1.\" $OpenBSD: mem.4,v 1.7 2024/03/22 12:29:33 jsg Exp $ 2.\" Copyright (c) 1992, 1993 3.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 4.\" 5.\" This software was developed by the Computer Systems Engineering group 6.\" at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory under DARPA contract BG 91-66 and 7.\" contributed to Berkeley. 8.\" 9.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 10.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 11.\" are met: 12.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 14.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 15.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 16.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 17.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 18.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 19.\" without specific prior written permission. 20.\" 21.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 22.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 23.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 24.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 25.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 26.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 27.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 28.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 29.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 30.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 31.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 32.\" 33.\" from: @(#)mem.4 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 34.\" 35.Dd $Mdocdate: March 22 2024 $ 36.Dt MEM 4 sparc64 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm mem , 40.Nm kmem 41.Nd memory files 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43The file 44.Pa /dev/mem 45is an interface to the physical memory of the 46computer. 47Byte offsets in this file are interpreted as physical memory addresses. 48Reading and writing this file is equivalent to reading and writing 49memory itself. 50An error will be returned if an attempt is made to reference 51an offset outside of 52.Pa /dev/mem . 53.Pp 54Kernel virtual memory is accessed via the file 55.Pa /dev/kmem 56in the same manner as 57.Pa /dev/mem . 58Only kernel virtual addresses that are currently mapped to memory are allowed. 59.Pp 60On the 61sparc64, 62physical memory may be discontiguous; 63kernel virtual memory begins at 64.Li 0x001000000 . 65.Pp 66Even with sufficient file system permissions, 67these devices can only be opened when the 68.Xr securelevel 7 69is insecure or when the 70.Va kern.allowkmem 71.Xr sysctl 2 72variable is set. 73.Sh FILES 74.Bl -tag -width /dev/kmem -compact 75.It /dev/mem 76.It /dev/kmem 77.El 78.Sh SEE ALSO 79.Xr securelevel 7 80.Sh HISTORY 81The 82.Pa /dev/mem 83file appeared in 84.At v1 , 85.Pa /dev/kmem 86appeared in 87.At v5 . 88