1# $OpenBSD: australasia,v 1.77 2023/03/23 16:12:10 millert Exp $ 2# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific 3 4# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 5# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 6 7# This file also includes Pacific islands. 8 9# Notes are at the end of this file 10 11############################################################################### 12 13# Australia 14 15# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. 16 17# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 18Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D 19Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 20Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D 21Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 22Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00s 1:00 D 23Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 24Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00s 1:00 D 25 26# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 27# Northern Territory 28Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 29 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 30 9:30 Aus AC%sT 31# Western Australia 32# 33# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 34Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 35Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 36Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 37Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 38Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D 39Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 40Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D 41Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 42Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 43Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec 44 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul 45 8:00 AW AW%sT 46Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec 47 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul 48 8:45 AW +0845/+0945 49 50# Queensland 51# 52# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): 53# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast 54# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after 55# Queensland ceased to. 56# 57# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 58# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, 59# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. 60# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, 61# so use Lindeman. 62# 63# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20): 64# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday 65# islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the 66# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and 67# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone 68# applies to all of the Whitsundays. 69# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands 70# 71# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 72Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 73Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 74Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 75Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 76Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 77Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 78Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 79 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 80 10:00 AQ AE%sT 81Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 82 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 83 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul 84 10:00 Holiday AE%sT 85 86# South Australia 87# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 88Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 89Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 90Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 91Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 92Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 93Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 94Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S 95Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S 96Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S 97Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S 98Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 99Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S 100Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 101Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 102Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 103# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 104Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 105 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 106 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 107 9:30 AS AC%sT 108 109# Tasmania 110# 111# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): 112# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 113# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. 114# 115# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 116Rule AT 1916 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 117Rule AT 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 118Rule AT 1917 1918 - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D 119Rule AT 1918 1919 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 120Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 121Rule AT 1968 only - Mar Sun>=29 2:00s 0 S 122Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 123Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S 124Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 125Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 126Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 127Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 128Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 129Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 130Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D 131Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 132Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 133Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 134Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 135Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 136Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 137Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 138Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 139# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 140Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep 141 10:00 AT AE%sT 1919 Oct 24 142 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 143 10:00 AT AE%sT 144 145# Victoria 146# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 147Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 148Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 149Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 150Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 151Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 152Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 153Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 154Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 155Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 156Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 157Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 158Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 159Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 160Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 161# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 162Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 163 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 164 10:00 AV AE%sT 165 166# New South Wales 167# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 168Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 169Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 170Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 171Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 172Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 173Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 174Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 175Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 176Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 177Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 178Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 179Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 180Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 181Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 182Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 183Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 184# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 185Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 186 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 187 10:00 AN AE%sT 188Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb 189 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23 190 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 191 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 192 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000 193 9:30 AS AC%sT 194 195# Lord Howe Island 196# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 197Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - 198Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 199Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 200Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 201Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - 202Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 203Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 204Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 205Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 206Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 207Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 208Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 209Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 210Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - 211Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 212 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar 213 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul 214 10:30 LH +1030/+11 215 216# Australian miscellany 217# 218# Ashmore Is, Cartier 219# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers 220# no times are set 221# 222# Coral Sea Is 223# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists 224# no times are set 225# 226# Macquarie 227# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948; 228# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the 229# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island 230# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828 231# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831 232# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010. 233# 234# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10): 235# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: 236# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not 237# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do 238# on 4 April. 239# 240# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23): 241# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics 242# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type; 243# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by 244# pre-2013 versions of localtime. 245Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov 246 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 247 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 248 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s 249 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25 250 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 251 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 252 10:00 1:00 AEDT 2011 253 10:00 AT AE%sT 254 255# Christmas 256# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 257Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 258 7:00 - +07 259 260# Cocos (Keeling) Islands 261# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 262Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 263 6:30 - +0630 264 265# Fiji 266 267# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva. 268 269# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10): 270# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST 271# from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010. 272# 273# "Daylight savings to commence this month" 274# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719 275# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html 276 277# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10): 278# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved 279# amendments: 280# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml 281 282# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03): 283# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on 284# 2010-03-28 at 03:00. 285# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March 286# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?). 287# 288# Official source: 289# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166 290# 291# A bit more background info here: 292# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html 293 294# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24): 295# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3 296# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011... 297# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, 298# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site: 299# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 300# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html 301 302# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03): 303# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date 304# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong). 305# 306# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 307# which says 308# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in 309# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to 310# 2am on February 26 next year. 311 312# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24) 313# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for 314# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22. 315# 316# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 317# states: 318# 319# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012 320# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012. 321# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start 322# on the 23rd of October, 2011. 323 324# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen: 325# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate 326# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st 327# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013. 328# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155 329 330# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler: 331# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ... 332# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am 333# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx 334 335# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10): 336# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00: 337# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-(1).aspx 338 339# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20): 340# DST will start Nov. 2 this year. 341# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx 342 343# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77 344# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28), 345# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02): 346# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time 347# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at 348# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016. 349 350# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04): 351# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx 352# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when 353# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will 354# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017." 355 356# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21): 357# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing 358# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27), 359# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate. 360 361# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13): 362# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/ 363# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019. 364 365# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06): 366# Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27 367# (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on 368# Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020." 369# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00 370# the first Sunday on or after January 12. January transitions reportedly 371# depend on when school terms start. Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches 372# transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice 373# than guessing no DST. 374# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06): 375# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848 376 377# From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08): 378# [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021. 379# From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08): 380# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071 381# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08): 382# https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/ 383# "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of 384# stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should 385# start and end. Bala says it is a short period..." 386# 387# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-11), per Jashneel Kumar (2021-10-11) and P Chan 388# (2021-10-12): 389# https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/PM-BAINIMARAMA-S-COVID-19-ANNOUNCEMENT-10-10-21 390# https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/covid-19/curfew-moved-back-to-11pm/ 391# In a 2021-10-10 speech concerning updated Covid-19 mitigation measures in 392# Fiji, prime minister Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama announced the 393# suspension of DST for the 2021/2022 season: "Given that we are in the process 394# of readjusting in the midst of so many changes, we will also put Daylight 395# Savings Time on hold for this year. It will also make the reopening of 396# scheduled commercial air service much smoother if we don't have to be 397# concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple 398# thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and 399# internationally." 400 401# From Shalvin Narayan (2022-10-27): 402# Please note that there will not be any daylight savings time change 403# in Fiji for 2022-2023.... 404# https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/posts/pfbid0mmWVTYmTibn66ybpFda75pDcf34SSpoSaskJW5gXwaKo5Sgc7273Q4fXWc6kQV6Hl 405# 406# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-27): 407# For now, assume DST is suspended indefinitely. 408 409# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 410Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 411Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - 412Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 - 413Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 - 414Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 - 415Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 - 416Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 - 417Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 - 418Rule Fiji 2014 2018 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 419Rule Fiji 2015 2021 - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 - 420Rule Fiji 2019 only - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 - 421Rule Fiji 2020 only - Dec 20 2:00 1:00 - 422# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 423Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva 424 12:00 Fiji +12/+13 425 426# French Polynesia 427# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 428Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea 429 -9:00 - -09 430Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct 431 -9:30 - -0930 432Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete 433 -10:00 - -10 434# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; 435# it is uninhabited. 436 437 438# Guam 439 440# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 441# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf 442# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf 443Rule Guam 1959 only - Jun 27 2:00 1:00 D 444# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf 445Rule Guam 1961 only - Jan 29 2:00 0 S 446# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 447Rule Guam 1967 only - Sep 1 2:00 1:00 D 448# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 449Rule Guam 1969 only - Jan 26 0:01 0 S 450# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 451Rule Guam 1969 only - Jun 22 2:00 1:00 D 452Rule Guam 1969 only - Aug 31 2:00 0 S 453# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 454# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 455# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 456Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 457Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 458# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf 459Rule Guam 1973 only - Dec 16 2:00 1:00 D 460# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf 461Rule Guam 1974 only - Feb 24 2:00 0 S 462# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 463Rule Guam 1976 only - May 26 2:00 1:00 D 464# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf 465Rule Guam 1976 only - Aug 22 2:01 0 S 466# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 467Rule Guam 1977 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 D 468# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf 469Rule Guam 1977 only - Aug 28 2:00 0 S 470 471# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 472Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 473 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana 474 10:00 - GST 1941 Dec 10 # Guam 475 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 31 476 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23 477 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 478 479 480# Kiribati (Gilbert Is) 481# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 482Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki 483 12:00 - +12 484 485# Kiribati (except Gilbert Is) 486# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 487Zone Pacific/Kanton 0 - -00 1937 Aug 31 488 -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct 489 -11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31 490 13:00 - +13 491Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 492 -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct 493 -10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31 494 14:00 - +14 495 496# N Mariana Is 497# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 498Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 499 9:43:00 - LMT 1901 500 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 9 501 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23 502 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 503 504# Marshall Is 505# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 506Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 507 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 508 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 509 11:00 - +11 1937 510 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 511 9:00 - +09 1944 Jan 30 512 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 513 12:00 - +12 514 515# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 516Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 517 11:00 - +11 1937 518 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 519 9:00 - +09 1944 Feb 6 520 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 521 -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20 24:00 522 12:00 - +12 523 524# Micronesia 525# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 526Zone Pacific/Chuuk -13:52:52 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 527 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 528 10:00 - +10 1914 Oct 529 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 530 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 531 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 532 10:00 - +10 533 534# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 535Zone Pacific/Pohnpei -13:27:08 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Kolonia 536 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 537 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 538 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 539 11:00 - +11 1937 540 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 541 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 542 11:00 - +11 543 544# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 545Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 546 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 547 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 548 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 549 11:00 - +11 1937 550 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 551 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 552 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 553 12:00 - +12 1999 554 11:00 - +11 555 556# Nauru 557# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 558Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe 559 11:30 - +1130 1942 Aug 29 560 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 8 561 11:30 - +1130 1979 Feb 10 2:00 562 12:00 - +12 563 564# New Caledonia 565# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 566Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 - 567Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - 568Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 - 569# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. 570Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - 571# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 572Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa 573 11:00 NC +11/+12 574 575 576############################################################################### 577 578# New Zealand 579# McMurdo Station and Scott Base in Antarctica use Auckland time. 580 581# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 582Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S 583Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M 584Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S 585Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M 586Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M 587Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S 588Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S 589# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a 590# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this 591# transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change 592# time to percolate out. 593Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 594Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 595Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 596Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 - 597Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 598Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 599Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 600Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 601Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D 602Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 - 603Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 604Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 605Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 606Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 - 607Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 608Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 609Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 610Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 611# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 612Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 613 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 614 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 615 616# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 617Zone Antarctica/McMurdo 0 - -00 1956 618 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 619 620Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 621 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1 622 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345 623 624# Auckland Is 625# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, 626# and scientific personnel have wintered 627 628# Campbell I 629# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 630# scientific station operated 1941/1995; 631# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered 632# was probably like Pacific/Auckland 633 634# Cook Is 635# 636# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24): 637# In 1899 the Cook Islands celebrated Christmas twice to correct the calendar. 638# According to the old books, missionaries were unaware of 639# the International Date line, when they came from Sydney. 640# Thus the Cook Islands were one day ahead.... 641# http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d18.html 642# ... Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900 643# https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1900-I.2.1.2.3 644# (page 20) 645# 646# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-24): 647# ... in the Cook Island Act of 1915-10-11, online at 648# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/cia1915132/ 649# "651. The hour of the day shall in each of the islands included in the 650# Cook Islands be determined in accordance with the meridian of that island." 651# so that local (mean?) time was still used in Rarotonga (and Niue) in 1915. 652# This was changed in the Cook Island Amendment Act of 1952-10-16 ... 653# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/ciaa1952212/ 654# "651 (1) The hour of the day in each of the islands included in the Cook 655# Islands, other than Niue, shall be determined as if each island were 656# situated on the meridian one hundred and fifty-seven degrees thirty minutes 657# West of Greenwich. (2) The hour of the day in the Island of Niue shall be 658# determined as if that island were situated on the meridian one hundred and 659# seventy degrees West of Greenwich." 660# This act does not state when it takes effect, so one has to assume it 661# applies since 1952-10-16. But there is the possibility that the act just 662# legalized prior existing practice, as we had seen with the Guernsey law of 663# 1913-06-18 for the switch in 1909-04-19. 664# 665# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-24): 666# Transitions after 1952 are from Shanks & Pottenger. 667# 668# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 669Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 - 670Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 671Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 - 672# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 673Zone Pacific/Rarotonga 13:20:56 - LMT 1899 Dec 26 # Avarua 674 -10:39:04 - LMT 1952 Oct 16 675 -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12 676 -10:00 Cook -10/-0930 677 678############################################################################### 679 680 681# Niue 682# See Pacific/Rarotonga comments for 1952 transition. 683# 684# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13): 685# Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for 686# Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964: 687# Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23 688# Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23 689# Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition. 690 691# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 692Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1952 Oct 16 # Alofi 693 -11:20 - -1120 1964 Jul 694 -11:00 - -11 695 696# Norfolk 697# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 698Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston 699 11:12 - +1112 1951 700 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00s 701 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00s 702 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00s 703 11:00 - +11 2019 Jul 704 11:00 AN +11/+12 705 706# Palau (Belau) 707# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 708Zone Pacific/Palau -15:02:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Koror 709 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 710 9:00 - +09 711 712# Papua New Guinea 713# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 714Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 715 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time 716 10:00 - +10 717# 718# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13): 719# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have 720# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War. 721# 722# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates 723# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns. 724# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta. 725# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942, 726# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia 727# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm 728# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender. 729# 730# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11 731# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time". 732# See: 733# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/ 734# 735Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880 736 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 737 10:00 - +10 1942 Jul 738 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21 739 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00 740 11:00 - +11 741 742# Pitcairn 743# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 744Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown 745 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00 746 -8:00 - -08 747 748# American Samoa 749Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 750 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 751 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 752 753# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa) 754 755# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16): 756# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received 757# the following info: 758# 759# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year 760# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first 761# Sunday of April 2011." 762# 763# Background info: 764# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html 765# 766# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not 767# contain any dates: 768# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20(English)%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf 769 770# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07): 771# Please see 772# http://www.mcil.gov.ws 773# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday 774# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight 775# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks 776# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am" 777 778# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07): 779# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf] 780# 781# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am 782# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to 783# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock 784# (3:00am or 0300Hrs). 785 786# From David Zülke (2011-05-09): 787# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line 788# 789# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963 790 791# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27): 792# The International Date Line Act 2011 793# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf 794# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on 795# Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted 796# accordingly. 797 798# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02): 799# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 800# 801# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change 802# 803# DST 804# Year End Time Start Time 805# 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am 806# 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - - 807# 808# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011 809# Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours 810# Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours 811# 812# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10): 813# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and 814# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.... 815# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 816# 817# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08): 818# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4. 819# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely. 820# 821# From Geoffrey D. Bennett (2021-09-20): 822# https://www.mcil.gov.ws/storage/2021/09/MCIL-Scan_20210920_120553.pdf 823# DST has been cancelled for this year. 824 825# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 826Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 - 827Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 - 828Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 - 829Rule WS 2012 2021 - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 - 830Rule WS 2012 2020 - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 - 831# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 832Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 833 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 834 -11:30 - -1130 1950 835 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00 836 13:00 WS +13/+14 837 838# Solomon Is 839# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea 840# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 841Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara 842 11:00 - +11 843 844# Tokelau 845# 846# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29) 847# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping 848# December 31 this year ... 849# 850# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25) 851# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking 852# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13.... 853# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change 854# actually was to UT-11 back then. 855# 856# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25) 857# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of 858# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948, 859# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau 860# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger 861# are off by an hour starting in 1901. 862 863# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 864Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 865 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30 866 13:00 - +13 867 868# Tonga 869# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 870Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 - 871Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - 872Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 873Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - 874Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 875Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 - 876# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 877Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:12 - LMT 1945 Sep 10 878 12:20 - +1220 1961 879 13:00 - +13 1999 880 13:00 Tonga +13/+14 881 882# Tuvalu 883# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 884Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 885 12:00 - +12 886 887# US minor outlying islands 888 889# Howland, Baker 890# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British 891# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. 892# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; 893# uninhabited thereafter. 894# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937; 895# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, 896# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). 897# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 898# until they were abandoned after the war. 899 900# Jarvis 901# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. 902# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; 903# uninhabited thereafter. 904# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 905 906# Johnston 907# 908# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10): 909# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind. 910# Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so 911# treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited, 912# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file. 913# 914# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945 915# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes, 916# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM 917# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and 918# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945. 919# 920# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11): 921# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used 922# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships, 923# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the 924# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last 925# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin, 926# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the 927# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976. 928# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf 929# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a 930# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time 931# Minus One Hour". 932 933# Kingman 934# uninhabited 935 936# Midway 937# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 938Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901 939 -11:00 - -11 1956 Jun 3 940 -11:00 1:00 -10 1956 Sep 2 941 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 942 943# Palmyra 944# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 945 946# Wake 947# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 948Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 949 12:00 - +12 950 951# Vanuatu 952 953# From P Chan (2020-11-27): 954# Joint Daylight Saving Regulation No 59 of 1973 955# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. December 1973 956# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1973/11.pdf#page=15 957# 958# Joint Daylight Saving (Repeal) Regulation No 10 of 1974 959# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. March 1974 960# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1974/3.pdf#page=11 961# 962# Summer Time Act No. 35 of 1982 [commenced 1983-09-01] 963# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1982/32.pdf#page=48 964# 965# Summer Time Act (Cap 157) 966# Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Revised Edition 1988 967# http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/vu/legis/consol_act1988/sta147/sta147.html 968# 969# Summer Time (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1991 [commenced 1991-11-11] 970# http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/num_act/sta1991227/ 971# 972# Summer Time (Repeal) Act No. 4 of 1993 [commenced 1993-05-03] 973# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1993/15.pdf#page=59 974 975# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 976Rule Vanuatu 1973 only - Dec 22 12:00u 1:00 - 977Rule Vanuatu 1974 only - Mar 30 12:00u 0 - 978Rule Vanuatu 1983 1991 - Sep Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 - 979Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sat>=22 24:00 0 - 980Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sat>=22 24:00 0 - 981Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 - 982# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 983Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 984 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12 985 986# Wallis and Futuna 987# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 988Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 989 12:00 - +12 990 991 992############################################################################### 993 994# NOTES 995 996# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 997# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 998# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see 999# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution. 1000 1001# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1002# 1003# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: 1004# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 1005# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 1006# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources. 1007# 1008# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source 1009# for time zone data was the International Air Transport 1010# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 1011# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 1012# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted, 1013# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. 1014# 1015# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 1016# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 1017# I found in the UCLA library. 1018# 1019# For data circa 1899, a common source is: 1020# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94. 1021# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359 1022# 1023# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 1024# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 1025# 1026# I invented the abbreviation marked "*". 1027# The following abbreviations are from other sources. 1028# Corrections are welcome! 1029# std dst 1030# LMT Local Mean Time 1031# 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia 1032# 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia 1033# 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia 1034# 10:00 GST GDT* Guam through 2000 1035# 10:00 ChST Chamorro 1036# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 1037# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present 1038# -11:00 SST Samoa 1039# -10:00 HST Hawaii 1040# 1041# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii. 1042# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is. 1043 1044############################################################################### 1045 1046# Australia 1047 1048# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 1049# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting 1050# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global. 1051# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving 1052# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native 1053# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was 1054# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a 1055# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded 1056# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables 1057# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals." 1058# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03) 1059# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm 1060 1061# From P Chan (2020-11-20): 1062# Daylight Saving Act 1916 (No. 40 of 1916) [1916-12-21, commenced 1917-01-01] 1063# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsa1916401916192/ 1064# 1065# Daylight Saving Repeal Act 1917 (No. 35 of 1917) [1917-09-25] 1066# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsra1917351917243/ 1067# 1068# Statutory Rules 1941, No. 323 [1941-12-24] 1069# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1941L00323 1070# 1071# Statutory Rules 1942, No. 392 [1942-09-10] 1072# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1942L00392 1073# 1074# Statutory Rules 1943, No. 241 [1943-09-29] 1075# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1943L00241 1076# 1077# All transition times should be 02:00 standard time. 1078 1079 1080# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): 1081# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia 1082# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 1083# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. 1084 1085# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): 1086# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales 1087# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving 1088# covers New South Wales in particular. 1089 1090# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 1091# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time. 1092# It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer' 1093# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the 1094# abbreviation does _not_ change... 1095# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least 1096# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the 1097# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses 1098# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight 1099# time'. 1100# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian 1101# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time' 1102# or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the 1103# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers 1104# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases 1105# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times; 1106# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. 1107 1108# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 1109# 1110# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this 1111# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer 1112# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST". 1113# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common 1114# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints 1115# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage. 1116# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important; 1117# what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web 1118# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for 1119# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an 1120# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the 1121# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries: 1122# 1123# 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits] 1124# 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au 1125# 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au 1126# 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au 1127# 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au 1128# 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au 1129# 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits] 1130# 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits] 1131# 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au 1132# 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au 1133# 1134# 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits] 1135# 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au 1136# 1137# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but 1138# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages 1139# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since 1140# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found: 1141# 1142# 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au 1143# 226 "western standard time" WST site:au 1144# 1145# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as 1146# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au" 1147# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results. 1148# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers 1149# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail, 1150# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser, 1151# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle). 1152# 1153# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations 1154# like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/> 1155# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style 1156# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't 1157# fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations 1158# like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather 1159# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column 1160# (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not 1161# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..." 1162# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and 1163# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel 1164# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two 1165# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political 1166# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party." 1167# 1168# I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree: 1169# 1170# The Australian Government (2014-03-26) 1171# http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time 1172# (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.) 1173# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1174# 1175# Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08) 1176# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml 1177# EST CST WST EDT CDT 1178# 1179# Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated) 1180# http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml 1181# EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST) 1182# 1183# Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24) 1184# http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp 1185# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1186# 1187# Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10) 1188# https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf 1189# EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used 1190# 1191# The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports, 1192# and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like. 1193# Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits: 1194# 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT". 1195# "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to 1196# appear in reports of events with international implications. 1197# 1198# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in 1199# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although 1200# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in 1201# the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it 1202# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all 1203# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments, 1204# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current 1205# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and 1206# "AEDT" for Australian time zones. 1207 1208# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): 1209# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1210# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper 1211# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, 1212# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 1213# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time. 1214# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. 1215 1216# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): 1217# 1218# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, 1219# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more 1220# relevant entries in this database. 1221# 1222# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): 1223# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) 1224# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html 1225# ACT 1226# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 1227# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html 1228# SA 1229# Standard Time Act, 1898 1230# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html 1231 1232# From David Grosz (2005-06-13): 1233# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by 1234# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. 1235# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday 1236# in April instead of the last Sunday in March. 1237# 1238# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): 1239# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan 1240# to extend DST together in 2006. 1241# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt 1242# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html 1243# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html 1244# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 1245# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles 1246# allude to it. 1247# But not Queensland 1248# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html 1249 1250# Northern Territory 1251 1252# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1253# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] 1254# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1255# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. 1256# ... 1257# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST 1258 1259# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1260# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1261# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. 1262 1263# Western Australia 1264 1265# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1266# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] 1267# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1268# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to 1269# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but 1270# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus 1271# # before reaching parliament. 1272# ... 1273# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST 1274# ... 1275# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1276# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1277# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1278# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1279 1280# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1281# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1282# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. 1283 1284# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): 1285# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney 1286# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at 1287# work at 9.00am.) 1288# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse 1289# everybody again. 1290 1291# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1292# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; 1293# it matches what was used in the past. 1294 1295# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ 1296# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm 1297# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses 1298# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. 1299 1300# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01): 1301# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the 1302# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1, 1303# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption 1304# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing 1305# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See: 1306# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01. 1307# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/ 1308# [The article ends with "Today's date is April 1."] 1309 1310# Queensland 1311 1312# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26): 1313# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST: 1314# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland. 1315# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403 1316# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS 1317 1318# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1319# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] 1320# # [ Dec 1990 ] 1321# ... 1322# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST 1323# ... 1324# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1325# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E 1326# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1327# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E 1328 1329# From Bradley White (1989-12-24): 1330# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from 1331# October 1989). 1332 1333# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1334# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1335# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1336# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1337 1338# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 1339# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact 1340# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised 1341# me.) 1342 1343# From Bradley White (1992-03-08): 1344# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted 1345# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... 1346# ... 1347# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1348# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1349# ... 1350 1351# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1352# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. 1353 1354# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning 1355# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01): 1356# WA are trialing DST for three years. 1357# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf 1358 1359# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): 1360# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the 1361# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western 1362# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The 1363# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so 1364# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the 1365# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South 1366# Australia and Western Australia.... 1367# 1368# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): 1369# This is confirmed by the section entitled 1370# "What's the deal with time zones???" in 1371# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html 1372# 1373# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): 1374# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, 1375# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern 1376# coast of the continent. 1377# 1378# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no 1379# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border 1380# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west 1381# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is 1382# the largest population centre in this zone.... 1383# 1384# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the 1385# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I 1386# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, 1387# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. 1388# 1389# (2006-12-09): 1390# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving 1391# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis 1392# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well 1393# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. 1394# 1395# From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08): 1396# https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000 1397# ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries... 1398# "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny 1399# roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village." 1400# ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence 1401# since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ... 1402# From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17): 1403# That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says: 1404# Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your 1405# phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which 1406# way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in 1407# Texta is the word: 'Why'? 1408# "Good question," Mr Pike said. 1409# "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years." 1410 1411# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): 1412# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the 1413# introduction of standard time in 1895. 1414 1415 1416# southeast Australia 1417# 1418# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1419# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT 1420# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. 1421# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html 1422 1423 1424# South Australia 1425 1426# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1427# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1428# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1429# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1430 1431# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1432# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] 1433# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1434# ... 1435# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST 1436# ... 1437# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1438# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1439# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C 1440# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1441 1442# From Bradley White (1992-03-11): 1443# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide 1444# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, 1445# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." 1446 1447# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): 1448# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) 1449# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even 1450# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival 1451# is on... 1452 1453# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): 1454# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... 1455# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... 1456# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). 1457 1458# From Bradley White (1994-04-11): 1459# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, 1460# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can 1461# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... 1462 1463# From John Warburton (1994-10-07): 1464# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... 1465# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... 1466# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. 1467 1468# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1469# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1470 1471# Tasmania 1472 1473# From P Chan (2020-11-20): 1474# Tasmania observed DST in 1916-1919. 1475# 1476# Daylight Saving Act, 1916 (7 Geo V, No 2) [1916-09-22] 1477# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsa19167gvn2267/ 1478# 1479# Daylight Saving Amendment Act, 1917 (8 Geo V, No 5) [1917-10-01] 1480# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsaa19178gvn5347/ 1481# 1482# Daylight Saving Act Repeal Act, 1919 (10 Geo V, No 9) [1919-10-24] 1483# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsara191910gvn9339/ 1484# 1485# King Island is mentioned in the 1967 Act but not the 1968 Act. 1486# Therefore it possibly observed DST from 1968/69. 1487# 1488# Daylight Saving Act 1967 (No. 33 of 1967) [1967-09-22] 1489# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196733o1967211/ 1490# 1491# Daylight Saving Act 1968 (No. 42 of 1968) [1968-10-15] 1492# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196842o1968211/ 1493 1494# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1495# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1496# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1497# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1498 1499# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): 1500# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have 1501# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia 1502# (but nothing new about that). 1503 1504# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): 1505# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the 1506# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, 1507# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria 1508# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 1509# instead of the first Sunday in October. 1510 1511# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: 1512# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 1513 1514# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1515# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1516 1517# Victoria 1518 1519# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1520# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1521# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1522# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1523 1524# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): 1525# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an 1526# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was 1527# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar 1528# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located 1529# in Melbourne, Australia. 1530# 1531# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which 1532# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day 1533# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's 1534# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, 1535# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the 1536# expected time. 1537# 1538# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had 1539# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of 1540# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps 1541# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. 1542# 1543# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html 1544# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au 1545 1546# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1547# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1548 1549# New South Wales 1550 1551# From Arthur David Olson: 1552# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. 1553# Based on law library research by John Mackin, 1554# who notes: 1555# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the 1556# individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time" 1557# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common 1558# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the 1559# legislation. This is very important to understand. 1560# I have researched New South Wales time only... 1561 1562# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): 1563# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual 1564# October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore, 1565# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26). 1566# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html 1567 1568# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): 1569# See the following official NSW source: 1570# Daylight Saving in New South Wales. 1571# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ 1572# 1573# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of 1574# daylight saving next year. See: 1575# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving 1576# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm 1577# (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. 1578# 1579# Victoria will follow NSW. See: 1580# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28) 1581# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm 1582# 1583# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: 1584# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19) 1585# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm 1586# 1587# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: 1588# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics 1589# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm 1590# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying 1591# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time 1592# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very 1593# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of 1594# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 1595# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules." 1596# 1597# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: 1598# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21) 1599# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm 1600 1601# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian 1602# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken 1603# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. 1604 1605# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: 1606# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW 1607# towns to use Queensland time. 1608 1609# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1610# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1611 1612# Yancowinna 1613 1614# From John Mackin (1989-01-04): 1615# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. 1616 1617# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1618# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] 1619# # [ Dec 1990 ] 1620# ... 1621# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the 1622# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings 1623# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government 1624# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have 1625# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not 1626# # presently available. 1627# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST 1628# ... 1629# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1630# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C 1631# [followed by other Rules] 1632 1633# Lord Howe Island 1634 1635# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1636# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] 1637# [ Dec 1990 ] 1638# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an 1639# hour ahead of NSW time. 1640 1641# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): 1642# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same 1643# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the 1644# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is 1645# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time 1646# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour 1647# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents 1648# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing 1649# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will 1650# however always coincide with the rest of NSW. 1651 1652# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): 1653# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards 1654# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently 1655# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as 1656# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start 1657# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. 1658 1659# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1660# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and 1661# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. 1662 1663# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1664# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1665 1666# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): 1667# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight 1668# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 1669# summer (southern hemisphere). 1670# 1671# From 1672# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf 1673# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling 1674# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. 1675# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each 1676# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. 1677# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia 1678# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and 1679# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... 1680# 1681# We have a wrap-up here: 1682# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html 1683############################################################################### 1684 1685# New Zealand 1686 1687# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): 1688# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. 1689# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for 1690# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). 1691# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. 1692 1693# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1694# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! 1695# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. 1696# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] 1697# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1698# ... 1699# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1700# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1701# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1702# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S 1703# ... 1704# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand 1705# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island 1706 1707# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1708# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 1709# rather than the October 1 value. 1710 1711# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); 1712# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1713# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight 1714# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard 1715# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. 1716# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. 1717# 1718# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1719# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, 1720# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references. 1721# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. 1722# 1723# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with 1724# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham 1725# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. 1726 1727# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): 1728# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the 1729# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning 1730# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. 1731# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended 1732 1733# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14): 1734# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by 1735# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26). 1736# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf 1737# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand 1738# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard 1739# time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New 1740# Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow." 1741# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time 1742# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match 1743# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did 1744# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST. 1745 1746############################################################################### 1747 1748 1749# Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima) 1750 1751# From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick: 1752# National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government 1753# officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there. 1754# According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC 1755# + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan 1756# at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST. The exact periods of DST are still unknown. 1757# I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have 1758# synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own 1759# decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones.... 1760# 1761# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時 1762 1763# From Phake Nick (2019-02-12): 1764# Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned 1765# to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database 1766# rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin 1767# Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only. 1768# ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon 1769# regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese 1770# in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands. Many reports claim that 1771# the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own 1772# coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two 1773# hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island. Some 1774# sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be 1775# incorrect to be same as Guam. And then in a few Japanese governmental 1776# report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications 1777# Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus 1778# Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the 1779# island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time 1780# (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense 1781# Force). Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time 1782# and there are also no information on things like how the time was used. 1783 1784 1785# Fiji 1786 1787# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji 1788# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time 1789# instead of the American system (which was one day behind). 1790 1791# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): 1792# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 1793# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will 1794# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. 1795 1796# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): 1797# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. 1798 1799# From the BBC World Service in 1800# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC): 1801# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to 1802# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also 1803# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning 1804# of the new millennium. 1805 1806# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) 1807# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. 1808 1809 1810# Kiribati 1811 1812# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1813# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati 1814# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995" 1815# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. 1816 1817# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03): 1818# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition 1819# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995. 1820# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04): 1821# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All: 1822# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007). 1823 1824# Kanton 1825 1826# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27): 1827# Kiribati's +13 timezone is represented by Kanton, its only populated 1828# island. (It was formerly spelled "Canton", but Gilbertese lacks "C".) 1829# Kanton was settled on 1937-08-31 by two British radio operators 1830# <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1937v02/d94>; 1831# Americans came the next year and built an airfield, partly to 1832# establish airline service and perhaps partly anticipating the 1833# next war. Aside from the war, the airfield was used by commercial 1834# airlines until long-range jets became standard; although currently 1835# for emergency use only, China says it is considering rebuilding the 1836# airfield for high-end niche tourism. Kanton has about two dozen 1837# people, caretakers who rotate in from the rest of Kiribati in 2-5 1838# year shifts, and who use some of the leftover structures 1839# <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>. 1840 1841# Kwajalein 1842 1843# From an AP article (1993-08-22): 1844# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good 1845# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one. Residents were 1846# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight 1847# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from 1848# one side of the international date line to the other." 1849# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22. 1850# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html 1851 1852# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-31): 1853# Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時>'s 1854# citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying 1855# Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier. 1856# However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this. The article 1857# says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States 1858# Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test 1859# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was 1860# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground" 1861# <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>. 1862# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined 1863# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence. 1864 1865 1866# N Mariana Is, Guam 1867 1868# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1869# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ... 1870# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that 1871# period. It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during 1872# that period of time like the surrounding area. 1873 1874# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23): 1875# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the 1876# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones 1877# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. 1878# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; 1879# see Asia/Manila. 1880# 1881# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start 1882# and end of Japanese control of Agana. We don't know whether the Northern 1883# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume 1884# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff. 1885# 1886# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time, 1887# under the name "Chamorro standard time". There is no official abbreviation, 1888# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, 1889# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". 1890 1891# See also the commentary for Micronesia. 1892 1893 1894# Marshall Is 1895# See the commentary for Micronesia. 1896 1897 1898# Micronesia (and nearby) 1899 1900# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1901# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies 1902# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844. 1903 1904# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 1905# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in 1906# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26) 1907# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html 1908# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11. 1909# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now. 1910 1911# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1912# 1913# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時 1914# ... 1915# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of 1916# Micronesia + Marshall Islands): 1917# 1918# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands 1919# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like 1920# of German New Guinea. However there is a marking saying it have not been 1921# implemented (yet). No further information after that were found. 1922# 1923# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were 1924# instructed to use JST at the time. 1925# 1926# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use 1927# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the 1928# longitude of the atoll. 1929# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until 1930# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST. 1931# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and 1932# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that 1933# is if they keep their own time back then) 1934# 1935# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area 1936# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1, 1937# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same 1938# year. Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying 1939# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard 1940# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such. 1941# * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area 1942# (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1943# * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil 1944# administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time) 1945# * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil 1946# administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time). 1947# * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been 1948# formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal 1949# governance structure have been established, these district [become 1950# subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard 1951# time of the area. 1952# * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was 1953# occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the 1954# Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape 1955# subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape 1956# subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E 1957# starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the 1958# Marshall Islands. 1959# 1960# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the 1961# area into 2 timezones: 1962# * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and 1963# Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1964# * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk), 1965# Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern 1966# Standard Time) 1967# 1968# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year, 1969# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian 1970# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area. 1971# 1972# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the 1973# island. The webpage I linked above contain no information during this 1974# period of time.... 1975# 1976# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the 1977# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time 1978# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking 1979# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10. 1980# 1981# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands 1982# under American administration from year 1947. The site listed some 1983# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those 1984# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable 1985# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable 1986# information can be found. 1987# 1988# 1989# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1990# 1991# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that 1992# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known. The information 1993# for Wake is too sketchy to act on. 1994# 1995# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been 1996# done, so omit it from the data for now. 1997# 1998# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein. 1999 2000 2001# Midway 2002 2003# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), 2004# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection 2005# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): 2006# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight 2007# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, 2008# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 2009# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to 2010# air at 6am your time. 2011# 2012# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 2013# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they 2014# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years 2015# in Midway, but we have no record of it. 2016 2017# Nauru 2018 2019# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31): 2020# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then 2021# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades. 2022# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then 2023# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時 2024# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced. 2025# ... 2026# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 2027# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3 2028# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 2029# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru 2030# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb. 2031# 2032# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19): 2033# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in 2034# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935), 2035# page 3, which does not give the UT offset. In response to a comment by 2036# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to 2037# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from: 2038# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru 2039 2040# Norfolk 2041 2042# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23): 2043# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100: 2044# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text 2045# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015. 2046# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf 2047 2048# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28): 2049# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted 2050# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's 2051# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST 2052# other than in 1974/5. See: 2053# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html 2054# However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition; 2055# timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said 2056# (thanks to Michael Deckers). 2057 2058# Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019. 2059# From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13): 2060# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702 2061# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14): 2062# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010 2063 2064# Palau 2065# See commentary for Micronesia. 2066 2067# Pitcairn 2068 2069# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): 2070# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 2071# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. 2072# 2073# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be 2074# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known 2075# as Pitcairn Standard Time. 2076# 2077# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several 2078# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation 2079# somehow in light of this proclamation. 2080 2081# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): 2082# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 2083# ... at midnight. 2084 2085# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: 2086# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as 2087# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in 2088# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. 2089 2090 2091# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa 2092 2093# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean 2094# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change 2095# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, 2096# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that 2097# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year." 2098# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20. 2099# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm 2100 2101# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30 2102# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11 2103# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards 2104# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932. 2105# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950, 2106# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a 2107# day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New 2108# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations. 2109 2110 2111# Tonga 2112 2113# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-04): 2114# In 1943 "The standard time kept is 12 hrs. 19 min. 12 sec. fast 2115# on Greenwich mean time." according to the Admiralty's Hydrographic 2116# Dept., Pacific Islands Pilot, Vol. II, 7th ed., 1943, p 360. 2117 2118# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-03): 2119# [Ian R Bartky: "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity". 2120# Stanford University Press. 2007. p. 255]: 2121# On 10 September 1945 Tonga adopted a standard time 12 hours, 2122# 20 minutes in advance of Greenwich. 2123 2124# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 2125# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting 2126# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time." 2127# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. 2128 2129# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle 2130# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins': 2131# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm 2132# 2133# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST 2134# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its 2135# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its 2136# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of 2137# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13° 2138# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). 2139# 2140# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince 2141# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time 2142# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. 2143# 2144# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer 2145# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 2146# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 2147# minutes we have lost?" 2148# 2149# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that 2150# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth 2151# to say your prayers in the morning." 2152# 2153# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13), per Paul Eggert (2006-03-22) and Michael 2154# Deckers (2021-03-03): 2155# Mundell places the transition from +12:20 to +13 in 1941, while Shanks & 2156# Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01. 2157# 2158# The Air Almanac published contemporaneous tables of standard times, 2159# which listed +12:20 as of Nov 1960 and +13 as of Mar 1961: 2160# Nov 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=bVgtWM6kPZUC&pg=SL1-PA19 2161# Mar 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nItAul4g0C&pg=SL1-PA19 2162# (Thanks to P Chan for pointing us toward these sources.) 2163# This agrees with Bartky, who writes that "since 1961 [Tonga's] official time 2164# has been thirteen hours in advance of Greenwich time" (p. 202) and further 2165# writes in an endnote that this was because "the legislation was amended" on 2166# 1960-10-19. (p. 255) 2167# 2168# Without greater specificity, presume that Bartky and the Air Almanac point to 2169# a 1961-01-01 transition, as Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV was still Crown Prince in 2170# 1961 and this still jives with the gist of Mundell's telling, and go with 2171# this over Shanks & Pottenger. 2172 2173# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): 2174# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium 2175# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. 2176# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from 2177# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan 2178# Government. 2179 2180# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 2181# * Tonga will introduce DST in November 2182# 2183# I was given this link by John Letts: 2184# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm 2185# 2186# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November 2187# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead 2188# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead 2189# (12 + 1 hour DST). 2190 2191# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): 2192# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>: 2193# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 2194# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 2195# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on 2196# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 2197# set back an hour on the closing date." 2198# Alas, no indication of the time of day. 2199 2200# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): 2201# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. 2202# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. 2203 2204# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): 2205# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com 2206# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 2207# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article 2208# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the 2209# text, and I have forgotten to report it here. 2210# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>) 2211 2212# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): 2213# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. 2214 2215# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: 2216# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom 2217# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday 2218# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one 2219# hour to 1:00am. 2220 2221# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05): 2222# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. 2223 2224# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27): 2225# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017 2226# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen 2227# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set. 2228# 2229# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26): 2230# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00 2231# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now. 2232 2233# From David Wade (2017-10-18): 2234# In August government was dissolved by the King. The current prime minister 2235# continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few 2236# decisions will be made until elections 16th November. 2237# 2238# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18): 2239# For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing. 2240 2241 2242############################################################################### 2243 2244# The International Date Line 2245 2246# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): 2247# 2248# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, 2249# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. 2250# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on 2251# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. 2252# 2253# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and 2254# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL 2255# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most 2256# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line 2257# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific 2258# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international 2259# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is 2260# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some 2261# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not 2262# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the 2263# correct date is ambiguous. 2264 2265# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time> (2023-01-23): 2266# The nautical time zone system is analogous to the terrestrial time zone 2267# system for use on high seas. Under the system time changes are required for 2268# changes of longitude in one-hour steps. The one-hour step corresponds to a 2269# time zone width of 15° longitude. The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or 2270# UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 2271# 7°30' gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is 2272# implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th 2273# meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to 2274# land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line. 2275 2276# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23): 2277# The American Practical Navigator <https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/APN>, 2278# 2019 edition, merely says that the International Date Line 2279# "coincides with the 180th meridian over most of its length." 2280