1.\" $OpenBSD: mandoc_char.7,v 1.27 2015/09/01 01:19:46 bentley Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org> 4.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> 5.\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2013, 2015 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> 6.\" 7.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any 8.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above 9.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. 10.\" 11.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES 12.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 13.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR 14.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 15.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN 16.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF 17.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 18.\" 19.Dd $Mdocdate: September 1 2015 $ 20.Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7 21.Os 22.Sh NAME 23.Nm mandoc_char 24.Nd mandoc special characters 25.Sh DESCRIPTION 26This page documents the 27.Xr roff 7 28escape sequences accepted by 29.Xr mandoc 1 30to represent special characters in 31.Xr mdoc 7 32and 33.Xr man 7 34documents. 35.Pp 36The rendering depends on the 37.Xr mandoc 1 38output mode; in ASCII output, most characters are completely 39unintelligible. 40For that reason, using any of the special characters documented here, 41except those discussed in the 42.Sx DESCRIPTION , 43is strongly discouraged; they are supported merely for backwards 44compatibility with existing documents. 45.Pp 46In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character 47escape sequences to represent national language characters in author 48names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names. 49.Ss Dashes and Hyphens 50In typography there are different types of dashes of various width: 51the hyphen (-), 52the minus sign (\(mi), 53the en-dash (\(en), 54and the em-dash (\(em). 55.Pp 56Hyphens are used for adjectives; 57to separate the two parts of a compound word; 58or to separate a word across two successive lines of text. 59The hyphen does not need to be escaped: 60.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 61blue-eyed 62lorry-driver 63.Ed 64.Pp 65The mathematical minus sign is used for negative numbers or subtraction. 66It should be written as 67.Sq \e(mi : 68.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 69a = 3 \e(mi 1; 70b = \e(mi2; 71.Ed 72.Pp 73The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range, 74or can be used the same way as an em-dash. 75It should be written as 76.Sq \e(en : 77.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 78pp. 95\e(en97. 79Go away \e(en or else! 80.Ed 81.Pp 82The em-dash can be used to show an interruption 83or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses. 84It should be written as 85.Sq \e(em : 86.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 87Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas. 88This is not that \e(em rather, this is that. 89.Ed 90.Pp 91Note: 92hyphens, minus signs, and en-dashes look identical under normal ASCII output. 93Other formats, such as PostScript, render them correctly, 94with differing widths. 95.Ss Spaces 96To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment 97in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply, 98just use the normal space character 99.Pq Sq \ . 100.Pp 101When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space 102characters. 103To prevent a line break between two particular words, 104use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence 105.Pq Sq \e\ \& 106instead of the normal space character. 107For example, the input string 108.Dq number\e\ 1 109will be kept together as 110.Dq number\ 1 111on the same output line. 112.Pp 113On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an 114argument delimiter. 115To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice; 116see the MACRO SYNTAX section in 117.Xr roff 7 . 118In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence 119.Pq Sq \e\ \& 120may be preferable. 121.Pp 122To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end 123of input lines, the zero-width space 124.Pq Sq \e& 125is often useful. 126For example, in 127.Xr mdoc 7 , 128a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either 129of the following ways: 130.Pp 131.Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq 132.Dl .Sq \e \e& 133.Ss Quotes 134On request and macro lines, the double-quote character 135.Pq Sq \(dq 136is handled specially to allow quoting. 137One way to prevent this special handling is by using the 138.Sq \e(dq 139escape sequence. 140.Pp 141Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used 142verbatim. 143All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well, 144even on request and macro lines. 145.Ss Accents 146In output modes supporting such special output characters, for example 147.Fl T Cm pdf , 148some 149.Xr roff 7 150formatters convert the following ASCII input characters to the 151following Unicode special output characters: 152.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 153.It \(ga Ta U+2018 Ta left single quotation mark 154.It \(aq Ta U+2019 Ta right single quotation mark 155.It \(ti Ta U+02DC Ta small tilde 156.El 157.Pp 158In prose, this automatic substitution is often desirable; 159but when these characters have to be displayed as plain ASCII 160characters, for example in source code samples, they require 161escaping to render as follows: 162.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 163.It \e(ga Ta U+0060 Ta grave accent 164.It \e(aq Ta U+0027 Ta apostrophe 165.It \e(ti Ta U+007E Ta tilde 166.El 167.Ss Periods 168The period 169.Pq Sq \&. 170is handled specially at the beginning of an input line, 171where it introduces a 172.Xr roff 7 173request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in 174.Xr mdoc 7 . 175In such situations, prepend a zero-width space 176.Pq Sq \e&. 177to make it behave like normal text. 178.Pp 179Do not use the 180.Sq \e. 181escape sequence. 182It does not prevent special handling of the period. 183.Ss Backslashes 184To include a literal backslash 185.Pq Sq \e 186into the output, use the 187.Pq Sq \ee 188escape sequence. 189.Pp 190Note that doubling it 191.Pq Sq \e\e 192is not the right way to output a backslash. 193Because 194.Xr mandoc 1 195does not implement full 196.Xr roff 7 197functionality, it may work with 198.Xr mandoc 1 , 199but it may have weird effects on complete 200.Xr roff 7 201implementations. 202.Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS 203Special characters are encoded as 204.Sq \eX 205.Pq for a one-character escape , 206.Sq \e(XX 207.Pq two-character , 208and 209.Sq \e[N] 210.Pq N-character . 211For details, see the 212.Em Special Characters 213subsection of the 214.Xr roff 7 215manual. 216.Pp 217Spacing: 218.Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact 219.It Em Input Ta Em Description 220.It Sq \e\ \& Ta unpaddable non-breaking space 221.It \e\(ti Ta paddable non-breaking space 222.It \e0 Ta unpaddable, breaking digit-width space 223.It \e| Ta one-sixth \e(em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode 224.It \e^ Ta one-twelfth \e(em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff 225.It \e& Ta zero-width space 226.It \e% Ta zero-width space allowing hyphenation 227.El 228.Pp 229Lines: 230.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 231.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 232.It \e(ba Ta \(ba Ta bar 233.It \e(br Ta \(br Ta box rule 234.It \e(ul Ta \(ul Ta underscore 235.It \e(rn Ta \(rn Ta overline 236.It \e(bb Ta \(bb Ta broken bar 237.It \e(sl Ta \(sl Ta forward slash 238.It \e(rs Ta \(rs Ta backward slash 239.El 240.Pp 241Text markers: 242.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 243.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 244.It \e(ci Ta \(ci Ta circle 245.It \e(bu Ta \(bu Ta bullet 246.It \e(dd Ta \(dd Ta double dagger 247.It \e(dg Ta \(dg Ta dagger 248.It \e(lz Ta \(lz Ta lozenge 249.It \e(sq Ta \(sq Ta white square 250.It \e(ps Ta \(ps Ta paragraph 251.It \e(sc Ta \(sc Ta section 252.It \e(lh Ta \(lh Ta left hand 253.It \e(rh Ta \(rh Ta right hand 254.It \e(at Ta \(at Ta at 255.It \e(sh Ta \(sh Ta hash (pound) 256.It \e(CR Ta \(CR Ta carriage return 257.It \e(OK Ta \(OK Ta check mark 258.El 259.Pp 260Legal symbols: 261.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 262.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 263.It \e(co Ta \(co Ta copyright 264.It \e(rg Ta \(rg Ta registered 265.It \e(tm Ta \(tm Ta trademarked 266.El 267.Pp 268Punctuation: 269.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 270.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 271.It \e(em Ta \(em Ta em-dash 272.It \e(en Ta \(en Ta en-dash 273.It \e(hy Ta \(hy Ta hyphen 274.It \ee Ta \e Ta back-slash 275.It \e. Ta \. Ta period 276.It \e(r! Ta \(r! Ta upside-down exclamation 277.It \e(r? Ta \(r? Ta upside-down question 278.El 279.Pp 280Quotes: 281.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 282.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 283.It \e(Bq Ta \(Bq Ta right low double-quote 284.It \e(bq Ta \(bq Ta right low single-quote 285.It \e(lq Ta \(lq Ta left double-quote 286.It \e(rq Ta \(rq Ta right double-quote 287.It \e(oq Ta \(oq Ta left single-quote 288.It \e(cq Ta \(cq Ta right single-quote 289.It \e(aq Ta \(aq Ta apostrophe quote (text) 290.It \e(dq Ta \(dq Ta double quote (text) 291.It \e(Fo Ta \(Fo Ta left guillemet 292.It \e(Fc Ta \(Fc Ta right guillemet 293.It \e(fo Ta \(fo Ta left single guillemet 294.It \e(fc Ta \(fc Ta right single guillemet 295.El 296.Pp 297Brackets: 298.Bl -column "xxbracketrightbtx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact 299.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 300.It \e(lB Ta \(lB Ta left bracket 301.It \e(rB Ta \(rB Ta right bracket 302.It \e(lC Ta \(lC Ta left brace 303.It \e(rC Ta \(rC Ta right brace 304.It \e(la Ta \(la Ta left angle 305.It \e(ra Ta \(ra Ta right angle 306.It \e(bv Ta \(bv Ta brace extension 307.It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension 308.It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket 309.It \e[bracketleftbt] Ta \[bracketleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket 310.It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension 311.It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket 312.It \e[bracketrightbt] Ta \[bracketrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket 313.It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension 314.It \e(lt Ta \(lt Ta top-left hooked brace 315.It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace 316.It \e(lk Ta \(lk Ta mid-left hooked brace 317.It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace 318.It \e(lb Ta \(lb Ta bottom-left hooked brace 319.It \e[braceleftbt] Ta \[braceleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked brace 320.It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension 321.It \e(rt Ta \(rt Ta top-left hooked brace 322.It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace 323.It \e(rk Ta \(rk Ta mid-right hooked brace 324.It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace 325.It \e(rb Ta \(rb Ta bottom-right hooked brace 326.It \e[bracerightbt] Ta \[bracerightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked brace 327.It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension 328.It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis 329.It \e[parenleftbt] Ta \[parenleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis 330.It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension 331.It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis 332.It \e[parenrightbt] Ta \[parenrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis 333.It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension 334.El 335.Pp 336Arrows: 337.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 338.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 339.It \e(<- Ta \(<- Ta left arrow 340.It \e(-> Ta \(-> Ta right arrow 341.It \e(<> Ta \(<> Ta left-right arrow 342.It \e(da Ta \(da Ta down arrow 343.It \e(ua Ta \(ua Ta up arrow 344.It \e(va Ta \(va Ta up-down arrow 345.It \e(lA Ta \(lA Ta left double-arrow 346.It \e(rA Ta \(rA Ta right double-arrow 347.It \e(hA Ta \(hA Ta left-right double-arrow 348.It \e(uA Ta \(uA Ta up double-arrow 349.It \e(dA Ta \(dA Ta down double-arrow 350.It \e(vA Ta \(vA Ta up-down double-arrow 351.El 352.Pp 353Logical: 354.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 355.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 356.It \e(AN Ta \(AN Ta logical and 357.It \e(OR Ta \(OR Ta logical or 358.It \e(no Ta \(no Ta logical not 359.It \e[tno] Ta \[tno] Ta logical not (text) 360.It \e(te Ta \(te Ta existential quantifier 361.It \e(fa Ta \(fa Ta universal quantifier 362.It \e(st Ta \(st Ta such that 363.It \e(tf Ta \(tf Ta therefore 364.It \e(3d Ta \(3d Ta therefore 365.It \e(or Ta \(or Ta bitwise or 366.El 367.Pp 368Mathematical: 369.Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 370.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 371.It \e(pl Ta \(pl Ta plus 372.It \e(mi Ta \(mi Ta minus 373.It \e- Ta \- Ta minus (text) 374.It \e(-+ Ta \(-+ Ta minus-plus 375.It \e(+- Ta \(+- Ta plus-minus 376.It \e[t+-] Ta \[t+-] Ta plus-minus (text) 377.It \e(pc Ta \(pc Ta center-dot 378.It \e(mu Ta \(mu Ta multiply 379.It \e[tmu] Ta \[tmu] Ta multiply (text) 380.It \e(c* Ta \(c* Ta circle-multiply 381.It \e(c+ Ta \(c+ Ta circle-plus 382.It \e(di Ta \(di Ta divide 383.It \e[tdi] Ta \[tdi] Ta divide (text) 384.It \e(f/ Ta \(f/ Ta fraction 385.It \e(** Ta \(** Ta asterisk 386.It \e(<= Ta \(<= Ta less-than-equal 387.It \e(>= Ta \(>= Ta greater-than-equal 388.It \e(<< Ta \(<< Ta much less 389.It \e(>> Ta \(>> Ta much greater 390.It \e(eq Ta \(eq Ta equal 391.It \e(!= Ta \(!= Ta not equal 392.It \e(== Ta \(== Ta equivalent 393.It \e(ne Ta \(ne Ta not equivalent 394.It \e(ap Ta \(ap Ta tilde operator 395.It \e(|= Ta \(|= Ta asymptotically equal 396.It \e(=\(ti Ta \(=~ Ta approximately equal 397.It \e(\(ti\(ti Ta \(~~ Ta almost equal 398.It \e(\(ti= Ta \(~= Ta almost equal 399.It \e(pt Ta \(pt Ta proportionate 400.It \e(es Ta \(es Ta empty set 401.It \e(mo Ta \(mo Ta element 402.It \e(nm Ta \(nm Ta not element 403.It \e(sb Ta \(sb Ta proper subset 404.It \e(nb Ta \(nb Ta not subset 405.It \e(sp Ta \(sp Ta proper superset 406.It \e(nc Ta \(nc Ta not superset 407.It \e(ib Ta \(ib Ta reflexive subset 408.It \e(ip Ta \(ip Ta reflexive superset 409.It \e(ca Ta \(ca Ta intersection 410.It \e(cu Ta \(cu Ta union 411.It \e(/_ Ta \(/_ Ta angle 412.It \e(pp Ta \(pp Ta perpendicular 413.It \e(is Ta \(is Ta integral 414.It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral 415.It \e[sum] Ta \[sum] Ta summation 416.It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product 417.It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct 418.It \e(gr Ta \(gr Ta gradient 419.It \e(sr Ta \(sr Ta square root 420.It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt] Ta square root 421.It \e(lc Ta \(lc Ta left-ceiling 422.It \e(rc Ta \(rc Ta right-ceiling 423.It \e(lf Ta \(lf Ta left-floor 424.It \e(rf Ta \(rf Ta right-floor 425.It \e(if Ta \(if Ta infinity 426.It \e(Ah Ta \(Ah Ta aleph 427.It \e(Im Ta \(Im Ta imaginary 428.It \e(Re Ta \(Re Ta real 429.It \e(pd Ta \(pd Ta partial differential 430.It \e(-h Ta \(-h Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 431.It \e[12] Ta \[12] Ta one-half 432.It \e[14] Ta \[14] Ta one-fourth 433.It \e[34] Ta \[34] Ta three-fourths 434.El 435.Pp 436Ligatures: 437.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 438.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 439.It \e(ff Ta \(ff Ta ff ligature 440.It \e(fi Ta \(fi Ta fi ligature 441.It \e(fl Ta \(fl Ta fl ligature 442.It \e(Fi Ta \(Fi Ta ffi ligature 443.It \e(Fl Ta \(Fl Ta ffl ligature 444.It \e(AE Ta \(AE Ta AE 445.It \e(ae Ta \(ae Ta ae 446.It \e(OE Ta \(OE Ta OE 447.It \e(oe Ta \(oe Ta oe 448.It \e(ss Ta \(ss Ta German eszett 449.It \e(IJ Ta \(IJ Ta IJ ligature 450.It \e(ij Ta \(ij Ta ij ligature 451.El 452.Pp 453Accents: 454.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 455.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 456.It \e(a" Ta \(a" Ta Hungarian umlaut 457.It \e(a- Ta \(a- Ta macron 458.It \e(a. Ta \(a. Ta dotted 459.It \e(a^ Ta \(a^ Ta circumflex 460.It \e(aa Ta \(aa Ta acute 461.It \e\(aq Ta \' Ta acute 462.It \e(ga Ta \(ga Ta grave 463.It \e\(ga Ta \` Ta grave 464.It \e(ab Ta \(ab Ta breve 465.It \e(ac Ta \(ac Ta cedilla 466.It \e(ad Ta \(ad Ta dieresis 467.It \e(ah Ta \(ah Ta caron 468.It \e(ao Ta \(ao Ta ring 469.It \e(a\(ti Ta \(a~ Ta tilde 470.It \e(ho Ta \(ho Ta ogonek 471.It \e(ha Ta \(ha Ta hat (text) 472.It \e(ti Ta \(ti Ta tilde (text) 473.El 474.Pp 475Accented letters: 476.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 477.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 478.It \e(\(aqA Ta \('A Ta acute A 479.It \e(\(aqE Ta \('E Ta acute E 480.It \e(\(aqI Ta \('I Ta acute I 481.It \e(\(aqO Ta \('O Ta acute O 482.It \e(\(aqU Ta \('U Ta acute U 483.It \e(\(aqa Ta \('a Ta acute a 484.It \e(\(aqe Ta \('e Ta acute e 485.It \e(\(aqi Ta \('i Ta acute i 486.It \e(\(aqo Ta \('o Ta acute o 487.It \e(\(aqu Ta \('u Ta acute u 488.It \e(\(gaA Ta \(`A Ta grave A 489.It \e(\(gaE Ta \(`E Ta grave E 490.It \e(\(gaI Ta \(`I Ta grave I 491.It \e(\(gaO Ta \(`O Ta grave O 492.It \e(\(gaU Ta \(`U Ta grave U 493.It \e(\(gaa Ta \(`a Ta grave a 494.It \e(\(gae Ta \(`e Ta grave e 495.It \e(\(gai Ta \(`i Ta grave i 496.It \e(\(gao Ta \(`i Ta grave o 497.It \e(\(gau Ta \(`u Ta grave u 498.It \e(\(tiA Ta \(~A Ta tilde A 499.It \e(\(tiN Ta \(~N Ta tilde N 500.It \e(\(tiO Ta \(~O Ta tilde O 501.It \e(\(tia Ta \(~a Ta tilde a 502.It \e(\(tin Ta \(~n Ta tilde n 503.It \e(\(tio Ta \(~o Ta tilde o 504.It \e(:A Ta \(:A Ta dieresis A 505.It \e(:E Ta \(:E Ta dieresis E 506.It \e(:I Ta \(:I Ta dieresis I 507.It \e(:O Ta \(:O Ta dieresis O 508.It \e(:U Ta \(:U Ta dieresis U 509.It \e(:a Ta \(:a Ta dieresis a 510.It \e(:e Ta \(:e Ta dieresis e 511.It \e(:i Ta \(:i Ta dieresis i 512.It \e(:o Ta \(:o Ta dieresis o 513.It \e(:u Ta \(:u Ta dieresis u 514.It \e(:y Ta \(:y Ta dieresis y 515.It \e(^A Ta \(^A Ta circumflex A 516.It \e(^E Ta \(^E Ta circumflex E 517.It \e(^I Ta \(^I Ta circumflex I 518.It \e(^O Ta \(^O Ta circumflex O 519.It \e(^U Ta \(^U Ta circumflex U 520.It \e(^a Ta \(^a Ta circumflex a 521.It \e(^e Ta \(^e Ta circumflex e 522.It \e(^i Ta \(^i Ta circumflex i 523.It \e(^o Ta \(^o Ta circumflex o 524.It \e(^u Ta \(^u Ta circumflex u 525.It \e(,C Ta \(,C Ta cedilla C 526.It \e(,c Ta \(,c Ta cedilla c 527.It \e(/L Ta \(/L Ta stroke L 528.It \e(/l Ta \(/l Ta stroke l 529.It \e(/O Ta \(/O Ta stroke O 530.It \e(/o Ta \(/o Ta stroke o 531.It \e(oA Ta \(oA Ta ring A 532.It \e(oa Ta \(oa Ta ring a 533.El 534.Pp 535Special letters: 536.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 537.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 538.It \e(-D Ta \(-D Ta Eth 539.It \e(Sd Ta \(Sd Ta eth 540.It \e(TP Ta \(TP Ta Thorn 541.It \e(Tp Ta \(Tp Ta thorn 542.It \e(.i Ta \(.i Ta dotless i 543.It \e(.j Ta \(.j Ta dotless j 544.El 545.Pp 546Currency: 547.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 548.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 549.It \e(Do Ta \(Do Ta dollar 550.It \e(ct Ta \(ct Ta cent 551.It \e(Eu Ta \(Eu Ta Euro symbol 552.It \e(eu Ta \(eu Ta Euro symbol 553.It \e(Ye Ta \(Ye Ta yen 554.It \e(Po Ta \(Po Ta pound 555.It \e(Cs Ta \(Cs Ta Scandinavian 556.It \e(Fn Ta \(Fn Ta florin 557.El 558.Pp 559Units: 560.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 561.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 562.It \e(de Ta \(de Ta degree 563.It \e(%0 Ta \(%0 Ta per-thousand 564.It \e(fm Ta \(fm Ta minute 565.It \e(sd Ta \(sd Ta second 566.It \e(mc Ta \(mc Ta micro 567.El 568.Pp 569Greek letters: 570.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 571.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 572.It \e(*A Ta \(*A Ta Alpha 573.It \e(*B Ta \(*B Ta Beta 574.It \e(*G Ta \(*G Ta Gamma 575.It \e(*D Ta \(*D Ta Delta 576.It \e(*E Ta \(*E Ta Epsilon 577.It \e(*Z Ta \(*Z Ta Zeta 578.It \e(*Y Ta \(*Y Ta Eta 579.It \e(*H Ta \(*H Ta Theta 580.It \e(*I Ta \(*I Ta Iota 581.It \e(*K Ta \(*K Ta Kappa 582.It \e(*L Ta \(*L Ta Lambda 583.It \e(*M Ta \(*M Ta Mu 584.It \e(*N Ta \(*N Ta Nu 585.It \e(*C Ta \(*C Ta Xi 586.It \e(*O Ta \(*O Ta Omicron 587.It \e(*P Ta \(*P Ta Pi 588.It \e(*R Ta \(*R Ta Rho 589.It \e(*S Ta \(*S Ta Sigma 590.It \e(*T Ta \(*T Ta Tau 591.It \e(*U Ta \(*U Ta Upsilon 592.It \e(*F Ta \(*F Ta Phi 593.It \e(*X Ta \(*X Ta Chi 594.It \e(*Q Ta \(*Q Ta Psi 595.It \e(*W Ta \(*W Ta Omega 596.It \e(*a Ta \(*a Ta alpha 597.It \e(*b Ta \(*b Ta beta 598.It \e(*g Ta \(*g Ta gamma 599.It \e(*d Ta \(*d Ta delta 600.It \e(*e Ta \(*e Ta epsilon 601.It \e(*z Ta \(*z Ta zeta 602.It \e(*y Ta \(*y Ta eta 603.It \e(*h Ta \(*h Ta theta 604.It \e(*i Ta \(*i Ta iota 605.It \e(*k Ta \(*k Ta kappa 606.It \e(*l Ta \(*l Ta lambda 607.It \e(*m Ta \(*m Ta mu 608.It \e(*n Ta \(*n Ta nu 609.It \e(*c Ta \(*c Ta xi 610.It \e(*o Ta \(*o Ta omicron 611.It \e(*p Ta \(*p Ta pi 612.It \e(*r Ta \(*r Ta rho 613.It \e(*s Ta \(*s Ta sigma 614.It \e(*t Ta \(*t Ta tau 615.It \e(*u Ta \(*u Ta upsilon 616.It \e(*f Ta \(*f Ta phi 617.It \e(*x Ta \(*x Ta chi 618.It \e(*q Ta \(*q Ta psi 619.It \e(*w Ta \(*w Ta omega 620.It \e(+h Ta \(+h Ta theta variant 621.It \e(+f Ta \(+f Ta phi variant 622.It \e(+p Ta \(+p Ta pi variant 623.It \e(+e Ta \(+e Ta epsilon variant 624.It \e(ts Ta \(ts Ta sigma terminal 625.El 626.Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS 627Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical 628troff implementations. 629They are 630.Em not recommended 631for use, as they differ across implementations. 632Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not 633portable. 634.Pp 635Their syntax is similar to special characters, using 636.Sq \e*X 637.Pq for a one-character escape , 638.Sq \e*(XX 639.Pq two-character , 640and 641.Sq \e*[N] 642.Pq N-character . 643For details, see the 644.Em Predefined Strings 645subsection of the 646.Xr roff 7 647manual. 648.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent 649.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 650.It \e*(Ba Ta \*(Ba Ta vertical bar 651.It \e*(Ne Ta \*(Ne Ta not equal 652.It \e*(Ge Ta \*(Ge Ta greater-than-equal 653.It \e*(Le Ta \*(Le Ta less-than-equal 654.It \e*(Gt Ta \*(Gt Ta greater-than 655.It \e*(Lt Ta \*(Lt Ta less-than 656.It \e*(Pm Ta \*(Pm Ta plus-minus 657.It \e*(If Ta \*(If Ta infinity 658.It \e*(Pi Ta \*(Pi Ta pi 659.It \e*(Na Ta \*(Na Ta NaN 660.It \e*(Am Ta \*(Am Ta ampersand 661.It \e*R Ta \*R Ta restricted mark 662.It \e*(Tm Ta \*(Tm Ta trade mark 663.It \e*q Ta \*q Ta double-quote 664.It \e*(Rq Ta \*(Rq Ta right-double-quote 665.It \e*(Lq Ta \*(Lq Ta left-double-quote 666.It \e*(lp Ta \*(lp Ta right-parenthesis 667.It \e*(rp Ta \*(rp Ta left-parenthesis 668.It \e*(lq Ta \*(lq Ta left double-quote 669.It \e*(rq Ta \*(rq Ta right double-quote 670.It \e*(ua Ta \*(ua Ta up arrow 671.It \e*(va Ta \*(va Ta up-down arrow 672.It \e*(<= Ta \*(<= Ta less-than-equal 673.It \e*(>= Ta \*(>= Ta greater-than-equal 674.It \e*(aa Ta \*(aa Ta acute 675.It \e*(ga Ta \*(ga Ta grave 676.It \e*(Px Ta \*(Px Ta POSIX standard name 677.It \e*(Ai Ta \*(Ai Ta ANSI standard name 678.El 679.Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS 680The escape sequences 681.Pp 682.Dl \e[uXXXX] and \eC\(aquXXXX\(aq 683.Pp 684are interpreted as Unicode codepoints. 685The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF. 686For compatibility, the hexadecimal digits 687.Sq A 688to 689.Sq F 690must be given as uppercase characters, 691and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if 692greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed. 693Unicode surrogates are not allowed. 694.Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS 695For backward compatibility with existing manuals, 696.Xr mandoc 1 697also supports the 698.Pp 699.Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq 700.Pp 701escape sequence, inserting the character 702.Ar number 703from the current character set into the output. 704Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked 705as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual. 706For example, do not use \eN\(aq34\(aq, use \e(dq, or even the plain 707.Sq \(dq 708character where possible. 709.Sh COMPATIBILITY 710This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other 711troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff 712.Pq Qq groff . 713.Pp 714.Bl -dash -compact 715.It 716The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in 717groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers. 718.It 719In 720.Fl T Ns Cm ascii , 721the 722\e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product], 723\e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(-h, and \e(a. special characters render 724differently between mandoc and groff. 725.It 726In 727.Fl T Ns Cm html 728and 729.Fl T Ns Cm xhtml , 730the \e(\(ti=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently 731between mandoc and groff. 732.It 733The 734.Fl T Ns Cm ps 735and 736.Fl T Ns Cm pdf 737modes format like 738.Fl T Ns Cm ascii 739instead of rendering glyphs as in groff. 740.It 741The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted 742from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no 743known representation. 744.El 745.Sh SEE ALSO 746.Xr mandoc 1 , 747.Xr man 7 , 748.Xr mdoc 7 , 749.Xr roff 7 750.Sh AUTHORS 751The 752.Nm 753manual page was written by 754.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . 755.Sh CAVEATS 756The predefined string 757.Sq \e*(Ba 758mimics the behaviour of the 759.Sq \&| 760character in 761.Xr mdoc 7 ; 762thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use 763the 764.Sq \e(ba 765escape. 766