bin/ps/ps.1

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.\"     @(#)ps.1	6.17 (Berkeley) 6/20/91
.\"
.Dd June 20, 1991
.Dt PS 1
.Os BSD 4
.Sh NAME
.Nm \&ps
.Nd process status
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm \&ps
.Op Fl aChjlmrSTuvwx
.Op Fl M Ar core
.Op Fl N Ar system
.Op Fl O Ar fmt
.Op Fl o Ar fmt
.Op Fl p Ar pid
.Op Fl t Ar tty
.Op Fl W Ar swap
.Nm ps
.Op Fl L
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm \&Ps
displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your
processes that have controlling terminals.
This information is sorted by process
.Tn ID .
.Pp
The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
.Fl L
.Fl O
and
.Fl o
options).
The default output format includes, for each process, the process'
.Tn ID ,
controlling terminal, cpu time (including both user and system time),
state, and associated command.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl a
Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
.It Fl C
Change the way the cpu percentage is calculated by using a ``raw''
cpu calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has
no effect).
.It Fl h
Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
header per page of information.
.It Fl j
Print information associated with the following keywords:
user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time and command.
.It Fl L
List the set of available keywords.
.It Fl l
Display information associated with the following keywords:
uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time
and command.
.It Fl M
Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
instead of the default
.Dq Pa /dev/kmem .
.It Fl m
Sort by memory usage, instead of by process
.Tn ID .
.It Fl N
Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default
.Dq Pa /vmunix .
.It Fl O
Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specifed, after the process
.Tn ID ,
in the default information
display.
Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
the standard header.
.It Fl o
Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specifed.
Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
the standard header.
.It Fl p
Display information associated with the specified process
.Tn ID .
.It Fl r
Sort by current cpu usage, instead of by process
.Tn ID .
.It Fl S
Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
children to their parent process.
.It Fl T
Display information about processes attached to the device associated
with the standard input.
.It Fl t
Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
device.
.It Fl u
Display information associated with the following keywords:
user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command.
The
.Fl u
option implies the
.Fl r
option.
.It Fl v
Display information associated with the following keywords:
pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz, trss,
%cpu, %mem and command.
The
.Fl v
option implies the
.Fl m
option.
.It Fl W
Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the
default
.Dq Pa /dev/swap .
.It Fl w
Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
is your window size.
If the
.Fl w
option is specified more than once,
.Nm \&ps
will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
.It Fl x
Display information about processes without controlling terminals.
.El
.Pp
A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
Some of these keywords are further specifed as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It %cpu
The cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
a minute of previous (real) time.
Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
.Tn \&%CPU
fields to exceed 100%.
.It %mem
The percentage of real memory used by this process.
.It flags
The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in
the include file
.Aq Pa sys/proc.h :
.Bl -column SNOCLDSTOP SNOCLDSTOP
.It Dv "SLOAD" Ta No "0x0000001	in core"
.It Dv "SSYS" Ta No "0x0000002	swapper or pager process"
.It Dv "SLOCK" Ta No "0x0000004	process being swapped out"
.It Dv "SSWAP" Ta No "0x0000008	save area flag"
.It Dv "STRC" Ta No "0x0000010	process is being traced"
.It Dv "SWTED" Ta No "0x0000020	another tracing flag"
.It Dv "SSINTR" Ta No "0x0000040	sleep is interruptible"
.It Dv "SPAGE" Ta No "0x0000080	process in page wait state"
.It Dv "SKEEP" Ta No "0x0000100	another flag to prevent swap out"
.It Dv "SOMASK" Ta No "0x0000200	restore old mask after taking signal"
.It Dv "SWEXIT" Ta No "0x0000400	working on exiting"
.It Dv "SPHYSIO" Ta No "0x0000800	doing physical"
.Tn I/O
.It Dv "SVFORK" Ta No "0x0001000	process resulted from"
.Xr vfork 2
.It Dv "SVFDONE" Ta No "0x0002000	another"
.Xr vfork
flag
.It Dv "SNOVM" Ta No "0x0004000	no vm, parent in a"
.Xr vfork
.It Dv "SPAGV" Ta No "0x0008000	init data space on demand, from vnode"
.It Dv "SSEQL" Ta No "0x0010000	user warned of sequential vm behavior"
.It Dv "SUANOM" Ta No "0x0020000	user warned of random vm behavior"
.It Dv "STIMO" Ta No "0x0040000	timing out during sleep"
.It Dv "SNOCLDSTOP" Ta No "0x0080000	no"
.Dv SIGCHLD
when children stop
.It Dv "SCTTY" Ta No "0x0100000	has a controlling terminal"
.It Dv "SOWEUPC" Ta No "0x0200000	owe process an addupc() call at next ast"
.\" the routine addupc is not documented in the man pages
.It Dv "SSEL" Ta No "0x0400000	selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
.It Dv "SEXEC" Ta No "0x0800000	process called"
.Xr exec 2
.It Dv "SHPUX" Ta No "0x1000000	\\*(tNHP-UX\\*(sP process
.Pq Dv HPUXCOMPAT
.It Dv "SULOCK" Ta No "0x2000000	locked in core after swap error"
.It Dv "SPTECHG" Ta No "0x4000000	pte's for process have changed"
.El
.It lim
The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
.Xr setrlimit 2 .
.It lstart
The exact time the command started, using the ``%C'' format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
.It nice
The process scheduling increment (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It rss
the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
.It start
The time the command started.
If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format.
Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format.
.It state
The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
.Dq Tn RWNA .
The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It D
Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptable) wait.
.It I
Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
.It P
Marks a process in page wait.
.It R
Marks a runnable process.
.It S
Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
.It T
Marks a stopped process.
.It Z
Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').
.El
.Pp
Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
information:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It +
The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
.It <
The process has raised
.Tn CPU
scheduling priority.
.It >
The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
swapped.
.It A
the process has asked for random page replacement
.Pf ( Dv VA_ANOM ,
from
.Xr vadvise 2 ,
for example,
.Xr lisp 1
in a garbage collect).
.It E
The process is trying to exit.
.It L
The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
.Tn I/O ) .
.It N
The process has reduced
.Tn CPU
scheduling priority (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It S
The process has asked for
.Tn FIFO
page replacement
.Pf ( Dv VA_SEQL ,
from
.Xr vadvise 2 ,
for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
sequentially address voluminous data).
.It s
The process is a session leader.
.It V
The process is suspended during a
.Xr vfork .
.It W
The process is swapped out.
.It X
The process is being traced or debugged.
.El
.It tt
An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
The abbreviation consists of the two letters following
.Dq Pa /dev/tty ,
or, for the console, ``co''.
This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that
controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
.It wchan
The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
as 324000.
.El
.Pp
When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying
to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''.
.Nm \&Ps
makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended
on too much.
The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
.Sh KEYWORDS
The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
meanings.
Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width sigignore -compact
.It %cpu
percentage cpu usage (alias pcpu)
.It %mem
percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
.It acflag
accounting flag (alias acflg)
.It command
command and arguments
.It cpu
short-term cpu usage factor (for scheduling)
.It flags
the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
.It inblk
total blocks read (alias inblock)
.It jobc
job control count
.It ktrace
tracing flags
.It ktracep
tracing vnode
.It lim
memoryuse limit
.It logname
login name of user who started the process
.It lstart
time started
.It majflt
total page faults
.It minflt
total page reclaims
.It msgrcv
total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
.It msgsnd
total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
.It nice
nice value (alias ni)
.It nivcsw
total involuntary context switches
.It nsigs
total signals taken (alias nsignals)
.It nswap
total swaps in/out
.It nvcsw
total voluntary context switches
.It nwchan
wait channel (as an address)
.It oublk
total blocks written (alias oublock)
.It p_ru
resource usage (valid only for zombie)
.It paddr
swap address
.It pagein
pageins (same as majflt)
.It pgid
process group number
.It pid
process
.Tn ID
.It poip
pageouts in progress
.It ppid
parent process
.Tn ID
.It pri
scheduling priority
.It re
core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
.It rgid
real group
.Tn ID
.It rlink
reverse link on run queue, or 0
.It rss
resident set size
.It rsz
resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias rssize)
.It ruid
real user
.Tn ID
.It ruser
user name (from ruid)
.It sess
session pointer
.It sig
pending signals (alias pending)
.It sigcatch
caught signals (alias caught)
.It sigignore
ignored signals (alias ignored)
.It sigmask
blocked signals (alias blocked)
.It sl
sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
.It start
time started
.It state
symbolic process state (alias stat)
.It svgid
saved gid from a setgid executable
.It svuid
saved uid from a setuid executable
.It tdev
control terminal device number
.It time
accumulated cpu time, user + system (alias cputime)
.It tpgid
control terminal process group
.Tn ID
.It trss
text resident set size (in Kbytes)
.It tsess
control terminal session pointer
.It tsiz
text size (in Kbytes)
.It tt
control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
.It tty
full name of control terminal
.It uprocp
process pointer
.It ucomm
name to be used for accounting
.It uid
effective user
.Tn ID
.It upr
scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
.It user
user name (from uid)
.It vsz
virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
.It wchan
wait channel (as a symbolic name)
.It xstat
exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /var/run/kvm_vmunix.db -compact
.It Pa /dev
special files and device names
.It Pa /dev/drum
default swap device
.It Pa /dev/kmem
default kernel memory
.It Pa /var/run/dev.db
/dev name database
.It Pa /var/run/kvm_vmunix.db
system namelist database
.It Pa /vmunix
default system namelist
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr kill 1 ,
.Xr w 1 ,
.Xr kvm 3 ,
.Xr strftime 3 ,
.Xr pstat 8
.Sh BUGS
Since
.Nm \&ps
cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
process, the information it displays can never be exact.