1 2 3 4GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 1990 GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 5 6 7NNAAMMEE 8 geqn - groff equation formatter 9 10SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS 11 ggeeqqnn [ --CC ] [ --DD ] [ --NN ] [ --dd_c_c ] [ --TT_d_e_v ] [ --rr ] [ --vv ] 12 [ --ff_F ] [ --ss_n ] [ --pp_n ] [ --mm_n ] [ _f_i_l_e_s... ] 13 14DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN 15 ggeeqqnn is a preprocessor for ggrrooffff for formatting equations. 16 Normally, it should be invoked using the --ee option of 17 ggrrooffff. The syntax is quite compatible with eeqqnn. The out- 18 put of ggeeqqnn cannot be processed with ddiittrrooffff; it must be 19 processed with ggttrrooffff. If no files are given on the com- 20 mand line, the standard input will be read. A filename of 21 -- will cause the standard input to be read. 22 23OOPPTTIIOONNSS 24 --CC Recognize ..EEQQ and ..EENN even when followed by a char- 25 acter other than space or newline. 26 27 --DD Draw fraction bars using the \\DD escape sequence, 28 rather than with the \\ll escape sequence and the 29 \\((rruu character. 30 31 --NN Don't allow newlines within delimiters. This 32 option allows ggeeqqnn to recover better from missing 33 closing delimiters. 34 35 --vv Print the version number. 36 37 --rr Only one size reduction. 38 39 --mm_n The minimum point-size is _n. Geqn will not reduce 40 the size of subscripts or superscripts to a smaller 41 size than _n. 42 43 --TT_d_e_v The output is for device _d_e_v. A macro whose name 44 is the name of the output device is automatically 45 defined with a value of 11. Nothing else depends on 46 what the output device is; geqn does not itself 47 read font or device description files. The default 48 output device is @@DDEEVVIICCEE@@. 49 50 --ff_F This is equivalent to a ggffoonntt _F command. 51 52 --ss_n This is equivalent to a ggssiizzee _n command. This 53 option is deprecated. Geqn will normally set equa- 54 tions at whatever the current point size is when 55 the equation is encountered. 56 57 --pp_n This says that subscripts and superscripts should 58 be _n points smaller than the surrounding text. 59 This option is deprecated. Normally eqn makes sets 60 subscripts and superscripts at 70% of the size of 61 62 63 64May 1 1 65 66 67 68 69 70GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 1990 GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 71 72 73 the surrounding text. 74 75UUSSAAGGEE 76 Only the differences between geqn and eqn are described 77 here. 78 79 Most of the new features of ggeeqqnn are based on TeX. There 80 are some references to the differences between TeX and 81 ggeeqqnn below; these may safely be ignored if you do not know 82 TeX. 83 84 AAuuttoommaattiicc ssppaacciinngg 85 ggeeqqnn gives each component of an equation a type, and 86 adjusts the spacing between components using that type. 87 Possible types are: 88 89 ordinary an ordinary character such as 1 or _x; 90 91 operator a large operator such as the summation opera- 92 tor; 93 94 binary a binary operator such as +; 95 96 relation a relation such as =; 97 98 opening a opening bracket such as (; 99 100 closing a closing bracket such as ); 101 102 punctuation a punctutation character such as ,; 103 104 inner a subformula contained within brackets; 105 106 suppress spacing that suppresses automatic spacing 107 adjustment. 108 109 Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways. 110 111 ttyyppee _t _e 112 This yields an equation component that contains _e 113 but that has type _t, where _t is one of the types 114 mentioned above. For example, ttiimmeess is defined as 115 116 ttyyppee ""bbiinnaarryy"" \\((mmuu 117 118 The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but 119 quoting protects from macro expansion. 120 121 cchhaarrttyyppee _t _t_e_x_t 122 Unquoted groups of characters are split up into 123 individual characters, and the type of each charac- 124 ter is looked up; this changes the type that is 125 stored for each character; it says that the charac- 126 ters in _t_e_x_t from now on have type _t. For example, 127 128 129 130May 1 2 131 132 133 134 135 136GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 1990 GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 137 138 139 cchhaarrttyyppee ""ppuunnccttuuaattiioonn"" ..,,;;:: 140 141 would make the characters ..,,;;:: have type punctua- 142 tion whenever they subsequently appeared in an 143 equation. The type _t can also be lleetttteerr or ddiiggiitt; 144 in these cases cchhaarrttyyppee changes the font type of 145 the characters. See the Fonts subsection. 146 147 NNeeww pprriimmiittiivveess 148 _e_1 ssmmaalllloovveerr _e_2 149 This is similar to oovveerr; ssmmaalllloovveerr reduces the size 150 of _e_1 and _e_2; it also puts less vertical space 151 between _e_1 or _e_2 and the fraction bar. The oovveerr 152 primitive corresponds to the TeX \\oovveerr primitive in 153 display styles; ssmmaalllloovveerr corresponds to \\oovveerr in 154 non-display styles. 155 156 vvcceenntteerr _e 157 This vertically centers _e about the math axis. The 158 math axis is the vertical position about which 159 characters such as + and - are centered; also it is 160 the vertical position used for the bar of frac- 161 tions. For example, ssuumm is defined as 162 163 {{ ttyyppee ""ooppeerraattoorr"" vvcceenntteerr ssiizzee ++55 \\((**SS }} 164 165 _e_1 aacccceenntt _e_2 166 This sets _e_2 as an accent over _e_1. _e_2 is assumed 167 to be at the correct height for a lowercase letter; 168 _e_2 will be moved down according if _e_1 is taller or 169 shorter than a lowercase letter. For example, hhaatt 170 is defined as 171 172 aacccceenntt {{ ""^^"" }} 173 174 ddoottddoott, ddoott, ttiillddee, vveecc and ddyyaadd are also defined 175 using the aacccceenntt primitive. 176 177 _e_1 uuaacccceenntt _e_2 178 This sets _e_2 as an accent under _e_1. _e_2 is assumed 179 to be at the correct height for a character without 180 a descender; _e_2 will be moved down if _e_1 has a 181 descender. uuttiillddee is pre-defined using uuaacccceenntt as 182 a tilde accent below the baseline. 183 184 sspplliitt ""_t_e_x_t"" 185 This has the same effect as simply 186 187 _t_e_x_t 188 189 but _t_e_x_t is not subject to macro expansion because 190 it is quoted; _t_e_x_t will be split up and the spacing 191 between individual characters will be adjusted. 192 193 194 195 196May 1 3 197 198 199 200 201 202GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 1990 GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 203 204 205 nnoosspplliitt _t_e_x_t 206 This has the same effect as 207 208 ""_t_e_x_t"" 209 210 but because _t_e_x_t is not quoted it will be subject 211 to macro expansion; _t_e_x_t will not be split up and 212 the spacing between individual characters will not 213 be adjusted. 214 215 _e oopppprriimmee 216 This is a variant of pprriimmee that acts as an operator 217 on _e. It produces a different result from pprriimmee in 218 a case such as AA oopppprriimmee ssuubb 11: with oopppprriimmee the 11 219 will be tucked under the prime as a subscript to 220 the AA (as is conventional in mathematical typeset- 221 ting), whereas with pprriimmee the 11 will be a subscript 222 to the prime character. The prcedence of oopppprriimmee 223 is the same as that of bbaarr and uunnddeerr, which is 224 higher than that of everything except aacccceenntt and 225 uuaacccceenntt. In unquoted text a '' that is not the 226 first character will be treated like oopppprriimmee. 227 228 CCuussttoommiizzaattiioonn 229 The appearance of equations is controlled by a large num- 230 ber of parameters. These can be set using the sseett command. 231 232 sseett _p _n 233 This sets parameter _p to value _n ; _n is an integer. 234 For example, 235 236 sseett xx__hheeiigghhtt 4455 237 238 says that ggeeqqnn should assume an x height of 0.45 239 ems. 240 241 Possible parameters are as follows. Values are in 242 units of hundreths of an em unless otherwise 243 stated. These descriptions are intended to be 244 expository rather than definitive. 245 246 mmiinniimmuumm__ssiizzee ggeeqqnn will not set anything 247 at a smaller point-size 248 than this. The value is in 249 points. 250 251 ffaatt__ooffffsseett The ffaatt primitive emboldens 252 an equation by overprinting 253 two copies of the equation 254 horizontally offset by this 255 amount. 256 257 oovveerr__hhaanngg A fraction bar will be 258 longer by twice this amount 259 260 261 262May 1 4 263 264 265 266 267 268GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 1990 GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 269 270 271 than the maximum of the 272 widths of the numerator and 273 denominator; in other 274 words, it will overhang the 275 numerator and denominator 276 by at least this amount. 277 278 aacccceenntt__wwiiddtthh When bbaarr or uunnddeerr is 279 applied to a single charac- 280 ter, the line will be this 281 long. Normally, bbaarr or 282 uunnddeerr produces a line whose 283 length is the width of the 284 object to which it applies; 285 in the case of a single 286 character, this tends to 287 produce a line that looks 288 too long. 289 290 ddeelliimmiitteerr__ffaaccttoorr Extensible delimiters pro- 291 duced with the lleefftt and 292 rriigghhtt primitives will have 293 a combined height and depth 294 of at least this many thou- 295 sandths of twice the maxi- 296 mum amount by which the 297 sub-equation that the 298 delimiters enclose extends 299 away from the axis. 300 301 ddeelliimmiitteerr__sshhoorrttffaallll Extensible delimiters pro- 302 duced with the lleefftt and 303 rriigghhtt primitives will have 304 a combined height and depth 305 not less than the differ- 306 ence of twice the maximum 307 amount by which the sub- 308 equation that the delim- 309 iters enclose extends away 310 from the axis and this 311 amount. 312 313 nnuullll__ddeelliimmiitteerr__ssppaaccee This much horizontal space 314 is inserted on each side of 315 a fraction. 316 317 ssccrriipptt__ssppaaccee The width of subscripts and 318 superscripts is increased 319 by this amount. 320 321 tthhiinn__ssppaaccee This amount of space is 322 automatically inserted 323 after punctuation charac- 324 ters. 325 326 327 328May 1 5 329 330 331 332 333 334GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 1990 GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 335 336 337 mmeeddiiuumm__ssppaaccee This amount of space is 338 automatically inserted on 339 either side of binary oper- 340 ators. 341 342 tthhiicckk__ssppaaccee This amount of space is 343 automatically inserted on 344 either side of relations. 345 346 xx__hheeiigghhtt The height of lowercase 347 letters without ascenders 348 such as x. 349 350 aaxxiiss__hheeiigghhtt The height above the base- 351 line of the center of char- 352 acters such as + and -. It 353 is important that this 354 value is correct for the 355 font you are using. 356 357 ddeeffaauulltt__rruullee__tthhiicckknneessss This should set to the 358 thickness of the \\((rruu char- 359 acter, or the thickness of 360 horizontal lines produced 361 with the \\DD escape 362 sequence. 363 364 nnuumm11 The oovveerr command will shift 365 up the numerator by at 366 least this amount. 367 368 nnuumm22 The ssmmaalllloovveerr command will 369 shift up the numerator by 370 at least this amount. 371 372 ddeennoomm11 The oovveerr command will shift 373 down the denominator by at 374 least this amount. 375 376 ddeennoomm22 The ssmmaalllloovveerr command will 377 shift down the denominator 378 by at least this amount. 379 380 ssuupp11 Normally superscripts will 381 be shifted up by at least 382 this amount. 383 384 ssuupp22 Superscripts within super- 385 scripts or upper limits or 386 numerators of ssmmaalllloovveerr 387 fractions will be shifted 388 up by at least this amount. 389 This is usually less than 390 sup1. 391 392 393 394May 1 6 395 396 397 398 399 400GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 1990 GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 401 402 403 ssuupp33 Superscripts within denomi- 404 nators or square roots or 405 subscripts or lower limits 406 will be shifted up by at 407 least this amount. This is 408 usually less than sup2. 409 410 ssuubb11 Subscripts will normally be 411 shifted down by at least 412 this amount. 413 414 ssuubb22 When there is both a sub- 415 script and a superscript, 416 the subscript will be 417 shifted down by at least 418 this amount. 419 420 ssuupp__ddrroopp The baseline of a super- 421 script will be no more than 422 this much amount below the 423 top of the object on which 424 the superscript is set. 425 426 ssuubb__ddrroopp The baseline of a subscript 427 will be at least this much 428 below the bottom of the 429 object on which the sub- 430 script is set. 431 432 bbiigg__oopp__ssppaacciinngg11 The baseline of an upper 433 limit will be at least this 434 much above the top of the 435 object on which the limit 436 is set. 437 438 bbiigg__oopp__ssppaacciinngg22 The baseline of a lower 439 limit will be at least this 440 much below the bottom of 441 the object on which the 442 limit is set. 443 444 bbiigg__oopp__ssppaacciinngg33 The bottom of an upper 445 limit will be at least this 446 much above the top of the 447 object on which the limit 448 is set. 449 450 bbiigg__oopp__ssppaacciinngg44 The top of a lower limit 451 will be at least this much 452 below the bottom of the 453 object on which the limit 454 is set. 455 456 bbiigg__oopp__ssppaacciinngg55 This much vertical space 457 458 459 460May 1 7 461 462 463 464 465 466GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 1990 GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 467 468 469 will be added above and 470 below limits. 471 472 bbaasseelliinnee__sseepp The baselines of the rows 473 in a pile or matrix will 474 normally be this far apart. 475 In most cases this should 476 be equal to the sum of nnuumm11 477 and ddeennoomm11. 478 479 sshhiifftt__ddoowwnn The midpoint between the 480 top baseline and the bottom 481 baseline in a matrix or 482 pile will be shifted down 483 by this much from the axis. 484 In most cases this should 485 be equal to aaxxiiss__hheeiigghhtt. 486 487 ccoolluummnn__sseepp This much space will be 488 added between columns in a 489 matrix. 490 491 mmaattrriixx__ssiiddee__sseepp This much space will be 492 added at each side of a 493 matrix. 494 495 A more precise description of the role of many of 496 these parameters can be found in Appendix H of 497 _T_h_e _T_e_X_b_o_o_k. 498 499 MMaaccrrooss 500 Macros can take arguments. In a macro body, $$_n where _n is 501 between 1 and 9, will be replaced by the _n-_t_h argument if 502 the macro is called with arguments; if there are fewer 503 than _n arguments, it will be replaced by nothing. A word 504 containing a left parenthesis where the part of the word 505 before the left parenthesis has been defined using the 506 ddeeffiinnee command will be recognized as a macro call with 507 arguments; characters following the left parenthesis up to 508 a matching right parenthesis will be treated as comma- 509 separated arguments; commas inside nested parentheses do 510 not terminate an argument. 511 512 ssddeeffiinnee _n_a_m_e _X _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g _X 513 This is like the ddeeffiinnee command, but _n_a_m_e will not 514 be recognized if called with argumenta. 515 516 iinncclluuddee ""_f_i_l_e"" 517 Include the contents of _f_i_l_e. Lines of _f_i_l_e begin- 518 ning with ..EEQQ or ..EENN will be ignored. 519 520 iiffddeeff _n_a_m_e _X _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g _X 521 If _n_a_m_e has been defined by ddeeffiinnee (or has been 522 automatically defined because _n_a_m_e is the output 523 524 525 526May 1 8 527 528 529 530 531 532GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 1990 GEQN(@MAN1EXT@) 533 534 535 device) process _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g; otherwise ignore _a_n_y- 536 _t_h_i_n_g. _X can be any character not appearing in 537 _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g. 538 539 FFoonnttss 540 ggeeqqnn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation: 541 an italic font for letters, and a roman font for every- 542 thing else. The existing ggffoonntt command changes the font 543 that is used as the italic font. By default this is II. 544 The font that is used as the roman font can be changed 545 using the new ggrrffoonntt command. 546 547 ggrrffoonntt _f 548 Set the roman font to _f. 549 550 The iittaalliicc primitive uses the current italic font set by 551 ggffoonntt; the rroommaann primitive uses the current roman font set 552 by ggrrffoonntt. There is also a new ggbbffoonntt command, which 553 changes the font used by the bboolldd primitive. If you only 554 use the rroommaann, iittaalliicc and bboolldd primitives to changes fonts 555 within an equation, you can change all the fonts used by 556 your equations just by using ggffoonntt, ggrrffoonntt and ggbbffoonntt com- 557 mands. 558 559 You can control which characters are treated as letters 560 (and therefore set in italics) by using the cchhaarrttyyppee com- 561 mand described above. A type of lleetttteerr will cause a char- 562 acter to be set in italic type. A type of ddiiggiitt will 563 cause a character to be set in roman type. 564 565SSEEEE AALLSSOO 566 ggrrooffff(@MAN1EXT@), ggttrrooffff(@MAN1EXT@), 567 ggrrooffff__ffoonntt(@MAN5EXT@), _T_h_e _T_e_X_b_o_o_k 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592May 1 9 593 594 595