 			return;
1715 		}
1716 	}
1717 
1718 	if (Aflag || req)
1719 		sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", gsname, strerror(errno));
1720 	if (!soft)
1721 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1722 }
1723 
1724 void
1725 sysctlparseerror(u_int namelen, const char *pname)
1726 {
1727 
1728 	if (qflag) {
1729 		errs++;
1730 		return;
1731 	}
1732 	sysctlperror("%s level name '%s' in '%s' is invalid\n",
1733 		     lname[namelen], gsname, pname);
1734 }
1735 
1736 static void
1737 sysctlperror(const char *fmt, ...)
1738 {
1739 	va_list ap;
1740 
1741 	(void)fprintf(warnfp, "%s: ", getprogname());
1742 	if (fn)
1743 		(void)fprintf(warnfp, "%s#%zu: ", fn, nr);
1744 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1745 	(void)vfprintf(warnfp, fmt, ap);
1746 	va_end(ap);
1747 	errs++;
1748 }
1749 
1750 
1751 /*
1752  * ********************************************************************
1753  * how to write to a "simple" node
1754  * ********************************************************************
1755  */
1756 static void
1757 write_number(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *node, char *value)
1758 {
1759 	u_int ii, io;
1760 	u_quad_t qi, qo;
1761 	size_t si, so;
1762 	bool bi, bo;
1763 	int rc;
1764 	void *i, *o;
1765 	char *t;
1766 
1767 	if (fn)
1768 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
1769 
1770 	si = so = 0;
1771 	i = o = NULL;
1772 	bi = bo = false;
1773 	errno = 0;
1774 	qi = strtouq(value, &t, 0);
1775 	if (qi == UQUAD_MAX && errno == ERANGE) {
1776 		sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", value, strerror(errno));
1777 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1778 	}
1779 	if (t == value || *t != '\0') {
1780 		sysctlperror("%s: not a number\n", value);
1781 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1782 	}
1783 
1784 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1785 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1786 		ii = (u_int)qi;
1787 		io = (u_int)(qi >> 32);
1788 		if (io != (u_int)-1 && io != 0) {
1789 			sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", value, strerror(ERANGE));
1790 			EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1791 		}
1792 		o = &io;
1793 		so = sizeof(io);
1794 		i = &ii;
1795 		si = sizeof(ii);
1796 		break;
1797 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
1798 		bi = (bool)qi;
1799 		o = &bo;
1800 		so = sizeof(bo);
1801 		i = &bi;
1802 		si = sizeof(bi);
1803 		break;
1804 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1805 		o = &qo;
1806 		so = sizeof(qo);
1807 		i = &qi;
1808 		si = sizeof(qi);
1809 		break;
1810 	}
1811 
1812 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, o, &so, i, si);
1813 	if (rc == -1) {
1814 		sysctlerror(0);
1815 		return;
1816 	}
1817 
1818 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1819 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1820 		display_number(node, gsname, &io, sizeof(io), DISPLAY_OLD);
1821 		display_number(node, gsname, &ii, sizeof(ii), DISPLAY_NEW);
1822 		break;
1823 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
1824 		display_number(node, gsname, &bo, sizeof(bo), DISPLAY_OLD);
1825 		display_number(node, gsname, &bi, sizeof(bi), DISPLAY_NEW);
1826 		break;
1827 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1828 		display_number(node, gsname, &qo, sizeof(qo), DISPLAY_OLD);
1829 		display_number(node, gsname, &qi, sizeof(qi), DISPLAY_NEW);
1830 		break;
1831 	}
1832 }
1833 
1834 static void
1835 write_string(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *node, char *value)
1836 {
1837 	char *i, *o;
1838 	size_t si, so;
1839 	int rc;
1840 
1841 	i = value;
1842 	si = strlen(i) + 1;
1843 	so = node->sysctl_size;
1844 	if (si > so && so != 0) {
1845 		sysctlperror("%s: string too long\n", value);
1846 		EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
1847 	}
1848 	o = malloc(so);
1849 	if (o == NULL) {
1850 		sysctlperror("%s: !malloc failed!\n", gsname);
1851 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
1852 	}
1853 
1854 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, o, &so, i, si);
1855 	if (rc == -1) {
1856 		sysctlerror(0);
1857 		return;
1858 	}
1859 
1860 	display_string(node, gsname, o, so, DISPLAY_OLD);
1861 	display_string(node, gsname, i, si, DISPLAY_NEW);
1862 	free(o);
1863 }
1864 
1865 /*
1866  * ********************************************************************
1867  * simple ways to print stuff consistently
1868  * ********************************************************************
1869  */
1870 static void
1871 display_number(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1872 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1873 {
1874 	u_quad_t q;
1875 	bool b;
1876 	int i;
1877 
1878 	if (qflag)
1879 		return;
1880 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1881 		return;
1882 
1883 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1884 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1885 		return;
1886 	}
1887 
1888 	if (!nflag) {
1889 		if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1890 			printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1891 		else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1892 			printf("%s: ", name);
1893 	}
1894 
1895 	if (xflag > 1) {
1896 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1897 			printf("\n");
1898 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1899 		return;
1900 	}
1901 
1902 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1903 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1904 		memcpy(&i, data, sz);
1905 		if (xflag)
1906 			printf("0x%0*x", (int)sz * 2, i);
1907 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1908 			printf("%#x", i);
1909 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_UNSIGNED)
1910 			printf("%u", i);
1911 		else
1912 			printf("%d", i);
1913 		break;
1914 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
1915 		memcpy(&b, data, sz);
1916 		if (xflag)
1917 			printf("0x%0*x", (int)sz * 2, b);
1918 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1919 			printf("%#x", b);
1920 		else
1921 			printf("%d", b);
1922 		break;
1923 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1924 		memcpy(&q, data, sz);
1925 		if (xflag)
1926 			printf("0x%0*" PRIx64, (int)sz * 2, q);
1927 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1928 			printf("%#" PRIx64, q);
1929 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_UNSIGNED)
1930 			printf("%" PRIu64, q);
1931 		else
1932 			printf("%" PRIu64, q);
1933 		break;
1934 	}
1935 
1936 	if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1937 		printf(" -> ");
1938 	else
1939 		printf("\n");
1940 }
1941 
1942 static void
1943 display_string(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1944 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1945 {
1946 	const unsigned char *buf = data;
1947 	int ni;
1948 
1949 	if (qflag)
1950 		return;
1951 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1952 		return;
1953 
1954 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1955 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1956 		return;
1957 	}
1958 
1959 	if (!nflag) {
1960 		if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1961 			printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1962 		else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1963 			printf("%s: ", name);
1964 	}
1965 
1966 	if (xflag > 1) {
1967 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1968 			printf("\n");
1969 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1970 		return;
1971 	}
1972 
1973 	if (xflag || node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX) {
1974 		for (ni = 0; ni < (int)sz; ni++) {
1975 			if (xflag)
1976 				printf("%02x", buf[ni]);
1977 			if (buf[ni] == '\0')
1978 				break;
1979 			if (!xflag)
1980 				printf("\\x%2.2x", buf[ni]);
1981 		}
1982 	}
1983 	else
1984 		printf("%.*s", (int)sz, buf);
1985 
1986 	if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1987 		printf(" -> ");
1988 	else
1989 		printf("\n");
1990 }
1991 
1992 /*ARGSUSED*/
1993 static void
1994 display_struct(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1995 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1996 {
1997 	const unsigned char *buf = data;
1998 	int ni;
1999 	size_t more;
2000 
2001 	if (qflag)
2002 		return;
2003 	if (!(xflag || rflag)) {
2004 		if (Aflag || req)
2005 			sysctlperror(
2006 			    "%s: this type is unknown to this program\n",
2007 			    gsname);
2008 		return;
2009 	}
2010 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
2011 		return;
2012 
2013 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
2014 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
2015 		return;
2016 	}
2017 
2018         if (!nflag) {
2019                 if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
2020                         printf("%s%s", name, eq);
2021                 else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
2022                         printf("%s: ", name);
2023         }
2024 
2025 	if (xflag > 1) {
2026 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
2027 			printf("\n");
2028 		hex_dump(data, sz);
2029 		return;
2030 	}
2031 
2032 	if (sz > 16) {
2033 		more = sz - 16;
2034 		sz = 16;
2035 	}
2036 	else
2037 		more = 0;
2038 	for (ni = 0; ni < (int)sz; ni++)
2039 		printf("%02x", buf[ni]);
2040 	if (more)
2041 		printf("...(%zu more bytes)", more);
2042 	printf("\n");
2043 }
2044 
2045 static void
2046 hex_dump(const unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
2047 {
2048 	unsigned int i;
2049 	int j;
2050 	char line[80], tmp[12];
2051 
2052 	memset(line, ' ', sizeof(line));
2053 	for (i = 0, j = 15; i < len; i++) {
2054 		j = i % 16;
2055 		/* reset line */
2056 		if (j == 0) {
2057 			line[58] = '|';
2058 			line[77] = '|';
2059 			line[78] = 0;
2060 			snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%07x", i);
2061 			memcpy(&line[0], tmp, 7);
2062 		}
2063 		/* copy out hex version of byte */
2064 		snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%02x", buf[i]);
2065 		memcpy(&line[9 + j * 3], tmp, 2);
2066 		/* copy out plain version of byte */
2067 		line[60 + j] = (isprint(buf[i])) ? buf[i] : '.';
2068 		/* print a full line and erase it */
2069 		if (j == 15) {
2070 			printf("%s\n", line);
2071 			memset(line, ' ', sizeof(line));
2072 		}
2073 	}
2074 	if (line[0] != ' ')
2075 		printf("%s\n", line);
2076 	printf("%07zu bytes\n", len);
2077 }
2078 
2079 /*
2080  * ********************************************************************
2081  * functions that handle particular nodes
2082  * ********************************************************************
2083  */
2084 /*ARGSUSED*/
2085 static void
2086 printother(HANDLER_ARGS)
2087 {
2088 	int rc;
2089 	void *p;
2090 	size_t sz1, sz2;
2091 
2092 	if (!(Aflag || req) || Mflag)
2093 		return;
2094 
2095 	/*
2096 	 * okay...you asked for it, so let's give it a go
2097 	 */
2098 	while (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && (xflag || rflag)) {
2099 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz1, NULL, 0);
2100 		if (rc == -1 || sz1 == 0)
2101 			break;
2102 		p = malloc(sz1);
2103 		if (p == NULL)
2104 			break;
2105 		sz2 = sz1;
2106 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, p, &sz2, NULL, 0);
2107 		if (rc == -1 || sz1 != sz2) {
2108 			free(p);
2109 			break;
2110 		}
2111 		display_struct(pnode, gsname, p, sz1, DISPLAY_VALUE);
2112 		free(p);
2113 		return;
2114 	}
2115 
2116 	/*
2117 	 * that didn't work...do we have a specific message for this
2118 	 * thing?
2119 	 */
2120 	if (v != NULL) {
2121 		sysctlperror("%s: use '%s' to view this information\n",
2122 			     gsname, (const char *)v);
2123 		return;
2124 	}
2125 
2126 	/*
2127 	 * hmm...i wonder if we have any generic hints?
2128 	 */
2129 	switch (name[0]) {
2130 	case CTL_NET:
2131 		sysctlperror("%s: use 'netstat' to view this information\n",
2132 			     sname);
2133 		break;
2134 	case CTL_DEBUG:
2135 		sysctlperror("%s: missing 'options DEBUG' from kernel?\n",
2136 			     sname);
2137 		break;
2138 	case CTL_DDB:
2139 		sysctlperror("%s: missing 'options DDB' from kernel?\n",
2140 			     sname);
2141 		break;
2142 	case CTL_VENDOR:
2143 		sysctlperror("%s: no vendor extensions installed\n",
2144 			     sname);
2145 		break;
2146 	}
2147 }
2148 
2149 /*ARGSUSED*/
2150 static void
2151 kern_clockrate(HANDLER_ARGS)
2152 {
2153 	struct clockinfo clkinfo;
2154 	size_t sz;
2155 	int rc;
2156 
2157 	sz = sizeof(clkinfo);
2158 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &clkinfo, &sz, NULL, 0);
2159 	if (rc == -1) {
2160 		sysctlerror(1);
2161 		return;
2162 	}
2163 	if (sz != sizeof(clkinfo))
2164 		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2165 
2166 	if (xflag || rflag) {
2167 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &clkinfo, sz,
2168 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2169 		return;
2170 	}
2171 	else if (!nflag)
2172 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2173 	printf("tick = %d, tickadj = %d, hz = %d, profhz = %d, stathz = %d\n",
2174 	       clkinfo.tick, clkinfo.tickadj,
2175 	       clkinfo.hz, clkinfo.profhz, clkinfo.stathz);
2176 }
2177 
2178 /*ARGSUSED*/
2179 static void
2180 kern_boottime(HANDLER_ARGS)
2181 {
2182 	struct timeval timeval;
2183 	time_t boottime;
2184 	size_t sz;
2185 	int rc;
2186 
2187 	sz = sizeof(timeval);
2188 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &timeval, &sz, NULL, 0);
2189 	if (rc == -1) {
2190 		sysctlerror(1);
2191 		return;
2192 	}
2193 	if (sz != sizeof(timeval))
2194 		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2195 
2196 	boottime = timeval.tv_sec;
2197 	if (xflag || rflag)
2198 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &timeval, sz,
2199 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2200 	else if (!nflag)
2201 		/* ctime() provides the \n */
2202 		printf("%s%s%s", sname, eq, ctime(&boottime));
2203 	else if (nflag == 1)
2204 		printf("%ld\n", (long)boottime);
2205 	else
2206 		printf("%ld.%06ld\n", (long)timeval.tv_sec,
2207 		       (long)timeval.tv_usec);
2208 }
2209 
2210 /*ARGSUSED*/
2211 static void
2212 kern_consdev(HANDLER_ARGS)
2213 {
2214 	dev_t cons;
2215 	size_t sz;
2216 	int rc;
2217 
2218 	sz = sizeof(cons);
2219 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &cons, &sz, NULL, 0);
2220 	if (rc == -1) {
2221 		sysctlerror(1);
2222 		return;
2223 	}
2224 	if (sz != sizeof(cons))
2225 		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2226 
2227 	if (xflag || rflag)
2228 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &cons, sz,
2229 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2230 	else {
2231 		if (!nflag)
2232 			printf("%s%s", sname, eq);
2233 		if (nflag < 2 && (sname = devname(cons, S_IFCHR)) != NULL)
2234 			printf("%s\n", sname);
2235 		else
2236 			printf("0x%llx\n", (unsigned long long)cons);
2237 	}
2238 }
2239 
2240 /*ARGSUSED*/
2241 static void
2242 kern_cp_time(HANDLER_ARGS)
2243 {
2244 	u_int64_t *cp_time;
2245 	size_t sz, osz;
2246 	int rc, i, n;
2247 	char s[sizeof("kern.cp_time.nnnnnn")];
2248 	const char *tname;
2249 
2250 	/*
2251 	 * three things to do here.
2252 	 * case 1: get sum (no Aflag and namelen == 2)
2253 	 * case 2: get specific processor (namelen == 3)
2254 	 * case 3: get all processors (Aflag and namelen == 2)
2255 	 */
2256 
2257 	if (namelen == 2 && Aflag) {
2258 		sz = sizeof(n);
2259 		rc = sysctlbyname("hw.ncpu", &n, &sz, NULL, 0);
2260 		if (rc != 0)
2261 			return; /* XXX print an error, eh? */
2262 		n++; /* Add on space for the sum. */
2263 		sz = n * sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES;
2264 	}
2265 	else {
2266 		n = -1; /* Just print one data set. */
2267 		sz = sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES;
2268 	}
2269 
2270 	cp_time = malloc(sz);
2271 	if (cp_time == NULL) {
2272 		sysctlerror(1);
2273 		return;
2274 	}
2275 
2276 	osz = sz;
2277 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, cp_time + (n != -1) * CPUSTATES, &osz,
2278 		    NULL, 0);
2279 
2280 	if (rc == -1) {
2281 		sysctlerror(1);
2282 		free(cp_time);
2283 		return;
2284 	}
2285 
2286 	/*
2287 	 * Check, but account for space we'll occupy with the sum.
2288 	 */
2289 	if (osz != sz - (n != -1) * CPUSTATES * sizeof(u_int64_t))
2290 		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2291 
2292 	/*
2293 	 * Compute the actual sum.  Two calls would be easier (we
2294 	 * could just call ourselves recursively above), but the
2295 	 * numbers wouldn't add up.
2296 	 */
2297 	if (n != -1) {
2298 		memset(cp_time, 0, sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES);
2299 		for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
2300 			cp_time[CP_USER] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_USER];
2301                         cp_time[CP_NICE] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_NICE];
2302                         cp_time[CP_SYS] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_SYS];
2303                         cp_time[CP_INTR] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_INTR];
2304                         cp_time[CP_IDLE] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_IDLE];
2305 		}
2306 	}
2307 
2308 	tname = sname;
2309 	for (i = 0; n == -1 || i < n; i++) {
2310 		if (i > 0) {
2311 			(void)snprintf(s, sizeof(s), "%s%s%d", sname, sep,
2312 				       i - 1);
2313 			tname = s;
2314 		}
2315 		if (xflag || rflag)
2316 			display_struct(pnode, tname, cp_time + (i * CPUSTATES),
2317 				       sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES,
2318 				       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2319 		else {
2320 			if (!nflag)
2321 				printf("%s: ", tname);
2322 			printf("user = %" PRIu64
2323 			       ", nice = %" PRIu64
2324 			       ", sys = %" PRIu64
2325 			       ", intr = %" PRIu64
2326 			       ", idle = %" PRIu64
2327 			       "\n",
2328 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_USER],
2329 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_NICE],
2330 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_SYS],
2331 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_INTR],
2332 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_IDLE]);
2333 		}
2334 		/*
2335 		 * Just printing the one node.
2336 		 */
2337 		if (n == -1)
2338 			break;
2339 	}
2340 
2341 	free(cp_time);
2342 }
2343 
2344 /*ARGSUSED*/
2345 static void
2346 kern_drivers(HANDLER_ARGS)
2347 {
2348 	struct kinfo_drivers *kd;
2349 	size_t sz, i;
2350 	int rc;
2351 	const char *comma;
2352 
2353 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
2354 	if (rc == -1) {
2355 		sysctlerror(1);
2356 		return;
2357 	}
2358 
2359 	if (sz % sizeof(*kd))
2360 		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "bad size %zu for kern.drivers", sz);
2361 
2362 	kd = malloc(sz);
2363 	if (kd == NULL) {
2364 		sysctlerror(1);
2365 		return;
2366 	}
2367 
2368 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, kd, &sz, NULL, 0);
2369 	if (rc == -1) {
2370 		sysctlerror(1);
2371 		free(kd);
2372 		return;
2373 	}
2374 
2375 	comma = "";
2376 	if (!nflag)
2377 		printf("%s%s", sname, eq);
2378 	for (i = 0, sz /= sizeof(*kd); i < sz; i++) {
2379 		(void)printf("%s[%d %d %s]", comma, kd[i].d_cmajor,
2380 		    kd[i].d_bmajor, kd[i].d_name);
2381 		comma = ", ";
2382 	}
2383 	(void)printf("\n");
2384 	free(kd);
2385 }
2386 
2387 /*ARGSUSED*/
2388 static void
2389 kern_cp_id(HANDLER_ARGS)
2390 {
2391 	u_int64_t *cp_id;
2392 	size_t sz, osz;
2393 	int rc, i, n;
2394 	char s[sizeof("kern.cp_id.nnnnnn")];
2395 	const char *tname;
2396 	struct sysctlnode node = *pnode;
2397 
2398 	/*
2399 	 * three things to do here.
2400 	 * case 1: print a specific cpu id (namelen == 3)
2401 	 * case 2: print all cpu ids separately (Aflag set)
2402 	 * case 3: print all cpu ids on one line
2403 	 */
2404 
2405 	if (namelen == 2) {
2406 		sz = sizeof(n);
2407 		rc = sysctlbyname("hw.ncpu", &n, &sz, NULL, 0);
2408 		if (rc != 0)
2409 			return; /* XXX print an error, eh? */
2410 		sz = n * sizeof(u_int64_t);
2411 	}
2412 	else {
2413 		n = -1; /* Just print one cpu id. */
2414 		sz = sizeof(u_int64_t);
2415 	}
2416 
2417 	cp_id = malloc(sz);
2418 	if (cp_id == NULL) {
2419 		sysctlerror(1);
2420 		return;
2421 	}
2422 
2423 	osz = sz;
2424 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, cp_id, &osz, NULL, 0);
2425 	if (rc == -1) {
2426 		sysctlerror(1);
2427 		free(cp_id);
2428 		return;
2429 	}
2430 
2431 	/*
2432 	 * Check that we got back what we asked for.
2433 	 */
2434 	if (osz != sz)
2435 		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2436 
2437 	/* pretend for output purposes */
2438 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) |
2439 		SYSCTL_TYPE(CTLTYPE_QUAD);
2440 
2441 	tname = sname;
2442 	if (namelen == 3)
2443 		display_number(&node, tname, cp_id,
2444 			       sizeof(u_int64_t),
2445 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2446 	else if (Aflag) {
2447 		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
2448 			(void)snprintf(s, sizeof(s), "%s%s%d", sname, sep, i);
2449 			tname = s;
2450 			display_number(&node, tname, &cp_id[i],
2451 				       sizeof(u_int64_t),
2452 				       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2453 	}
2454 	else {
2455 		if (xflag || rflag)
2456 			display_struct(pnode, tname, cp_id, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
2457 		else {
2458 			if (!nflag)
2459 				printf("%s: ", tname);
2460 			for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
2461 				if (i)
2462 					printf(", ");
2463 				printf("%d = %" PRIu64, i, cp_id[i]);
2464 			}
2465 			printf("\n");
2466 		}
2467 	}
2468 
2469 	free(cp_id);
2470 }
2471 
2472 /*ARGSUSED*/
2473 static void
2474 vm_loadavg(HANDLER_ARGS)
2475 {
2476 	struct loadavg loadavg;
2477 	size_t sz;
2478 	int rc;
2479 
2480 	sz = sizeof(loadavg);
2481 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &loadavg, &sz, NULL, 0);
2482 	if (rc == -1) {
2483 		sysctlerror(1);
2484 		return;
2485 	}
2486 	if (sz != sizeof(loadavg))
2487 		errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2488 
2489 	if (xflag || rflag) {
2490 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &loadavg, sz,
2491 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2492 		return;
2493 	}
2494 	if (!nflag)
2495 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2496 	printf("%.2f %.2f %.2f\n",
2497 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[0] / loadavg.fscale,
2498 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[1] / loadavg.fscale,
2499 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[2] / loadavg.fscale);
2500 }
2501 
2502 /*ARGSUSED*/
2503 static void
2504 proc_limit(HANDLER_ARGS)
2505 {
2506 	u_quad_t olim, *newp, nlim;
2507 	size_t osz, nsz;
2508 	char *t;
2509 	int rc;
2510 
2511 	if (fn)
2512 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
2513 
2514 	osz = sizeof(olim);
2515 	if (value != NULL) {
2516 		nsz = sizeof(nlim);
2517 		newp = &nlim;
2518 		if (strcmp(value, "unlimited") == 0)
2519 			nlim = RLIM_INFINITY;
2520 		else {
2521 			errno = 0;
2522 			nlim = strtouq(value, &t, 0);
2523 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
2524 				sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is not a valid limit\n",
2525 					     sname, value);
2526 				EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
2527 			}
2528 		}
2529 	}
2530 	else {
2531 		nsz = 0;
2532 		newp = NULL;
2533 	}
2534 
2535 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &olim, &osz, newp, nsz);
2536 	if (rc == -1) {
2537 		sysctlerror(newp == NULL);
2538 		return;
2539 	}
2540 
2541 	if (newp && qflag)
2542 		return;
2543 
2544 	if (rflag || xflag || olim != RLIM_INFINITY)
2545 		display_number(pnode, sname, &olim, sizeof(olim),
2546 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2547 	else
2548 		display_string(pnode, sname, "unlimited", 10,
2549 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2550 
2551 	if (newp) {
2552 		if (rflag || xflag || nlim != RLIM_INFINITY)
2553 			display_number(pnode, sname, &nlim, sizeof(nlim),
2554 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2555 		else
2556 			display_string(pnode, sname, "unlimited", 10,
2557 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2558 	}
2559 }
2560 
2561 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
2562 /*ARGSUSED*/
2563 static void
2564 machdep_diskinfo(HANDLER_ARGS)
2565 {
2566 	struct disklist *dl;
2567 	struct biosdisk_info *bi;
2568 	struct nativedisk_info *ni;
2569 	int rc;
2570 	size_t sz;
2571 	uint i, b, lim;
2572 
2573 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
2574 	if (rc == -1) {
2575 		sysctlerror(1);
2576 		return;
2577 	}
2578 	dl = malloc(sz);
2579 	if (dl == NULL) {
2580 		sysctlerror(1);
2581 		return;
2582 	}
2583 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, dl, &sz, NULL, 0);
2584 	if (rc == -1) {
2585 		sysctlerror(1);
2586 		return;
2587 	}
2588 
2589 	if (!nflag)
2590 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2591 	lim = dl->dl_nbiosdisks;
2592 	if (lim > MAX_BIOSDISKS)
2593 		lim = MAX_BIOSDISKS;
2594 	for (bi = dl->dl_biosdisks, i = 0; i < lim; bi++, i++)
2595 		printf("%x:%" PRIu64 "(%d/%d/%d),%x ",
2596 		       bi->bi_dev, bi->bi_lbasecs,
2597 		       bi->bi_cyl, bi->bi_head, bi->bi_sec,
2598 		       bi->bi_flags);
2599 	lim = dl->dl_nnativedisks;
2600 	ni = dl->dl_nativedisks;
2601 	bi = dl->dl_biosdisks;
2602 	/* LINTED -- pointer casts are tedious */
2603 	if ((char *)&ni[lim] != (char *)dl + sz) {
2604 		sysctlperror("%s: size mismatch\n", gsname);
2605 		return;
2606 	}
2607 	for (i = 0; i < lim; ni++, i++) {
2608 		char t = ':';
2609 		printf(" %.*s", (int)sizeof ni->ni_devname,
2610 		       ni->ni_devname);
2611 		for (b = 0; b < (unsigned int)ni->ni_nmatches; t = ',', b++)
2612 			printf("%c%x", t,
2613 			       bi[ni->ni_biosmatches[b]].bi_dev);
2614 	}
2615 	printf("\n");
2616 	free(dl);
2617 }
2618 #endif /* CPU_DISKINFO */
2619 
2620 /*ARGSUSED*/
2621 static void
2622 mode_bits(HANDLER_ARGS)
2623 {
2624 	char buf[12], outbuf[100];
2625 	int o, m, *newp, rc;
2626 	size_t osz, nsz;
2627 	mode_t om, mm;
2628 
2629 	if (fn)
2630 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
2631 
2632 	newp = NULL;
2633 	osz = sizeof(o);
2634 	if (value != NULL) {
2635 		void *foo;
2636 		int tt;
2637 		size_t ttsz = sizeof(tt);
2638 		mode_t old_umask;
2639 
2640 		nsz = sizeof(m);
2641 		newp = &m;
2642 		errno = 0;
2643 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &tt, &ttsz, NULL, 0);
2644 		if (rc == -1) {
2645 			sysctlperror("%s: failed query\n", sname);
2646 			return;
2647 		}
2648 
2649 		old_umask = umask(0);
2650 		foo = setmode(value);
2651 		umask(old_umask);
2652 		if (foo == NULL) {
2653 			sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is an invalid mode\n", sname,
2654 				     value);
2655 			EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
2656 		}
2657 		old_umask = umask(0);
2658 		m = getmode(foo, (mode_t)tt);
2659 		umask(old_umask);
2660 		if (errno) {
2661 			sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is an invalid mode\n", sname,
2662 				     value);
2663 			EXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
2664 		}
2665 	}
2666 	else {
2667 		nsz = 0;
2668 		newp = NULL;
2669 	}
2670 
2671 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &o, &osz, newp, nsz);
2672 	if (rc == -1) {
2673 		sysctlerror(newp == NULL);
2674 		return;
2675 	}
2676 
2677 	if (newp && qflag)
2678 		return;
2679 
2680 	om = (mode_t)o;
2681 	mm = (mode_t)m;
2682 
2683 	if (rflag || xflag)
2684 		display_number(pnode, sname, &o, sizeof(o),
2685 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2686 	else {
2687 		memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
2688 		strmode(om, buf);
2689 		rc = snprintf(outbuf, sizeof(outbuf), "%04o (%s)", om, buf + 1);
2690 		display_string(pnode, sname, outbuf, rc, newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2691 	}
2692 
2693 	if (newp) {
2694 		if (rflag || xflag)
2695 			display_number(pnode, sname, &m, sizeof(m),
2696 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2697 		else {
2698 			memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
2699 			strmode(mm, buf);
2700 			rc = snprintf(outbuf, sizeof(outbuf), "%04o (%s)", mm, buf + 1);
2701 			display_string(pnode, sname, outbuf, rc, DISPLAY_NEW);
2702 		}
2703 	}
2704 }
2705 
2706 typedef __BITMAP_TYPE(, uint32_t, 0x10000) bitmap;
2707 
2708 static char *
2709 bitmask_print(const bitmap *o)
2710 {
2711 	char *s, *os;
2712 
2713 	s = os = NULL;
2714 	for (size_t i = 0; i < MAXPORTS; i++)
2715 		if (__BITMAP_ISSET(i, o)) {
2716 			int rv;
2717 
2718 			if (os)
2719 			    	rv = asprintf(&s, "%s,%zu", os, i);
2720 			else
2721 			    	rv = asprintf(&s, "%zu", i);
2722 			if (rv == -1)
2723 				err(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s 1", __func__);
2724 			free(os);
2725 			os = s;
2726 		}
2727 	if (s == NULL && (s = strdup("")) == NULL)
2728 		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s 2", __func__);
2729 	return s;
2730 }
2731 
2732 static void
2733 bitmask_scan(const void *v, bitmap *o)
2734 {
2735 	char *s = strdup(v);
2736 	if (s == NULL)
2737 		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s", __func__);
2738 
2739 	__BITMAP_ZERO(o);
2740 	for (s = strtok(s, ","); s; s = strtok(NULL, ",")) {
2741 		char *e;
2742 		errno = 0;
2743 		unsigned long l = strtoul(s, &e, 0);
2744 		if ((l == ULONG_MAX && errno == ERANGE) || s == e || *e)
2745 			errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "Invalid port: %s", s);
2746 		if (l >= MAXPORTS)
2747 			errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "Port out of range: %s", s);
2748 		__BITMAP_SET(l, o);
2749 	}
2750 }
2751 
2752 
2753 static void
2754 reserve(HANDLER_ARGS)
2755 {
2756 	int rc;
2757 	size_t osz, nsz;
2758 	bitmap o, n;
2759 
2760 	if (fn)
2761 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
2762 
2763 	osz = sizeof(o);
2764 	if (value) {
2765 		bitmask_scan(value, &n);
2766 		value = (char *)&n;
2767 		nsz = sizeof(n);
2768 	} else
2769 		nsz = 0;
2770 
2771 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &o, &osz, value, nsz);
2772 	if (rc == -1) {
2773 		sysctlerror(value == NULL);
2774 		return;
2775 	}
2776 
2777 	if (value && qflag)
2778 		return;
2779 
2780 	if (rflag || xflag)
2781 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &o, sizeof(o),
2782 		    value ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2783 	else {
2784 		char *s = bitmask_print(&o);
2785 		display_string(pnode, sname, s, strlen(s),
2786 		    value ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2787 		free(s);
2788 	}
2789 
2790 	if (value) {
2791 		if (rflag || xflag)
2792 			display_struct(pnode, sname, &n, sizeof(n),
2793 			    DISPLAY_NEW);
2794 		else {
2795 			char *s = bitmask_print(&n);
2796 			display_string(pnode, sname, s, strlen(s), DISPLAY_NEW);
2797 			free(s);
2798 		}
2799 	}
2800 }
2801