1.\" $OpenBSD: more.1,v 1.17 2014/04/25 22:28:42 jmc Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 1988, 1990, 1993 4.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 5.\" 6.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 7.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 8.\" are met: 9.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 11.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 12.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 13.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 14.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 15.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 16.\" without specific prior written permission. 17.\" 18.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 19.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 20.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 21.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 22.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 23.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 24.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 25.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 26.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 27.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 28.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 29.\" 30.\" @(#)more.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/18/94 31.\" 32.Dd $Mdocdate: April 25 2014 $ 33.Dt MORE 1 34.Os 35.Sh NAME 36.Nm more 37.Nd view files 38.Sh SYNOPSIS 39.Nm more 40.Op Fl ceisu 41.Op Fl n Ar number 42.Op Fl p Ar command 43.Op Fl t Ar tag 44.Op Ar 45.Sh DESCRIPTION 46The 47.Nm 48pager displays text one screenful at a time. 49After showing each screenful, it prompts the user for a command. 50Most commands scroll the text or move to a different place 51in the file, while some switch to another file. 52If no 53.Ar file 54is specified, or if 55.Ar file 56is a single dash 57.Pq Ql - , 58the standard input is used. 59.Pp 60When showing the last line of a file, 61.Nm 62displays a prompt indicating end of file and the name of the next file 63to examine, if any. 64It then waits for input from the user. 65Scrolling forward switches to the next file, 66or exits if there is none. 67.Pp 68This version of 69.Nm 70is actually 71.Xr less 1 72in disguise. 73As such, it will also accept options documented in 74.Xr less 1 . 75This manual page describes only features 76relevant to a POSIX compliant 77.Nm . 78.Pp 79The options are as follows: 80.Bl -tag -width Ds 81.It Fl c 82When changing the display, paint from the top line down. 83The default is to scroll from the bottom of the screen. 84.It Fl e 85Exit immediately after showing the last line of the last file, 86without prompting the user for a command first. 87.It Fl i 88Ignore case. 89Upper case and lower case are considered identical. 90.It Fl n Ar number 91Page 92.Ar number 93of lines per screenful. 94By default, 95.Nm 96uses the terminal window size. 97.It Fl p Ar command 98Execute the specified 99.Nm 100commands when a file is first examined (or re-examined, such as with the 101.Ic :e 102or 103.Ic :p 104commands). 105Multiple commands have to be concatenated into one single argument. 106Search patterns may contain blank characters and can be terminated 107by newline characters embedded in the 108.Ar command 109argument. 110Any other blank and newline characters contained in the argument are 111interpreted as 112.Ic SPACE 113and 114.Ic RETURN 115commands, respectively. 116.It Fl s 117Squeeze consecutive blank lines into a single blank line. 118.It Fl t Ar tag 119Examine the file containing 120.Ar tag . 121For more information, see 122.Xr ctags 1 . 123.It Fl u 124Display backspaces as control characters 125.Pq Sq ^H 126and leave CR-LF sequences alone. 127By default, 128.Nm 129treats backspaces and CR-LF sequences specially: 130backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore character are 131displayed as underlined text; 132backspaces which appear between two identical characters are displayed 133as emboldened text; 134and CR-LF sequences are compressed to a single linefeed character. 135.El 136.Sh COMMANDS 137Interactive commands for 138.Nm 139are based on 140.Xr vi 1 . 141Some commands may be preceded by a decimal number, called N in the 142descriptions below. 143In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. 144.Bl -tag -width Ic 145.It Ic h 146Help: display a summary of these commands. 147.It Ic SPACE | f | ^F 148Scroll forward N lines, default one window. 149If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. 150.It Ic b | ^B 151Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see the 152.Fl n 153option). 154If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. 155.It Ic j | RETURN 156Scroll forward N lines, default 1. 157The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. 158.It Ic k 159Scroll backward N lines, default 1. 160The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. 161.It Ic d | ^D 162Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size. 163If N is specified, it becomes the new default for 164subsequent d and u commands. 165.It Ic u | ^U 166Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size. 167If N is specified, it becomes the new default for 168subsequent d and u commands. 169.It Ic g 170Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file). 171.It Ic G 172Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file. 173.It Ic r | ^L 174Repaint the screen. 175.It Ic R 176Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. 177Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed. 178.It Ic m 179Followed by any lowercase letter, 180marks the current position with that letter. 181.It Ic ' 182(Single quote.) 183Followed by any lowercase letter, returns to the position which 184was previously marked with that letter. 185Followed by another single quote, returns to the position at 186which the last "large" movement command was executed, or the 187beginning of the file if no such movements have occurred. 188All marks are lost when a new file is examined. 189.It Ic / Ns Ar pattern 190Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. 191N defaults to 1. 192The pattern is a basic regular expression (BRE). 193See 194.Xr re_format 7 195for more information on regular expressions. 196The search starts at the second line displayed. 197.It Ic ?\& Ns Ar pattern 198Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. 199The search starts at the line immediately before the top line displayed. 200.It Ic /! Ns Ar pattern 201Like /, but the search is for the N-th line 202which does NOT contain the pattern. 203.It Ic ?! Ns Ar pattern 204Like ?, but the search is for the N-th line 205which does NOT contain the pattern. 206.It Ic n 207Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing the last pattern 208(or NOT containing the last pattern, 209if the previous search was /! or ?!). 210.It Ic N 211Repeat previous search in the opposite direction, 212for N-th line containing the last pattern 213(or NOT containing the last pattern, 214if the previous search was /! or ?!). 215.It Ic :e Op Ar filename 216Examine a new file. 217If the filename is missing, the "current" file (see the 218.Ic :n 219and 220.Ic :p 221commands below) 222from the list of files in the command line is re-examined. 223If the filename is a pound sign (#), the previously examined file is 224re-examined. 225.It Ic :n 226Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the command line). 227If a number N is specified (not to be confused with the command N), 228the N-th next file is examined. 229.It Ic :p 230Examine the previous file. 231If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file is examined. 232.It Ic :t 233Go to supplied tag. 234.It Ic v 235Invokes an editor to edit the current file being viewed. 236The editor is taken from the environment variable 237.Ev EDITOR , 238or defaults to 239.Xr vi 1 . 240.It Ic = | ^G 241These options print out the number of the file currently being displayed 242relative to the total number of files there are to display, the current 243line number, the current byte number and the total bytes to display, and 244what percentage of the file has been displayed. 245If 246.Nm 247is reading from the standard input, 248or the file is shorter than a single screen, some 249of these items may not be available. 250Note, all of these items reference the first byte of the last line 251displayed on the screen. 252.It Ic q | :q | ZZ 253Exits 254.Nm . 255.El 256.Sh ENVIRONMENT 257.Bl -tag -width "COLUMNSXXX" 258.It Ev COLUMNS 259Sets the number of columns on the screen. 260Takes precedence over the number of columns specified by the 261.Ev TERM 262variable, 263but may be overridden by window systems which support 264.Dv TIOCGWINSZ . 265.It Ev EDITOR 266Specifies the default editor. 267If not set, 268.Xr vi 1 269is used. 270.It Ev LINES 271Sets the number of lines on the screen. 272Takes precedence over the number of lines specified by the TERM variable, 273but may be overridden by window systems which support 274.Dv TIOCGWINSZ . 275.It Ev MORE 276Default command line options to use with 277.Nm . 278The options should be space-separated and must be prefixed with a dash 279.Pq Ql - . 280.It Ev TERM 281Specifies the terminal type. 282Used by 283.Nm 284to get the terminal characteristics necessary to manipulate the screen. 285.El 286.Sh EXIT STATUS 287.Ex -std more 288.Sh EXAMPLES 289Examine the ends of all files in the current directory, showing line 290and byte counts for each: 291.Pp 292.Dl $ more -p G= * 293.Pp 294Examine several manual pages, starting from the options description 295in the DESCRIPTION section: 296.Bd -literal -offset indent 297$ more -p '/DESCRIPTION 298> /options 299> ' *.1 300.Ed 301.Sh SEE ALSO 302.Xr ctags 1 , 303.Xr less 1 , 304.Xr vi 1 , 305.Xr re_format 7 306.Sh STANDARDS 307The 308.Nm 309utility is compliant with the 310.St -p1003.1-2008 311specification, 312though its presence is optional. 313.Pp 314Functionality allowing the user to skip (as opposed to scroll) 315forward is not currently implemented. 316.Sh HISTORY 317A 318.Nm 319command appeared in 320.Bx 3.0 . 321.Sh AUTHORS 322.An Mark Nudelman Aq Mt markn@greenwoodsoftware.com 323