1# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE 2# Copyright (C) YEAR Stellarium's team 3# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. 4# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. 5# 6# Translators: 7# Georgi Georgiev (Жоро) <g.georgiev.shumen@gmail.com>, 2020 8# 9#, fuzzy 10msgid "" 11msgstr "" 12"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" 13"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: stellarium@googlegroups.com\n" 14"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-12-16 17:32+0700\n" 15"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-01-06 16:35+0000\n" 16"Last-Translator: Georgi Georgiev (Жоро) <g.georgiev.shumen@gmail.com>, 2020\n" 17"Language-Team: Bulgarian (https://www.transifex.com/stellarium/teams/80998/bg/)\n" 18"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" 19"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" 20"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" 21"Language: bg\n" 22"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" 23 24#. type: Content of: <h1> 25#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:1 26msgid "Al-Sufi (\"Book of Fixed Stars\")" 27msgstr "" 28 29#. type: Content of: <p> 30#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:2 31msgid "" 32"The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul " 33"Kunitzsch described it as \"the most outstanding among the works of the " 34"prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in" 35" Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 " 36"classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in " 37"Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the " 38"following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation " 39"and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of " 40"the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a " 41"record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation," 42" and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding" 43" Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is " 44"seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. " 45"Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal " 46"description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and " 47"magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star " 48"catalogue in the Almagest.\" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. In " 49"addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. " 50"Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were " 51"neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to " 52"Ptolemy star catalog." 53msgstr "" 54 55#. type: Content of: <p> 56#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:3 57msgid "" 58"An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of " 59"facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in " 60"more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by " 61"its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or " 62"arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by " 63"the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 " 64"angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for " 65"angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. " 66"Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and" 67" 20 minutes <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. For the other units," 68" Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I " 69"came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and " 70"relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup<sup><a " 71"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> and from my research." 72msgstr "" 73 74#. type: Content of: <h2> 75#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:5 76msgid "Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi" 77msgstr "" 78 79#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 80#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:10 81msgid "<b>Schjellerup</b>" 82msgstr "" 83 84#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 85#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:11 86msgid "<b>Khalid</b>" 87msgstr "" 88 89#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 90#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:14 91msgid "<b>unit</b>" 92msgstr "" 93 94#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 95#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:15 96#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:17 97msgid "<b>cubits</b>" 98msgstr "" 99 100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 101#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:16 102#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:18 103msgid "<b>Angular Value</b>" 104msgstr "" 105 106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 107#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:21 108msgid "spear" 109msgstr "" 110 111#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 112#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:22 113#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:24 114msgid "6 cubits" 115msgstr "" 116 117#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 118#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:28 119msgid "Man-Height" 120msgstr "" 121 122#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 123#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:31 124msgid "3 cubits" 125msgstr "" 126 127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 128#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:35 129msgid "cubit" 130msgstr "" 131 132#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 133#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:36 134#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:38 135msgid "1 cubit" 136msgstr "" 137 138#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 139#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:42 140msgid "span" 141msgstr "" 142 143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 144#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:43 145msgid "1/3 of a cubit" 146msgstr "" 147 148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 149#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:45 150msgid "1/2 of a cubit" 151msgstr "" 152 153#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 154#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:49 155msgid "finger" 156msgstr "" 157 158#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 159#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:50 160msgid "1/32 of a cubit" 161msgstr "" 162 163#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 164#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:52 165msgid "1/16 of a cubit" 166msgstr "" 167 168#. type: Content of: <p> 169#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:57 170msgid "" 171"Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous " 172"Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact " 173"identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic " 174"stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at " 175"the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one." 176msgstr "" 177 178#. type: Content of: <h2> 179#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:59 180msgid "The Sky Culture" 181msgstr "" 182 183#. type: Content of: <p> 184#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:60 185msgid "" 186"This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of " 187"the book, oldest of which is the <a " 188"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\"" 189" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh " 190"144 dated 1009 AD</a>." 191msgstr "" 192 193#. type: Content of: <p> 194#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:61 195msgid "" 196"First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, " 197"and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations" 198" was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built " 199"including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and " 200"Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and " 201"identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous " 202"steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars" 203" plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a " 204"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 205msgstr "" 206 207#. type: Content of: <p> 208#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:62 209msgid "" 210"The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the " 211"Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for " 212"Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>." 213" The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the " 214"primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a " 215"secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the" 216" star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this " 217"constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, " 218"which will display \"The star on the end of the tail\" on the top of the " 219"screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the " 220"constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. " 221"For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the " 222"star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined " 223"through asterism names and asterism lines files." 224msgstr "" 225 226#. type: Content of: <p> 227#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:63 228msgid "" 229"The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted " 230"from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> which " 231"was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a " 232"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few " 233"places to agree with Al-Sufi wording." 234msgstr "" 235 236#. type: Content of: <p> 237#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:64 238msgid "" 239"The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the " 240"objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content." 241msgstr "" 242 243#. type: Content of: <h2> 244#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:66 245#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:522 246#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:464 247#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:496 248#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:299 249#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:288 250msgid "Fair Use" 251msgstr "Честна употреба" 252 253#. type: Content of: <p> 254#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:67 255msgid "" 256"This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International " 257"Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the " 258"contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work " 259"be cited according to the common rules." 260msgstr "" 261 262#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 263#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:69 264#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:45 265#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:32 266#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:61 267#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:475 268#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:23 269#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:48 270#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:17 271#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:302 272#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:291 273#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:12 274#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:10 275#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:17 276#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:9 277#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:63 278#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:11 279#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:85 280#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:23 281msgid "Author" 282msgstr "Автор" 283 284#. type: Content of: <p> 285#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:70 286msgid "" 287"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: " 288"turath.alfalak@gmail.com" 289msgstr "" 290 291#. type: Content of: <h3> 292#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:72 293#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:151 294#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:77 295#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2960 296#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:57 297msgid "Notes" 298msgstr "Бележки" 299 300#. type: Content of: <p> 301#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:73 302msgid "" 303"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-" 304"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: " 305"Variorum Reprints, 1989." 306msgstr "" 307 308#. type: Content of: <p> 309#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:74 310msgid "[2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga." 311msgstr "" 312 313#. type: Content of: <p> 314#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:75 315msgid "" 316"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par " 317"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27." 318msgstr "" 319 320#. type: Content of: <p> 321#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:76 322msgid "" 323"[4] <a " 324"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\"" 325" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical " 326"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>." 327msgstr "" 328 329#. type: Content of: <p> 330#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:77 331msgid "" 332"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" " 333"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān " 334"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque " 335"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>." 336msgstr "" 337 338#. type: Content of: <p> 339#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:78 340msgid "" 341"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 342"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 343"of the Almagest Catalog</a>." 344msgstr "" 345 346#. type: Content of: <p> 347#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:79 348msgid "" 349"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., " 350"1998." 351msgstr "" 352 353#. type: Content of: <h2> 354#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:1 355msgid "Anutan" 356msgstr "Анутска" 357 358#. type: Content of: <p> 359#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:2 360msgid "" 361"Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon " 362"Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the " 363"Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars " 364"and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed " 365"from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) " 366"are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major " 367"navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or " 368"undistinguished)." 369msgstr "" 370 371#. type: Content of: <h3> 372#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:9 373#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:43 374msgid "Nomenclature" 375msgstr "Номенклатура" 376 377#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 378#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 379msgid "Anutan name" 380msgstr "Анутско име" 381 382#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 383#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 384msgid "English translation" 385msgstr "Английски превод" 386 387#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 388#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 389msgid "Western skylore" 390msgstr "" 391 392#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 393#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 394msgid "Te Tino A Manu" 395msgstr "" 396 397#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 398#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 399msgid "The Bird's Body" 400msgstr "" 401 402#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 403#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 404#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:191 405#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:36 406#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61 407msgid "Sirius" 408msgstr "" 409 410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 411#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 412msgid "Te Kapakau Tonga" 413msgstr "" 414 415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 416#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 417msgid "The East Wing" 418msgstr "" 419 420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 421#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 422#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:428 423#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:372 424#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:186 425#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60 426msgid "Canopus" 427msgstr "Кано̀пус" 428 429#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 430#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 431msgid "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau" 432msgstr "" 433 434#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 435#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 436msgid "The North Wing" 437msgstr "" 438 439#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 440#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 441msgid "Procyon" 442msgstr "Про̀цион" 443 444#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 445#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 446msgid "Te Kaokao O Manu" 447msgstr "" 448 449#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 450#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 451msgid "The Bird's Armpit" 452msgstr "" 453 454#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 455#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 456msgid "Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body" 457msgstr "" 458 459#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 460#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 461msgid "Te Kope" 462msgstr "" 463 464#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 465#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 466msgid "The Bamboo" 467msgstr "" 468 469#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 470#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 471msgid "Grus" 472msgstr "Жерав" 473 474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 475#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 476msgid "Ara Toru" 477msgstr "" 478 479#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 480#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 481msgid "Path of Three" 482msgstr "" 483 484#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 485#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 486#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:66 487msgid "Orion's belt" 488msgstr "" 489 490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 491#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 492msgid "Te Angaanga" 493msgstr "" 494 495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 496#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 497msgid "The Tongs" 498msgstr "" 499 500#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 501#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 502msgid "Taurus's forehead" 503msgstr "" 504 505#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 506#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 507msgid "Matariki" 508msgstr "" 509 510#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 511#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 512msgid "Small Face, or Small Eyes" 513msgstr "" 514 515#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 516#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 517#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:306 518#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:251 519#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:96 520#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:129 521#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:41 522#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:13 523#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66 524msgid "Pleiades" 525msgstr "Плея̀ди" 526 527#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 528#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 529msgid "Kaavei" 530msgstr "" 531 532#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 533#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 534msgid "Octopus Tentacle" 535msgstr "" 536 537#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 538#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 539msgid "Aries" 540msgstr "Aries" 541 542#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 543#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 544msgid "Taki Roto" 545msgstr "" 546 547#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 548#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 549msgid "Middle Precursor" 550msgstr "" 551 552#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 553#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 554msgid "Corner of Great Square (one large star)" 555msgstr "" 556 557#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 558#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 559msgid "Taki Mua" 560msgstr "" 561 562#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 563#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 564msgid "Forward Precursor" 565msgstr "" 566 567#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 568#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 569msgid "Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder" 570msgstr "" 571 572#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 573#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 574msgid "Toki" 575msgstr "" 576 577#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 578#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 579msgid "Adze" 580msgstr "" 581 582#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 583#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 584#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:131 585msgid "Delphinus" 586msgstr "Delphinus" 587 588#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 589#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 590msgid "Te Aamonga" 591msgstr "" 592 593#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 594#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 595msgid "The Carrying Stick" 596msgstr "" 597 598#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 599#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 600msgid "Three stars in Aquila in a straight line" 601msgstr "" 602 603#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 604#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 605msgid "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu" 606msgstr "" 607 608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 609#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 610msgid "Sammara Squirrelfish" 611msgstr "" 612 613#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 614#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 615msgid "Four large stars in Sagittarius" 616msgstr "" 617 618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 619#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 620msgid "Te Rua Tangata" 621msgstr "" 622 623#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 624#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 625msgid "Double Man" 626msgstr "" 627 628#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 629#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 630#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:21 631msgid "Alpha and Beta Centauri" 632msgstr "" 633 634#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 635#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 636#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 637msgid "Te Rakau Tapu" 638msgstr "" 639 640#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 641#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 642#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 643msgid "The Net, or The Sacred Timber" 644msgstr "" 645 646#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 647#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 648#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 649#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68 650msgid "Southern Cross" 651msgstr "Южен кръст" 652 653#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 654#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 655msgid "Taro" 656msgstr "" 657 658#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 659#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 660msgid "Taro plant" 661msgstr "" 662 663#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 664#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 665msgid "" 666"Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau " 667"(its leaves)" 668msgstr "" 669 670#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 671#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 672msgid "Te Tukaniva" 673msgstr "" 674 675#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 676#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 677#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:41 678#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82 679msgid "—" 680msgstr "—" 681 682#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 683#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 684msgid "Milky way" 685msgstr "Млечен път" 686 687#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 688#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 689msgid "Te Aro Rere" 690msgstr "" 691 692#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 693#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 694msgid "The Running Cloud" 695msgstr "Бягащият облак" 696 697#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 698#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 699msgid "Large Magellanic Cloud" 700msgstr "Голям Магеланов облак" 701 702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 703#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 704msgid "Te Ao Toka" 705msgstr "" 706 707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 708#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 709msgid "The Restrained Cloud (?)" 710msgstr "Сдържаният облак (?)" 711 712#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 713#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 714msgid "Small Magellanic Cloud" 715msgstr "Малък Магеланов облак" 716 717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 718#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 719msgid "Te Petuu Ao" 720msgstr "" 721 722#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 723#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 724msgid "The Morning Star" 725msgstr "Зорницата" 726 727#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 728#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 729#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 730#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 731#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 732#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 733#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:377 734#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:36 735#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:26 736#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58 737msgid "Venus" 738msgstr "Венера" 739 740#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 741#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 742msgid "Tiuriuri" 743msgstr "" 744 745#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 746#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 747msgid "The Morning Star(?)" 748msgstr "Зорницата (?)" 749 750#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 751#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 752msgid "Venus(?)" 753msgstr "Венера (?)" 754 755#. type: Content of: <h3> 756#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:37 757#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:486 758#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:293 759#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:275 760#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:35 761#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:381 762#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:30 763msgid "References" 764msgstr "Препратки" 765 766#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 767#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:39 768msgid "" 769"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean " 770"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, " 771"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4." 772msgstr "" 773"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean " 774"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, " 775"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4." 776 777#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 778#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:41 779msgid "" 780"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa," 781" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University " 782"of California : ISBN 9780959378771." 783msgstr "" 784"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa," 785" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University " 786"of California : ISBN 9780959378771." 787 788#. type: Content of: <p> 789#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:46 790msgid "" 791"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, " 792"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 793msgstr "" 794 795#. type: Content of: <h1> 796#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:1 797msgid "Arabian Peninsula" 798msgstr "" 799 800#. type: Content of: <h4> 801#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:2 802#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:2 803#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:2 804#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:3 805msgid "Introduction" 806msgstr "Въведение" 807 808#. type: Content of: <p> 809#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:3 810msgid "" 811"The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian " 812"Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs." 813msgstr "" 814 815#. type: Content of: <h2> 816#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:4 817#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:4 818#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:4 819msgid "Description" 820msgstr "" 821 822#. type: Content of: <p> 823#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:6 824msgid "" 825"The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia," 826" bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and " 827"Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is " 828"not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by " 829"rivers, meaning The Euphrates river <sup><a " 830"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> <sup><a " 831"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. This region is inhabited by Arabs and " 832"covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, " 833"Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq." 834msgstr "" 835 836#. type: Content of: <p> 837#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:9 838msgid "" 839"The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars " 840"for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and " 841"agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs" 842" and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented " 843"and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these " 844"collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the " 845"people of this region." 846msgstr "" 847 848#. type: Content of: <p> 849#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:10 850msgid "" 851"The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the " 852"system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of" 853" al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13" 854" days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This " 855"will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle." 856" Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon " 857"conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper." 858msgstr "" 859 860#. type: Content of: <p> 861#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:11 862msgid "" 863"The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of " 864"ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and " 865"used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up " 866"to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not certain " 867"but estimated to be in the 17th century<sup><a " 868"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>. Another important source is a poem by " 869"Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar " 870"stations, citing them by the local names<sup><a " 871"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 872msgstr "" 873 874#. type: Content of: <h4> 875#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:13 876msgid "Sources of Star Names and Asterisms" 877msgstr "" 878 879#. type: Content of: <p> 880#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:14 881msgid "" 882"The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral " 883"traditions and the following books:" 884msgstr "" 885 886#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 887#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:16 888msgid "" 889"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, The folk " 890"proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010." 891msgstr "" 892 893#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 894#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:18 895msgid "" 896"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-" 897"dariǧah, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 " 898"volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009." 899msgstr "" 900 901#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 902#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:20 903msgid "" 904"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, A collection of Bedouins poetry " 905"by the name: The moist flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif " 906"library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia." 907msgstr "" 908 909#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 910#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:22 911msgid "" 912"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, A collection of poetry " 913"by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arab peninsula, 10 " 914"volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." 915msgstr "" 916 917#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 918#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:24 919msgid "" 920"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat " 921"Ḥāʾil, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, " 922"2007." 923msgstr "" 924 925#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 926#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:26 927msgid "" 928"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, The best of folk " 929"poetry, 3 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999." 930msgstr "" 931 932#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 933#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:28 934msgid "" 935"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, The Poets of the" 936" mountain, 5 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 937msgstr "" 938 939#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 940#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:30 941msgid "" 942"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, Explanation " 943"of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 944msgstr "" 945 946#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 947#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:32 948msgid "" 949"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation of al-" 950"Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018." 951msgstr "" 952 953#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 954#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:35 955#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:24 956#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:69 957#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:8 958#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:5 959#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:4 960#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:15 961#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:4 962#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:4 963#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:4 964msgid "Constellations" 965msgstr "Съзвездия" 966 967#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 968#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 969msgid "ID" 970msgstr "" 971 972#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 973#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 974msgid "<b>Arabic</b>" 975msgstr "" 976 977#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 978#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 979msgid "<b>Transliteration</b>" 980msgstr "" 981 982#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 983#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 984msgid "<b>Translation</b>" 985msgstr "" 986 987#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 988#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 989msgid "<b>Comment</b>" 990msgstr "" 991 992#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 993#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 994msgid "<b>References</b>" 995msgstr "" 996 997#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 998#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:39 999msgid "<b>Constellations</b>" 1000msgstr "" 1001 1002#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1003#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1004msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain" 1005msgstr "" 1006 1007#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1008#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1009msgid "The Two Guards" 1010msgstr "" 1011 1012#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1013#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1014msgid "" 1015"The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two Guards" 1016" comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the seven" 1017" sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the Big " 1018"Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their father " 1019"until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and the name" 1020" is The Two Guards." 1021msgstr "" 1022 1023#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1024#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1025msgid "al-Diḫīlain" 1026msgstr "" 1027 1028#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1029#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1030msgid "The Two Refugees" 1031msgstr "" 1032 1033#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1034#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1035msgid "" 1036"The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes " 1037"from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the " 1038"killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection." 1039msgstr "" 1040 1041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1042#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1043msgid "Āl Aba Bzay" 1044msgstr "" 1045 1046#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1047#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1048msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay" 1049msgstr "" 1050 1051#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1052#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1053msgid "The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi" 1054msgstr "" 1055 1056#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1057#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1058#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1059msgid "al-Naʿāyem" 1060msgstr "" 1061 1062#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1063#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1064msgid "Al-Nayem" 1065msgstr "" 1066 1067#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1068#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1069msgid "" 1070"Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the " 1071"seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1072msgstr "" 1073 1074#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1075#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1076msgid "al-Sibbaʿ" 1077msgstr "" 1078 1079#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1080#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1081msgid "The Seven" 1082msgstr "" 1083 1084#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1085#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1086msgid "The seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1087msgstr "" 1088 1089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1090#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1091msgid "Banāt Naʿš" 1092msgstr "" 1093 1094#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1095#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1096msgid "Daughters Of Na'sh" 1097msgstr "" 1098 1099#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1100#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1101msgid "" 1102"The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their " 1103"father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris)." 1104msgstr "" 1105 1106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1107#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1108msgid "al-Šdād" 1109msgstr "" 1110 1111#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1112#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1113msgid "The Saddle Of The Camel" 1114msgstr "" 1115 1116#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1117#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1118msgid "" 1119"The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas " 1120"along the red sea of Saudi Arabia." 1121msgstr "" 1122 1123#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1124#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1125msgid "al-Miġzal" 1126msgstr "" 1127 1128#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1129#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1130msgid "The Wool Spindle" 1131msgstr "" 1132 1133#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1134#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1135msgid "" 1136"The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ " 1137"Cyg, and β1 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of " 1138"Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia." 1139msgstr "" 1140 1141#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1142#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1143msgid "al-Muqaddam" 1144msgstr "" 1145 1146#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1147#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1148msgid "The Front" 1149msgstr "" 1150 1151#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1152#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1153msgid "The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)" 1154msgstr "" 1155 1156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1157#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1158msgid "al-Muḫḫar" 1159msgstr "" 1160 1161#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1162#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1163msgid "The Rear" 1164msgstr "" 1165 1166#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1167#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1168msgid "The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)" 1169msgstr "" 1170 1171#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1172#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1173msgid "al-Rša" 1174msgstr "" 1175 1176#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1177#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1178msgid "The Bucket Rope" 1179msgstr "" 1180 1181#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1182#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1183msgid "" 1184"The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)" 1185msgstr "" 1186 1187#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1188#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1189msgid "al-Šarṭain" 1190msgstr "" 1191 1192#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1193#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1194msgid "The Two Signs" 1195msgstr "" 1196 1197#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1198#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1199msgid "" 1200"The two signs, stars (Mesarthim and Sheratan) (27th mansion of the Moon)" 1201msgstr "" 1202 1203#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1204#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1205msgid "al-Bṭain" 1206msgstr "" 1207 1208#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1209#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1210msgid "The Little Abdomen" 1211msgstr "" 1212 1213#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1214#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1215msgid "The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon)." 1216msgstr "" 1217 1218#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1219#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1220msgid "al-Thrayyā" 1221msgstr "" 1222 1223#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1224#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1225msgid "Al-Thurayya" 1226msgstr "" 1227 1228#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1229#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1230msgid "" 1231"al-Thurayyā is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon)." 1232msgstr "" 1233 1234#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1235#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1236msgid "al-Dhraʿ" 1237msgstr "" 1238 1239#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1240#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1241msgid "The Arm" 1242msgstr "" 1243 1244#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1245#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1246msgid "" 1247"The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon)." 1248msgstr "" 1249 1250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1251#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1252msgid "al-Klaibain" 1253msgstr "" 1254 1255#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1256#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1257msgid "The Two Little Dogs" 1258msgstr "" 1259 1260#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1261#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1262msgid "" 1263"An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is used" 1264" for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common " 1265"in central Arabia." 1266msgstr "" 1267 1268#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1269#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1270msgid "al-Nathrah" 1271msgstr "" 1272 1273#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1274#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1275msgid "The Nostrils" 1276msgstr "" 1277 1278#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1279#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1280msgid "" 1281"M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th " 1282"mansion of the Moon)." 1283msgstr "" 1284 1285#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1286#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1287msgid "al-Ṭarf" 1288msgstr "" 1289 1290#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1291#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1292msgid "The Eyes" 1293msgstr "" 1294 1295#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1296#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1297msgid "Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon)." 1298msgstr "" 1299 1300#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1301#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1302msgid "al-Ǧabhah" 1303msgstr "" 1304 1305#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1306#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1307msgid "The Forehead" 1308msgstr "" 1309 1310#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1311#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1312msgid "Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon)." 1313msgstr "" 1314 1315#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1316#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1317msgid "al-Zubrah" 1318msgstr "" 1319 1320#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1321#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1322msgid "The Mane" 1323msgstr "" 1324 1325#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1326#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1327msgid "Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon)." 1328msgstr "" 1329 1330#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1331#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1332msgid "al-ʿAwwā" 1333msgstr "" 1334 1335#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1336#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1337msgid "The Bend" 1338msgstr "" 1339 1340#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1341#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1342msgid "" 1343"an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs " 1344"barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon)." 1345msgstr "" 1346 1347#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1348#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1349msgid "al-Ġafr" 1350msgstr "" 1351 1352#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1353#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1354msgid "The Cover" 1355msgstr "" 1356 1357#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1358#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1359msgid "Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)" 1360msgstr "" 1361 1362#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1363#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1364msgid "al-Zubānā" 1365msgstr "" 1366 1367#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1368#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1369msgid "Claws Of The Scorpion" 1370msgstr "" 1371 1372#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1373#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1374msgid "The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon)." 1375msgstr "" 1376 1377#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1378#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1379msgid "al-Iklīl" 1380msgstr "" 1381 1382#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1383#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1384msgid "The Diadem" 1385msgstr "" 1386 1387#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1388#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1389msgid "" 1390"The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the " 1391"Moon)." 1392msgstr "" 1393 1394#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1395#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1396#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 1397msgid "al-Šawlah" 1398msgstr "" 1399 1400#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1401#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1402#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 1403msgid "Raised Tail Of The Scorpion" 1404msgstr "" 1405 1406#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1407#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1408msgid "The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon)." 1409msgstr "" 1410 1411#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1412#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1413msgid "aal-ʿAqrab" 1414msgstr "" 1415 1416#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1417#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1418msgid "The Scorpion" 1419msgstr "" 1420 1421#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1422#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1423msgid "The scorpion image" 1424msgstr "" 1425 1426#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1427#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1428msgid "al-Baldah" 1429msgstr "" 1430 1431#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1432#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1433msgid "The Empty Place" 1434msgstr "" 1435 1436#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1437#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1438msgid "" 1439"An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon)." 1440msgstr "" 1441 1442#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1443#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1444msgid "The Ostriches" 1445msgstr "" 1446 1447#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1448#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1449msgid "" 1450"Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the " 1451"river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches " 1452"returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is " 1453"included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion " 1454"of the Moon)." 1455msgstr "" 1456 1457#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1458#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1459msgid "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ" 1460msgstr "" 1461 1462#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1463#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1464msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer" 1465msgstr "" 1466 1467#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1468#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1469msgid "" 1470"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion " 1471"of the Moon)." 1472msgstr "" 1473 1474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1475#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1476msgid "Saʿd bulaʿ" 1477msgstr "" 1478 1479#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1480#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1481msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Swallower" 1482msgstr "" 1483 1484#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1485#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1486msgid "" 1487"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of " 1488"the Moon)." 1489msgstr "" 1490 1491#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1492#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1493msgid "Saʿd al-suʿūd" 1494msgstr "" 1495 1496#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1497#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1498msgid "The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars" 1499msgstr "" 1500 1501#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1502#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1503msgid "" 1504"Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring " 1505"(22nd mansion of the Moon)." 1506msgstr "" 1507 1508#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1509#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1510msgid "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah" 1511msgstr "" 1512 1513#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1514#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1515msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Tents" 1516msgstr "" 1517 1518#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1519#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1520msgid "" 1521"Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is " 1522"inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon)." 1523msgstr "" 1524 1525#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1526#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1527#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 1528msgid "al-Haqʿah" 1529msgstr "" 1530 1531#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1532#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1533#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 1534msgid "The Circular Mark" 1535msgstr "" 1536 1537#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1538#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1539msgid "" 1540"Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) " 1541"representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon)." 1542msgstr "" 1543 1544#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1545#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1546msgid "al-Hanʿah" 1547msgstr "" 1548 1549#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1550#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1551msgid "Stoopness" 1552msgstr "" 1553 1554#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1555#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1556msgid "Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)" 1557msgstr "" 1558 1559#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1560#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1561msgid "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā" 1562msgstr "" 1563 1564#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1565#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1566msgid "Back Of Al-Jawza" 1567msgstr "" 1568 1569#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1570#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1571msgid "" 1572"The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of" 1573" Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the " 1574"western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The " 1575"source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 1576msgstr "" 1577 1578#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1579#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1580msgid "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā" 1581msgstr "" 1582 1583#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1584#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1585#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1586msgid "Claws Of Al-Jawza" 1587msgstr "" 1588 1589#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1590#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1591#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1592msgid "" 1593"Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem" 1594" region of Saudi Arabia." 1595msgstr "" 1596 1597#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1598#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1599msgid "al-Zibban" 1600msgstr "" 1601 1602#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1603#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1604msgid "Masǧid al-Thrayyā" 1605msgstr "" 1606 1607#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1608#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1609msgid "Mosque Of Al-Thurayya" 1610msgstr "" 1611 1612#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1613#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1614msgid "" 1615"A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is " 1616"composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this " 1617"name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern " 1618"Saudi Arabia." 1619msgstr "" 1620 1621#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1622#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1623msgid "al-Ǧawā" 1624msgstr "" 1625 1626#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1627#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1628msgid "Al-Jawza" 1629msgstr "" 1630 1631#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1632#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1633msgid "" 1634"Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape " 1635"for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral " 1636"traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt." 1637msgstr "" 1638 1639#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1640#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:79 1641msgid "<b>Planets</b>" 1642msgstr "" 1643 1644#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1645#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1646msgid "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ" 1647msgstr "" 1648 1649#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1650#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1651msgid "Morning Star" 1652msgstr "" 1653 1654#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1655#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1656msgid "A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun." 1657msgstr "" 1658 1659#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1660#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1661msgid "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā" 1662msgstr "" 1663 1664#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1665#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1666msgid "Evening Star" 1667msgstr "" 1668 1669#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1670#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1671msgid "A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun." 1672msgstr "" 1673 1674#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1675#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1676msgid "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah" 1677msgstr "" 1678 1679#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1680#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1681msgid "The Sip, The Sipper" 1682msgstr "" 1683 1684#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1685#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1686msgid "" 1687"Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The " 1688"sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children " 1689"to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it." 1690msgstr "" 1691 1692#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1693#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1694msgid "Naǧmat al-Hawdān" 1695msgstr "" 1696 1697#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1698#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1699msgid "The Star Of Al-Hawdan" 1700msgstr "" 1701 1702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1703#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1704msgid "" 1705"Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in " 1706"the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for " 1707"their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is " 1708"that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises " 1709"preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening " 1710"when Venus sets." 1711msgstr "" 1712 1713#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1714#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:84 1715msgid "<b>Stars</b>" 1716msgstr "" 1717 1718#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1719#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1720msgid "al-Ǧady" 1721msgstr "" 1722 1723#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1724#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1725msgid "The Kid" 1726msgstr "" 1727 1728#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1729#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1730msgid "Same as the ancient Arab name." 1731msgstr "" 1732 1733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1734#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1735msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1" 1736msgstr "" 1737 1738#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1739#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1740msgid "The Two Guards 1" 1741msgstr "" 1742 1743#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1744#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1745#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1746#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1747#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1748#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1749#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1750msgid "See CON100" 1751msgstr "" 1752 1753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1754#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1755msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2" 1756msgstr "" 1757 1758#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1759#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1760msgid "The Two Guards 2" 1761msgstr "" 1762 1763#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1764#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1765msgid "al-Diḫīlain 1" 1766msgstr "" 1767 1768#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1769#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1770msgid "The Two Refugees 1" 1771msgstr "" 1772 1773#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1774#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1775msgid "al-Diḫīlain 2" 1776msgstr "" 1777 1778#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1779#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1780msgid "The Two Refugees 2" 1781msgstr "" 1782 1783#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1784#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1785msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 1" 1786msgstr "" 1787 1788#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1789#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1790msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 1" 1791msgstr "" 1792 1793#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1794#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1795msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 2" 1796msgstr "" 1797 1798#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1799#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1800msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 2" 1801msgstr "" 1802 1803#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1804#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1805msgid "al-Ḫilj 1" 1806msgstr "" 1807 1808#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1809#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1810msgid "Al-Khilj 1" 1811msgstr "" 1812 1813#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1814#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1815#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1816#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1817#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1818msgid "The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise" 1819msgstr "" 1820 1821#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1822#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1823msgid "al-Ḫilj 2" 1824msgstr "" 1825 1826#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1827#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1828msgid "Al-Khilj 2" 1829msgstr "" 1830 1831#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1832#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1833msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1" 1834msgstr "" 1835 1836#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1837#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1838msgid "The first Khilj 1" 1839msgstr "" 1840 1841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1842#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1843msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2" 1844msgstr "" 1845 1846#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1847#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1848msgid "The first Khilj 2" 1849msgstr "" 1850 1851#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1852#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1853msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1" 1854msgstr "" 1855 1856#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1857#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1858msgid "The Latter Khilj 1" 1859msgstr "" 1860 1861#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1862#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1863#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1864#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1865#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1866msgid "The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise" 1867msgstr "" 1868 1869#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1870#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1871msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2" 1872msgstr "" 1873 1874#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1875#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1876msgid "The Latter Khilj 2" 1877msgstr "" 1878 1879#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1880#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1881msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 1" 1882msgstr "" 1883 1884#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1885#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1886msgid "The fourth ones 1" 1887msgstr "" 1888 1889#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1890#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1891msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 2" 1892msgstr "" 1893 1894#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1895#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1896msgid "The fourth ones 2" 1897msgstr "" 1898 1899#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1900#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1901msgid "al-Ḫamis" 1902msgstr "" 1903 1904#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1905#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1906msgid "The Fifth" 1907msgstr "" 1908 1909#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1910#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1911msgid "The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1912msgstr "" 1913 1914#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1915#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1916msgid "al-Satt" 1917msgstr "" 1918 1919#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1920#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1921msgid "The Sixth" 1922msgstr "" 1923 1924#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1925#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1926msgid "The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1927msgstr "" 1928 1929#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1930#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1931msgid "al-Swaibiʿ" 1932msgstr "" 1933 1934#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1935#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1936msgid "The Seventh" 1937msgstr "" 1938 1939#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1940#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1941msgid "The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1942msgstr "" 1943 1944#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1945#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 1946msgid "al-Reqīb" 1947msgstr "" 1948 1949#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1950#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 1951msgid "The Watcher" 1952msgstr "" 1953 1954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1955#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 1956msgid "" 1957"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel region." 1958msgstr "" 1959 1960#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1961#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 1962msgid "al-Iḥaimir" 1963msgstr "" 1964 1965#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1966#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 1967msgid "The Reddish One" 1968msgstr "" 1969 1970#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1971#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 1972msgid "" 1973"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers " 1974"and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula." 1975msgstr "" 1976 1977#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1978#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 1979msgid "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf" 1980msgstr "" 1981 1982#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1983#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 1984msgid "The Closed Wings Eagle" 1985msgstr "" 1986 1987#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1988#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 1989msgid "" 1990"The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms " 1991"the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region." 1992msgstr "" 1993 1994#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1995#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 1996msgid "al-Mbarī" 1997msgstr "" 1998 1999#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2000#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 2001msgid "The Parallel One" 2002msgstr "" 2003 2004#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2005#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 2006msgid "The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)" 2007msgstr "" 2008 2009#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2010#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2011msgid "al-Ǧinīb" 2012msgstr "" 2013 2014#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2015#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2016msgid "The Sided One" 2017msgstr "" 2018 2019#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2020#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2021msgid "The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)" 2022msgstr "" 2023 2024#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2025#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2026msgid "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ" 2027msgstr "" 2028 2029#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2030#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2031msgid "The Spread Wings Eagle" 2032msgstr "" 2033 2034#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2035#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2036msgid "" 2037"The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql forms " 2038"the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region." 2039msgstr "" 2040 2041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2042#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2043msgid "aal-Kanūn" 2044msgstr "" 2045 2046#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2047#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2048msgid "Al-Kanoon" 2049msgstr "" 2050 2051#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2052#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2053msgid "" 2054"Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī." 2055msgstr "" 2056 2057#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2058#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2059msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 2" 2060msgstr "" 2061 2062#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2063#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2064msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 2" 2065msgstr "" 2066 2067#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2068#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2069#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2070msgid "See CON2504" 2071msgstr "" 2072 2073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2074#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2075msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 1" 2076msgstr "" 2077 2078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2079#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2080msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 1" 2081msgstr "" 2082 2083#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2084#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2085msgid "al-Mqaddam 2" 2086msgstr "" 2087 2088#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2089#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2090msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 2" 2091msgstr "" 2092 2093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2094#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2095#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2096msgid "See CON2502" 2097msgstr "" 2098 2099#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2100#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2101msgid "al-Mqaddam 1" 2102msgstr "" 2103 2104#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2105#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2106msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 1" 2107msgstr "" 2108 2109#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2110#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2111msgid "al-Twaibiʿ" 2112msgstr "" 2113 2114#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2115#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2116msgid "The Follower" 2117msgstr "" 2118 2119#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2120#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2121#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2122msgid "The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon)" 2123msgstr "" 2124 2125#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2126#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2127msgid "al-Twailī" 2128msgstr "" 2129 2130#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2131#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2132msgid "The Latter" 2133msgstr "" 2134 2135#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2136#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2137msgid "al-Mǧaidiḥ" 2138msgstr "" 2139 2140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2141#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2142msgid "Al-Mjaidih" 2143msgstr "" 2144 2145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2146#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2147msgid "" 2148"The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef " 2149"region, western Saudi Arabia." 2150msgstr "" 2151 2152#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2153#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2154msgid "al-Aẓfār 1" 2155msgstr "" 2156 2157#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2158#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2159msgid "The Claws 1" 2160msgstr "" 2161 2162#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2163#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2164#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2165#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2166#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2167#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2168#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2169msgid "" 2170"Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of " 2171"Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia." 2172msgstr "" 2173 2174#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2175#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2176msgid "al-Aẓfār 2" 2177msgstr "" 2178 2179#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2180#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2181msgid "The Claws 2" 2182msgstr "" 2183 2184#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2185#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2186msgid "al-Aẓfār 3" 2187msgstr "" 2188 2189#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2190#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2191msgid "The Claws 3" 2192msgstr "" 2193 2194#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2195#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2196msgid "al-Aẓfār 4" 2197msgstr "" 2198 2199#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2200#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2201msgid "The Claws 4" 2202msgstr "" 2203 2204#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2205#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2206msgid "al-Aẓfār 5" 2207msgstr "" 2208 2209#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2210#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2211msgid "The Claws 5" 2212msgstr "" 2213 2214#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2215#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2216msgid "al-Aẓfār 6" 2217msgstr "" 2218 2219#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2220#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2221msgid "The Claws 6" 2222msgstr "" 2223 2224#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2225#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2226msgid "al-Ṣarfah" 2227msgstr "" 2228 2229#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2230#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2231msgid "Star Of Weather Change" 2232msgstr "" 2233 2234#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2235#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2236msgid "(10th mansion of the Moon)" 2237msgstr "" 2238 2239#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2240#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2241msgid "al-Smak al-ʿazal" 2242msgstr "" 2243 2244#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2245#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2246msgid "The High Unarmed One" 2247msgstr "" 2248 2249#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2250#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2251msgid "(12th mansion of the Moon)" 2252msgstr "" 2253 2254#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2255#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2256msgid "al-Qalb" 2257msgstr "" 2258 2259#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2260#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2261msgid "The Heart" 2262msgstr "" 2263 2264#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2265#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2266msgid "(16th mansion of the Moon)" 2267msgstr "" 2268 2269#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2270#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 2271msgid "(17th mansion of the Moon)" 2272msgstr "" 2273 2274#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2275#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 2276msgid "(third mansion of the Moon)" 2277msgstr "" 2278 2279#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2280#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2281msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī" 2282msgstr "" 2283 2284#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2285#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2286msgid "Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza" 2287msgstr "" 2288 2289#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2290#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2291msgid "" 2292"Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2293" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2294"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2295msgstr "" 2296 2297#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2298#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2299msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī" 2300msgstr "" 2301 2302#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2303#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2304msgid "Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza" 2305msgstr "" 2306 2307#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2308#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2309msgid "" 2310"Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name \"Northern Claw of al-Jawza\" " 2311"appeared in \"Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd " 2312"fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical " 2313"edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, " 2314"2012, pg. 292.\"." 2315msgstr "" 2316 2317#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2318#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2319msgid "Riǧl al-Ǧawza" 2320msgstr "" 2321 2322#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2323#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2324msgid "Leg Of Al-Jawza" 2325msgstr "" 2326 2327#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2328#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2329msgid "" 2330"Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2331" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2332"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2333msgstr "" 2334 2335#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2336#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2337msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī" 2338msgstr "" 2339 2340#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2341#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2342msgid "Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza" 2343msgstr "" 2344 2345#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2346#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2347msgid "" 2348"Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2349" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2350"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2351msgstr "" 2352 2353#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2354#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2355msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī" 2356msgstr "" 2357 2358#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2359#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2360msgid "Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza" 2361msgstr "" 2362 2363#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2364#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2365msgid "" 2366"Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of \"Northern " 2367"Claw of al-Jawza\" for α Ori. 1" 2368msgstr "" 2369 2370#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2371#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2372msgid "al-Mirzam" 2373msgstr "" 2374 2375#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2376#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2377msgid "Al-Mirzam" 2378msgstr "" 2379 2380#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2381#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2382msgid "" 2383"A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar " 2384"mansion." 2385msgstr "" 2386 2387#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2388#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2389msgid "al-Šiʿla" 2390msgstr "" 2391 2392#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2393#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2394msgid "Al-Shi'la" 2395msgstr "" 2396 2397#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2398#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2399msgid "" 2400"Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian " 2401"Peninsula." 2402msgstr "" 2403 2404#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2405#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2406msgid "Shail" 2407msgstr "" 2408 2409#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2410#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2411msgid "Suhayl" 2412msgstr "" 2413 2414#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2415#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2416msgid "The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin." 2417msgstr "" 2418 2419#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2420#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2421msgid "Miḥlif" 2422msgstr "" 2423 2424#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2425#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2426msgid "The Oath Star" 2427msgstr "" 2428 2429#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2430#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2431msgid "" 2432"A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with " 2433"Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that" 2434" it is or is not Suhayl." 2435msgstr "" 2436 2437#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2438#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2439msgid "Aba al-sihil" 2440msgstr "" 2441 2442#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2443#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2444msgid "Aba Alsihil" 2445msgstr "" 2446 2447#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2448#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2449#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2450#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2451msgid "Another name of α Eri." 2452msgstr "" 2453 2454#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2455#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2456msgid "al-Mishil" 2457msgstr "" 2458 2459#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2460#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2461msgid "Al-Miss.hil" 2462msgstr "" 2463 2464#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2465#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2466msgid "al-Shali (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)" 2467msgstr "" 2468 2469#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2470#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2471msgid "As-S.hali" 2472msgstr "" 2473 2474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2475#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2476msgid "al-Naʿāyem 1" 2477msgstr "" 2478 2479#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2480#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2481msgid "al-Naayem 1" 2482msgstr "" 2483 2484#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2485#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2486#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2487msgid "" 2488"A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the " 2489"tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and " 2490"should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper " 2491"used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the " 2492"name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion." 2493msgstr "" 2494 2495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2496#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2497msgid "al-Naʿāyem 2" 2498msgstr "" 2499 2500#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2501#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2502msgid "al-Naayem 2" 2503msgstr "" 2504 2505#. type: Content of: <h3> 2506#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:145 2507#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:71 2508#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:539 2509#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:42 2510#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:220 2511#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2980 2512#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:57 2513#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:505 2514#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:31 2515#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:377 2516#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:73 2517#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:259 2518#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:57 2519#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:48 2520#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:59 2521#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:78 2522msgid "Authors" 2523msgstr "Автори" 2524 2525#. type: Content of: <p> 2526#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:147 2527msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com." 2528msgstr "" 2529 2530#. type: Content of: <h2> 2531#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:149 2532#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:34 2533#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:74 2534msgid "License" 2535msgstr "" 2536 2537#. type: Content of: <p> 2538#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:150 2539#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:75 2540msgid "" 2541"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)." 2542msgstr "" 2543 2544#. type: Content of: <p> 2545#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:152 2546msgid "" 2547"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich " 2548"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47." 2549msgstr "" 2550 2551#. type: Content of: <p><p> 2552#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:153 2553msgid "" 2554"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de " 2555"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1." 2556msgstr "" 2557 2558#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 2559#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:154 2560msgid "" 2561"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation " 2562"of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018." 2563msgstr "" 2564 2565#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 2566#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:155 2567msgid "" 2568"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, " 2569"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 2570msgstr "" 2571 2572#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 2573#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:156 2574msgid "" 2575"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ " 2576"Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical edition " 2577"print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. " 2578"292." 2579msgstr "" 2580 2581#. type: Content of: <h1> 2582#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:1 2583msgid "Arabic" 2584msgstr "" 2585 2586#. type: Content of: <p> 2587#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:3 2588msgid "" 2589"The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient" 2590" Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy " 2591"influence in the ninth century." 2592msgstr "" 2593 2594#. type: Content of: <p> 2595#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:5 2596msgid "" 2597"The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in " 2598"old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of " 2599"the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star " 2600"knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. " 2601"The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's <em>Kitāb al-Anwāʾ</em> (9th century) listed " 2602"twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and " 2603"tenth century<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. The only completely" 2604" preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many " 2605"of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the " 2606"indigenous Arab star names is the <em>Book of the stars</em> written in ~ " 2607"964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the " 2608"indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek " 2609"constellations<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[2]</a></sup>." 2610msgstr "" 2611 2612#. type: Content of: <h4> 2613#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:6 2614msgid "Sources of the Arabic sky culture" 2615msgstr "" 2616 2617#. type: Content of: <p> 2618#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:7 2619msgid "" 2620"The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge " 2621"of ancient Arabs from the following books:" 2622msgstr "" 2623 2624#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2625#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:9 2626msgid "" 2627"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), " 2628"Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, " 2629"Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)" 2630msgstr "" 2631 2632#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2633#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:11 2634msgid "" 2635"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah " 2636"wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in " 2637"2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)." 2638msgstr "" 2639 2640#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2641#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:13 2642msgid "" 2643"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-" 2644"azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996," 2645" Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)." 2646msgstr "" 2647 2648#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2649#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:15 2650msgid "" 2651"<a " 2652"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book" 2653" of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by " 2654"Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021 AD</a>" 2655msgstr "" 2656 2657#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2658#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:17 2659msgid "" 2660"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-" 2661"ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic " 2662"print of the original book, 1980 – 1985)." 2663msgstr "" 2664 2665#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2666#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:19 2667msgid "" 2668"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, " 2669"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923." 2670msgstr "" 2671 2672#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2673#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:21 2674msgid "" 2675"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-" 2676"Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925." 2677msgstr "" 2678 2679#. type: Content of: <p> 2680#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:25 2681msgid "" 2682"The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the " 2683"sky, and particular shape of a group of stars. Single stars were named " 2684"after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, " 2685"meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a " 2686"man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat). If" 2687" two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given " 2688"a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves. " 2689"Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are " 2690"adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and" 2691" their youngsters, The horses and the foals. Particular shapes of stars " 2692"were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper " 2693"name of a woman for Orion stars. Other asterisms are given names according " 2694"to legends and stories." 2695msgstr "" 2696 2697#. type: Content of: <p> 2698#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:33 2699msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com" 2700msgstr "" 2701 2702#. type: Content of: <p> 2703#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:35 2704msgid "" 2705"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)." 2706" The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common rules." 2707msgstr "" 2708 2709#. type: Content of: <p> 2710#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:36 2711msgid "" 2712"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’a" 2713" (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (Arabic print of the original book in 1956" 2714" in India Hydarabad al-Dakan), page: يد." 2715msgstr "" 2716 2717#. type: Content of: <p> 2718#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:37 2719msgid "" 2720"[2]: <a " 2721"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book" 2722" of the Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital " 2723"edition</a>" 2724msgstr "" 2725 2726#. type: Content of: <h1> 2727#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:1 2728msgid "Arabic Lunar Stations" 2729msgstr "" 2730 2731#. type: Content of: <p> 2732#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:3 2733msgid "" 2734"The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient " 2735"Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip " 2736"around the sky." 2737msgstr "" 2738 2739#. type: Content of: <h4> 2740#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:5 2741msgid "Historical Overview" 2742msgstr "Исторически преглед" 2743 2744#. type: Content of: <p> 2745#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:6 2746msgid "" 2747"Originally, <em>Manāzil al-Qamar</em>, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, or" 2748" stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots " 2749"in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its " 2750"monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar " 2751"stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the authority " 2752"of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. " 2753"However, this system had been adopted already in the pre-Islamic period, " 2754"prior to the 7th century of the common era." 2755msgstr "" 2756 2757#. type: Content of: <p> 2758#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:9 2759msgid "" 2760"Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to " 2761"divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days " 2762"each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are " 2763"called <em>Anwāʾ</em>, plural of <em>nawʾ</em>. Each <em>Nawʾ</em> is " 2764"determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning " 2765"during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning" 2766" of the next <em>nawʾ</em>. The name of the <em>nawʾ</em> (period of time, " 2767"half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting" 2768" and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a " 2769"solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict " 2770"weather, especially rain <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. The " 2771"Arabs said: each <em>nawʾ</em> (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a " 2772"distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature <sup><a " 2773"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>." 2774msgstr "" 2775 2776#. type: Content of: <p> 2777#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:11 2778msgid "" 2779"A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of " 2780"their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological " 2781"knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the <em>Book of " 2782"meteorology</em> (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 " 2783"- d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it was " 2784"printed in India in 1956 <sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 2785msgstr "" 2786 2787#. type: Content of: <p> 2788#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:14 2789msgid "" 2790"The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of " 2791"agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of " 2792"observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been " 2793"written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 " 2794"mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions" 2795" was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his " 2796"book <em>Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</em>, attributed to Muḥammad " 2797"al-Maqri (1578-1638) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup><a " 2798"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>. A sample treatise is the one written by " 2799"Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled <em>A time-table for farmers</em>" 2800" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>." 2801msgstr "" 2802 2803#. type: Content of: <h4> 2804#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:16 2805msgid "Current Usage of Lunar Stations" 2806msgstr "" 2807 2808#. type: Content of: <p> 2809#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:18 2810msgid "" 2811"Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are " 2812"still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes " 2813"these times <sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup>. The following is an " 2814"example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days" 2815" period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station <em>al-Thurayya</em>" 2816" (Pleiades) on June 7th <sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9]</a></sup>:" 2817msgstr "" 2818 2819#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote> 2820#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:20 2821msgid "" 2822"Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells" 2823" gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to " 2824"disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to " 2825"irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when " 2826"grapes start to get its color." 2827msgstr "" 2828 2829#. type: Content of: <h4> 2830#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:23 2831msgid "Identification of the Lunar Stations" 2832msgstr "" 2833 2834#. type: Content of: <p> 2835#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:24 2836msgid "" 2837"Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book <em>Kitāb al-anwāʾ</em> " 2838"gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an " 2839"accurate identification can be extracted from the <em>Book of Stars</em> by " 2840"al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs" 2841" to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations. An example of al-Sufi " 2842"definitions of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of " 2843"<em>al-Ġafr</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup><a " 2844"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>:" 2845msgstr "" 2846 2847#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote> 2848#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:27 2849msgid "" 2850"And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the " 2851"garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] " 2852"<em>al-Ghafr</em> which is the 15th lunar mansion." 2853msgstr "" 2854 2855#. type: Content of: <p> 2856#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:29 2857msgid "" 2858"Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it" 2859" is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names." 2860msgstr "" 2861 2862#. type: Content of: <h4> 2863#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:31 2864msgid "The 28 lunar stations" 2865msgstr "" 2866 2867#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2868#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:33 2869msgid "" 2870"(Arabic: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (The two signs) or (Arabic: الأشراط) " 2871"<em>\"al-Ashrāṭ\"</em> (The signs) composed of the 3 stars: α Ari (Hamal), β" 2872" Ari (Sheratan) and γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)" 2873msgstr "" 2874 2875#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2876#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:34 2877msgid "" 2878"(Arabic: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (The small belly [of the little ram]) " 2879"composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari" 2880msgstr "" 2881 2882#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2883#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:35 2884msgid "" 2885"(Arabic: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Pleiades) composed of the star " 2886"cluster of the Pleiades" 2887msgstr "" 2888 2889#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2890#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:36 2891msgid "" 2892"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (The Follower [of the Pleiades]) " 2893"composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)" 2894msgstr "" 2895 2896#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2897#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:37 2898msgid "" 2899"(Arabic: الهقعة) <em>Al-Haqʿah</em> (The mark on the horse side) composed of" 2900" the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and" 2901" φ<sup>2</sup> Ori" 2902msgstr "" 2903 2904#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2905#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:38 2906msgid "" 2907"(Arabic: الهنعة<em>Al-Hanʿah</em> (The bend in the neck of a camel) composed" 2908" of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem" 2909msgstr "" 2910 2911#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2912#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:39 2913msgid "" 2914"(Arabic: الذراع) <em>Al-Dhirāʾ</em> (Retracted arm [of the lion]) composed " 2915"of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)" 2916msgstr "" 2917 2918#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2919#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:40 2920msgid "" 2921"(Arabic: النثرة) <em>Al-Nathrah</em> (The tip of the nose of the lion) " 2922"composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) " 2923"and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)" 2924msgstr "" 2925 2926#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2927#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:41 2928msgid "" 2929"(Arabic: الطرف) <em>Al-Ṭarf</em> (The eyes of the lion) composed of the 2 " 2930"stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)" 2931msgstr "" 2932 2933#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2934#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:42 2935msgid "" 2936"(Arabic: الجبهة) <em>Al-Ǧabhah</em> (The forehead of the lion) composed of 4" 2937" stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo and α Leo " 2938"(Regulus)" 2939msgstr "" 2940 2941#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2942#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:43 2943msgid "" 2944"(Arabic: الزبرة) <em>Al-Zubrah</em> (The mane of the lion) composed of the 2" 2945" stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)" 2946msgstr "" 2947 2948#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2949#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:44 2950msgid "" 2951"(Arabic: الصرفة) <em>Al-Ṣarfah</em> (The change to colder weather) composed " 2952"of one star: β Leo (Denebola)" 2953msgstr "" 2954 2955#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2956#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:45 2957msgid "" 2958"(Arabic: العوا) <em>Al-ʿAwwā</em> (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β Vir " 2959"(Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)" 2960msgstr "" 2961 2962#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2963#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:46 2964msgid "" 2965"(Arabic: السماك) <em>Al-Simāk</em> (The unarmed high one) composed of the " 2966"star α Vir (Spica)" 2967msgstr "" 2968 2969#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2970#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:47 2971msgid "" 2972"(Arabic: الغفر) <em>Al-Ġafr</em> (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι Vir " 2973"(Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir" 2974msgstr "" 2975 2976#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2977#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:48 2978msgid "" 2979"(Arabic: الزبانى) <em>Al-Zubānā</em> (The claws of the scorpion) composed " 2980"of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib (Zubeneschamali)" 2981msgstr "" 2982 2983#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2984#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:49 2985msgid "" 2986"(Arabic: الإكليل) <em>Al-Iklīl</em> (The ornamented headband, The diadem) " 2987"composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) and π " 2988"Sco." 2989msgstr "" 2990 2991#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2992#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:50 2993msgid "" 2994"(Arabic: القلب) <em>Al-Qalb</em> (The heart of the scorpion) composed of " 2995"the star α Sco (Antares)" 2996msgstr "" 2997 2998#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2999#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:51 3000msgid "" 3001"(Arabic: الشولة) <em>Al-Shawlah</em> (The sting of the scorpion) composed " 3002"of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)" 3003msgstr "" 3004 3005#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3006#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:52 3007msgid "" 3008"(Arabic: النعائم) <em>Al-Naʿaʾim</em> (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 Sgr, δ " 3009"Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr" 3010msgstr "" 3011 3012#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3013#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:53 3014msgid "" 3015"(Arabic: البلدة<em>Al-Baldah</em> (The empty area) is the area where there " 3016"are no stars (between <em>al-Naayem</em> and <em>Saad al-Thabih</em>)" 3017msgstr "" 3018 3019#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3020#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:54 3021msgid "" 3022"(Arabic: سعد الذابح) <em>Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ</em> (The lucky star of the " 3023"Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>1</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap " 3024"(Dabih), and ν Cap" 3025msgstr "" 3026 3027#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3028#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:55 3029msgid "" 3030"(Arabic: سعد بلع) <em>Saʿd Bulaʿ</em> (The lucky star of the swallower) " 3031"composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)" 3032msgstr "" 3033 3034#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3035#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:56 3036msgid "" 3037"(Arabic: سعد السعود) <em>Saʿd al-Suʿūd</em> (The luckiest of the lucky " 3038"stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ Cap" 3039msgstr "" 3040 3041#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3042#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:57 3043msgid "" 3044"(Arabic: سعد الأخبية) <em>Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah</em> (The lucky stars of the tent" 3045" dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>2</sup> " 3046"Aqr and η Aqr" 3047msgstr "" 3048 3049#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3050#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:58 3051msgid "" 3052"(Arabic: المقدم) <em>Al-Muqaddam</em> (The front bucket mouth) composed of " 3053"the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)" 3054msgstr "" 3055 3056#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3057#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:59 3058msgid "" 3059"(Arabic: المؤخر) <em>Al-Muʾaḫar</em> (The rear bucket mouth) composed of " 3060"the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)" 3061msgstr "" 3062 3063#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3064#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:60 3065msgid "" 3066"(Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت) <em>Al-Rishāʾ</em> or <em>al-Ḥūt</em> (The rope " 3067"of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the star β And (Mirach) and two " 3068"arcs of stars making a figure of a fish" 3069msgstr "" 3070 3071#. type: Content of: <h5> 3072#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:62 3073msgid "The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore" 3074msgstr "" 3075 3076#. type: Content of: <p> 3077#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:64 3078msgid "" 3079"One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that " 3080"they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 " 3081"degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of " 3082"these stars a lion figure can be constructed." 3083msgstr "" 3084 3085#. type: Content of: <p> 3086#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:67 3087msgid "" 3088"Two of the lunar stations, <em>al-Haqʿah</em> and <em>al-Hanʿah</em>, are " 3089"part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus some " 3090"stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of a " 3091"woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably influenced " 3092"from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows Babylonian as" 3093" well as Greek traces of constellations). Mr. Roland Laffitte discussed " 3094"these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: <a " 3095"href=\"http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-" 3096"vault\">Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault</a>. A more detailed " 3097"discussion of ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: "Le Ciel des" 3098" Arabes" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>." 3099msgstr "" 3100 3101#. type: Content of: <p> 3102#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:70 3103msgid "" 3104"In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms " 3105"have been added." 3106msgstr "" 3107 3108#. type: Content of: <p> 3109#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:73 3110msgid "" 3111"Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M " 3112"Hoffmann." 3113msgstr "" 3114 3115#. type: Content of: <p> 3116#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:78 3117msgid "" 3118"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton " 3119"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7." 3120msgstr "" 3121 3122#. type: Content of: <p> 3123#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:79 3124msgid "" 3125"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and" 3126" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, " 3127"Kunitzsch P. p 520" 3128msgstr "" 3129 3130#. type: Content of: <p> 3131#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:80 3132msgid "" 3133"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic " 3134"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)" 3135msgstr "" 3136 3137#. type: Content of: <p> 3138#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:81 3139msgid "" 3140"[4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and" 3141" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429" 3142msgstr "" 3143 3144#. type: Content of: <p> 3145#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:82 3146msgid "" 3147"[5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad " 3148"al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie " 3149"orientale, 1899." 3150msgstr "" 3151 3152#. type: Content of: <p> 3153#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:83 3154msgid "" 3155"[6]: <a href=\"http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm\">Muhammad al-Muqrī " 3156"poem</a>" 3157msgstr "" 3158 3159#. type: Content of: <p> 3160#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:84 3161msgid "" 3162"[7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers <em>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala " 3163"hisaab al-shuthoor</em> (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN " 3164"9960-49-971-5" 3165msgstr "" 3166 3167#. type: Content of: <p> 3168#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:85 3169msgid "" 3170"[8]: <a href=\"http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/\">Official Calendar</a> of the " 3171"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" 3172msgstr "" 3173 3174#. type: Content of: <p> 3175#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:86 3176msgid "" 3177"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture " 3178"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002" 3179msgstr "" 3180 3181#. type: Content of: <p> 3182#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:87 3183msgid "" 3184"[10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with " 3185"commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي " 3186"الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد" 3187" الله ." 3188msgstr "" 3189 3190#. type: Content of: <p> 3191#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:88 3192msgid "" 3193"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation" 3194" into French)" 3195msgstr "" 3196 3197#. type: Content of: <p> 3198#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:89 3199msgid "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012" 3200msgstr "" 3201 3202#. type: Content of: <h3> 3203#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:1 3204msgid "Aztec" 3205msgstr "Ацтекска" 3206 3207#. type: Content of: <p> 3208#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:2 3209msgid "" 3210"For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had " 3211"great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both " 3212"agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was " 3213"lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental " 3214"America in the 16th century." 3215msgstr "" 3216 3217#. type: Content of: <p> 3218#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:3 3219msgid "" 3220"The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is " 3221"preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient " 3222"Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>." 3223" These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: " 3224"books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word" 3225" that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book." 3226msgstr "" 3227 3228#. type: Content of: <p> 3229#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:4 3230msgid "" 3231"After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed," 3232" their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials " 3233"such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no " 3234"text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican " 3235"customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some " 3236"native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial " 3237"Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new " 3238"techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also " 3239"because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and " 3240"Nahuatl." 3241msgstr "" 3242 3243#. type: Content of: <h5> 3244#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:6 3245msgid "<em>Astronomical building</em>" 3246msgstr "<em>Астрономическа сграда</em>" 3247 3248#. type: Content of: <p> 3249#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:7 3250msgid "" 3251"Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really " 3252"small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and " 3253"astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the " 3254"<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial " 3255"manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun." 3256msgstr "" 3257 3258#. type: Content of: <p> 3259#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:9 3260msgid "" 3261"Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for " 3262"Stellarium." 3263msgstr "" 3264 3265#. type: Content of: <h4> 3266#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:10 3267msgid "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>" 3268msgstr "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>" 3269 3270#. type: Content of: <p> 3271#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:11 3272msgid "" 3273"Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it " 3274"represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration " 3275"celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named " 3276"<em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with" 3277" the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>." 3278msgstr "" 3279 3280#. type: Content of: <h4> 3281#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:13 3282msgid "<em>Tianquiztli</em>" 3283msgstr "<em>Tianquiztli</em>" 3284 3285#. type: Content of: <p> 3286#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:14 3287msgid "" 3288"The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas " 3289"<em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that " 3290"gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a" 3291" circle with goods." 3292msgstr "" 3293 3294#. type: Content of: <p> 3295#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:16 3296msgid "" 3297"Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called " 3298"<em>Tianguis</em>." 3299msgstr "" 3300 3301#. type: Content of: <h4> 3302#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:17 3303msgid "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>" 3304msgstr "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>" 3305 3306#. type: Content of: <p> 3307#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:18 3308msgid "" 3309"The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means " 3310"the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance" 3311" and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball " 3312"within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon." 3313msgstr "" 3314 3315#. type: Content of: <h4> 3316#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:19 3317msgid "<em>Xonecuilli</em>" 3318msgstr "<em>Xonecuilli</em>" 3319 3320#. type: Content of: <p> 3321#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:20 3322msgid "" 3323"The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which " 3324"means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is " 3325"represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and " 3326"poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god." 3327msgstr "" 3328 3329#. type: Content of: <p> 3330#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:22 3331msgid "" 3332"Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern " 3333"Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For " 3334"its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of " 3335"letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>." 3336msgstr "" 3337 3338#. type: Content of: <p> 3339#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:23 3340msgid "<em>xonecuilli</em>" 3341msgstr "<em>xonecuilli</em>" 3342 3343#. type: Content of: <h4> 3344#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:24 3345msgid "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>" 3346msgstr "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>" 3347 3348#. type: Content of: <p> 3349#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:25 3350msgid "" 3351"According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of" 3352" stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc" 3353" also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, " 3354"which means face of a scorpion." 3355msgstr "" 3356 3357#. type: Content of: <h5> 3358#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:27 3359msgid "<em>Paris Codex</em>" 3360msgstr "<em>Парижки кодекс</em>" 3361 3362#. type: Content of: <p> 3363#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:28 3364msgid "" 3365"In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in" 3366" this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the " 3367"Celestial Dragon." 3368msgstr "" 3369 3370#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3> 3371#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:29 3372#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:237 3373msgid "Conclusion" 3374msgstr "Заключение" 3375 3376#. type: Content of: <p> 3377#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:30 3378msgid "" 3379"It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are" 3380" still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to " 3381"represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to " 3382"preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture." 3383msgstr "" 3384 3385#. type: Content of: <h3> 3386#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:31 3387#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:31 3388#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2969 3389#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:14 3390#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:29 3391#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:50 3392#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:7 3393#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:86 3394#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:25 3395#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:273 3396#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:7 3397#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:62 3398#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:4 3399#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:6 3400#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:3 3401#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:41 3402#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:4 3403#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:17 3404#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:53 3405#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:14 3406#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:12 3407#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:73 3408msgid "External links" 3409msgstr "Външни връзки" 3410 3411#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3412#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:33 3413msgid "" 3414"<a " 3415"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego" 3416" Nuevo</a>" 3417msgstr "" 3418"<a " 3419"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego" 3420" Nuevo</a>" 3421 3422#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3423#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:34 3424msgid "" 3425"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones " 3426"Prehispánicas</a>" 3427msgstr "" 3428"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones " 3429"Prehispánicas</a>" 3430 3431#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3432#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:35 3433msgid "" 3434"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question" 3435" of the Zodiac in America</a>" 3436msgstr "" 3437"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question" 3438" of the Zodiac in America</a>" 3439 3440#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3441#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:37 3442msgid "" 3443"<a " 3444"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec " 3445"Mythology</a>" 3446msgstr "" 3447"<a " 3448"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec " 3449"Mythology</a>" 3450 3451#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3452#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:38 3453msgid "" 3454"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los códices de " 3455"México</a>" 3456msgstr "" 3457"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los códices de " 3458"México</a>" 3459 3460#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3461#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:39 3462msgid "" 3463"<a " 3464"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los" 3465" códices coloniales de México</a>" 3466msgstr "" 3467"<a " 3468"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los" 3469" códices coloniales de México</a>" 3470 3471#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3472#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:41 3473msgid "" 3474"<a " 3475"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real" 3476" cédula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva " 3477"España de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún</a>" 3478msgstr "" 3479"<a " 3480"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real" 3481" cédula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva " 3482"España de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún</a>" 3483 3484#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3485#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:44 3486msgid "" 3487"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>" 3488msgstr "" 3489"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>" 3490 3491#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3492#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:45 3493msgid "" 3494"<a " 3495"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Colotlixayac&source=bl&ots=F6xlTU1rer&sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&hl=es&ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Colotlixayac&f=false\">Iconografía" 3496" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>" 3497msgstr "" 3498"<a " 3499"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Colotlixayac&source=bl&ots=F6xlTU1rer&sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&hl=es&ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Colotlixayac&f=false\">Iconografía" 3500" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>" 3501 3502#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3503#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:46 3504msgid "" 3505"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El " 3506"Códice París</a>" 3507msgstr "" 3508"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El " 3509"Códice París</a>" 3510 3511#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3512#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:47 3513msgid "" 3514"<a " 3515"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El" 3516" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>" 3517msgstr "" 3518"<a " 3519"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El" 3520" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>" 3521 3522#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3523#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:48 3524msgid "" 3525"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario náhuatl - " 3526"español en línea en AULEX</a>" 3527msgstr "" 3528"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario náhuatl - " 3529"español en línea en AULEX</a>" 3530 3531#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3532#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:49 3533msgid "" 3534"<a " 3535"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>" 3536msgstr "" 3537"<a " 3538"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>" 3539 3540#. type: Content of: <h3> 3541#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:51 3542#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:527 3543#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:467 3544msgid "Thanks to" 3545msgstr "Благодарности на" 3546 3547#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3548#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:53 3549msgid "Javier Gómez Sandoval" 3550msgstr "Javier Gómez Sandoval" 3551 3552#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3553#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:54 3554msgid "Martha Patricia Rivera" 3555msgstr "Martha Patricia Rivera" 3556 3557#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3558#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:55 3559msgid "Emilio Ramón Bolaños Guerra" 3560msgstr "Emilio Ramón Bolaños Guerra" 3561 3562#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3563#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:56 3564msgid "Hector Vega" 3565msgstr "Hector Vega" 3566 3567#. type: Content of: <h5> 3568#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:57 3569#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64 3570msgid "Rafael Rojas Segoviano" 3571msgstr "Rafael Rojas Segoviano" 3572 3573#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3574#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:58 3575msgid "Juan Caballero" 3576msgstr "Juan Caballero" 3577 3578#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3579#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:59 3580msgid "SAAGS" 3581msgstr "SAAGS" 3582 3583#. type: Content of: <p> 3584#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62 3585msgid "<strong>Enrique Gómez Candelario</strong>" 3586msgstr "<strong>Enrique Gómez Candelario</strong>" 3587 3588#. type: Content of: <p> 3589#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62 3590msgid "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>" 3591msgstr "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>" 3592 3593#. type: Content of: <h5> 3594#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64 3595msgid "English translation by:" 3596msgstr "Превод на английски от:" 3597 3598#. type: Content of: <h1> 3599#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:1 3600msgid "Babylonian — MUL.APIN" 3601msgstr "" 3602 3603#. type: Content of: <p> 3604#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:2 3605msgid "" 3606"This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek" 3607" one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the" 3608" 12th century BCE. The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE " 3609"but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the " 3610"observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150." 3611msgstr "" 3612 3613#. type: Content of: <p> 3614#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:7 3615msgid "" 3616"<i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper" 3617" (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>" 3618msgstr "" 3619 3620#. type: Content of: <p> 3621#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:8 3622msgid "" 3623"The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five" 3624" lists of different content. On the first tablet, there is the so called " 3625"\"star catalogue\" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed " 3626"by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu " 3627"(culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path. " 3628"The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the" 3629" sundial and rules for omina." 3630msgstr "" 3631 3632#. type: Content of: <h2> 3633#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:14 3634msgid "Zodiac" 3635msgstr "" 3636 3637#. type: Content of: <p> 3638#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:15 3639msgid "" 3640"The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source. It is not " 3641"preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to " 3642"Greek mathematical astronomy. We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. " 3643"BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE) with a zodiac " 3644"divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the" 3645" 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the" 3646" zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in Babylonian mathematical " 3647"astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians. Taking Eudoxus' " 3648"writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the " 3649"genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE. In other fragments of " 3650"mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac " 3651"is not present. Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of " 3652"invention - but to be honest, we don't know. The common sense is that the " 3653"zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE." 3654msgstr "" 3655 3656#. type: Content of: <p> 3657#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:25 3658msgid "" 3659"In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of " 3660"the Moon. There are lists of constellations or \"gods who stand in the path" 3661" of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes " 3662"repeatedly] and keeps touching them.\" (cited from the edition by Hunger and" 3663" Steele, 2018, p. 143). This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not " 3664"considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are " 3665"not highlighted." 3666msgstr "" 3667 3668#. type: Content of: <h3> 3669#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:31 3670#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:20 3671msgid "Planets" 3672msgstr "Планети" 3673 3674#. type: Content of: <p> 3675#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:32 3676msgid "" 3677"This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the " 3678"compendium, the so called `star catalogue'. It is not a real star catalogue" 3679" because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given " 3680"there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects " 3681"such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we " 3682"layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The " 3683"catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have" 3684" a fixed position. However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to " 3685"mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky. They are usually " 3686"denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the " 3687"later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two " 3688"<em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one)." 3689msgstr "" 3690 3691#. type: Content of: <p> 3692#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:38 3693msgid "" 3694"The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in" 3695" the sky and not of the gods associated with them. The list below shows " 3696"that almost every asterism was associated with a deity. According to " 3697"Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one " 3698"on Earth as statue in the temple. That means a celestial object `is' not " 3699"the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case " 3700"for the planets. For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the " 3701"goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian " 3702"Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus. This " 3703"goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and " 3704"even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros " 3705"(Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but " 3706"associated with the goddess. Similar cases exist for most of the " 3707"constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN." 3708msgstr "" 3709 3710#. type: Content of: <p> 3711#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:47 3712msgid "" 3713"In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object " 3714"in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated " 3715"deity." 3716msgstr "" 3717 3718#. type: Content of: <h2> 3719#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:49 3720msgid "Star Catalogue" 3721msgstr "" 3722 3723#. type: Content of: <p> 3724#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:50 3725msgid "" 3726"The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by " 3727"Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik " 3728"(published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) " 3729"and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations " 3730"(work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche " 3731"Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017)." 3732msgstr "" 3733 3734#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3735#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:57 3736#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:273 3737#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:407 3738#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:21 3739#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:209 3740#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:347 3741msgid "constellation number" 3742msgstr "" 3743 3744#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3745#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:58 3746#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:274 3747#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:408 3748msgid "asterism to be \"explained\" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)" 3749msgstr "" 3750 3751#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3752#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:59 3753#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:275 3754#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:409 3755msgid "\"explanation\" (e.g. related deity)" 3756msgstr "" 3757 3758#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3759#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:60 3760#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:276 3761#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:410 3762#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:24 3763#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:212 3764#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:350 3765msgid "position in the sky" 3766msgstr "" 3767 3768#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3769#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:64 3770#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:29 3771msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)" 3772msgstr "" 3773 3774#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3775#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:65 3776msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 3777msgstr "" 3778 3779#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3780#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:70 3781msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)" 3782msgstr "" 3783 3784#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3785#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:71 3786msgid "seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>" 3787msgstr "" 3788 3789#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3790#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:76 3791#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:42 3792msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĪBU</i>(Old Man)" 3793msgstr "" 3794 3795#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3796#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:77 3797msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enmešarra" 3798msgstr "" 3799 3800#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3801#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:82 3802#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:49 3803msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)" 3804msgstr "" 3805 3806#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3807#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:83 3808msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)" 3809msgstr "" 3810 3811#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3812#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:84 3813#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:196 3814#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:342 3815#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:446 3816#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:51 3817#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:155 3818#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:293 3819#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:393 3820msgid "in" 3821msgstr "" 3822 3823#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3824#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:88 3825#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:55 3826msgid "" 3827"<sup>STAR</sup><i>TŪ'AMŪ·RABÛTU</i>(Great Twins)" 3828msgstr "" 3829 3830#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3831#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:89 3832msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamtaʾea" 3833msgstr "" 3834 3835#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3836#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:94 3837#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:63 3838msgid "" 3839"<sup>STAR</sup><i>TŪ'AMŪ·ṢEḪRŪTU</i>(Little" 3840" Twins)" 3841msgstr "" 3842 3843#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3844#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:95 3845msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Alammuš and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga" 3846msgstr "" 3847 3848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3849#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:100 3850#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:69 3851msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)" 3852msgstr "" 3853 3854#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3855#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:101 3856msgid "seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 3857msgstr "" 3858 3859#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3860#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:106 3861#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:75 3862msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>(Lion)" 3863msgstr "" 3864 3865#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3866#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:107 3867msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Latarak" 3868msgstr "" 3869 3870#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3871#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:112 3872msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>" 3873msgstr "" 3874 3875#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3876#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:113 3877msgid "STAR (of the) King" 3878msgstr "" 3879 3880#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3881#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:114 3882#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:83 3883msgid "Regulus" 3884msgstr "Рѐгул" 3885 3886#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3887#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:118 3888msgid "twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>" 3889msgstr "" 3890 3891#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3892#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:119 3893msgid "" 3894""date-palm spadix" (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, " 3895"<sup>GOD</sup>Zarpanītum" 3896msgstr "" 3897 3898#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3899#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:124 3900msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ŠU.PA(The Bright?)" 3901msgstr "" 3902 3903#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3904#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:125 3905msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land" 3906msgstr "" 3907 3908#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3909#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:130 3910msgid "STAR in front of it" 3911msgstr "" 3912 3913#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3914#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:131 3915msgid "" 3916"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪENGALLĀYU</i>(Abundant), vizier of " 3917"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil" 3918msgstr "" 3919 3920#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3921#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:132 3922#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:330 3923#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:101 3924#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:279 3925msgid "or" 3926msgstr "" 3927 3928#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3929#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:136 3930#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:230 3931#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:298 3932#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:328 3933msgid "STAR behind it" 3934msgstr "" 3935 3936#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3937#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:137 3938msgid "" 3939"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BĀŠTUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of " 3940"<sup>GOD</sup>Tišpak" 3941msgstr "" 3942 3943#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3944#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:142 3945msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)" 3946msgstr "" 3947 3948#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3949#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:143 3950msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil" 3951msgstr "" 3952 3953#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3954#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:147 3955msgid "15" 3956msgstr "" 3957 3958#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3959#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:148 3960msgid "STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>" 3961msgstr "" 3962 3963#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3964#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:149 3965msgid "" 3966"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĒLEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the " 3967"strong of the gods" 3968msgstr "" 3969 3970#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3971#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:150 3972msgid "Alcor (80 UMa)" 3973msgstr "" 3974 3975#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3976#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:154 3977msgid "STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>" 3978msgstr "" 3979 3980#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3981#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:155 3982msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LAḪRU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya" 3983msgstr "" 3984 3985#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3986#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:160 3987msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA(Hitched yoke?)" 3988msgstr "" 3989 3990#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3991#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:161 3992msgid "<sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rabû</i> of heaven" 3993msgstr "" 3994 3995#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3996#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:166 3997msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)" 3998msgstr "" 3999 4000#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4001#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:167 4002msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna" 4003msgstr "" 4004 4005#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4006#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:168 4007#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:137 4008msgid "somewhere betw UMi and Vega?" 4009msgstr "" 4010 4011#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4012#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:172 4013msgid "STAR in its bond" 4014msgstr "" 4015 4016#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4017#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:173 4018msgid "" 4019"<sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMAḪ</i>(Heir of the Emaḫ-temple), " 4020"foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4021msgstr "" 4022 4023#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4024#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:179 4025msgid "The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple" 4026msgstr "" 4027 4028#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4029#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:183 4030msgid "The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple" 4031msgstr "" 4032 4033#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4034#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:188 4035#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:147 4036msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)" 4037msgstr "" 4038 4039#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4040#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:189 4041msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gula" 4042msgstr "" 4043 4044#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4045#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:194 4046msgid "STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>" 4047msgstr "" 4048 4049#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4050#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:195 4051msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)" 4052msgstr "" 4053 4054#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4055#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:200 4056#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:159 4057msgid "bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>" 4058msgstr "" 4059 4060#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4061#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:201 4062msgid "" 4063"<sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-" 4064"la)" 4065msgstr "" 4066 4067#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4068#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:206 4069#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:450 4070msgid "2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it" 4071msgstr "" 4072 4073#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4074#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:207 4075msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal" 4076msgstr "" 4077 4078#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4079#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:212 4080msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A" 4081msgstr "" 4082 4083#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4084#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:213 4085msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)" 4086msgstr "" 4087 4088#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4089#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:218 4090msgid "STAR to the right of it" 4091msgstr "" 4092 4093#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4094#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:219 4095msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>Š<i>AḪÛ</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu" 4096msgstr "" 4097 4098#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4099#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:224 4100msgid "STAR to the left of it" 4101msgstr "" 4102 4103#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4104#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:225 4105msgid "<sup>STARS</sup><i>SISÛ</i>(Horse)" 4106msgstr "" 4107 4108#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4109#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:231 4110msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)" 4111msgstr "" 4112 4113#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4114#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:236 4115msgid "" 4116"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)" 4117msgstr "" 4118 4119#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4120#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:237 4121msgid "" 4122"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse), " 4123"<sup>GOD</sup>Manzât(Rainbow)" 4124msgstr "" 4125 4126#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4127#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:242 4128msgid "red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>" 4129msgstr "" 4130 4131#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4132#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:243 4133msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>PĀŠITTU</i>(Deleter)" 4134msgstr "" 4135 4136#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4137#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:248 4138msgid "When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:" 4139msgstr "" 4140 4141#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4142#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:252 4143msgid "big STAR, its "light" is dim, it divides the sky and stands" 4144msgstr "" 4145 4146#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4147#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:253 4148msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>Nēberu(Ford)" 4149msgstr "" 4150 4151#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4152#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:254 4153msgid "Milky Way???" 4154msgstr "Млечен път???" 4155 4156#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4157#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:258 4158msgid "" 4159"<sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky" 4160msgstr "" 4161 4162#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4163#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:259 4164msgid "Jupiter [hypsoma]" 4165msgstr "" 4166 4167#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4168#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:263 4169msgid "33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4170msgstr "" 4171 4172#. type: Content of: <p> 4173#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:267 4174msgid "" 4175"<b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of " 4176"caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer" 4177" which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The " 4178"planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>" 4179msgstr "" 4180 4181#. type: Content of: <p> 4182#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:268 4183msgid "" 4184"<b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 " 4185"asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) " 4186"there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the " 4187"authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are " 4188"several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all" 4189" versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them " 4190"here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the " 4191"scientific community.</i>" 4192msgstr "" 4193 4194#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4195#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:280 4196#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:217 4197msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ONE·"FIELD"(area measure)" 4198msgstr "" 4199 4200#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4201#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:281 4202msgid "" 4203"seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of " 4204"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4205msgstr "" 4206 4207#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4208#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:286 4209msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD'" 4210msgstr "" 4211 4212#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4213#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:287 4214msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠINŪNUTU</i>(Swallow)" 4215msgstr "" 4216 4217#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4218#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:292 4219msgid "STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD'" 4220msgstr "" 4221 4222#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4223#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:293 4224msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNNĪTU</i>" 4225msgstr "" 4226 4227#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4228#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:299 4229msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz" 4230msgstr "" 4231 4232#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4233#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:304 4234msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)" 4235msgstr "" 4236 4237#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4238#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:305 4239msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods" 4240msgstr "" 4241 4242#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4243#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:310 4244msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>BULL·OF·HEAVEN(<i>ALÛ</i>)" 4245msgstr "" 4246 4247#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4248#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:311 4249msgid "" 4250"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-lê</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of " 4251"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4252msgstr "" 4253 4254#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4255#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:316 4256#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:263 4257msgid "" 4258"<sup>STAR</sup>TRUE·SHEPHERD·OF·HEAVEN " 4259"(<i>ŠITADDALLU</i>, Orion)" 4260msgstr "" 4261 4262#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4263#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:317 4264msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4265msgstr "" 4266 4267#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4268#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:322 4269#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:270 4270msgid "Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠITADDALLU</i>" 4271msgstr "" 4272 4273#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4274#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:323 4275msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak" 4276msgstr "" 4277 4278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub> 4279#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 4280#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272 4281msgid "3" 4282msgstr "3" 4283 4284#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub> 4285#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 4286#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272 4287msgid "4" 4288msgstr "4" 4289 4290#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4291#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:329 4292msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)" 4293msgstr "" 4294 4295#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4296#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:334 4297msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.SÁ(Arrow)" 4298msgstr "" 4299 4300#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4301#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:335 4302msgid "" 4303"<i>Šiltāḫu</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) " 4304"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta" 4305msgstr "" 4306 4307#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4308#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:336 4309#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:286 4310msgid "Sirius +" 4311msgstr "" 4312 4313#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4314#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:340 4315msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QAŠTU</i>(Bow)" 4316msgstr "" 4317 4318#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4319#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:341 4320msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ištar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4321msgstr "" 4322 4323#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4324#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:346 4325msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRAḪ(Snake-god)" 4326msgstr "" 4327 4328#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4329#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:347 4330msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningišzida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)" 4331msgstr "" 4332 4333#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4334#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:352 4335msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ĀRIBU</i>(Raven)" 4336msgstr "" 4337 4338#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4339#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:353 4340msgid "Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4341msgstr "" 4342 4343#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4344#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:358 4345msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠERʾU</i>(Furrow)" 4346msgstr "" 4347 4348#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4349#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:359 4350msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Šala, ear of grain" 4351msgstr "" 4352 4353#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4354#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:364 4355#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:319 4356msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBĀNĪTU</i>(Scales)" 4357msgstr "" 4358 4359#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4360#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:365 4361msgid "Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>(Scorpion)" 4362msgstr "" 4363 4364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4365#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:366 4366#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:321 4367msgid "circa Lib" 4368msgstr "" 4369 4370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4371#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:370 4372#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:326 4373msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa" 4374msgstr "" 4375 4376#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4377#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:371 4378msgid "" 4379"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ERÛ</i>(Eagle) and " 4380"<sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)" 4381msgstr "" 4382 4383#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4384#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:376 4385msgid "" 4386"<sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the " 4387"sky" 4388msgstr "" 4389 4390#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4391#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:381 4392msgid "" 4393"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ṢALBATĀNU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and " 4394"crosses the sky" 4395msgstr "" 4396 4397#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 4398#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:382 4399#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59 4400msgid "Mars" 4401msgstr "Марс" 4402 4403#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4404#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:386 4405msgid "" 4406"<sup>STAR</sup>STEADY·"WILD·SHEEP"(<i>KAJJAMĀNU</i>," 4407" Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky" 4408msgstr "" 4409 4410#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4411#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:387 4412msgid "Saturn" 4413msgstr "Сатурн" 4414 4415#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4416#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:391 4417msgid "" 4418"<sup>STAR</sup>DANCING·"WILD·SHEEP"(<i>ŠIḪṬU</i>," 4419" Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the" 4420" West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it " 4421"disappears" 4422msgstr "" 4423 4424#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4425#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:393 4426msgid "Mercury" 4427msgstr "Меркурий" 4428 4429#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4430#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:397 4431msgid "23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum" 4432msgstr "" 4433 4434#. type: Content of: <p> 4435#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:402 4436msgid "" 4437"<b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a \"+\" sign in the column of the modern " 4438"counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to" 4439" this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure " 4440"that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at " 4441"least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is " 4442"the Eagle next to another constellation named \"the Corpse\". This could " 4443"possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation " 4444"\"Eagle with Antinuos\" but it can also be independent - that is why, we " 4445"give \"Aql+\".</i>" 4446msgstr "" 4447 4448#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4449#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:414 4450#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:355 4451msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>NŪNU</i>(Fish)" 4452msgstr "" 4453 4454#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4455#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:415 4456msgid "" 4457"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of " 4458"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4459msgstr "" 4460 4461#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4462#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:420 4463msgid "GREAT·STAR" 4464msgstr "" 4465 4466#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4467#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:421 4468#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:427 4469msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4470msgstr "" 4471 4472#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4473#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:426 4474#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:370 4475msgid "STAR of (the city of) Eridu" 4476msgstr "" 4477 4478#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4479#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:432 4480#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:444 4481msgid "STAR to its right" 4482msgstr "" 4483 4484#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4485#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:433 4486msgid "STAR (of) <sup><GOD></sup>Ninmaḫ" 4487msgstr "" 4488 4489#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4490#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:438 4491#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:384 4492msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪAB(B)AṢṢĒRĀNU</i>" 4493msgstr "" 4494 4495#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4496#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:439 4497msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu" 4498msgstr "" 4499 4500#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4501#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:445 4502msgid "" 4503"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAŠKAKĀTU</i>(Harrow), weapon of " 4504"<sup>GOD</sup>Mār-bīti, in the centre of which the Apsû is " 4505"visible" 4506msgstr "" 4507 4508#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4509#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:451 4510msgid "" 4511"<sup>GOD</sup>Šullat and <sup>GOD</sup>Ḫaniš, " 4512"<sup>GOD</sup>Šamaš and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4513msgstr "" 4514 4515#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4516#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:456 4517msgid "" 4518"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea" 4519msgstr "" 4520 4521#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4522#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:457 4523msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numušda, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4524msgstr "" 4525 4526#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4527#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:462 4528msgid "STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>(Scorpion)" 4529msgstr "" 4530 4531#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4532#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:463 4533msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu" 4534msgstr "" 4535 4536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4537#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:468 4538#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:416 4539msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>" 4540msgstr "" 4541 4542#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4543#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:469 4544msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Išḫara, lady of the inhabited world" 4545msgstr "" 4546 4547#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i> 4548#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474 4549#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422 4550msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT·ZUQAQĪPI" 4551msgstr "" 4552 4553#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4554#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474 4555msgid "</i>(Breast of the Scorpion)" 4556msgstr "" 4557 4558#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4559#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:475 4560msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nabû" 4561msgstr "" 4562 4563#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 4564#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:476 4565#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:424 4566#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:61 4567msgid "Antares" 4568msgstr "" 4569 4570#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4571#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:480 4572msgid "" 4573"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of " 4574"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>" 4575msgstr "" 4576 4577#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4578#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:481 4579msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Šarur and <sup>GOD</sup>Šargaz" 4580msgstr "" 4581 4582#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4583#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:486 4584msgid "STAR behind them" 4585msgstr "" 4586 4587#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4588#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:487 4589msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsaĝ" 4590msgstr "" 4591 4592#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4593#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:492 4594msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) <<and>>" 4595msgstr "" 4596 4597#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4598#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:493 4599msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>SUḪURMĀŠU</i>(Goat-fish)" 4600msgstr "" 4601 4602#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4603#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:498 4604msgid "15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4605msgstr "" 4606 4607#. type: Content of: <h3> 4608#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:503 4609#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:12 4610msgid "Source(s)" 4611msgstr "Източни(к)ци" 4612 4613#. type: Content of: <p> 4614#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:504 4615msgid "" 4616"The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some " 4617"years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research. In some cases they " 4618"deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other " 4619"scholars since 1950 or earlier. Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) " 4620"allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's " 4621"dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek " 4622"culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were " 4623"developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten " 4624"together with other, mainly German, planetariums. A first scientific " 4625"article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared " 4626"in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius " 4627"Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017. Further publications are in preparation (e.g. " 4628"together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre " 4629"Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter \"Further Reading\" below." 4630msgstr "" 4631 4632#. type: Content of: <h2> 4633#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:513 4634msgid "Sources / Further Reading" 4635msgstr "" 4636 4637#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4638#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:515 4639msgid "" 4640"British Museum <a " 4641"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image " 4642"Tablet No 152339001</a>" 4643msgstr "" 4644 4645#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <ul><li> 4646#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516 4647#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454 4648#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455 4649#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456 4650#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457 4651#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461 4652msgid "fr" 4653msgstr "" 4654 4655#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4656#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516 4657msgid "" 4658"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium " 4659"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018." 4660msgstr "" 4661 4662#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4663#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:517 4664msgid "" 4665"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a " 4666"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs " 4667"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017." 4668msgstr "" 4669 4670#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4671#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:518 4672msgid "" 4673"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of " 4674"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a " 4675"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-" 4676"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-" 4677"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-" 4678"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius " 4679"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017." 4680msgstr "" 4681 4682#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4683#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:519 4684msgid "" 4685"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the " 4686"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre " 4687"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)." 4688msgstr "" 4689 4690#. type: Content of: <p> 4691#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:523 4692msgid "" 4693"This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars." 4694" We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to" 4695" be cited according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under" 4696" CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it " 4697"without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!" 4698msgstr "" 4699 4700#. type: Content of: <p> 4701#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:528 4702msgid "" 4703"The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the " 4704"stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann. As an " 4705"astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very" 4706" enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes." 4707msgstr "" 4708 4709#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4710#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:531 4711msgid "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)" 4712msgstr "" 4713 4714#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4715#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:532 4716msgid "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)" 4717msgstr "" 4718 4719#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4720#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:533 4721#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:470 4722msgid "" 4723"Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of " 4724"German-speaking Planetariums)" 4725msgstr "" 4726 4727#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4728#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:534 4729msgid "Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)" 4730msgstr "" 4731 4732#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4733#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:535 4734#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:471 4735msgid "Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)" 4736msgstr "" 4737 4738#. type: Content of: <p> 4739#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:540 4740msgid "" 4741"The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to" 4742" Stellarium:" 4743msgstr "" 4744 4745#. type: Content of: <p> 4746#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:541 4747msgid "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>" 4748msgstr "" 4749 4750#. type: Content of: <p> 4751#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:542 4752msgid "" 4753"Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and " 4754"Susanne M Hoffmann)" 4755msgstr "" 4756 4757#. type: Content of: <h5> 4758#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543 4759#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305 4760#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294 4761msgid "written in English:" 4762msgstr "" 4763 4764#. type: Content of: <h5> 4765#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543 4766msgid "SMH" 4767msgstr "" 4768 4769#. type: Content of: <h1> 4770#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:1 4771msgid "Babylonian — Seleucid" 4772msgstr "" 4773 4774#. type: Content of: <p> 4775#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:2 4776msgid "" 4777"The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of " 4778"Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN" 4779" (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have " 4780"developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there " 4781"is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch." 4782msgstr "" 4783 4784#. type: Content of: <p> 4785#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:3 4786msgid "" 4787"This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed " 4788"to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to " 4789"the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with " 4790"regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since " 4791"several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there " 4792"is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in " 4793"MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, " 4794"in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions" 4795" of the constellations around the ecliptic." 4796msgstr "" 4797 4798#. type: Content of: <p> 4799#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:6 4800msgid "" 4801"However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the " 4802"constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of " 4803"MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture " 4804"for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression " 4805"of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture." 4806msgstr "" 4807 4808#. type: Content of: <h3> 4809#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:8 4810msgid "Single Stars" 4811msgstr "" 4812 4813#. type: Content of: <p> 4814#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:10 4815msgid "" 4816"In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars " 4817"preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky" 4818" culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i>" 4819" lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, " 4820"\"normal stars\" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin \"norma\" = " 4821"the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the " 4822"Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error" 4823" concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes " 4824"huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can" 4825" be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004)." 4826msgstr "" 4827 4828#. type: Content of: <p> 4829#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:13 4830msgid "" 4831"The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the " 4832"modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 " 4833"and some of the other papers given in \"Further Reading\". The book by " 4834"Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and " 4835"more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for " 4836"many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his " 4837"translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late" 4838" Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium." 4839msgstr "" 4840 4841#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 4842#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:16 4843msgid "MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked" 4844msgstr "" 4845 4846#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4847#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:22 4848#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:210 4849#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:348 4850msgid "asterism" 4851msgstr "" 4852 4853#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4854#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:23 4855#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:211 4856#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:349 4857msgid "our commentary" 4858msgstr "" 4859 4860#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4861#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:35 4862msgid "" 4863"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>" 4864msgstr "" 4865 4866#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4867#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:36 4868msgid "\"wolf\" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough." 4869msgstr "" 4870 4871#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4872#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:64 4873msgid "do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)" 4874msgstr "" 4875 4876#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4877#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:81 4878msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>: STAR (of the) King" 4879msgstr "" 4880 4881#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4882#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:87 4883msgid "" 4884"twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>: " 4885""date-palm spadix" (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua" 4886msgstr "" 4887 4888#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4889#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:93 4890msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ŠU.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4891msgstr "" 4892 4893#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4894#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:99 4895msgid "" 4896"STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪENGALLĀYU</i> (Abundant)" 4897msgstr "" 4898 4899#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4900#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:105 4901msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>BĀŠTUM</i> (Dignity)" 4902msgstr "" 4903 4904#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4905#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:111 4906msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)" 4907msgstr "" 4908 4909#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4910#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:117 4911msgid "" 4912"STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: " 4913"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĒLEBU</i>(Fox)" 4914msgstr "" 4915 4916#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4917#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:119 4918msgid "Alcor" 4919msgstr "" 4920 4921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4922#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:123 4923msgid "" 4924"STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: " 4925"<sup>STAR</sup><i>LAḪRU</i>(Ewe)" 4926msgstr "" 4927 4928#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4929#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:129 4930msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (Hitched yoke?)" 4931msgstr "" 4932 4933#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4934#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:135 4935msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)" 4936msgstr "" 4937 4938#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4939#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:141 4940msgid "" 4941"STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMAḪ</i> (Heir of the " 4942"Emaḫ-temple)" 4943msgstr "" 4944 4945#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4946#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:153 4947msgid "" 4948"STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: " 4949"<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]" 4950msgstr "" 4951 4952#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4953#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:165 4954msgid "" 4955"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and " 4956"<sup>GOD</sup>Errakal" 4957msgstr "" 4958 4959#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4960#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:171 4961msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)" 4962msgstr "" 4963 4964#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4965#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:172 4966msgid "" 4967"In Late Babylonian language (\"dictionaries\") a new reading of this " 4968"constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word " 4969"\"nimru\" translating to \"the Panther\"; the old demon at this place seems " 4970"to have been replaced." 4971msgstr "" 4972 4973#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4974#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:177 4975msgid "" 4976"STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>Š<i>AḪÛ</i> (Pig)" 4977msgstr "" 4978 4979#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4980#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:183 4981msgid "STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SISÛ</i> (Horse)" 4982msgstr "" 4983 4984#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4985#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:189 4986msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)" 4987msgstr "" 4988 4989#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4990#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:190 4991msgid "" 4992"We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther " 4993"occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in" 4994" this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the \"Field" 4995" Mouse\"." 4996msgstr "" 4997 4998#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4999#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:195 5000msgid "" 5001"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): " 5002"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse)" 5003msgstr "" 5004 5005#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5006#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:201 5007msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished." 5008msgstr "" 5009 5010#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5011#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:223 5012msgid "" 5013"STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD': " 5014"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠINŪNUTU</i>(Swallow)" 5015msgstr "" 5016 5017#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5018#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:224 5019msgid "" 5020"the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier " 5021"version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards" 5022msgstr "" 5023 5024#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5025#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:229 5026msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)" 5027msgstr "" 5028 5029#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5030#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:230 5031msgid "" 5032"Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was" 5033" shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained " 5034"without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but " 5035"nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band " 5036"connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of " 5037"Anunitu." 5038msgstr "" 5039 5040#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5041#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:236 5042msgid "" 5043"STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD': " 5044"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNNĪTU</i>" 5045msgstr "" 5046 5047#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5048#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:237 5049msgid "" 5050"Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is" 5051" another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was " 5052"equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish." 5053msgstr "" 5054 5055#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5056#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:242 5057msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)" 5058msgstr "" 5059 5060#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5061#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:243 5062msgid "" 5063"Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the " 5064"Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU " 5065"(sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely " 5066"a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not " 5067"supposed to really look like a sheep." 5068msgstr "" 5069 5070#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5071#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:249 5072msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu" 5073msgstr "" 5074 5075#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5076#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:250 5077msgid "" 5078"Old Babylonian termed only \"the Star Cluster\", Middle Babylonian insists " 5079"to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. " 5080"Late Babylonian more often uses the term \"the Bristle\" on the neck of the " 5081"Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one." 5082msgstr "" 5083 5084#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5085#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:256 5086msgid "" 5087"<sup>STAR</sup>BULL·OF·HEAVEN(<i>ALÛ</i>) and " 5088"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-lê</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)" 5089msgstr "" 5090 5091#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5092#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:257 5093msgid "" 5094"The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. " 5095"Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction" 5096" in the sky). The \"Jaw\" are the Hyades." 5097msgstr "" 5098 5099#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5100#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:258 5101msgid "and Hyades" 5102msgstr "" 5103 5104#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5105#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:277 5106msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)" 5107msgstr "" 5108 5109#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5110#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:278 5111msgid "" 5112"Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make " 5113"any sense to me: \"behind\" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very " 5114"bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him \"pro " 5115"kyon\" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures " 5116"Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for " 5117"them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, " 5118"important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a " 5119"crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius." 5120msgstr "" 5121 5122#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5123#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:284 5124msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.SÁ (Arrow)" 5125msgstr "" 5126 5127#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5128#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:285 5129msgid "" 5130"The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, " 5131"there are multiple options." 5132msgstr "" 5133 5134#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5135#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:291 5136msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QAŠTU</i> (Bow)" 5137msgstr "" 5138 5139#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5140#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:292 5141msgid "" 5142"I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing " 5143"options)." 5144msgstr "" 5145 5146#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5147#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:298 5148msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRAḪ (Snake-god)" 5149msgstr "" 5150 5151#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5152#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:305 5153msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ĀRIBU</i> (Raven)" 5154msgstr "" 5155 5156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5157#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:312 5158msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>Šala</i>, ear of grain" 5159msgstr "" 5160 5161#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5162#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:313 5163msgid "" 5164"The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess " 5165"Šala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for " 5166"the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica)." 5167msgstr "" 5168 5169#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5170#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:320 5171msgid "" 5172"Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion " 5173"this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in" 5174" early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier " 5175"versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not " 5176"part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the " 5177"Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden Šala) " 5178"does not need so much space." 5179msgstr "" 5180 5181#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5182#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:327 5183msgid "Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus." 5184msgstr "" 5185 5186#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5187#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:332 5188msgid "" 5189"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ERÛ</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> " 5190"(Corpse)" 5191msgstr "" 5192 5193#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5194#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:333 5195msgid "" 5196"The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest " 5197"figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the " 5198"Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated " 5199"with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries" 5200" preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do " 5201"not distinguish eagles and vultures." 5202msgstr "" 5203 5204#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5205#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:339 5206msgid "Path of Anum completed." 5207msgstr "" 5208 5209#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5210#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:356 5211msgid "Greek \"the Great Fish\"" 5212msgstr "" 5213 5214#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5215#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:363 5216msgid "GREAT·STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 5217msgstr "" 5218 5219#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5220#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:364 5221msgid "" 5222"The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of " 5223"water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image " 5224"of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the " 5225"Greek, they named this figure simply \"the Man with the Water\" or \"Water-" 5226"Carrier\"." 5227msgstr "" 5228 5229#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5230#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:377 5231msgid "STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup><GOD></sup>Ninmaḫ" 5232msgstr "" 5233 5234#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5235#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:378 5236msgid "" 5237"Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where " 5238"this asterism is to be located." 5239msgstr "" 5240 5241#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5242#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:385 5243msgid "still unclear" 5244msgstr "" 5245 5246#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5247#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:391 5248msgid "" 5249"STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MAŠKAKĀTU</i>(Harrow), in " 5250"the centre of which the Apsû is visible" 5251msgstr "" 5252 5253#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5254#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:392 5255msgid "" 5256"still unclear - but maybe the Apsû is the southernmost part of the " 5257"Milky Way." 5258msgstr "" 5259 5260#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5261#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:397 5262msgid "" 5263"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Šullat and " 5264"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫaniš" 5265msgstr "" 5266 5267#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5268#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:398 5269msgid "no hints, no clue" 5270msgstr "" 5271 5272#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5273#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:403 5274msgid "" 5275"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: " 5276"STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numušda" 5277msgstr "" 5278 5279#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5280#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:404 5281msgid "should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)" 5282msgstr "" 5283 5284#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5285#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:410 5286msgid "" 5287"STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i> (Scorpion): " 5288"<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>" 5289msgstr "" 5290 5291#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5292#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422 5293msgid "</i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin" 5294msgstr "" 5295 5296#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5297#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:423 5298msgid "single star name" 5299msgstr "" 5300 5301#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5302#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:428 5303msgid "" 5304"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of " 5305"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>Šarur and " 5306"<sup>GOD</sup>Šargaz" 5307msgstr "" 5308 5309#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5310#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:429 5311msgid "" 5312"Since Šargaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and " 5313"re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016." 5314msgstr "" 5315 5316#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5317#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:434 5318msgid "STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsaĝ" 5319msgstr "" 5320 5321#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5322#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:435 5323msgid "" 5324"The depiction of god Pabilsaĝ is iconographically clear. It can easily " 5325"be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903)." 5326msgstr "" 5327 5328#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5329#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:440 5330msgid "" 5331"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) " 5332"<sup>STAR</sup><i>SUḪURMĀŠU</i> (Goat-fish)" 5333msgstr "" 5334 5335#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5336#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:441 5337msgid "" 5338"Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms " 5339"designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs " 5340"before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). " 5341"Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the" 5342" west, under the feet of Pabilsaĝ (Sagittarius). That explains " 5343"Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a " 5344"ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be " 5345"identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis)." 5346msgstr "" 5347 5348#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5349#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:447 5350msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed." 5351msgstr "" 5352 5353#. type: Content of: <h2> 5354#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:452 5355#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:45 5356msgid "Further Reading" 5357msgstr "" 5358 5359#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5360#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454 5361msgid "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig." 5362msgstr "" 5363 5364#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5365#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455 5366msgid "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40." 5367msgstr "" 5368 5369#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5370#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456 5371msgid "" 5372"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, " 5373"Brill, Leiden." 5374msgstr "" 5375 5376#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5377#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457 5378msgid "" 5379"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical " 5380"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York." 5381msgstr "" 5382 5383#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5384#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:458 5385msgid "" 5386"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a " 5387"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs " 5388"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York." 5389msgstr "" 5390 5391#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5392#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:459 5393msgid "" 5394"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization " 5395"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a " 5396"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-" 5397"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-" 5398"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-" 5399"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius " 5400"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg." 5401msgstr "" 5402 5403#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5404#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:460 5405msgid "" 5406"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near " 5407"Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences." 5408msgstr "" 5409 5410#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5411#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461 5412msgid "" 5413"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi)," 5414" Utopica, Oberhaid." 5415msgstr "" 5416 5417#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5418#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:462 5419msgid "" 5420"many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. " 5421"Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the" 5422" above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why " 5423"we do not list them in detail here." 5424msgstr "" 5425 5426#. type: Content of: <p> 5427#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:465 5428msgid "" 5429"This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence " 5430"(noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting " 5431"the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!" 5432msgstr "" 5433 5434#. type: Content of: <p> 5435#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:468 5436msgid "" 5437"Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and " 5438"development time in their domes." 5439msgstr "" 5440 5441#. type: Content of: <p> 5442#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:476 5443msgid "The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and" 5444msgstr "" 5445 5446#. type: Content of: <p> 5447#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:477 5448msgid "the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:" 5449msgstr "" 5450 5451#. type: Content of: <p> 5452#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:478 5453msgid "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>" 5454msgstr "" 5455 5456#. type: Content of: <h2> 5457#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:1 5458msgid "Belarusian" 5459msgstr "Беларуска" 5460 5461#. type: Content of: <p> 5462#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:2 5463msgid "" 5464"Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in " 5465"Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, " 5466"Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the " 5467"northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land " 5468"and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is " 5469"exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional " 5470"knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present " 5471"time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms " 5472"have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized." 5473msgstr "" 5474 5475#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5476#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:10 5477msgid "" 5478"Elias's Cart — the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the " 5479"Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> " 5480"a large cart." 5481msgstr "" 5482 5483#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5484#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:11 5485msgid "The Bride" 5486msgstr "" 5487 5488#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5489#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:12 5490msgid "The Chicks" 5491msgstr "" 5492 5493#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5494#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:13 5495msgid "The Cross — a Peter’s cross" 5496msgstr "" 5497 5498#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5499#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:14 5500msgid "The Crown — the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head." 5501msgstr "" 5502 5503#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5504#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:15 5505msgid "The Goat" 5506msgstr "" 5507 5508#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5509#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:16 5510msgid "The Grass Snakes" 5511msgstr "" 5512 5513#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5514#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:17 5515msgid "" 5516"The Kingdoms — These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the " 5517"Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom." 5518msgstr "" 5519 5520#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5521#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:18 5522msgid "" 5523"The Mowers — These three stars stand one after another in the manner " 5524"of people mowing the fields." 5525msgstr "" 5526 5527#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5528#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:19 5529msgid "" 5530"The Nail — The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies " 5531"revolve." 5532msgstr "" 5533 5534#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5535#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:20 5536msgid "The Ploughman" 5537msgstr "" 5538 5539#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5540#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:21 5541msgid "The Rake" 5542msgstr "" 5543 5544#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5545#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:22 5546msgid "The Ram" 5547msgstr "" 5548 5549#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5550#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:23 5551msgid "" 5552"The Serpent — St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star " 5553"that always stands in the same place" 5554msgstr "" 5555 5556#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5557#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:24 5558msgid "" 5559"The Sieve — It was said that “God used to sift grains of <i>zhito</i> " 5560"through it." 5561msgstr "" 5562 5563#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5564#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:25 5565msgid "" 5566"The Small Cart — Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major." 5567msgstr "" 5568 5569#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5570#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:26 5571msgid "The Throne — Lord Jesus’s chair." 5572msgstr "" 5573 5574#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5575#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:27 5576msgid "The Twins" 5577msgstr "" 5578 5579#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5580#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:28 5581msgid "The Goose's Way" 5582msgstr "" 5583 5584#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5585#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:33 5586msgid "" 5587"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The " 5588"author's website, in Belarusian." 5589msgstr "" 5590"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> " 5591"Сайтът на автора, на беларуски език." 5592 5593#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5594#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:34 5595msgid "" 5596"<a " 5597"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian" 5598" Ethnoastronomy.</a>" 5599msgstr "" 5600"<a " 5601"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian" 5602" Ethnoastronomy.</a>" 5603 5604#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5605#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:35 5606msgid "" 5607"<a " 5608"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical" 5609" aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>" 5610msgstr "" 5611"<a " 5612"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical" 5613" aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>" 5614 5615#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5616#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:36 5617msgid "" 5618"<a " 5619"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-" 5620"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5621msgstr "" 5622"<a " 5623"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-" 5624"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5625 5626#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5627#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:37 5628msgid "" 5629"<a " 5630"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-" 5631"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5632msgstr "" 5633"<a " 5634"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-" 5635"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5636 5637#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5638#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:38 5639msgid "" 5640"<a " 5641"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms" 5642" in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>" 5643msgstr "" 5644"<a " 5645"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms" 5646" in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>" 5647 5648#. type: Content of: <p> 5649#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:43 5650msgid "" 5651"The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander " 5652"Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk " 5653"Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal " 5654"Archaeologia Baltica." 5655msgstr "" 5656 5657#. type: Content of: <p> 5658#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:45 5659msgid "Illustrations by Johan Meuris." 5660msgstr "" 5661 5662#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5663#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:1 5664#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:24 5665msgid "Boorong" 5666msgstr "Буронгийска" 5667 5668#. type: Content of: <p> 5669#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:2 5670msgid "" 5671"One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-" 5672"Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their " 5673"stories relating to the night sky. Some forty stars, constellations and " 5674"other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and " 5675"related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in " 5676"1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European " 5677"equivalent. What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial " 5678"phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way " 5679"the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to " 5680"create the constellation figures in Stellarium." 5681msgstr "" 5682 5683#. type: Content of: <p> 5684#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:8 5685msgid "" 5686"The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William " 5687"Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they "Pride themselves upon knowing more " 5688"of Astronomy than any other tribe"." 5689msgstr "" 5690 5691#. type: Content of: <h3> 5692#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:11 5693msgid "Constellations and other celestial objects" 5694msgstr "" 5695 5696#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5697#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:14 5698msgid "<b>Name</b>" 5699msgstr "<b>Име</b>" 5700 5701#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5702#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:15 5703msgid "<b>Explanation</b>" 5704msgstr "<b>Тълкуване</b>" 5705 5706#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5707#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:16 5708msgid "<b>Celestial Clue</b>" 5709msgstr "<b>Небесен обект</b>" 5710 5711#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5712#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:19 5713msgid "Berm-berm-gle" 5714msgstr "Berm-berm-gle" 5715 5716#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5717#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:20 5718msgid "Red-kneed dotterel" 5719msgstr "" 5720 5721#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5722#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:25 5723msgid "Night; small mallee; starry firmament" 5724msgstr "" 5725 5726#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5727#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:26 5728msgid "Starry firmament at night" 5729msgstr "" 5730 5731#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5732#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:29 5733msgid "Bunya" 5734msgstr "Bunya" 5735 5736#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5737#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:30 5738msgid "Ring-tail possum" 5739msgstr "" 5740 5741#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5742#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:31 5743msgid "Top star in Southern Cross" 5744msgstr "" 5745 5746#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5747#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:34 5748msgid "Chargee Gnowee" 5749msgstr "Chargee Gnowee" 5750 5751#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5752#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:35 5753msgid "Elder sister, sister of the sun" 5754msgstr "" 5755 5756#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5757#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:39 5758msgid "Bittur" 5759msgstr "Bittur" 5760 5761#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5762#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:40 5763msgid "Larvae of the woodant" 5764msgstr "" 5765 5766#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5767#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:44 5768msgid "Collenbitchick" 5769msgstr "Collenbitchick" 5770 5771#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5772#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:45 5773msgid "Species of ant" 5774msgstr "" 5775 5776#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5777#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:46 5778msgid "Double star in head of Capricornus" 5779msgstr "" 5780 5781#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5782#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:49 5783msgid "Collowgulloric War" 5784msgstr "Collowgulloric War" 5785 5786#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5787#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:50 5788msgid "Female crow, wife of War" 5789msgstr "" 5790 5791#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5792#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:51 5793msgid "Eta Carinae" 5794msgstr "" 5795 5796#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5797#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:54 5798msgid "Colowgulloric Warepil" 5799msgstr "Colowgulloric Warepil" 5800 5801#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5802#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:55 5803msgid "Female eagle, wife of Warepil" 5804msgstr "" 5805 5806#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5807#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:56 5808msgid "Rigel In Orion" 5809msgstr "" 5810 5811#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5812#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:59 5813msgid "Djuit" 5814msgstr "Djuit" 5815 5816#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5817#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:60 5818msgid "Red-rumped parrot" 5819msgstr "" 5820 5821#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5822#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:64 5823msgid "Gellarlec" 5824msgstr "Gellarlec" 5825 5826#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5827#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:65 5828msgid "Pink cockatoo" 5829msgstr "" 5830 5831#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5832#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:66 5833msgid "Aldebaran" 5834msgstr "" 5835 5836#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5837#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:69 5838msgid "Ginabongbearp" 5839msgstr "Ginabongbearp" 5840 5841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5842#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:70 5843msgid "Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight" 5844msgstr "" 5845 5846#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 5847#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:71 5848#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:46 5849msgid "Jupiter" 5850msgstr "" 5851 5852#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5853#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:74 5854msgid "Gnowee" 5855msgstr "Gnowee" 5856 5857#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5858#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:75 5859msgid "Day; Sun" 5860msgstr "" 5861 5862#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5863#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:76 5864#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:66 5865#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:16 5866#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:141 5867#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53 5868msgid "Sun" 5869msgstr "" 5870 5871#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5872#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:79 5873msgid "Karik Karik" 5874msgstr "Karik Karik" 5875 5876#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5877#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:80 5878msgid "Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel" 5879msgstr "" 5880 5881#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5882#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:81 5883msgid "Two stars at end of Scorpius" 5884msgstr "" 5885 5886#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5887#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:84 5888msgid "Kourt-chin" 5889msgstr "Kourt-chin" 5890 5891#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5892#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:85 5893msgid "Male and female brolga" 5894msgstr "" 5895 5896#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5897#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:86 5898msgid "Clouds of Magellan" 5899msgstr "" 5900 5901#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5902#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:89 5903msgid "Kulkanbulla" 5904msgstr "Kulkanbulla" 5905 5906#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5907#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:90 5908msgid "Two teenage boys" 5909msgstr "" 5910 5911#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5912#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:91 5913msgid "Belt and Scabbard of Orion" 5914msgstr "" 5915 5916#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5917#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:94 5918msgid "Lamankurrk" 5919msgstr "Lamankurrk" 5920 5921#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5922#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:95 5923msgid "Girls, young women" 5924msgstr "" 5925 5926#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5927#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:99 5928msgid "Marpeankurrk" 5929msgstr "Marpeankurrk" 5930 5931#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5932#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:100 5933msgid "Meat ant; treecreeper" 5934msgstr "" 5935 5936#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5937#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:101 5938#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64 5939msgid "Arcturus" 5940msgstr "" 5941 5942#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5943#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:104 5944msgid "Millee" 5945msgstr "Millee" 5946 5947#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5948#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:105 5949msgid "Murray River" 5950msgstr "" 5951 5952#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5953#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:106 5954#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:111 5955msgid "Part of the Milky Way" 5956msgstr "" 5957 5958#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5959#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:109 5960msgid "Mindi" 5961msgstr "Mindi" 5962 5963#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5964#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:110 5965msgid "The maned snake" 5966msgstr "" 5967 5968#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5969#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:114 5970msgid "Mityan" 5971msgstr "Mityan" 5972 5973#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5974#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:115 5975msgid "Quoll" 5976msgstr "" 5977 5978#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5979#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:116 5980#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:67 5981#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:21 5982#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52 5983msgid "Moon" 5984msgstr "" 5985 5986#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5987#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:119 5988msgid "Neilloan" 5989msgstr "Neilloan" 5990 5991#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5992#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:120 5993msgid "Mallee fowl" 5994msgstr "" 5995 5996#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5997#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:121 5998msgid "Lyra" 5999msgstr "Lyra" 6000 6001#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6002#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:124 6003msgid "Nurrumbunguttias" 6004msgstr "Nurrumbunguttias" 6005 6006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6007#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:125 6008msgid "Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo" 6009msgstr "" 6010 6011#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6012#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:126 6013msgid "White aura of the Milky Way" 6014msgstr "" 6015 6016#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6017#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:129 6018msgid "Otchocut" 6019msgstr "Otchocut" 6020 6021#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6022#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:130 6023msgid "Great fish" 6024msgstr "" 6025 6026#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6027#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:134 6028msgid "Porkelong toute" 6029msgstr "Porkelong toute" 6030 6031#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6032#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:135 6033msgid "Loss of tooth" 6034msgstr "" 6035 6036#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6037#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:136 6038msgid "Shooting star" 6039msgstr "" 6040 6041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6042#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:139 6043msgid "Pupperimbul" 6044msgstr "Pupperimbul" 6045 6046#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6047#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:140 6048msgid "Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola" 6049msgstr "" 6050 6051#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6052#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:141 6053msgid "Carried the emu egg to become the Sun" 6054msgstr "" 6055 6056#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6057#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:144 6058msgid "Purra" 6059msgstr "Purra" 6060 6061#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6062#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:145 6063msgid "Red kangaroo" 6064msgstr "" 6065 6066#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6067#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:146 6068msgid "Capella" 6069msgstr "" 6070 6071#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6072#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:149 6073msgid "Tchingal" 6074msgstr "Tchingal" 6075 6076#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6077#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:150 6078msgid "The tall one; emu" 6079msgstr "" 6080 6081#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6082#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:151 6083msgid "Dark space near Cross" 6084msgstr "" 6085 6086#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6087#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:154 6088msgid "Totyarguil" 6089msgstr "Totyarguil" 6090 6091#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6092#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:155 6093msgid "Purple crowned lorikeet" 6094msgstr "" 6095 6096#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6097#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:156 6098msgid "Altair" 6099msgstr "" 6100 6101#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6102#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:159 6103msgid "Tourchingboiongerra" 6104msgstr "Tourchingboiongerra" 6105 6106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6107#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:160 6108msgid "Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails" 6109msgstr "" 6110 6111#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6112#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:161 6113#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:126 6114msgid "Coma Berenices" 6115msgstr "" 6116 6117#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6118#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:164 6119msgid "Tourte" 6120msgstr "Tourte" 6121 6122#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6123#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:165 6124msgid "Star" 6125msgstr "" 6126 6127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6128#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:166 6129msgid "Any star" 6130msgstr "" 6131 6132#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6133#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:169 6134msgid "Tyrille" 6135msgstr "Tyrille" 6136 6137#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6138#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:170 6139#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:171 6140msgid "Space; night sky" 6141msgstr "" 6142 6143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6144#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:174 6145msgid "Unurgunite" 6146msgstr "Unurgunite" 6147 6148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6149#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:175 6150msgid "Jacky lizard" 6151msgstr "" 6152 6153#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6154#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:176 6155msgid "Sigma Canis Majoris" 6156msgstr "" 6157 6158#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6159#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:179 6160msgid "Wanjel" 6161msgstr "Wanjel" 6162 6163#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6164#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:180 6165msgid "Long-necked tortoise" 6166msgstr "" 6167 6168#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6169#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:181 6170msgid "Pollux" 6171msgstr "" 6172 6173#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6174#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:184 6175msgid "War" 6176msgstr "War" 6177 6178#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6179#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:185 6180msgid "Crow" 6181msgstr "" 6182 6183#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6184#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:189 6185msgid "Warepil" 6186msgstr "Warepil" 6187 6188#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6189#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:190 6190msgid "Wedge tailed eagle" 6191msgstr "" 6192 6193#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6194#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:194 6195msgid "Warring" 6196msgstr "Warring" 6197 6198#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6199#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:195 6200msgid "Galaxy" 6201msgstr "" 6202 6203#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6204#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:196 6205#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:31 6206#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:7 6207#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47 6208msgid "Milky Way" 6209msgstr "" 6210 6211#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6212#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:199 6213msgid "Weetkurrk" 6214msgstr "Weetkurrk" 6215 6216#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6217#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:200 6218msgid "Singing bushlark" 6219msgstr "" 6220 6221#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6222#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:201 6223msgid "Star in Bootes west of Arcturus" 6224msgstr "" 6225 6226#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6227#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:204 6228msgid "Won" 6229msgstr "Won" 6230 6231#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6232#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:205 6233msgid "Boomerang" 6234msgstr "" 6235 6236#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6237#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:206 6238#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:121 6239msgid "Corona Australis" 6240msgstr "Corona Australis" 6241 6242#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6243#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:209 6244msgid "Yerredetkurrk" 6245msgstr "Yerredetkurrk" 6246 6247#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6248#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:210 6249msgid "Owlet nightjar" 6250msgstr "" 6251 6252#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6253#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:211 6254msgid "Achernar" 6255msgstr "" 6256 6257#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6258#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:214 6259msgid "Yurree" 6260msgstr "Yurree" 6261 6262#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6263#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:215 6264msgid "Fan-tailed cockatoo" 6265msgstr "" 6266 6267#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6268#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:216 6269msgid "Castor" 6270msgstr "" 6271 6272#. type: Content of: <p> 6273#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:221 6274msgid "" 6275"This sky culture was contributed by <i><a " 6276"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' " 6277"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i>" 6278" and <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' " 6279"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>." 6280msgstr "" 6281 6282#. type: Content of: <h2> 6283#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1 6284msgid "Chinese Traditional Sky Culture" 6285msgstr "Традиционна китайска небесна култура" 6286 6287#. type: Content of: <p> 6288#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:3 6289msgid "" 6290"Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system" 6291" to connect the stars, known as \"Xingguan\" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān," 6292" meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching " 6293"implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were " 6294"associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the " 6295"current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th " 6296"centuries." 6297msgstr "" 6298 6299#. type: Content of: <p> 6300#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:4 6301msgid "" 6302"Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 " 6303"Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: " 6304"仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies " 6305"of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). " 6306"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an imperial record of astronomy " 6307"finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a " 6308"revision to it and published <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of " 6309"Astronomical</i>, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese " 6310"Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual " 6311"research and summary of these records in his book<i>Chinese and Western " 6312"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; " 6313"pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo)." 6314msgstr "" 6315 6316#. type: Content of: <p> 6317#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:5 6318msgid "" 6319"Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside " 6320"<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and " 6321"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>." 6322msgstr "" 6323 6324#. type: Content of: <p> 6325#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:6 6326msgid "" 6327"In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of " 6328"Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó " 6329"Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in <i> " 6330"Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star " 6331"Catalogue)</i>." 6332msgstr "" 6333 6334#. type: Content of: <p> 6335#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:7 6336msgid "" 6337"If the star name is followed by a \"*\", it is a star added according to " 6338"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>." 6339msgstr "" 6340"Ако след името на звездата има \"*\", това означава, че е добавена, съгласно" 6341" <i>Историята на звездното наблюдение в Китай</i>." 6342 6343#. type: Content of: <p> 6344#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:8 6345msgid "" 6346"If the star name is followed by a \"?\", it is a star added according to " 6347"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully " 6348"certified." 6349msgstr "" 6350"Ако след името на звездата има \"?\", това означава, че е добавена, съгласно" 6351" <i>Историята на звездното наблюдение в Китай</i>, но това не може напълно " 6352"потвърдено." 6353 6354#. type: Content of: <h3> 6355#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:11 6356msgid "Sun, Moon and Planets" 6357msgstr "Слънце, Луна и планети" 6358 6359#. type: Content of: <p> 6360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:13 6361msgid "" 6362"The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient " 6363"Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. " 6364"Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is " 6365"named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star." 6366msgstr "" 6367 6368#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6369#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:14 6370msgid "" 6371"In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix " 6372"\"great\" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳;" 6373" pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other" 6374" name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue " 6375"(Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang" 6376" (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng)." 6377msgstr "" 6378 6379#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6380#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:15 6381msgid "" 6382"The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; " 6383"pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang." 6384msgstr "" 6385 6386#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6387#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:17 6388msgid "Xingguans" 6389msgstr "Звездни служители" 6390 6391#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6392#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:19 6393msgid "" 6394"Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere " 6395"into asterisms or constellations, known as \"Xingguan\". Modern " 6396"constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans " 6397"refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries " 6398"between Xingguans." 6399msgstr "" 6400 6401#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6402#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:20 6403msgid "" 6404"The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the " 6405"mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the " 6406"Earth's way in the sky to copy a world." 6407msgstr "" 6408"Имената и оформлението на Звездните служители са тясно свързани с хората: " 6409"държавата, планините, стоките и промишлеността се пренасят в небето, според " 6410"разбирането, че небето е копие на земния свят." 6411 6412#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6413#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:21 6414msgid "" 6415"The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic " 6416"tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only " 6417"one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 " 6418"Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are " 6419"divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: " 6420"Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; " 6421"pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, " 6422"six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. " 6423"They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing " 6424"Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in <i>Complete Studies of " 6425"Astronomical</i>." 6426msgstr "" 6427 6428#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6429#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:22 6430msgid "" 6431"Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around " 6432"the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: " 6433"JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based " 6434"on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern" 6435" Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system." 6436msgstr "" 6437 6438#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6439#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:23 6440msgid "" 6441"Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial " 6442"Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but" 6443" changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to " 6444"almost every Xingguan, called \"added stars\" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: " 6445"zēngxīng). The original stars are called \"primary stars\" (Chinese: 正星; " 6446"pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number." 6447" The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of " 6448"Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few " 6449"Xingguans, each star has a special name." 6450msgstr "" 6451 6452#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6453#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:24 6454msgid "" 6455"In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has" 6456" 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total." 6457msgstr "" 6458 6459#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6460#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:25 6461msgid "" 6462"Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the " 6463"official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star " 6464"names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than " 6465"Western names." 6466msgstr "" 6467 6468#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6469#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:27 6470msgid "<em>Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)</em>" 6471msgstr "" 6472 6473#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6474#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:30 6475msgid "Three Enclosures" 6476msgstr "Три ограждения" 6477 6478#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6479#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:32 6480msgid "" 6481"Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the " 6482"ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; " 6483"pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: " 6484"Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán)." 6485msgstr "" 6486 6487#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6488#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:33 6489msgid "" 6490"Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which " 6491"are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There " 6492"are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this " 6493"Enclosure." 6494msgstr "" 6495 6496#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6497#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:34 6498msgid "" 6499"Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the" 6500" northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient " 6501"Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is" 6502" circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa " 6503"Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts" 6504" of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden " 6505"enclosure has 37 Xingguans." 6506msgstr "" 6507 6508#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6509#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:36 6510msgid "" 6511"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple " 6512"Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6513msgstr "" 6514"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple " 6515"Forbidden enclosure (Уикипедия)</a>" 6516 6517#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6518#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:38 6519msgid "" 6520"Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers " 6521"deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of " 6522"officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations " 6523"Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and " 6524"Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans." 6525msgstr "" 6526 6527#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6528#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:40 6529msgid "" 6530"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme " 6531"Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6532msgstr "" 6533"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme " 6534"Palace Enclosure (Уикипедия)</a>" 6535 6536#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:42 6538msgid "" 6539"Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary " 6540"people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations " 6541"Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. " 6542"Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the " 6543"participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar." 6544msgstr "" 6545 6546#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6547#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:44 6548msgid "" 6549"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly" 6550" Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6551msgstr "" 6552"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly" 6553" Market Enclosure (Уикипедия)</a>" 6554 6555#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6556#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:47 6557msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions" 6558msgstr "Двадесет и осем Лунни домове" 6559 6560#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6561#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:49 6562msgid "" 6563"The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as " 6564"28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the " 6565"sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according " 6566"to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; " 6567"pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest." 6568msgstr "" 6569 6570#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6571#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:50 6572msgid "" 6573"Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the" 6574" main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion." 6575msgstr "" 6576 6577#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6578#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:51 6579msgid "" 6580"Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; " 6581"pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight " 6582"Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial " 6583"coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative " 6584"stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: " 6585"宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial " 6586"coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the " 6587"Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial " 6588"mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion." 6589msgstr "" 6590 6591#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6592#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:52 6593msgid "" 6594"Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each " 6595"Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also " 6596"changed in history." 6597msgstr "" 6598 6599#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6600#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:53 6601msgid "" 6602"On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the " 6603"determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial " 6604"pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies." 6605msgstr "" 6606 6607#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6608#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:54 6609msgid "" 6610"If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its " 6611"right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, " 6612"the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the " 6613"determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; " 6614"pinyin: rùxiùdù)." 6615msgstr "" 6616 6617#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6618#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:55 6619msgid "" 6620"Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which" 6621" is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we " 6622"can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion " 6623"distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two " 6624"components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system." 6625msgstr "" 6626 6627#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6628#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:56 6629msgid "" 6630"The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; " 6631"pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing " 6632"seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between " 6633"the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk " 6634"on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, " 6635"the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the " 6636"Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west." 6637msgstr "" 6638 6639#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6640#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:58 6641msgid "The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)" 6642msgstr "Списъкът на 28-те Лунни домове (J2000)" 6643 6644#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6645#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:61 6646msgid "Seven Luminaries" 6647msgstr "Седем светила" 6648 6649#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6650#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:63 6651msgid "Wood" 6652msgstr "Дърво" 6653 6654#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6655#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:64 6656msgid "Metal" 6657msgstr "Метал" 6658 6659#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6660#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:65 6661msgid "Earth" 6662msgstr "Земя" 6663 6664#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6665#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:68 6666msgid "Fire" 6667msgstr "Огън" 6668 6669#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6670#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:69 6671msgid "Water" 6672msgstr "Вода" 6673 6674#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6675#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:72 6676#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:160 6677#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:248 6678#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:336 6679#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:440 6680#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2910 6681msgid "Chinese Name" 6682msgstr "Китайско наименование" 6683 6684#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6685#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:83 6686#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:171 6687#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:259 6688#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:347 6689#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:441 6690#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2911 6691msgid "Pinyin" 6692msgstr "Пинин" 6693 6694#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6695#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:94 6696#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:182 6697#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:270 6698#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:358 6699#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:442 6700#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2912 6701msgid "Translation" 6702msgstr "" 6703 6704#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6705#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:95 6706msgid "Azure Dragon of the East" 6707msgstr "Лазурен дракон на изтока" 6708 6709#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6710#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:96 6711#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1016 6712msgid "Horn Mansion" 6713msgstr "Рог" 6714 6715#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6716#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:97 6717#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1100 6718msgid "Neck Mansion" 6719msgstr "Врат" 6720 6721#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6722#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:98 6723#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1156 6724msgid "Root Mansion" 6725msgstr "Корен" 6726 6727#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6728#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:99 6729#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1240 6730msgid "Room Mansion" 6731msgstr "Стая" 6732 6733#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6734#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:100 6735#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1303 6736msgid "Heart Mansion" 6737msgstr "Сърце" 6738 6739#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6740#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:101 6741#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1324 6742msgid "Tail Mansion" 6743msgstr "Опашка" 6744 6745#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6746#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:102 6747#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1373 6748msgid "Winnowing Basket Mansion" 6749msgstr "Вееща се кошница" 6750 6751#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6752#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:105 6753#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:193 6754#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:281 6755#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:369 6756msgid "Number of xingguans" 6757msgstr "" 6758 6759#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6760#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:116 6761#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:204 6762#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:292 6763#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:380 6764msgid "Determinative Star" 6765msgstr "Определяща звезда" 6766 6767#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6768#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:127 6769#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:215 6770#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:303 6771#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:391 6772msgid "RA of Determinative Star" 6773msgstr "α на Определяща звезда" 6774 6775#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6776#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:138 6777#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:226 6778#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:314 6779#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:402 6780msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1" 6781msgstr "" 6782 6783#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6784#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:149 6785#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:237 6786#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:325 6787#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:413 6788msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2" 6789msgstr "" 6790 6791#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6792#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:183 6793msgid "Black Tortoise of the North" 6794msgstr "Черната костенурка на северa" 6795 6796#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6797#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:184 6798#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1401 6799msgid "Dipper Mansion" 6800msgstr "Черпак" 6801 6802#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6803#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:185 6804#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1478 6805msgid "Ox Mansion" 6806msgstr "Вол" 6807 6808#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6809#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:186 6810#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1562 6811msgid "Girl Mansion" 6812msgstr "Момиче" 6813 6814#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6815#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:187 6816#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1625 6817msgid "Emptiness Mansion" 6818msgstr "Пустош" 6819 6820#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6821#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:188 6822#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1702 6823msgid "Rooftop Mansion" 6824msgstr "Покрив" 6825 6826#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6827#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:189 6828#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1786 6829msgid "Encampment Mansion" 6830msgstr "Лагер" 6831 6832#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6833#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:190 6834#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1870 6835msgid "Wall Mansion" 6836msgstr "Стена" 6837 6838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6839#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:271 6840msgid "White Tiger of the West" 6841msgstr "Белият тигър на запада" 6842 6843#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6844#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:272 6845#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1919 6846msgid "Legs Mansion" 6847msgstr "Крака" 6848 6849#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6850#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:273 6851#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1989 6852msgid "Bond Mansion" 6853msgstr "Връзка" 6854 6855#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6856#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:274 6857#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2038 6858msgid "Stomach Mansion" 6859msgstr "Стомах" 6860 6861#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6862#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:275 6863#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2094 6864msgid "Hairy Head Mansion" 6865msgstr "Космата глава" 6866 6867#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6868#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:276 6869#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2164 6870msgid "Net Mansion" 6871msgstr "Мрежа" 6872 6873#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6874#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:277 6875#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2276 6876msgid "Turtle Beak Mansion" 6877msgstr "Клюн на костенурка" 6878 6879#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6880#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:278 6881#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2304 6882msgid "Three Stars Mansion" 6883msgstr "Три звезди" 6884 6885#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6886#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:359 6887msgid "Vermilion Bird of the South" 6888msgstr "Яркочервената птица на юга" 6889 6890#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6891#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:360 6892#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2360 6893msgid "Well Mansion" 6894msgstr "" 6895 6896#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6897#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:361 6898#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2507 6899msgid "Ghosts Mansion" 6900msgstr "Призраци" 6901 6902#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6903#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:362 6904#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2563 6905msgid "Willow Mansion" 6906msgstr "" 6907 6908#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6909#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:363 6910#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2584 6911#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2591 6912msgid "Star Mansion" 6913msgstr "Звезда" 6914 6915#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6916#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:364 6917#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2626 6918msgid "Extended Net Mansion" 6919msgstr "" 6920 6921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6922#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:365 6923#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2647 6924msgid "Wings Mansion" 6925msgstr "Крила" 6926 6927#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6928#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:366 6929#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2668 6930msgid "Chariot Mansion" 6931msgstr "Колесница" 6932 6933#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6934#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:424 6935msgid "" 6936"note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system." 6937msgstr "" 6938 6939#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6940#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:425 6941msgid "" 6942"note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate " 6943"system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees." 6944msgstr "" 6945 6946#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a> 6947#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:428 6948msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)" 6949msgstr "" 6950 6951#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6952#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:432 6953#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2731 6954msgid "The Southern Sky" 6955msgstr "" 6956 6957#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6958#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:434 6959msgid "" 6960"The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. " 6961"Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight " 6962"Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: " 6963"徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the " 6964"European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the " 6965"traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of " 6966"Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals." 6967msgstr "" 6968 6969#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6970#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:436 6971msgid "The list of Xingguans" 6972msgstr "Списъкът на звездните служители" 6973 6974#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6975#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:443 6976msgid "Number of Primary Stars" 6977msgstr "" 6978 6979#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6980#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:444 6981msgid "Number of Added Stars" 6982msgstr "Брой на добавените звезди" 6983 6984#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6985#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:449 6986msgid "Purple Forbidden Enclosure" 6987msgstr "" 6988 6989#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6990#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:456 6991msgid "Northern Pole" 6992msgstr "Северен полюс" 6993 6994#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6995#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:463 6996msgid "Four Advisors" 6997msgstr "Четирима съветници" 6998 6999#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7000#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:470 7001msgid "Celestial Great One" 7002msgstr "" 7003 7004#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7005#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:477 7006msgid "First Great One" 7007msgstr "" 7008 7009#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7010#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:484 7011msgid "Purple Forbidden Left Wall" 7012msgstr "" 7013 7014#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7015#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:491 7016msgid "Purple Forbidden Right Wall" 7017msgstr "" 7018 7019#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7020#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:498 7021msgid "Hidden Virtue" 7022msgstr "" 7023 7024#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7025#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:505 7026msgid "Royal Secretary" 7027msgstr "" 7028 7029#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7030#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:512 7031msgid "Female Protocol" 7032msgstr "" 7033 7034#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7035#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:519 7036msgid "Official of Royal Archives" 7037msgstr "" 7038 7039#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7040#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:526 7041msgid "Maids-in-waiting" 7042msgstr "" 7043 7044#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7045#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:533 7046msgid "Celestial Pillar" 7047msgstr "" 7048 7049#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7050#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:540 7051msgid "Chief Judge" 7052msgstr "" 7053 7054#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7055#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:547 7056msgid "Curved Array" 7057msgstr "" 7058 7059#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7060#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:554 7061msgid "Six Jia" 7062msgstr "" 7063 7064#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7065#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:561 7066msgid "Great Emperor of Heaven" 7067msgstr "" 7068 7069#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7070#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:568 7071msgid "Interior Seats of the Five Emperors" 7072msgstr "" 7073 7074#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7075#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:575 7076msgid "Canopy of the Emperor" 7077msgstr "" 7078 7079#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7080#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:582 7081msgid "Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )" 7082msgstr "" 7083 7084#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7085#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:589 7086msgid "Guest House" 7087msgstr "" 7088 7089#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7090#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:596 7091msgid "Inner Steps" 7092msgstr "" 7093 7094#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7095#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:603 7096msgid "Celestial Kitchen" 7097msgstr "" 7098 7099#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7100#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:610 7101msgid "Eight Kinds of Crops" 7102msgstr "" 7103 7104#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7105#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:617 7106msgid "Celestial Flail" 7107msgstr "" 7108 7109#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7110#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:624 7111msgid "Inner Kitchen" 7112msgstr "" 7113 7114#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7115#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:631 7116msgid "Administrative Center" 7117msgstr "" 7118 7119#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7120#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:638 7121msgid "Three Top Instructors" 7122msgstr "" 7123 7124#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7125#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:645 7126#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:757 7127msgid "Three Excellencies" 7128msgstr "" 7129 7130#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7131#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:652 7132msgid "Celestial Bed" 7133msgstr "" 7134 7135#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7136#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:659 7137msgid "Royals" 7138msgstr "" 7139 7140#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7141#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:666 7142msgid "Celestial Prison" 7143msgstr "" 7144 7145#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7146#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:673 7147msgid "Guard of the Sun" 7148msgstr "" 7149 7150#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7151#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:680 7152msgid "Eunuch" 7153msgstr "" 7154 7155#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7156#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:687 7157msgid "Prime Minister" 7158msgstr "" 7159 7160#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7161#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:694 7162msgid "Sombre Lance" 7163msgstr "" 7164 7165#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7166#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:701 7167msgid "Judge for Nobility" 7168msgstr "" 7169 7170#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7171#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:708 7172msgid "Northern Dipper" 7173msgstr "" 7174 7175#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7176#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:715 7177msgid "Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)" 7178msgstr "" 7179 7180#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7181#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:722 7182msgid "Celestial Spear" 7183msgstr "" 7184 7185#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7186#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:729 7187msgid "Supreme Palace Enclosure" 7188msgstr "" 7189 7190#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7191#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:736 7192msgid "Supreme Palace Left Wall" 7193msgstr "" 7194 7195#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7196#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:743 7197msgid "Supreme Palace Right Wall" 7198msgstr "" 7199 7200#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7201#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:750 7202msgid "Usher to the Court" 7203msgstr "" 7204 7205#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7206#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:764 7207msgid "Nine Senior Officers" 7208msgstr "" 7209 7210#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7211#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:771 7212msgid "Five Lords" 7213msgstr "" 7214 7215#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7216#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:778 7217msgid "Inner Screen" 7218msgstr "" 7219 7220#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7221#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:785 7222msgid "Seats of the Five Emperors" 7223msgstr "" 7224 7225#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7226#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:792 7227msgid "Officer of Honour" 7228msgstr "" 7229 7230#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7231#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:799 7232msgid "Crown Prince" 7233msgstr "" 7234 7235#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7236#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:806 7237#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1296 7238msgid "Retinue" 7239msgstr "" 7240 7241#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7242#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:813 7243msgid "Captain of the Bodyguards" 7244msgstr "" 7245 7246#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7247#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:820 7248msgid "Emperor's Bodyguard" 7249msgstr "" 7250 7251#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7252#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:827 7253msgid "Royal Guards" 7254msgstr "" 7255 7256#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7257#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:834 7258msgid "Officers of the Imperial Guard" 7259msgstr "" 7260 7261#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7262#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:841 7263msgid "The Hall of Glory" 7264msgstr "" 7265 7266#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7267#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:848 7268msgid "Astronomical Observatory" 7269msgstr "" 7270 7271#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7272#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:855 7273msgid "Junior Officers" 7274msgstr "" 7275 7276#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7277#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:862 7278msgid "Long Wall" 7279msgstr "" 7280 7281#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7282#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:869 7283msgid "Three Steps" 7284msgstr "" 7285 7286#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7287#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:876 7288msgid "Heavenly Market Enclosure" 7289msgstr "" 7290 7291#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7292#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:883 7293msgid "Heavenly Market Left Wall" 7294msgstr "" 7295 7296#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7297#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:890 7298msgid "Heavenly Market Right Wall" 7299msgstr "" 7300 7301#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7302#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:897 7303msgid "Municipal Office" 7304msgstr "" 7305 7306#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7307#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:904 7308msgid "Commodity Market" 7309msgstr "" 7310 7311#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7312#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:911 7313msgid "Official for the Royal Clan" 7314msgstr "" 7315 7316#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7317#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:918 7318msgid "Official of Religious Ceremonies" 7319msgstr "" 7320 7321#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7322#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:925 7323msgid "Patriarchal Clan" 7324msgstr "" 7325 7326#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7327#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:932 7328msgid "Textile Ruler" 7329msgstr "" 7330 7331#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7332#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:939 7333msgid "Butcher's Shops" 7334msgstr "" 7335 7336#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7337#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:946 7338msgid "Astrologer" 7339msgstr "" 7340 7341#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7342#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:953 7343msgid "Emperor's Seat" 7344msgstr "" 7345 7346#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7347#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:960 7348msgid "Eunuch Official" 7349msgstr "" 7350 7351#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7352#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:967 7353msgid "Jewel Market" 7354msgstr "" 7355 7356#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7357#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:974 7358msgid "Dipper for Liquids" 7359msgstr "" 7360 7361#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7362#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:981 7363msgid "Dipper for Solids" 7364msgstr "" 7365 7366#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7367#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:988 7368msgid "Coiled Thong" 7369msgstr "" 7370 7371#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7372#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:995 7373msgid "Seven Excellencies" 7374msgstr "" 7375 7376#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7377#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1002 7378msgid "Celestial Discipline" 7379msgstr "" 7380 7381#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7382#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1009 7383msgid "Woman's Bed" 7384msgstr "" 7385 7386#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7387#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1023 7388msgid "Horn" 7389msgstr "" 7390 7391#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7392#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1030 7393msgid "Flat Road" 7394msgstr "" 7395 7396#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7397#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1037 7398#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1492 7399msgid "Celestial Farmland" 7400msgstr "" 7401 7402#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7403#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1044 7404msgid "Recommending Virtuous Men" 7405msgstr "" 7406 7407#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7408#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1051 7409msgid "Tripod of the Zhou" 7410msgstr "" 7411 7412#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7413#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1058 7414msgid "Celestial Gate" 7415msgstr "" 7416 7417#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7418#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1065 7419msgid "Justice" 7420msgstr "" 7421 7422#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7423#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1072 7424msgid "Arsenal" 7425msgstr "" 7426 7427#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7428#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1079 7429#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2227 7430msgid "Pillars" 7431msgstr "" 7432 7433#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7434#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1086 7435msgid "Railings" 7436msgstr "" 7437 7438#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7439#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1093 7440msgid "Southern Gate" 7441msgstr "" 7442 7443#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7444#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1107 7445msgid "Neck" 7446msgstr "" 7447 7448#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7449#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1114 7450msgid "Great Horn" 7451msgstr "" 7452 7453#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7454#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1121 7455msgid "Left Conductor" 7456msgstr "" 7457 7458#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7459#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1128 7460msgid "Right Conductor" 7461msgstr "" 7462 7463#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7464#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1135 7465msgid "Trials" 7466msgstr "" 7467 7468#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7469#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1142 7470msgid "Gate of Yang" 7471msgstr "" 7472 7473#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7474#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1149 7475msgid "Executions" 7476msgstr "" 7477 7478#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7479#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1163 7480msgid "Root" 7481msgstr "" 7482 7483#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7484#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1170 7485msgid "Celestial Milk" 7486msgstr "" 7487 7488#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7489#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1177 7490msgid "Twinkling Indicator" 7491msgstr "" 7492 7493#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7494#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1184 7495msgid "Celestial Lance" 7496msgstr "" 7497 7498#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7499#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1191 7500msgid "Mattress of the Emperor" 7501msgstr "" 7502 7503#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7504#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1198 7505msgid "Boats and Lake" 7506msgstr "" 7507 7508#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7509#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1205 7510msgid "Battle Chariots" 7511msgstr "" 7512 7513#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7514#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1212 7515msgid "Imperial Guards" 7516msgstr "" 7517 7518#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7519#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1219 7520msgid "Chariots and Cavalry" 7521msgstr "" 7522 7523#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7524#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1226 7525msgid "Celestial Spokes" 7526msgstr "" 7527 7528#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7529#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1233 7530msgid "Chariots and Cavalry General" 7531msgstr "" 7532 7533#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7534#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1247 7535msgid "Room" 7536msgstr "" 7537 7538#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7539#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1254 7540msgid "Lock (Vassal of Room)" 7541msgstr "" 7542 7543#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7544#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1261 7545msgid "Door Bolt" 7546msgstr "" 7547 7548#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7549#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1268 7550msgid "Punishment" 7551msgstr "" 7552 7553#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7554#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1275 7555msgid "Eastern Door" 7556msgstr "" 7557 7558#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7559#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1282 7560msgid "Western Door" 7561msgstr "" 7562 7563#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7564#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1289 7565msgid "Solar Star" 7566msgstr "" 7567 7568#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7569#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1310 7570#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:69 7571msgid "Heart" 7572msgstr "" 7573 7574#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7575#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1317 7576msgid "Group of Soldiers" 7577msgstr "" 7578 7579#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7580#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1331 7581#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:76 7582msgid "Tail" 7583msgstr "" 7584 7585#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7586#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1338 7587msgid "Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)" 7588msgstr "" 7589 7590#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7591#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1345 7592msgid "Tortoise" 7593msgstr "" 7594 7595#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7596#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1352 7597msgid "Celestial River" 7598msgstr "" 7599 7600#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7601#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1359 7602msgid "Fu Yue" 7603msgstr "" 7604 7605#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7606#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1366 7607#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2926 7608msgid "Fish" 7609msgstr "" 7610 7611#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7612#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1380 7613msgid "Winnowing Basket" 7614msgstr "" 7615 7616#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7617#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1387 7618msgid "Chaff" 7619msgstr "" 7620 7621#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7622#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1394 7623#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1730 7624msgid "Pestle" 7625msgstr "" 7626 7627#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7628#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1408 7629msgid "Dipper" 7630msgstr "" 7631 7632#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7633#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1415 7634msgid "Establishment" 7635msgstr "" 7636 7637#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7638#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1422 7639msgid "Celestial Keyhole" 7640msgstr "Небесна ключова дупка" 7641 7642#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7643#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1429 7644msgid "Market Officer" 7645msgstr "" 7646 7647#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7648#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1436 7649msgid "River Turtle" 7650msgstr "" 7651 7652#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7653#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1443 7654msgid "Celestial Cock" 7655msgstr "" 7656 7657#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7658#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1450 7659msgid "Territory of Dog" 7660msgstr "" 7661 7662#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7663#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1457 7664msgid "Celestial Spring" 7665msgstr "" 7666 7667#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1464 7669#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:399 7670#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:241 7671#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222 7672msgid "Dog" 7673msgstr "Куче" 7674 7675#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7676#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1471 7677msgid "Peasant" 7678msgstr "" 7679 7680#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7681#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1485 7682msgid "Ox" 7683msgstr "" 7684 7685#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7686#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1499 7687msgid "Nine Water Wells" 7688msgstr "" 7689 7690#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7691#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1506 7692msgid "Drum at the River" 7693msgstr "" 7694 7695#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7696#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1513 7697msgid "Weaving Girl" 7698msgstr "" 7699 7700#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7701#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1520 7702msgid "Left Flag" 7703msgstr "" 7704 7705#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7706#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1527 7707msgid "Right Flag" 7708msgstr "" 7709 7710#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7711#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1534 7712msgid "Celestial Drumstick" 7713msgstr "" 7714 7715#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7716#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1541 7717msgid "Network of Dykes" 7718msgstr "" 7719 7720#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7721#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1548 7722msgid "Clepsydra Terrace" 7723msgstr "" 7724 7725#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7726#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1555 7727msgid "Imperial Passageway" 7728msgstr "" 7729 7730#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7731#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1569 7732msgid "Girl" 7733msgstr "" 7734 7735#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7736#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1576 7737msgid "Twelve States" 7738msgstr "" 7739 7740#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7741#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1583 7742msgid "Pearls on Ladies' Wear" 7743msgstr "" 7744 7745#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7746#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1590 7747msgid "Rotten Gourd" 7748msgstr "" 7749 7750#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7751#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1597 7752msgid "Good Gourd" 7753msgstr "" 7754 7755#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7756#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1604 7757msgid "Celestial Ford" 7758msgstr "" 7759 7760#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7761#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1611 7762msgid "Xi Zhong" 7763msgstr "" 7764 7765#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7766#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1618 7767msgid "Basket for Mulberry Leaves" 7768msgstr "" 7769 7770#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7771#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1632 7772#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:124 7773msgid "Emptiness" 7774msgstr "" 7775 7776#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7777#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1639 7778msgid "Deified Judge of Life" 7779msgstr "" 7780 7781#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7782#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1646 7783msgid "Deified Judge of Rank" 7784msgstr "" 7785 7786#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7787#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1653 7788msgid "Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune" 7789msgstr "" 7790 7791#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7792#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1660 7793msgid "Deified Judge of Right and Wrong" 7794msgstr "" 7795 7796#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7797#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1667 7798msgid "Crying" 7799msgstr "" 7800 7801#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7802#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1674 7803msgid "Weeping" 7804msgstr "" 7805 7806#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7807#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1681 7808msgid "Celestial Ramparts" 7809msgstr "" 7810 7811#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7812#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1688 7813msgid "Decayed Mortar" 7814msgstr "" 7815 7816#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7817#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1695 7818msgid "Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear" 7819msgstr "" 7820 7821#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7822#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1709 7823msgid "Rooftop" 7824msgstr "" 7825 7826#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7827#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1716 7828msgid "Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)" 7829msgstr "" 7830 7831#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7832#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1723 7833msgid "Humans" 7834msgstr "" 7835 7836#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7837#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1737 7838msgid "Mortar" 7839msgstr "" 7840 7841#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7842#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1744 7843msgid "Big Yard for Chariots" 7844msgstr "" 7845 7846#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7847#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1751 7848msgid "Celestial Hook" 7849msgstr "" 7850 7851#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7852#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1758 7853msgid "Zaofu" 7854msgstr "" 7855 7856#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7857#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1765 7858msgid "Roofing" 7859msgstr "" 7860 7861#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7862#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1772 7863msgid "Temple" 7864msgstr "" 7865 7866#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7867#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1779 7868msgid "Celestial Money" 7869msgstr "" 7870 7871#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7872#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1793 7873msgid "Encampment" 7874msgstr "" 7875 7876#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7877#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1800 7878msgid "Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)" 7879msgstr "" 7880 7881#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7882#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1807 7883msgid "Thunder and Lightning" 7884msgstr "" 7885 7886#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7887#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1814 7888msgid "Line of Ramparts" 7889msgstr "" 7890 7891#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7892#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1821 7893msgid "Palace Guard" 7894msgstr "" 7895 7896#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7897#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1828 7898msgid "Axe" 7899msgstr "" 7900 7901#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7902#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1835 7903msgid "North Gate of the Military Camp" 7904msgstr "" 7905 7906#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7907#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1842 7908msgid "Net for Catching Birds" 7909msgstr "" 7910 7911#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7912#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1849 7913msgid "Materials for Making Tents" 7914msgstr "" 7915 7916#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7917#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1856 7918msgid "Official for Materials Supply" 7919msgstr "" 7920 7921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7922#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1863 7923msgid "Flying Serpent" 7924msgstr "" 7925 7926#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7927#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1877 7928#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:145 7929msgid "Wall" 7930msgstr "" 7931 7932#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7933#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1884 7934msgid "Thunderbolt" 7935msgstr "" 7936 7937#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7938#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1891 7939msgid "Cloud and Rain" 7940msgstr "" 7941 7942#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7943#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1898 7944msgid "Celestial Stable" 7945msgstr "" 7946 7947#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7948#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1905 7949msgid "Sickle" 7950msgstr "" 7951 7952#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7953#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1912 7954msgid "Official for Earthworks and Buildings" 7955msgstr "" 7956 7957#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7958#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1926 7959msgid "Legs" 7960msgstr "" 7961 7962#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7963#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1933 7964msgid "Outer Fence" 7965msgstr "" 7966 7967#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7968#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1940 7969msgid "Celestial Pigsty" 7970msgstr "" 7971 7972#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7973#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1947 7974#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2717 7975msgid "Master of Constructions" 7976msgstr "" 7977 7978#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7979#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1954 7980msgid "Southern Military Gate" 7981msgstr "" 7982 7983#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7984#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1961 7985msgid "Flying Corridor" 7986msgstr "" 7987 7988#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7989#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1968 7990msgid "Auxiliary Road" 7991msgstr "" 7992 7993#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7994#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1975 7995msgid "Wang Liang" 7996msgstr "" 7997 7998#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7999#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1982 8000msgid "Whip" 8001msgstr "" 8002 8003#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8004#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1996 8005msgid "Bond" 8006msgstr "" 8007 8008#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8009#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2003 8010msgid "Official in Charge of the Forest" 8011msgstr "" 8012 8013#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8014#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2010 8015msgid "Official in Charge of Pasturing" 8016msgstr "" 8017 8018#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8019#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2017 8020msgid "Square Celestial Granary" 8021msgstr "" 8022 8023#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8024#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2024 8025msgid "Ricks of Grain" 8026msgstr "" 8027 8028#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8029#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2031 8030msgid "Great General of Heaven" 8031msgstr "" 8032 8033#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8034#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2045 8035#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:178 8036msgid "Stomach" 8037msgstr "" 8038 8039#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8040#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2052 8041msgid "Celestial Foodstuff" 8042msgstr "" 8043 8044#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8045#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2059 8046msgid "Circular Celestial Granary" 8047msgstr "" 8048 8049#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8050#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2066 8051msgid "Mausoleum" 8052msgstr "" 8053 8054#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8055#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2073 8056msgid "Celestial Boat" 8057msgstr "" 8058 8059#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8060#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2080 8061msgid "Heap of Corpses" 8062msgstr "" 8063 8064#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8065#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2087 8066msgid "Stored Water" 8067msgstr "" 8068 8069#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8070#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2101 8071msgid "Hairy Head" 8072msgstr "" 8073 8074#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8075#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2108 8076msgid "Celestial Concave" 8077msgstr "" 8078 8079#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8080#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2115 8081msgid "Lunar Star" 8082msgstr "" 8083 8084#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8085#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2122 8086msgid "Celestial Yin Force" 8087msgstr "" 8088 8089#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8090#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2129 8091msgid "Hay" 8092msgstr "" 8093 8094#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8095#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2136 8096msgid "Celestial Meadows" 8097msgstr "" 8098 8099#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8100#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2143 8101msgid "Rolled Tongue" 8102msgstr "" 8103 8104#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8105#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2150 8106msgid "Celestial Slander" 8107msgstr "" 8108 8109#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8110#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2157 8111msgid "Whetstone" 8112msgstr "" 8113 8114#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8115#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2171 8116msgid "Net" 8117msgstr "" 8118 8119#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8120#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2178 8121msgid "Whisper (Vassal of Net)" 8122msgstr "" 8123 8124#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8125#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2185 8126msgid "Celestial Street" 8127msgstr "" 8128 8129#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8130#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2192 8131msgid "Celestial Tally" 8132msgstr "" 8133 8134#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8135#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2199 8136msgid "Feudal Kings" 8137msgstr "" 8138 8139#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8140#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2206 8141msgid "Celestial High Terrace" 8142msgstr "" 8143 8144#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8145#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2213 8146msgid "Interpreters of Nine Dialects" 8147msgstr "" 8148 8149#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8150#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2220 8151msgid "Five Chariots" 8152msgstr "" 8153 8154#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8155#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2234 8156msgid "Celestial Pier" 8157msgstr "" 8158 8159#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8160#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2241 8161msgid "Pool of Harmony" 8162msgstr "" 8163 8164#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8165#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2248 8166msgid "Celestial Pass" 8167msgstr "" 8168 8169#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8170#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2255 8171msgid "Banner of Three Stars" 8172msgstr "" 8173 8174#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8175#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2262 8176msgid "Imperial Military Flag" 8177msgstr "" 8178 8179#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8180#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2269 8181msgid "Celestial Orchard" 8182msgstr "" 8183 8184#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8185#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2283 8186msgid "Turtle Beak" 8187msgstr "" 8188 8189#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8190#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2290 8191msgid "Deity in Charge of Monsters" 8192msgstr "" 8193 8194#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8195#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2297 8196msgid "Seat Flags" 8197msgstr "" 8198 8199#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8200#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2311 8201msgid "Three Stars" 8202msgstr "" 8203 8204#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8205#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2318 8206msgid "Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)" 8207msgstr "" 8208 8209#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8210#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2325 8211msgid "Jade Well" 8212msgstr "" 8213 8214#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8215#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2332 8216msgid "Screen" 8217msgstr "" 8218 8219#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8220#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2339 8221msgid "Military well" 8222msgstr "" 8223 8224#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8225#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2346 8226msgid "Toilet" 8227msgstr "" 8228 8229#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8230#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2353 8231msgid "Excrement" 8232msgstr "" 8233 8234#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8235#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2367 8236#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:225 8237msgid "Well" 8238msgstr "" 8239 8240#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8241#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2374 8242msgid "Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)" 8243msgstr "" 8244 8245#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8246#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2381 8247msgid "South River" 8248msgstr "" 8249 8250#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8251#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2388 8252msgid "North River" 8253msgstr "" 8254 8255#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8256#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2395 8257msgid "Celestial Wine Cup" 8258msgstr "" 8259 8260#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8261#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2402 8262msgid "Five Feudal Kings" 8263msgstr "" 8264 8265#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8266#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2409 8267msgid "Accumulated Water" 8268msgstr "" 8269 8270#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8271#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2416 8272msgid "Pile of Firewood" 8273msgstr "" 8274 8275#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8276#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2423 8277msgid "Official for Irrigation" 8278msgstr "" 8279 8280#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8281#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2430 8282msgid "Water Level" 8283msgstr "" 8284 8285#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8286#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2437 8287msgid "Four Channels" 8288msgstr "" 8289 8290#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8291#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2444 8292msgid "Market for Soldiers" 8293msgstr "" 8294 8295#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8296#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2451 8297msgid "Wild Cockerel" 8298msgstr "" 8299 8300#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8301#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2458 8302msgid "Grandfather" 8303msgstr "" 8304 8305#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8306#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2465 8307msgid "Son" 8308msgstr "" 8309 8310#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8311#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2472 8312msgid "Grandson" 8313msgstr "" 8314 8315#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8316#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2479 8317msgid "Palace Gate" 8318msgstr "" 8319 8320#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8321#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2486 8322msgid "Celestial Wolf" 8323msgstr "" 8324 8325#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8326#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2493 8327msgid "Bow and Arrow" 8328msgstr "" 8329 8330#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8331#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2500 8332msgid "Old Man" 8333msgstr "" 8334 8335#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8336#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2514 8337msgid "Ghosts" 8338msgstr "" 8339 8340#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8341#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2521 8342#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2933 8343msgid "Cumulative Corpses" 8344msgstr "" 8345 8346#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8347#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2528 8348msgid "Beacon Fire" 8349msgstr "" 8350 8351#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8352#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2535 8353msgid "Celestial Dog" 8354msgstr "" 8355 8356#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8357#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2542 8358msgid "Outer Kitchen" 8359msgstr "" 8360 8361#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8362#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2549 8363msgid "Celestial Earth God's Temple" 8364msgstr "" 8365 8366#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8367#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2556 8368msgid "Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals" 8369msgstr "" 8370 8371#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8372#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2570 8373#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:239 8374msgid "Willow" 8375msgstr "" 8376 8377#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8378#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2577 8379msgid "Banner of Wine Shop" 8380msgstr "" 8381 8382#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8383#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2598 8384msgid "Celestial Premier" 8385msgstr "" 8386 8387#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8388#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2605 8389msgid "Celestial Cereals" 8390msgstr "" 8391 8392#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8393#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2612 8394msgid "Xuanyuan" 8395msgstr "" 8396 8397#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8398#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2619 8399msgid "High Judge" 8400msgstr "" 8401 8402#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8403#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2633 8404msgid "Extended Net" 8405msgstr "" 8406 8407#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8408#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2640 8409msgid "Celestial Temple" 8410msgstr "" 8411 8412#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8413#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2654 8414#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:260 8415msgid "Wings" 8416msgstr "" 8417 8418#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8419#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2661 8420msgid "Dongou" 8421msgstr "" 8422 8423#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8424#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2675 8425msgid "Chariot" 8426msgstr "" 8427 8428#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8429#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2682 8430msgid "Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)" 8431msgstr "" 8432 8433#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8434#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2689 8435msgid "Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)" 8436msgstr "" 8437 8438#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8439#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2696 8440msgid "Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)" 8441msgstr "" 8442 8443#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8444#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2703 8445msgid "Green Hill" 8446msgstr "" 8447 8448#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8449#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2710 8450msgid "Military Gate" 8451msgstr "" 8452 8453#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8454#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2724 8455msgid "House for Musical Instruments" 8456msgstr "" 8457 8458#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8459#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2738 8460msgid "Sea and Mountain" 8461msgstr "" 8462 8463#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8464#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2745 8465msgid "Cross" 8466msgstr "" 8467 8468#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8469#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2752 8470msgid "Horse's Tail" 8471msgstr "" 8472 8473#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8474#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2759 8475msgid "Horse's Abdomen" 8476msgstr "" 8477 8478#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8479#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2766 8480msgid "Bee" 8481msgstr "" 8482 8483#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8484#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2773 8485#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:263 8486#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:139 8487#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:113 8488msgid "Triangle" 8489msgstr "Триъгълник" 8490 8491#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8492#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2780 8493msgid "Exotic Bird" 8494msgstr "" 8495 8496#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8497#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2787 8498msgid "Peafowl" 8499msgstr "" 8500 8501#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8502#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2794 8503msgid "Persia" 8504msgstr "" 8505 8506#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8507#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2801 8508msgid "Snake's Tail" 8509msgstr "" 8510 8511#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8512#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2808 8513msgid "Snake's Abdomen" 8514msgstr "" 8515 8516#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8517#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2815 8518msgid "Snake's Head" 8519msgstr "" 8520 8521#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8522#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2822 8523msgid "Bird's Beak" 8524msgstr "" 8525 8526#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8527#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2829 8528msgid "Crane" 8529msgstr "" 8530 8531#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2836 8533msgid "Firebird" 8534msgstr "" 8535 8536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2843 8538msgid "Crooked Running Water" 8539msgstr "" 8540 8541#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8542#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2850 8543msgid "White Patched Nearby" 8544msgstr "" 8545 8546#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8547#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2857 8548msgid "White Patches Attached" 8549msgstr "" 8550 8551#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8552#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2864 8553msgid "Goldfish" 8554msgstr "Златна рибка" 8555 8556#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8557#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2871 8558msgid "Sea Rock" 8559msgstr "Морска скала" 8560 8561#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8562#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2878 8563msgid "Flying Fish" 8564msgstr "Летяща риба" 8565 8566#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8567#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2885 8568msgid "Southern Boat" 8569msgstr "Южна лодка" 8570 8571#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8572#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2892 8573msgid "Little Dipper" 8574msgstr "Малък черпак" 8575 8576#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8577#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2897 8578msgid "note 1: The Xingguans with \"*\", Was officially deleted in 1752." 8579msgstr "" 8580 8581#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8582#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2898 8583msgid "" 8584"note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the " 8585"parent Xingguan." 8586msgstr "" 8587 8588#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 8589#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2901 8590msgid "Deep Space Objects" 8591msgstr "Обекти от Дълбокия Космос" 8592 8593#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8594#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2904 8595msgid "" 8596"Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were " 8597"also included in the Xingguans." 8598msgstr "" 8599 8600#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8601#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2905 8602msgid "Include the following:" 8603msgstr "Включва следните:" 8604 8605#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8606#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2909 8607msgid "General name" 8608msgstr "Абревиатура" 8609 8610#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8611#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2913 8612msgid "Nick name" 8613msgstr "Прякор" 8614 8615#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8616#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2919 8617msgid "God's Palace" 8618msgstr "" 8619 8620#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8621#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2920 8622msgid "Northern Jewel Box Cluster" 8623msgstr "" 8624 8625#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8626#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2927 8627msgid "Ptolemy Cluster" 8628msgstr "Звезден куп на Птолемей" 8629 8630#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8631#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2934 8632msgid "Beehive Cluster" 8633msgstr "Звезден куп Ясли" 8634 8635#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8636#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2940 8637msgid "Arsenal Added I" 8638msgstr "Добавен арсенал I" 8639 8640#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8641#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2941 8642msgid "Omega Centauri" 8643msgstr "Омега Кентавър" 8644 8645#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8646#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2947 8647msgid "Legs Mansion XXI" 8648msgstr "Крака XXI" 8649 8650#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8651#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2948 8652msgid "Andromeda Galaxy" 8653msgstr "Галактика Андромеда" 8654 8655#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8656#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2954 8657msgid "Sea and Mountain II" 8658msgstr "Море и планина II" 8659 8660#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8661#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2955 8662msgid "Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae" 8663msgstr "" 8664 8665#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8666#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2962 8667msgid "" 8668"This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western " 8669"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: " 8670"中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: " 8671"仪象考成)." 8672msgstr "" 8673 8674#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8675#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2963 8676msgid "" 8677"Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western " 8678"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced " 8679"<i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium " 8680"中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference." 8681msgstr "" 8682 8683#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8684#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2964 8685msgid "" 8686"Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar " 8687"Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史)." 8688msgstr "" 8689 8690#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8691#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2965 8692msgid "" 8693"For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese " 8694"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: " 8695"中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the " 8696"translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two " 8697"different Xingguans are the same." 8698msgstr "" 8699 8700#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8701#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2966 8702msgid "" 8703"There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP " 8704"numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and " 8705"Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending " 8706"Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head " 8707"Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303)." 8708msgstr "" 8709 8710#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 8711#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2967 8712msgid "" 8713"The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because" 8714" thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are " 8715"controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are " 8716"ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names " 8717"having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is " 8718"provided only to make star names readable." 8719msgstr "" 8720 8721#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8722#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2972 8723msgid "" 8724"<a " 8725"href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html\">English-" 8726"Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</a>" 8727msgstr "" 8728 8729#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8730#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2973 8731msgid "" 8732"<a href=\"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html\">AEEA " 8733"Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system </a>" 8734msgstr "" 8735 8736#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8737#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2974 8738msgid "" 8739"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese " 8740"constellations (Wikipedia)</a>" 8741msgstr "" 8742 8743#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8744#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2975 8745msgid "" 8746"<a " 8747"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">Traditional" 8748" Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>" 8749msgstr "" 8750 8751#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8752#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2976 8753msgid "" 8754"<a " 8755"href=\"http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html\">http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html</a>" 8756msgstr "" 8757 8758#. a 8759#. href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive- 8760#. star-maps.html" 8761#. /a 8762#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 8763#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2982 8764msgid "" 8765"This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of " 8766"Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star " 8767"maps (no longer available online)." 8768msgstr "" 8769 8770#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 8771#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2983 8772msgid "" 8773"Sun Shuwei <a " 8774"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> " 8775"replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based " 8776"primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and " 8777"Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description." 8778msgstr "" 8779 8780#. type: Content of: <h2> 8781#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:1 8782msgid "Chinese Contemporary" 8783msgstr "Съвременна китайска" 8784 8785#. type: Content of: <p> 8786#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:3 8787msgid "" 8788"The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions " 8789"and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western " 8790"constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture " 8791"that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value." 8792msgstr "" 8793 8794#. type: Content of: <p> 8795#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:7 8796msgid "" 8797"The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International " 8798"Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific " 8799"boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright" 8800" stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into " 8801"different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy." 8802msgstr "" 8803 8804#. type: Content of: <h3> 8805#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:9 8806msgid "star names" 8807msgstr "звездни имена" 8808 8809#. type: Content of: <p> 8810#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:11 8811msgid "" 8812"The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. " 8813"More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names. When a foreign " 8814"astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be " 8815"translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars" 8816" that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, " 8817"which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special " 8818"astronomical significance." 8819msgstr "" 8820 8821#. type: Content of: <p> 8822#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:12 8823msgid "" 8824"For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and " 8825"traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for " 8826"Stellarium</i>." 8827msgstr "" 8828 8829#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8830#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:17 8831msgid "" 8832"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese " 8833"constellations </a> Wikipedia" 8834msgstr "" 8835 8836#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8837#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:18 8838msgid "" 8839"<a " 8840"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">traditional" 8841" Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia" 8842msgstr "" 8843 8844#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8845#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:19 8846msgid "" 8847"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\">constellations</a> " 8848"Wikipedia" 8849msgstr "" 8850 8851#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8852#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:20 8853msgid "" 8854"<a " 8855"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\">Constellation" 8856" image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope " 8857"Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings." 8858msgstr "" 8859 8860#. type: Content of: <p> 8861#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:25 8862msgid "" 8863"This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a " 8864"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>." 8865msgstr "" 8866 8867#. type: Content of: <p> 8868#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:26 8869msgid "" 8870"Constellation art，Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for " 8871"Stellarium</i>." 8872msgstr "" 8873 8874#. type: Content of: <p> 8875#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:27 8876msgid "" 8877"asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese " 8878"Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>." 8879msgstr "" 8880 8881#. type: Content of: <h2> 8882#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:1 8883msgid "Chinese Medieval" 8884msgstr "Средновековна китайска" 8885 8886#. type: Content of: <p> 8887#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:3 8888msgid "" 8889"This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years " 8890"(1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as " 8891"possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese " 8892"Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the " 8893"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for " 8894"each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of " 8895"Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD." 8896msgstr "" 8897 8898#. type: Content of: <h3> 8899#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:5 8900msgid "Medieval Xingguans" 8901msgstr "Средновековни звездни служители" 8902 8903#. type: Content of: <p> 8904#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:6 8905msgid "" 8906"From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of " 8907"the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar." 8908msgstr "" 8909 8910#. type: Content of: <p> 8911#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:7 8912msgid "" 8913"The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th" 8914" century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States " 8915"Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During " 8916"the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the " 8917"Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and" 8918" 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and " 8919"after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th " 8920"century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the " 8921"shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of" 8922" the constellations maintained the medieval style." 8923msgstr "" 8924 8925#. type: Content of: <p> 8926#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:8 8927msgid "" 8928"Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese " 8929"astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major" 8930" star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements" 8931" measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were " 8932"rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected " 8933"more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used" 8934" mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance " 8935"degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the " 8936"determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for " 8937"determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>." 8938msgstr "" 8939 8940#. type: Content of: <p> 8941#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:9 8942msgid "" 8943"The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue " 8944"in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars." 8945msgstr "" 8946 8947#. type: Content of: <p> 8948#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:11 8949msgid "" 8950"Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD)." 8951msgstr "" 8952 8953#. type: Content of: <p> 8954#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:12 8955msgid "<em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>" 8956msgstr "" 8957 8958#. type: Content of: <h3> 8959#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:14 8960msgid "Restore Sky Map" 8961msgstr "" 8962 8963#. type: Content of: <p> 8964#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:15 8965msgid "" 8966"The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. " 8967"In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar " 8968"measurements, leaving a lot of data." 8969msgstr "" 8970 8971#. type: Content of: <p> 8972#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:16 8973msgid "" 8974"Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the " 8975"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's " 8976"Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in " 8977"China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan " 8978"Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book " 8979"<i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book." 8980msgstr "" 8981 8982#. type: Content of: <p> 8983#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:17 8984msgid "" 8985"Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined " 8986"with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars " 8987"restored the sky map is somewhat different." 8988msgstr "" 8989 8990#. type: Content of: <p> 8991#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:18 8992msgid "" 8993"Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese " 8994"medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD)." 8995msgstr "" 8996 8997#. type: Content of: <p> 8998#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:21 8999msgid "" 9000"Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang," 9001msgstr "" 9002 9003#. type: Content of: <p><p> 9004#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:22 9005msgid "" 9006"Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin," 9007msgstr "" 9008 9009#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9010#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:23 9011msgid "" 9012"Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 " 9013"degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun." 9014msgstr "" 9015 9016#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9017#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:24 9018msgid "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white." 9019msgstr "" 9020 9021#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9022#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:25 9023msgid "" 9024"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is " 9025"confusing." 9026msgstr "" 9027 9028#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9029#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:26 9030msgid "" 9031"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the " 9032"celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's " 9033"position as the standard of the chronology." 9034msgstr "" 9035 9036#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9037#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:27 9038msgid "" 9039"Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels " 9040"around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a" 9041" Lunar Mansion every year." 9042msgstr "" 9043 9044#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9045#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:31 9046msgid "<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song\">wikipedia - Su Song</a>" 9047msgstr "" 9048 9049#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9050#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:32 9051msgid "<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html\">History of Song</a>" 9052msgstr "" 9053 9054#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9055#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:33 9056msgid "" 9057"<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html\">Records of the Grand " 9058"Historian</a>" 9059msgstr "" 9060 9061#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9062#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:34 9063msgid "" 9064"<a " 9065"href=\"https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm\">(Chinese)" 9066" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>" 9067msgstr "" 9068 9069#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9070#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:35 9071msgid "" 9072"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers\">wikipedia -" 9073" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>" 9074msgstr "" 9075 9076#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9077#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:36 9078msgid "" 9079"<a href=\"http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm\">(Chinese) Chinese " 9080"Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>" 9081msgstr "" 9082 9083#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3> 9084#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:38 9085msgid "Reference" 9086msgstr "Препратка" 9087 9088#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9089#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:40 9090msgid "Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China" 9091msgstr "" 9092 9093#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9094#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:41 9095msgid "Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens" 9096msgstr "" 9097 9098#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9099#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:42 9100msgid "Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>" 9101msgstr "" 9102 9103#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9104#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:43 9105msgid "<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>" 9106msgstr "" 9107 9108#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9109#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:44 9110msgid "<i>Book of Sui</i>" 9111msgstr "" 9112 9113#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9114#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:45 9115msgid "<i>History of Song</i>" 9116msgstr "" 9117 9118#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p> 9119#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:49 9120msgid "" 9121"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) " 9122". <a href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>" 9123msgstr "" 9124 9125#. type: Content of: <h2> 9126#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:1 9127msgid "Dakota" 9128msgstr "" 9129 9130#. type: Content of: <p> 9131#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:2 9132msgid "" 9133"Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of " 9134"north-central United States and Canada. Known as the Oceti Sakowin – " 9135"Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands," 9136" two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic " 9137"distinctions. Well known for following the buffalo. The word D(N/L)akota " 9138"means \"Alliance\". Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation. The D(L)akota" 9139" Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the " 9140"<b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. " 9141"Lee, J. Rock, 2012. More details can be found in the constellation " 9142"guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to " 9143"D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map " 9144"posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources." 9145msgstr "" 9146 9147#. type: Content of: <h3> 9148#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:12 9149#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:5 9150msgid "Celestial Objects" 9151msgstr "Небесни обекти" 9152 9153#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9154#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:14 9155msgid "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & β Eridanus" 9156msgstr "" 9157 9158#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9159#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:15 9160msgid "<i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini" 9161msgstr "" 9162 9163#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9164#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:16 9165msgid "<i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9166msgstr "" 9167 9168#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9169#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:17 9170msgid "<i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9171msgstr "" 9172 9173#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9174#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:18 9175msgid "<i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9176msgstr "" 9177 9178#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9179#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:19 9180msgid "<i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades" 9181msgstr "" 9182 9183#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9184#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:20 9185msgid "<i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major" 9186msgstr "" 9187 9188#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9189#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:21 9190msgid "" 9191"<i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper – inside " 9192"Bowl" 9193msgstr "" 9194 9195#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9196#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:22 9197msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades" 9198msgstr "" 9199 9200#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9201#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:23 9202msgid "<i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper – Bowl stars" 9203msgstr "" 9204 9205#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9206#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:24 9207msgid "<i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper – Handle stars" 9208msgstr "" 9209 9210#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9211#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:25 9212msgid "<i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper" 9213msgstr "" 9214 9215#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9216#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:26 9217msgid "<i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper" 9218msgstr "" 9219 9220#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9221#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:27 9222msgid "<i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper" 9223msgstr "" 9224 9225#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9226#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:28 9227msgid "" 9228"<i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one place)</i>," 9229" North star, Polaris" 9230msgstr "" 9231 9232#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9233#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:29 9234msgid "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Thunderbird, Draco, Ursa Minor" 9235msgstr "" 9236 9237#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9238#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:30 9239msgid "<i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus" 9240msgstr "" 9241 9242#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9243#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:31 9244msgid "" 9245"<i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood – " 9246"Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum" 9247msgstr "" 9248 9249#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9250#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:32 9251msgid "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces" 9252msgstr "" 9253 9254#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9255#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:33 9256msgid "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades" 9257msgstr "" 9258 9259#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9260#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:34 9261msgid "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus" 9262msgstr "" 9263 9264#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9265#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:35 9266msgid "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo" 9267msgstr "" 9268 9269#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9270#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:36 9271msgid "" 9272"<i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi " 9273"Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in " 9274"Bootes)" 9275msgstr "" 9276 9277#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9278#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:37 9279msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star" 9280msgstr "" 9281 9282#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9283#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:38 9284msgid "<i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon" 9285msgstr "" 9286 9287#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9288#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:39 9289msgid "<i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon" 9290msgstr "" 9291 9292#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9293#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:40 9294msgid "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun" 9295msgstr "" 9296 9297#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9298#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:41 9299msgid "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi /Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus" 9300msgstr "" 9301 9302#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9303#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:42 9304msgid "<i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way" 9305msgstr "" 9306 9307#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9308#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:43 9309msgid "" 9310"<i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star" 9311msgstr "" 9312 9313#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9314#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:44 9315msgid "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe" 9316msgstr "" 9317 9318#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9319#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:45 9320msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet" 9321msgstr "" 9322 9323#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9324#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:52 9325msgid "" 9326"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota " 9327"Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other " 9328"resources.</a>" 9329msgstr "" 9330 9331#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9332#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:53 9333msgid "" 9334"<a " 9335"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-" 9336"top-" 9337"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12" 9338" " 9339"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota" 9340" Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com" 9341msgstr "" 9342 9343#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9344#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:54 9345#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:45 9346msgid "" 9347"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> main" 9348" webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other " 9349"resources.</a>" 9350msgstr "" 9351 9352#. type: Content of: <p> 9353#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:58 9354msgid "" 9355"This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of" 9356" <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at " 9357"revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and D(L)akota. " 9358"Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star " 9359"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map" 9360" Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> by" 9361" A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke." 9362msgstr "" 9363 9364#. type: Content of: <p> 9365#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:59 9366msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee." 9367msgstr "" 9368 9369#. type: Content of: <p> 9370#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:60 9371#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:51 9372msgid "Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information." 9373msgstr "" 9374 9375#. type: Content of: <h2> 9376#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:1 9377msgid "Egyptian" 9378msgstr "Египетска" 9379 9380#. type: Content of: <p> 9381#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:2 9382msgid "" 9383"Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The " 9384"belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have " 9385"reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah " 9386"dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a " 9387"wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point." 9388msgstr "" 9389 9390#. type: Content of: <p> 9391#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:3 9392msgid "" 9393"However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is " 9394"represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales " 9395"(which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1]." 9396msgstr "" 9397 9398#. type: Content of: <p> 9399#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:4 9400msgid "" 9401"Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that" 9402" some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the " 9403"constellations did change significantly over time [3]." 9404msgstr "" 9405 9406#. type: Content of: <p> 9407#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:5 9408msgid "" 9409"The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the \"stars that knew " 9410"no rest\". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the " 9411"five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet " 9412"now known as Jupiter was called \"Horus Who Limits the Two Lands\"; Mars was" 9413" \"Horus of the Horizon\"; Mercury was \"Sebegu\", associated with Set; " 9414"Saturn was \"Horus the Bull of the Sky\"; and Venus was \"the God of the " 9415"Morning\" [7]." 9416msgstr "" 9417 9418#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9419#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:9 9420msgid "" 9421"<a href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-" 9422"Thompson/page11-17.html\">[1]</a>, <a " 9423"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-" 9424"Thompson/page11-15.html\">[3]</a> Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform " 9425"Tablets, etc" 9426msgstr "" 9427 9428#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9429#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:10 9430msgid "" 9431"<a href=\"http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm\">[2]</a> Three archaic " 9432"Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?" 9433msgstr "" 9434 9435#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9436#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:11 9437msgid "" 9438"<a " 9439"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>" 9440msgstr "" 9441 9442#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9443#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:12 9444msgid "" 9445"<a " 9446"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>" 9447msgstr "" 9448 9449#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9450#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:13 9451msgid "" 9452"<a " 9453"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>" 9454msgstr "" 9455 9456#. type: Content of: <p> 9457#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:18 9458msgid "" 9459"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 9460"Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper \"A Map of the Ancient Egyptian" 9461" Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte." 9462msgstr "" 9463 9464#. type: Content of: <p> 9465#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:19 9466msgid "This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)" 9467msgstr "" 9468 9469#. type: Content of: <h1> 9470#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:1 9471msgid "Greek (Almagest)" 9472msgstr "" 9473 9474#. type: Content of: <p> 9475#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:3 9476msgid "" 9477"This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of " 9478"astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from " 9479"observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius " 9480"Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in " 9481"Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical " 9482"work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title " 9483"<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek. The name <i>Almagest</i>, " 9484"meaning “The Largest [Book]”, was developed from Arabian " 9485"translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by " 9486"Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal " 9487"translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we" 9488" made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright." 9489msgstr "" 9490 9491#. type: Content of: <p> 9492#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:17 9493msgid "" 9494"The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and " 9495"eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations " 9496"(among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters). It" 9497" is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position" 9498" in the constellation (such as \"star at the elbow of X, longitude, " 9499"latitude, magnitude\"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic " 9500"coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the " 9501"magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from" 9502" Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus’ catalog is not " 9503"preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of " 9504"1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible." 9505msgstr "" 9506"Алмагестът се състои от 13 раздела, които се наричат книги. В седма и осма " 9507"книга, Птолемей изброява общо 1022 звезди в 48 съзвездия (между които има 5 " 9508"звездоподобни обекта като кълбовидни звездни купове). Това е таблица с " 9509"координати на звездите и описание на тяхната позиция в съзведието (например " 9510",,звезда в лакътя на Х, географска ширина и дължина, звездна величина''). Що" 9511" се отнася до прецесията, Птолемей е използвал еклиптични координати. Той е " 9512"един от първите, които отбелязват звездната величина, т.е. количествената " 9513"скала на звездната яркост, вероятно заимствана от Хипарх (това не е напълно " 9514"сигурно, защото неговият каталог не е запазен). Скàлата започва с най-ярката" 9515" звезда от величина 1, стигайки до величина 6 за най-бледите звезди." 9516 9517#. type: Content of: <p> 9518#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:30 9519msgid "" 9520"For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model " 9521"(which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, " 9522"contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by " 9523"Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the " 9524"<i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always " 9525"represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's " 9526"proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial " 9527"globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the " 9528"business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession " 9529"as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore " 9530"updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a " 9531"simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude." 9532msgstr "" 9533 9534#. type: Content of: <h2> 9535#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:43 9536msgid "How this sky culture was made" 9537msgstr "Как е измислена тази небесна култура" 9538 9539#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 9540#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:45 9541#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:7 9542#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:9 9543msgid "Star names" 9544msgstr "Звездни имена" 9545 9546#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 9547#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:47 9548msgid "" 9549"Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15. " 9550"The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as \"The star on " 9551"the end of the tail\" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such " 9552"long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for " 9553"all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they " 9554"appear in the catalogue. For example, Polaris is given a designation \"UMi " 9555"1\" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi). " 9556"See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations " 9557"and IAU abbreviations. In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying" 9558" outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label." 9559" To see the long description for a given star, users should enable \"Use " 9560"additional names of stars\" in the \"View [F4]/Sky\" settings and click on " 9561"the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the " 9562"screen." 9563msgstr "" 9564 9565#. type: Content of: <h3> 9566#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:61 9567msgid "Constellation lines" 9568msgstr "" 9569 9570#. type: Content of: <p> 9571#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:63 9572msgid "" 9573"The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:" 9574msgstr "" 9575 9576#. type: Content of: <p> 9577#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:66 9578msgid "" 9579"In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), α Crv is the star in the " 9580""head of the raven". It is connected with the "star in the " 9581"neck", ε Crv. This one is connected with "the star in the" 9582" breast" ζ Crv. From there two lines go to the tips of the wings." 9583" γ Crv is the star in the advanced wing and δ Crv the star in " 9584"the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the " 9585""foot of the raven", the star β Crv." 9586msgstr "" 9587 9588#. type: Content of: <p> 9589#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:77 9590msgid "" 9591"After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we " 9592"reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented " 9593"in the <i>Almagest</i>." 9594msgstr "" 9595 9596#. type: Content of: <p> 9597#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:81 9598msgid "" 9599"The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, " 9600"e.g. Ptolemy uses the name " 9601""λαμπαδίας (The Torch-" 9602"like)" for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but " 9603"this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up in " 9604"the Almagest." 9605msgstr "" 9606 9607#. type: Content of: <p> 9608#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:87 9609msgid "" 9610"The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and " 9611"its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in " 9612"the reconstruction (column 6)." 9613msgstr "" 9614 9615#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9616#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:93 9617#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:17 9618msgid "<b>Abbreviation</b>" 9619msgstr "<b>Съкращение</b>" 9620 9621#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9622#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:94 9623msgid "<b>Original name</b>" 9624msgstr "<b>Оригинално име</b>" 9625 9626#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9627#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:95 9628msgid "<b>Translation</b> (direct)" 9629msgstr "<b>Превод</b> (директен)" 9630 9631#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9632#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:96 9633msgid "<b>IAU (Latin) name</b>" 9634msgstr "<b>IAU (Латинско) име</b>" 9635 9636#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9637#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:97 9638msgid "<b>hints to constellation</b>" 9639msgstr "<b>уточнения към съзвездието</b>" 9640 9641#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9642#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:98 9643msgid "<b>freedom of art</b>" 9644msgstr "<b>свобода на изкуството</b>" 9645 9646#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9647#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:103 9648msgid "Small She-Bear" 9649msgstr "" 9650 9651#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9652#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:105 9653#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:113 9654#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:425 9655#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:441 9656#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:465 9657msgid "like IAU constellation" 9658msgstr "еднакво с IAU" 9659 9660#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9661#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:111 9662#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:31 9663msgid "Great She-Bear" 9664msgstr "" 9665 9666#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9667#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:119 9668#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:37 9669msgid "Dragon" 9670msgstr "Дракон" 9671 9672#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9673#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:121 9674msgid "" 9675"all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head" 9676" is the tongue" 9677msgstr "" 9678 9679#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9680#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:127 9681#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:35 9682msgid "Kepheus" 9683msgstr "Кефей" 9684 9685#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9686#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:129 9687msgid "king, upside down" 9688msgstr "" 9689 9690#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9691#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:130 9692msgid "" 9693"three head stars are tiara; β seen as part of the belt, although " 9694"Almagest says beneath belt" 9695msgstr "" 9696 9697#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9698#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:135 9699msgid "Ploughman" 9700msgstr "Орач" 9701 9702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9703#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:137 9704msgid "has a shepherd's staff in his hand (ω)" 9705msgstr "" 9706 9707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9708#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:138 9709msgid "star HIP 72582 added as neck star" 9710msgstr "" 9711 9712#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9713#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:143 9714msgid "Crown" 9715msgstr "Корона" 9716 9717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9718#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:145 9719msgid "like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text" 9720msgstr "" 9721 9722#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9723#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:151 9724#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:61 9725msgid "Kneeler" 9726msgstr "Колено" 9727 9728#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9729#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:153 9730msgid "one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes" 9731msgstr "" 9732 9733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9734#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:154 9735msgid "star HIP 82764 added as neck star" 9736msgstr "" 9737 9738#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9739#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:159 9740#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:59 9741msgid "Lyre" 9742msgstr "Лира" 9743 9744#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9745#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:167 9746msgid "Bird" 9747msgstr "Птица" 9748 9749#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9750#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:169 9751msgid "swan with legs" 9752msgstr "" 9753 9754#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9755#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:170 9756msgid "Tips of wings connected with tail" 9757msgstr "" 9758 9759#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9760#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:175 9761msgid "Kassiepeia" 9762msgstr "Касиопея" 9763 9764#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9765#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:177 9766msgid "Queen sitting on a throne" 9767msgstr "" 9768 9769#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9770#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:178 9771msgid "to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne" 9772msgstr "" 9773 9774#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9775#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:183 9776#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:85 9777#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77 9778msgid "Perseus" 9779msgstr "Персей" 9780 9781#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9782#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:185 9783msgid "" 9784"Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - >one of the " 9785"stars in the cluster was used for drawing" 9786msgstr "" 9787 9788#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9789#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:186 9790msgid "" 9791"one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more " 9792"spherical" 9793msgstr "" 9794 9795#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9796#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:191 9797#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:91 9798#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:83 9799msgid "Charioteer" 9800msgstr "Колесничар" 9801 9802#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9803#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:193 9804msgid "wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem" 9805msgstr "" 9806 9807#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9808#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:194 9809msgid "o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star" 9810msgstr "" 9811 9812#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9813#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:199 9814msgid "Serpent Bearer" 9815msgstr "Змиеносец" 9816 9817#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9818#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:201 9819msgid "has serpent in his hand" 9820msgstr "" 9821 9822#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9823#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:202 9824msgid "a star added as neck star" 9825msgstr "" 9826 9827#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9828#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:207 9829msgid "Snake" 9830msgstr "Змия" 9831 9832#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9833#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:209 9834msgid "two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head" 9835msgstr "" 9836 9837#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9838#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:215 9839#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:103 9840msgid "Arrow" 9841msgstr "Стрела" 9842 9843#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9844#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:217 9845msgid "Like IAU constellation, η Sge is missing" 9846msgstr "" 9847 9848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9849#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:223 9850#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:109 9851msgid "Eagle" 9852msgstr "Орел" 9853 9854#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9855#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:225 9856msgid "" 9857"τ Aql as head star, β as neck, Altair is between shoulders, γ" 9858" and μ are shoulders" 9859msgstr "" 9860 9861#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9862#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:231 9863#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:115 9864#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95 9865msgid "Dolphin" 9866msgstr "Делфин" 9867 9868#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9869#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:234 9870msgid "refined shape" 9871msgstr "" 9872 9873#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9874#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:239 9875#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:121 9876msgid "Bust [of a horse]" 9877msgstr "Бюст [на кон]" 9878 9879#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9880#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:247 9881msgid "Horse" 9882msgstr "Кон" 9883 9884#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9885#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:249 9886msgid "with mane and one wing" 9887msgstr "" 9888 9889#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9890#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:255 9891msgid "Andromeda" 9892msgstr "Андромеда" 9893 9894#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9895#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:257 9896msgid "dress and belt" 9897msgstr "" 9898 9899#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9900#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:265 9901msgid "four given stars  middle star of one side" 9902msgstr "" 9903 9904#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9905#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:271 9906#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:145 9907#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119 9908msgid "Ram" 9909msgstr "Овен" 9910 9911#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9912#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:273 9913msgid "turned head; only one horn" 9914msgstr "" 9915 9916#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9917#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:279 9918#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:151 9919#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:125 9920msgid "Bull" 9921msgstr "Бик" 9922 9923#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9924#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:281 9925msgid "half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer" 9926msgstr "" 9927 9928#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9929#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:287 9930#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:157 9931#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:137 9932msgid "Twins" 9933msgstr "Близнаци" 9934 9935#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9936#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:289 9937msgid "one star in common; touching each other with hands" 9938msgstr "" 9939 9940#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9941#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:295 9942msgid "Crab" 9943msgstr "Рак" 9944 9945#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9946#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:297 9947msgid "square body" 9948msgstr "" 9949 9950#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9951#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:303 9952#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:169 9953#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149 9954msgid "Lion" 9955msgstr "Лъв" 9956 9957#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9958#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:305 9959msgid "opens jaw" 9960msgstr "" 9961 9962#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9963#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:311 9964msgid "Maiden" 9965msgstr "Дева" 9966 9967#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9968#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:313 9969msgid "no separate head" 9970msgstr "" 9971 9972#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9973#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:314 9974msgid "fainter stars added to draw the wings" 9975msgstr "" 9976 9977#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9978#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:319 9979msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion]" 9980msgstr "Щипки [на скорпионът]" 9981 9982#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9983#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:321 9984msgid "" 9985"Ptolemy always uses the term "claws", never "the " 9986"balance"." 9987msgstr "" 9988 9989#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9990#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:327 9991#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:187 9992msgid "Scorpion" 9993msgstr "Скорпион" 9994 9995#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9996#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:330 9997msgid "arms added around the head: ν and ρ" 9998msgstr "" 9999 10000#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10001#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:335 10002#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:174 10003msgid "Archer" 10004msgstr "Стрелец" 10005 10006#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10007#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:337 10008msgid "a centaur with bow ahead; „cloak“ behind" 10009msgstr "" 10010 10011#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10012#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:338 10013msgid "" 10014"we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the " 10015"picture clear." 10016msgstr "" 10017 10018#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10019#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:343 10020msgid "The One with the Goat's Horn" 10021msgstr "Този с Козият Рог" 10022 10023#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10024#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:345 10025msgid "fish tail; two legs visible" 10026msgstr "" 10027 10028#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10029#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:351 10030msgid "Water-Carrier" 10031msgstr "Водоносител" 10032 10033#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10034#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:353 10035msgid "water out of jug" 10036msgstr "" 10037 10038#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10039#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:359 10040msgid "[2] Fish" 10041msgstr "[2] Риба" 10042 10043#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10044#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:362 10045msgid "" 10046"northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we " 10047"took them as fin because mouth should be at g and τ Psc. Additional " 10048"change on tail fin: extended to ρ" 10049msgstr "" 10050 10051#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10052#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:367 10053#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:217 10054msgid "Sea Monster" 10055msgstr "Морско чудовище" 10056 10057#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10058#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:370 10059msgid "Body does not go through star τ, but through star υ" 10060msgstr "" 10061 10062#. type: Content of: <h3> 10063#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:375 10064#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:223 10065#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10066#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:116 10067#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:22 10068msgid "Orion" 10069msgstr "Орион" 10070 10071#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10072#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:378 10073msgid "" 10074"The "head" is labeled as "nebulous" which means Ptolemy " 10075"interpreted φ<sub>1</sub>, φ<sub>2</sub>, and λ, together " 10076"with fainter stars between them as a "cluster" (or association " 10077"which is more extended than the modern "λ Ori Assoc."). " 10078"Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a " 10079"connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders." 10080msgstr "" 10081 10082#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10083#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:383 10084msgid "River [nameless]" 10085msgstr "Река [безименна]" 10086 10087#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10088#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:385 10089msgid "Like IAU constellation, but shorter" 10090msgstr "" 10091 10092#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10093#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:391 10094#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:235 10095#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216 10096msgid "Hare" 10097msgstr "Заек" 10098 10099#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10100#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:394 10101msgid "took the \"4 stars over the ear\" as ear" 10102msgstr "" 10103 10104#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10105#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:407 10106msgid "The One before the Dog" 10107msgstr "Този преди кучето" 10108 10109#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10110#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:410 10111msgid "" 10112"In Almagest, the name of the constellation is "The One before the " 10113"Dog" or "Harbinger of Sirius" as Toomer puts it. However, " 10114"β CMi is called "the neck" (of whom is unknown). We drew a " 10115"little dog with γ and ε as head; α, β, η and " 10116"HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with " 10117"δ<sub>2</sub> and δ<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634" 10118msgstr "" 10119 10120#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10121#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:415 10122#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:253 10123#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234 10124msgid "Ship "Argo"" 10125msgstr "Кораб "Арго"" 10126 10127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10128#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:417 10129msgid "smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel" 10130msgstr "" 10131 10132#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10133#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:418 10134msgid "" 10135"Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape;" 10136" in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a " 10137"ship is painted." 10138msgstr "" 10139 10140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10141#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:423 10142msgid "Water Snake" 10143msgstr "Водна змия" 10144 10145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10146#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:431 10147msgid "Krater (vessel)" 10148msgstr "Кратер (съд)" 10149 10150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10151#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:434 10152msgid "" 10153"a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or " 10154"vase: <a " 10155"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a>" 10156" Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (α Crt) and two handles " 10157"(η, θ Crt)" 10158msgstr "" 10159 10160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10161#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:439 10162msgid "Raven" 10163msgstr "Гарван" 10164 10165#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10166#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:447 10167#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:265 10168#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10169msgid "Kentauros" 10170msgstr "Кентавър" 10171 10172#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10173#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:450 10174msgid "" 10175"deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of ω Cen (cluster) taken" 10176" as star on the back. ‘Thyrsus‘ not drawn (to avoid confusion), " 10177"backward arm added." 10178msgstr "" 10179 10180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10181#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:455 10182msgid "Beast" 10183msgstr "Звяр" 10184 10185#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10186#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:458 10187msgid "" 10188"β described as ‘End of hind leg‘ -> taken as star in the " 10189"belly; τ<sub>1</sub> as hindleg Χ removed from head, because " 10190"otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg" 10191msgstr "" 10192 10193#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10194#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:463 10195#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:277 10196#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:258 10197msgid "Altar" 10198msgstr "Олтар" 10199 10200#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10201#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:471 10202msgid "Southern Crown" 10203msgstr "Южна корона" 10204 10205#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10206#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:473 10207msgid "" 10208"like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC " 10209"number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in " 10210"Stellarium" 10211msgstr "" 10212 10213#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10214#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:479 10215#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:289 10216#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 10217msgid "Southern Fish" 10218msgstr "Южна риба" 10219 10220#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10221#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:481 10222msgid "the fish is laying on his back" 10223msgstr "" 10224 10225#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10226#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:482 10227msgid "" 10228"we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (β should be the tip of " 10229"the tail but we used it as its root)" 10230msgstr "" 10231 10232#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10233#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:488 10234msgid "" 10235"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, " 10236"1990" 10237msgstr "" 10238 10239#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10240#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:489 10241#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:295 10242#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:284 10243msgid "" 10244"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, " 10245"Leipzig, 1898" 10246msgstr "" 10247 10248#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10249#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:490 10250msgid "" 10251"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, " 10252"2017" 10253msgstr "" 10254 10255#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10256#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:491 10257#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:297 10258#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:286 10259msgid "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984" 10260msgstr "" 10261 10262#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10263#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:492 10264msgid "" 10265"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 10266"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 10267"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006" 10268msgstr "" 10269 10270#. type: Content of: <p> 10271#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:497 10272msgid "" 10273"This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide " 10274"this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited " 10275"according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND " 10276"4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without " 10277"consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!" 10278msgstr "" 10279 10280#. type: Content of: <h2> 10281#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:502 10282msgid "Thanks" 10283msgstr "Благодарности" 10284 10285#. type: Content of: <p> 10286#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:503 10287msgid "" 10288"The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading " 10289"and interesting discussions." 10290msgstr "" 10291 10292#. type: Content of: <p> 10293#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:506 10294msgid "" 10295"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea " 10296"Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-" 10297"uraniae.com" 10298msgstr "" 10299 10300#. type: Content of: <p> 10301#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:507 10302msgid "Written in English: the authors" 10303msgstr "Написана на английски: от авторите" 10304 10305#. type: Content of: <h1> 10306#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:1 10307msgid "The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue" 10308msgstr "" 10309 10310#. type: Content of: <p> 10311#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:2 10312msgid "" 10313"This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the " 10314"Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd " 10315"century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model," 10316" which itself has not survived." 10317msgstr "" 10318 10319#. type: Content of: <p> 10320#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:3 10321msgid "" 10322"The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter" 10323" of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point " 10324"coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics" 10325" and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in " 10326"\"latitude circles\" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles " 10327"provide a four-way division in \"longitude circles\". Ancient globe makers " 10328"used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings." 10329msgstr "" 10330 10331#. type: Content of: <p> 10332#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:4 10333msgid "" 10334"The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who " 10335"created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 " 10336"BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular " 10337"science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star " 10338"catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, " 10339"but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic " 10340"representations speak against it." 10341msgstr "" 10342 10343#. type: Content of: <p> 10344#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:6 10345msgid "" 10346"<i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel " 10347"Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i>" 10348msgstr "" 10349 10350#. type: Content of: <p> 10351#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:7 10352msgid "" 10353"Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything " 10354"below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the " 10355"sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, " 10356"which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north " 10357"pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. " 10358"Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of " 10359"the dragon are missing." 10360msgstr "" 10361 10362#. type: Content of: <h2> 10363#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:9 10364msgid "How was this Sky Culture made?" 10365msgstr "" 10366 10367#. type: Content of: <p> 10368#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:10 10369msgid "" 10370"The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble " 10371"globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the " 10372"modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that " 10373"the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. " 10374"Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble " 10375"globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to " 10376"point coordinates), this was done here \"by eye\" - just as by the " 10377"historical stonemason." 10378msgstr "" 10379 10380#. type: Content of: <p> 10381#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:11 10382msgid "" 10383"The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the " 10384"Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the " 10385"reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was" 10386" written in Greek as scientific literature." 10387msgstr "" 10388 10389#. type: Content of: <p> 10390#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:12 10391msgid "" 10392"The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a " 10393"particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, " 10394"some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star " 10395"catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show " 10396"the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region " 10397"would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar " 10398"distortions in the Scorpion." 10399msgstr "" 10400 10401#. type: Content of: <p> 10402#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:13 10403msgid "" 10404"The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in " 10405"columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe." 10406msgstr "" 10407 10408#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10409#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:18 10410msgid "<b>Original Name</b>" 10411msgstr "" 10412 10413#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10414#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:19 10415#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:23 10416msgid "<b>Translation</b> (literally)" 10417msgstr "" 10418 10419#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10420#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:20 10421#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:24 10422msgid "<b>Picture</b>" 10423msgstr "" 10424 10425#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10426#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:25 10427msgid "Little She-Bear" 10428msgstr "" 10429 10430#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10431#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:26 10432#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:32 10433#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:104 10434#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:140 10435#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:156 10436#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:163 10437#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:247 10438#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:253 10439#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:265 10440msgid "missing" 10441msgstr "" 10442 10443#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10444#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:38 10445msgid "only the head and one bend are depicted" 10446msgstr "" 10447 10448#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10449#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:43 10450msgid "King Kepheus" 10451msgstr "" 10452 10453#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10454#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:49 10455msgid "Ploughing Man" 10456msgstr "" 10457 10458#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10459#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:55 10460msgid "Wreath" 10461msgstr "" 10462 10463#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10464#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:67 10465msgid "Lyre (a Greek instrument)" 10466msgstr "" 10467 10468#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10469#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:73 10470#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:65 10471msgid "Bird [not specified]" 10472msgstr "" 10473 10474#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10475#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:79 10476#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:71 10477msgid "Queen Kassiepeia" 10478msgstr "" 10479 10480#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10481#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:97 10482msgid "Snake Carrier, Snake" 10483msgstr "" 10484 10485#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10486#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:122 10487msgid "missing (stars belong to Dolphin)" 10488msgstr "" 10489 10490#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10491#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:127 10492msgid "Horse [unnamed]" 10493msgstr "" 10494 10495#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10496#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:133 10497#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:107 10498msgid "Princess Andromeda" 10499msgstr "" 10500 10501#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10502#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:163 10503#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143 10504msgid "Cancer" 10505msgstr "Cancer" 10506 10507#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10508#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:175 10509#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155 10510msgid "Young Lady" 10511msgstr "" 10512 10513#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10514#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:181 10515msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]" 10516msgstr "" 10517 10518#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10519#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:193 10520msgid "Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)" 10521msgstr "" 10522 10523#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10524#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:199 10525msgid "the One with Horns of a Goat" 10526msgstr "" 10527 10528#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10529#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:205 10530msgid "Water-Pourer" 10531msgstr "" 10532 10533#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10534#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:211 10535msgid "Two Fishes" 10536msgstr "" 10537 10538#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10539#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:229 10540msgid "River [unnamed]" 10541msgstr "" 10542 10543#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10544#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:247 10545msgid "The asterism before the Dog" 10546msgstr "" 10547 10548#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10549#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:248 10550msgid "missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]" 10551msgstr "" 10552 10553#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10554#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:259 10555msgid "Watersnake + Crater + Raven" 10556msgstr "" 10557 10558#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10559#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:271 10560msgid "Monster" 10561msgstr "" 10562 10563#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10564#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:283 10565msgid "Southern Wreath" 10566msgstr "" 10567 10568#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10569#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:290 10570msgid "missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]" 10571msgstr "" 10572 10573#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10574#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:296 10575#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:285 10576msgid "" 10577"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, " 10578"2017" 10579msgstr "" 10580 10581#. type: Content of: <p> 10582#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:300 10583#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:289 10584msgid "" 10585"We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be " 10586"cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC " 10587"BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do " 10588"not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!" 10589msgstr "" 10590 10591#. type: Content of: <p> 10592#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:303 10593msgid "" 10594"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann " 10595"(service@uhura-uraniae.com)." 10596msgstr "" 10597 10598#. type: Content of: <h5> 10599#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305 10600msgid "the author" 10601msgstr "" 10602 10603#. type: Content of: <h1> 10604#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:1 10605msgid "Leiden Aratea" 10606msgstr "" 10607 10608#. type: Content of: <p> 10609#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:2 10610msgid "" 10611"This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are " 10612"known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden " 10613"(Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious" 10614" (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife)." 10615msgstr "" 10616 10617#. type: Content of: <p> 10618#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:3 10619msgid "" 10620"The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz " 10621"(Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is " 10622"suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by " 10623"20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to" 10624" graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic " 10625"visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures " 10626"depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations." 10627msgstr "" 10628 10629#. type: Content of: <p> 10630#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:4 10631msgid "" 10632"The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a " 10633"globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only " 10634"symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure" 10635" is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold " 10636"leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of " 10637"the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay" 10638" discusses her proposed identifications in detail." 10639msgstr "" 10640 10641#. type: Content of: <p> 10642#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:6 10643msgid "" 10644"<i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images" 10645" Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>" 10646msgstr "" 10647 10648#. type: Content of: <h2> 10649#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:8 10650msgid "How this Sky Culture was made" 10651msgstr "" 10652 10653#. type: Content of: <p> 10654#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:9 10655msgid "" 10656"The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the " 10657"manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications)." 10658" Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the " 10659"astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be " 10660"locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be " 10661"distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the " 10662"illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was " 10663"possible." 10664msgstr "" 10665 10666#. type: Content of: <p> 10667#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:10 10668msgid "" 10669"In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and " 10670"black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts " 10671"(e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the " 10672"carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be " 10673"dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in " 10674"the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark " 10675"colours) is shown in the table below." 10676msgstr "" 10677 10678#. type: Content of: <p> 10679#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:11 10680msgid "" 10681"There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup," 10682" Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky. Both, Virgo and Centaur are " 10683"probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the " 10684"images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir). The artist of the Leiden Aratea never " 10685"mapped the images onto the stars. In order to make these depictions " 10686"understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and " 10687"stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from " 10688"the Almagest. The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd " 10689"century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem " 10690"describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture. Both, the Almagest " 10691"and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea " 10692"presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork." 10693msgstr "" 10694 10695#. type: Content of: <p> 10696#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:17 10697msgid "" 10698"The following table lists the original names of the constellations in " 10699"columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the " 10700"manuscript." 10701msgstr "" 10702 10703#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10704#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:21 10705msgid "<b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>" 10706msgstr "" 10707 10708#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10709#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:22 10710msgid "<b>Original Greek Name</b>" 10711msgstr "" 10712 10713#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10714#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:29 10715msgid "Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)" 10716msgstr "" 10717 10718#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10719#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:41 10720msgid "Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)" 10721msgstr "" 10722 10723#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10724#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:47 10725msgid "Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)" 10726msgstr "" 10727 10728#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10729#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53 10730msgid "Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)" 10731msgstr "" 10732 10733#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10734#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53 10735msgid "" 10736"The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this " 10737"figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, " 10738"shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees " 10739"are the same." 10740msgstr "" 10741 10742#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10743#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77 10744#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149 10745#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168 10746#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10747#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234 10748msgid "mirrored depiction" 10749msgstr "" 10750 10751#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10752#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:87 10753#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:88 10754#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:166 10755#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:167 10756msgid "and" 10757msgstr "" 10758 10759#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10760#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:89 10761msgid "Eagle with Arrow" 10762msgstr "" 10763 10764#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10765#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95 10766msgid "" 10767"In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation " 10768"Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe)" 10769" depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why " 10770"I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea." 10771msgstr "" 10772 10773#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10774#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:101 10775msgid "Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)" 10776msgstr "" 10777 10778#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10779#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119 10780msgid "" 10781"(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was " 10782"in spring)." 10783msgstr "" 10784 10785#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10786#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131 10787msgid "The Pleiades" 10788msgstr "" 10789 10790#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10791#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131 10792msgid "or Seven Sisters" 10793msgstr "" 10794 10795#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10796#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143 10797msgid "<i>The cancer was lightened.</i>" 10798msgstr "" 10799 10800#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10801#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155 10802msgid "" 10803"Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are " 10804"depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the " 10805"constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the" 10806" second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing." 10807msgstr "" 10808 10809#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10810#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:161 10811msgid "" 10812"Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in" 10813" a style epoch of Babylonian revival)," 10814msgstr "" 10815 10816#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10817#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162 10818msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)" 10819msgstr "" 10820 10821#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10822#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162 10823msgid "The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area." 10824msgstr "" 10825 10826#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10827#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168 10828msgid "Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)" 10829msgstr "" 10830 10831#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10832#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:180 10833msgid "The Goat-Horned One" 10834msgstr "" 10835 10836#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10837#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186 10838msgid "Water Pourer" 10839msgstr "" 10840 10841#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10842#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186 10843msgid "mirrored depiction (although front view)" 10844msgstr "" 10845 10846#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10847#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:192 10848msgid "Fishes" 10849msgstr "" 10850 10851#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10852#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:198 10853msgid "a Sea Monster named Cetus" 10854msgstr "" 10855 10856#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10857#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10858msgid "<i>mirrored depiction</i>" 10859msgstr "" 10860 10861#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10862#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10863msgid "" 10864"The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from " 10865"his own single-page painting." 10866msgstr "" 10867 10868#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10869#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210 10870msgid "the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);" 10871msgstr "" 10872 10873#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10874#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210 10875msgid "here a river god is depicted" 10876msgstr "" 10877 10878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10879#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216 10880msgid "" 10881"<i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the " 10882"visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately " 10883"illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between " 10884"Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The " 10885"constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation " 10886"to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare " 10887"between Orion's legs.</i>" 10888msgstr "" 10889 10890#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10891#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222 10892msgid "mirrored depiction of a little dog" 10893msgstr "" 10894 10895#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10896#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10897msgid "The star in front of the dog" 10898msgstr "" 10899 10900#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10901#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10902msgid "" 10903"(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by " 10904"Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always \"Prokyon\"). Procyon is" 10905" a Greek term (with \"k\") latinized." 10906msgstr "" 10907 10908#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10909#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:240 10910msgid "Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven" 10911msgstr "" 10912 10913#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10914#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10915msgid "" 10916"apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: " 10917"Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation " 10918"Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted" 10919msgstr "" 10920 10921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10922#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10923msgid "(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)" 10924msgstr "" 10925 10926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10927#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252 10928msgid "monster" 10929msgstr "" 10930 10931#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10932#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252 10933msgid "" 10934"(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone " 10935"constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is " 10936"missing here)." 10937msgstr "" 10938 10939#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10940#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:264 10941msgid "Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)" 10942msgstr "" 10943 10944#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10945#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 10946msgid "(had been \"Great Fish\" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)" 10947msgstr "" 10948 10949#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10950#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 10951msgid "" 10952"It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. " 10953"That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of" 10954" the original red-purple one." 10955msgstr "" 10956 10957#. type: Content of: <h3> 10958#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:276 10959msgid "For the Aratea itself:" 10960msgstr "" 10961 10962#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10963#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:278 10964msgid "" 10965"Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des " 10966"Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der " 10967"Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016" 10968msgstr "" 10969 10970#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10971#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:279 10972msgid "" 10973"Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book," 10974" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37" 10975msgstr "" 10976 10977#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10978#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:280 10979msgid "" 10980"Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea — " 10981"Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, " 10982"Malibu California, 1988" 10983msgstr "" 10984 10985#. type: Content of: <h3> 10986#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:282 10987msgid "For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue" 10988msgstr "" 10989 10990#. type: Content of: <p> 10991#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:292 10992msgid "" 10993"This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann " 10994"(service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with " 10995"Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium " 10996"Jena." 10997msgstr "" 10998 10999#. type: Content of: <h5> 11000#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294 11001msgid "the authors" 11002msgstr "" 11003 11004#. type: Content of: <h2> 11005#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:1 11006msgid "Hawaiian Starlines" 11007msgstr "Хавайски звездни линии" 11008 11009#. type: Content of: <p> 11010#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:2 11011msgid "" 11012"These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the " 11013"Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using " 11014"traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of " 11015"miles of open ocean. For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the " 11016"position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing. " 11017"Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help " 11018"memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing " 11019"the sky into four evenly sized star lines." 11020msgstr "" 11021 11022#. type: Content of: <h2> 11023#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:8 11024msgid "History" 11025msgstr "История" 11026 11027#. type: Content of: <p> 11028#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:9 11029msgid "" 11030"The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for " 11031"many generations. Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation " 11032"were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s. Polynesian " 11033"Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975. Hokule’a " 11034"is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art " 11035"of way finding. A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a " 11036"master navigator/wayfinder. The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky " 11037"to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors. Nainoa Thompson, " 11038"current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to " 11039"him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the " 11040"Hawaiians. With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass " 11041"and star lines were created." 11042msgstr "" 11043 11044#. type: Content of: <h2> 11045#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:19 11046msgid "Star Lines" 11047msgstr "Звездни линии" 11048 11049#. type: Content of: <p> 11050#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:20 11051msgid "" 11052"Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the " 11053"navigators. The stars connect making constellations. Navigators remember " 11054"the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each " 11055"line, and the lines that point directly to North and South. The star lines’" 11056" position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more" 11057" prevalent at night according to the season. The star lines with their " 11058"according season are as follows:" 11059msgstr "" 11060 11061#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11062#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:27 11063msgid "November to April" 11064msgstr "Номеври – Април" 11065 11066#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11067#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:28 11068msgid "April to July" 11069msgstr "Април – Юли" 11070 11071#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11072#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:29 11073msgid "May to October" 11074msgstr "Май – Октомври" 11075 11076#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11077#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:30 11078msgid "September to February" 11079msgstr "Септември – Февруари" 11080 11081#. type: Content of: <p> 11082#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:35 11083msgid "" 11084"The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The lines " 11085"are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> " 11086"(Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night sky. In voyaging" 11087" a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls." 11088msgstr "" 11089 11090#. type: Content of: <p> 11091#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:38 11092msgid "" 11093"The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are " 11094"<em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> " 11095"(Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius). These stars" 11096" connect together to create the bailer in the sky. Mintaka in Orion is an " 11097"important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west " 11098"giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction. Mirzim (next to " 11099"<em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) " 11100"connect together to create a southern pointer. <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> " 11101"(θ Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (β Aur, Menkalinan)" 11102" connect to create a northern pointer. Different north/south pointers are " 11103"found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators." 11104msgstr "" 11105 11106#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11107#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:46 11108msgid "" 11109"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-" 11110"lizard). This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or " 11111"<em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture. It can also be representing a " 11112"genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation." 11113msgstr "" 11114 11115#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11116#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:50 11117msgid "" 11118"The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the " 11119"ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always " 11120"above north. <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big " 11121"Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars " 11122"in the Big Dipper. <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and <em>Hikianalia</em> " 11123"(Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line. The two PVS " 11124"canoes are named after these two stars. <em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” " 11125"star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the " 11126"latitude of the Hawaiian Islands. <em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to " 11127"navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i. The meaning of " 11128"<em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to " 11129"find home bringing joy. Next to <em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a " 11130"combination of four stars that create a box. <em>Me’e</em> connects down to" 11131" <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for " 11132"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>." 11133msgstr "" 11134 11135#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11136#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:61 11137msgid "" 11138"<em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to " 11139"the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook. Maui is credited for " 11140"pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook." 11141msgstr "" 11142 11143#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11144#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:64 11145msgid "" 11146"This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on " 11147"the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south. The Navigator’s Triangle is " 11148"made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and " 11149"<em>Humu</em> (Altair). (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for " 11150"modern amateur astronomers.) These stars also represent the Polynesian " 11151"triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and Aotearoa " 11152"(<em>Humu</em>). These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui " 11153"(Scorpius)." 11154msgstr "" 11155 11156#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11157#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:70 11158msgid "" 11159"The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect " 11160"<em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (γ Cyg, Sadr). " 11161"Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> " 11162"(δ Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (π Sco, Nur), the stars on the " 11163"top of the hook." 11164msgstr "" 11165 11166#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11167#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:74 11168msgid "" 11169"<em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a " 11170"great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which" 11171" was lost as a child." 11172msgstr "" 11173 11174#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11175#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:76 11176msgid "" 11177"The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate Bird " 11178"(<em>Fregata Minor</em>). The shape of this constellation (which is " 11179"Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known " 11180"for leading voyagers to land. The center of the star line is the Kite of " 11181"Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus). The four stars that make the" 11182" kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> " 11183"(δ Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (β Peg, Scheat), " 11184"<em>Pi’ilani</em> (γ Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (α Peg, " 11185"Markab). All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then " 11186"connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (β Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and " 11187"<em>Kukaniloko</em> (α PsA, Fomalhaut)." 11188msgstr "" 11189 11190#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11191#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:83 11192msgid "" 11193"The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (δ Peg, " 11194"Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (β Cas, Caph) of " 11195"<em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>. The southern pointer is connected with <em>Keawe</em> " 11196"(α Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (α PsA, Fomalhaut)." 11197msgstr "" 11198 11199#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11200#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:88 11201msgid "<a href=\"http://hokulea.com\">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>" 11202msgstr "" 11203 11204#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11205#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:89 11206msgid "" 11207"<a " 11208"href=\"http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian" 11209" Voyaging Society</a>" 11210msgstr "" 11211 11212#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11213#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:90 11214msgid "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>" 11215msgstr "" 11216 11217#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11218#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:91 11219msgid "" 11220"<a " 11221"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian" 11222" Star Lines and Names for Stars</a>" 11223msgstr "" 11224 11225#. type: Content of: <p><p> 11226#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:94 11227msgid "" 11228"The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this " 11229"skyculture is available at the <a " 11230"href=\"https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html\">Stellarium Landscapes</a> " 11231"collection." 11232msgstr "" 11233 11234#. type: Content of: <p><p><h2> 11235#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:96 11236msgid "Background and Acknowledgements" 11237msgstr "" 11238 11239#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11240#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:98 11241msgid "" 11242"The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of " 11243"Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa " 11244"Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from " 11245"2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage" 11246" of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe. Stellarium has been used as a " 11247"tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for" 11248" practicing Polynesian navigation." 11249msgstr "" 11250 11251#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11252#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:102 11253msgid "" 11254"The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was " 11255"contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, " 11256"Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial " 11257"Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Artwork" 11258" by Kealoha Kaneakua." 11259msgstr "" 11260 11261#. type: Content of: <h2> 11262#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:1 11263msgid "Indian Vedic" 11264msgstr "" 11265 11266#. type: Content of: <p> 11267#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:2 11268msgid "" 11269"Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to " 11270"Nakṣatra-s." 11271msgstr "" 11272 11273#. type: Content of: <p> 11274#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:6 11275msgid "" 11276"The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical " 11277"zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is " 11278"called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets)." 11279msgstr "" 11280 11281#. type: Content of: <p> 11282#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:7 11283msgid "" 11284"In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding " 11285"asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their " 11286"original locations to account for precession." 11287msgstr "" 11288 11289#. type: Content of: <p> 11290#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:8 11291msgid "" 11292"In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar " 11293"Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months " 11294"or \"māsā\". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' " 11295"names." 11296msgstr "" 11297 11298#. type: Content of: <p> 11299#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:11 11300msgid "" 11301"In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately " 11302"13°20\", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full " 11303"list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the " 11304"earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is " 11305"critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the " 11306"birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they " 11307"are also technically constellations." 11308msgstr "" 11309 11310#. type: Content of: <p> 11311#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:12 11312msgid "" 11313"sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the " 11314"13°20\" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a " 11315"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-" 11316"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up\">this page</a>)" 11317msgstr "" 11318 11319#. type: Content of: <p> 11320#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:13 11321msgid "" 11322"The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and " 11323"the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual " 11324"which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some " 11325"scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, " 11326"the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic " 11327"period." 11328msgstr "" 11329 11330#. type: Content of: <p> 11331#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:14 11332msgid "" 11333"There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same " 11334"constellations and stars (Example: <a " 11335"href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw\">Raj Vedam on " 11336"Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others " 11337"during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological " 11338"translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, " 11339"just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See " 11340"references below.)" 11341msgstr "" 11342 11343#. type: Content of: <p> 11344#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:15 11345msgid "" 11346"Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which " 11347"full moon or \"Purnimā\" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a " 11348"sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra " 11349"doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in " 11350"any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people " 11351"innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most " 11352"used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months " 11353"in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year." 11354msgstr "" 11355 11356#. type: Content of: <p> 11357#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:16 11358msgid "" 11359"A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by " 11360"their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation " 11361"boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual " 11362"timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose " 11363"alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s)." 11364msgstr "" 11365 11366#. type: Content of: <h3> 11367#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:18 11368msgid "Navagraha - Nine \"planets\"" 11369msgstr "" 11370 11371#. type: Content of: <p> 11372#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:19 11373msgid "" 11374"They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to " 11375"background stars and named them \"planets\" or \"graha\". As such The sun " 11376"and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as " 11377"graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name " 11378"of vedic days originated from these planet's names." 11379msgstr "" 11380 11381#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11382#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11383msgid "Graha" 11384msgstr "" 11385 11386#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11387#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11388#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45 11389msgid "Designation" 11390msgstr "" 11391 11392#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11393#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11394msgid "Name of Solar days" 11395msgstr "" 11396 11397#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11398#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11399msgid "(Sun)" 11400msgstr "" 11401 11402#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11403#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11404msgid "Sun God" 11405msgstr "" 11406 11407#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11408#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11409msgid "(Sunday)" 11410msgstr "" 11411 11412#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11413#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11414msgid "(Moon)" 11415msgstr "" 11416 11417#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11418#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11419msgid "Moon god" 11420msgstr "" 11421 11422#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11423#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11424msgid "(Monday)" 11425msgstr "" 11426 11427#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11428#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11429msgid "(Mars)" 11430msgstr "" 11431 11432#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11433#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11434msgid "God of war" 11435msgstr "" 11436 11437#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11438#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11439msgid "(Tuesday)" 11440msgstr "" 11441 11442#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11443#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11444msgid "(Mercury)" 11445msgstr "" 11446 11447#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11448#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11449msgid "Son of Moon" 11450msgstr "" 11451 11452#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11453#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11454msgid "(Wednesday)" 11455msgstr "" 11456 11457#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11458#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11459msgid "(Jupiter)" 11460msgstr "" 11461 11462#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11463#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11464msgid "Teacher of Gods" 11465msgstr "" 11466 11467#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11468#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11469msgid "(Thursday)" 11470msgstr "" 11471 11472#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11473#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11474msgid "(Venus)" 11475msgstr "" 11476 11477#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11478#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11479msgid "Mentor of Demons" 11480msgstr "" 11481 11482#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11483#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11484msgid "(Friday)" 11485msgstr "" 11486 11487#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11488#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11489msgid "(Saturn)" 11490msgstr "" 11491 11492#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11493#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11494msgid "God of Misfortune" 11495msgstr "" 11496 11497#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11498#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11499msgid "(Saturday)" 11500msgstr "" 11501 11502#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11503#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 11504#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31 11505msgid "lunar node" 11506msgstr "" 11507 11508#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11509#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 11510#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31 11511msgid "-" 11512msgstr "" 11513 11514#. type: Content of: <h4> 11515#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:36 11516msgid "General" 11517msgstr "" 11518 11519#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11520#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:38 11521msgid "" 11522"<a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" class='external text' " 11523"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit Wikipedia" 11524msgstr "" 11525 11526#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11527#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:39 11528msgid "" 11529"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external text' " 11530"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia" 11531msgstr "" 11532 11533#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11534#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:40 11535msgid "" 11536"<a " 11537"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-" 11538"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' " 11539"rel=\"nofollow\">History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report</a>" 11540msgstr "" 11541 11542#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11543#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:41 11544msgid "" 11545"<a " 11546"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\"" 11547" class='external text'> \"Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and " 11548"Abhijit\"</a>" 11549msgstr "" 11550 11551#. type: Content of: <h4> 11552#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:44 11553msgid "Mythology" 11554msgstr "" 11555 11556#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 11557#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:45 11558msgid "Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org." 11559msgstr "" 11560 11561#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11562#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:48 11563msgid "" 11564"Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata" 11565" Index, Vedic Indix" 11566msgstr "" 11567 11568#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11569#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:49 11570#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:54 11571msgid "Vedas, Agamas" 11572msgstr "" 11573 11574#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11575#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:50 11576msgid "" 11577"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5\" " 11578"class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala " 11579"Gangadhar Tilak</a>" 11580msgstr "" 11581 11582#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11583#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:51 11584msgid "" 11585"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110\" class='external " 11586"text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>" 11587msgstr "" 11588 11589#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11590#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:52 11591msgid "" 11592"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up\" " 11593"class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar " 11594"Tilak</a>" 11595msgstr "" 11596 11597#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11598#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:53 11599msgid "" 11600"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external " 11601"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de " 11602"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>" 11603msgstr "" 11604 11605#. type: Content of: <h3> 11606#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:58 11607msgid "Contributors" 11608msgstr "" 11609 11610#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11611#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:60 11612msgid "Tanmoy Saha" 11613msgstr "" 11614 11615#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11616#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:61 11617msgid "" 11618"Contributors from the <a href=\"https://github.com/sanskrit-" 11619"coders\">sanskrit-coders community</a> (esp <a " 11620"href=\"https://github.com/vvasuki/\">Vishvas Vasuki</a>." 11621msgstr "" 11622 11623#. type: Content of: <h2> 11624#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:1 11625msgid "Inuit" 11626msgstr "" 11627 11628#. type: Content of: <p> 11629#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:2 11630msgid "" 11631"The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of " 11632"John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, " 11633"Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit " 11634"constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in " 11635"Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic " 11636"universe." 11637msgstr "" 11638 11639#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11640#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:27 11641msgid "" 11642"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-" 11643"Legend/dp/0888544278\">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and " 11644"Legend</a> book at amazon.com" 11645msgstr "" 11646 11647#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11648#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:28 11649msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>" 11650msgstr "" 11651 11652#. type: Content of: <p> 11653#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:32 11654msgid "" 11655"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 11656"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: " 11657"Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald." 11658msgstr "" 11659 11660#. type: Content of: <p> 11661#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:34 11662msgid "" 11663"Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License." 11664msgstr "" 11665 11666#. type: Content of: <h2> 11667#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:1 11668msgid "Japanese Moon Stations" 11669msgstr "" 11670 11671#. type: Content of: <p> 11672#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:2 11673msgid "" 11674"Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was " 11675"closely tied to astrological purposes. For ancient Chinese and later Korean" 11676" and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is " 11677"marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), " 11678"the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and " 11679"the \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each " 11680"of the talismanic animals the celestial \"palaces\" were seven <em>sei " 11681"shuku</em> or what are sometimes called \"lunar lodges\". The moon " 11682"\"stations\" or \"lodges\" probably may be used to determine position of sun" 11683" and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been " 11684"related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are" 11685" obscure and even controversial." 11686msgstr "" 11687 11688#. type: Content of: <p> 11689#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:10 11690msgid "" 11691"Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star \"palaces\" " 11692"together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent" 11693" some of the most complex aspects of Asian \"astronomy\". An apparent " 11694"anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move" 11695" in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall. Some" 11696" scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being " 11697"created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but " 11698"it does not really explain the apparent \"backward\" motion of the sun " 11699"through seasons." 11700msgstr "" 11701 11702#. type: Content of: <p> 11703#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:15 11704msgid "" 11705"According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated " 11706"sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the " 11707"handle of the big dipper (often called the \"North Seven Stars\" in China, " 11708"Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the " 11709"Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not " 11710"appear to set, because they had a relatively \"higher\" position than now." 11711msgstr "" 11712 11713#. type: Content of: <p> 11714#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:19 11715msgid "" 11716"Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield " 11717"influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this " 11718"despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed " 11719"out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather" 11720" complex." 11721msgstr "" 11722 11723#. type: Content of: <p> 11724#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:22 11725msgid "" 11726"The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of " 11727"Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended " 11728"to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike " 11729"many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the " 11730"talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature." 11731msgstr "" 11732 11733#. type: Content of: <p> 11734#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:25 11735msgid "Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan." 11736msgstr "" 11737 11738#. type: Content of: <p> 11739#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:26 11740msgid "<em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>" 11741msgstr "" 11742 11743#. type: Content of: <h3> 11744#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:28 11745msgid "The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)" 11746msgstr "" 11747 11748#. type: Content of: <p> 11749#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:29 11750msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"East\" or \"Blue Dragon\"." 11751msgstr "" 11752 11753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11754#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:33 11755#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:95 11756#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:156 11757#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:217 11758msgid "Chinese Character" 11759msgstr "" 11760 11761#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11762#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:34 11763#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:96 11764#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:157 11765#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:218 11766msgid "Meaning" 11767msgstr "" 11768 11769#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11770#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:35 11771#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:97 11772#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:158 11773#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:219 11774msgid "Key Star" 11775msgstr "" 11776 11777#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11778#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:36 11779#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:98 11780#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:159 11781#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:220 11782msgid "Japanese Name" 11783msgstr "" 11784 11785#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11786#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:41 11787msgid "Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner" 11788msgstr "" 11789 11790#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11791#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:48 11792msgid "Neck, Throat" 11793msgstr "" 11794 11795#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11796#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:55 11797msgid "Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base" 11798msgstr "" 11799 11800#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11801#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:56 11802#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:63 11803#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:84 11804#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:186 11805#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:207 11806#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:233 11807msgid "sometimes" 11808msgstr "" 11809 11810#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11811#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:62 11812msgid "Chamber, perhaps Breasts" 11813msgstr "" 11814 11815#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11816#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:83 11817msgid "Basket" 11818msgstr "" 11819 11820#. type: Content of: <h3> 11821#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:90 11822msgid "The \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)" 11823msgstr "" 11824 11825#. type: Content of: <p> 11826#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:91 11827msgid "" 11828"The 7 Moon Stations of the \"North\" (Genbu) or \"Black Tortoise of Winter\"" 11829" (also \"Somber\" or \"Black\" Warrior)." 11830msgstr "" 11831 11832#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11833#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:103 11834msgid "Dipper; Measure" 11835msgstr "" 11836 11837#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11838#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:110 11839msgid "Cow" 11840msgstr "" 11841 11842#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11843#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:117 11844msgid "Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid" 11845msgstr "" 11846 11847#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11848#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:131 11849msgid "Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep" 11850msgstr "" 11851 11852#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11853#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:138 11854msgid "Room, perhaps Encampment" 11855msgstr "" 11856 11857#. type: Content of: <h3> 11858#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:151 11859msgid "The White Tiger of the West (Fall)" 11860msgstr "" 11861 11862#. type: Content of: <p> 11863#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:152 11864msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"West\" or \"White Tiger\"." 11865msgstr "" 11866 11867#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11868#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:164 11869msgid "Stride, Foot" 11870msgstr "" 11871 11872#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11873#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:171 11874msgid "Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows" 11875msgstr "" 11876 11877#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11878#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:185 11879msgid "Stopping Place, United; perhaps \"Getting Together\"" 11880msgstr "" 11881 11882#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11883#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:192 11884msgid "Net; perhaps related to Rain" 11885msgstr "" 11886 11887#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11888#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:199 11889msgid "Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head" 11890msgstr "" 11891 11892#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11893#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:206 11894msgid "Investigator, Three" 11895msgstr "" 11896 11897#. type: Content of: <h3> 11898#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:212 11899msgid "The Red Bird of the South (Summer)" 11900msgstr "" 11901 11902#. type: Content of: <p> 11903#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:213 11904msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"South\" or \"Red Bird\"." 11905msgstr "" 11906 11907#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11908#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:232 11909msgid "Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost" 11910msgstr "" 11911 11912#. type: Content of: <h3> 11913#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:246 11914#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:25 11915msgid "Stars" 11916msgstr "" 11917 11918#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11919#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:253 11920msgid "Stretched Net" 11921msgstr "" 11922 11923#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11924#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:267 11925msgid "Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto" 11926msgstr "" 11927 11928#. type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a> 11929#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:275 11930msgid "A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan" 11931msgstr "" 11932 11933#. type: Content of: <h2> 11934#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:1 11935msgid "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi" 11936msgstr "" 11937 11938#. type: Content of: <p> 11939#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:2 11940msgid "" 11941"The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian " 11942"Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. " 11943"They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country. " 11944"Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an " 11945"extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s." 11946msgstr "" 11947 11948#. type: Content of: <h3> 11949#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:4 11950msgid "Background" 11951msgstr "" 11952 11953#. type: Content of: <p> 11954#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:5 11955msgid "" 11956"This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project" 11957" by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. " 11958"Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the " 11959"collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of" 11960" a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study " 11961"Guide. Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate" 11962" certain sky objects." 11963msgstr "" 11964 11965#. type: Content of: <h2> 11966#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:7 11967msgid "Cultural objects" 11968msgstr "" 11969 11970#. type: Content of: <h3> 11971#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:9 11972msgid "Gawaargay" 11973msgstr "" 11974 11975#. type: Content of: <p> 11976#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:10 11977msgid "" 11978"Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal " 11979"Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the " 11980"Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius. The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it " 11981"with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males. From " 11982"June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males " 11983"brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs. In the evening" 11984" in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two " 11985"\"eggs\", meaning the eggs should not be collected. Later in the year, it " 11986"appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, " 11987"meaning the waterholes are full. When it is below the horizon, then it is " 11988"on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen." 11989msgstr "" 11990 11991#. type: Content of: <h3> 11992#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:12 11993msgid "Birringoloo" 11994msgstr "" 11995 11996#. type: Content of: <p> 11997#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:13 11998msgid "" 11999"Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits" 12000" by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women " 12001"with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah " 12002"(Heaven behind Warrambul). They wait at this camp until all their girl " 12003"children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to " 12004"Bulimah." 12005msgstr "" 12006 12007#. type: Content of: <h3> 12008#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:15 12009msgid "Yarran" 12010msgstr "" 12011 12012#. type: Content of: <p> 12013#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:16 12014msgid "" 12015"Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, " 12016"which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to" 12017" die (and the Cockatoos). It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the " 12018"dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots " 12019"spreading around. When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through " 12020"the hollow of the Yarran." 12021msgstr "" 12022 12023#. type: Content of: <h3> 12024#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:18 12025msgid "Old Wiringin" 12026msgstr "" 12027 12028#. type: Content of: <p> 12029#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:19 12030msgid "" 12031"A Wiringin is a \"Clever Man\" or Aboriginal doctor. This Wiringin located " 12032"in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to " 12033"Bulimah. If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, " 12034"because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in " 12035"the Large Magellanic Cloud. This birth spirit will send the unitiated back " 12036"to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated. This Wiringin is " 12037"represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow)." 12038msgstr "" 12039 12040#. type: Content of: <h3> 12041#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:21 12042msgid "Birray Birray" 12043msgstr "" 12044 12045#. type: Content of: <p> 12046#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:22 12047msgid "" 12048"The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the " 12049"seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star " 12050"cluster. They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this" 12051" they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of " 12052"Orion. Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker. " 12053"They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is " 12054"Aldebaran." 12055msgstr "" 12056 12057#. type: Content of: <h3> 12058#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:24 12059msgid "Miyay Miyay" 12060msgstr "" 12061 12062#. type: Content of: <p> 12063#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:25 12064msgid "" 12065"The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the" 12066" sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins " 12067"or other bad persons. They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one " 12068"sister is shy, normally we only see six stars. They are protected from the " 12069"Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran." 12070msgstr "" 12071 12072#. type: Content of: <h3> 12073#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:27 12074msgid "Old Dthillar" 12075msgstr "" 12076 12077#. type: Content of: <p> 12078#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:28 12079msgid "" 12080"Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, " 12081"the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) " 12082"in the Pleiades. Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha " 12083"Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray " 12084"Birray. The inverted \"V\" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri" 12085" is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut)." 12086msgstr "" 12087 12088#. type: Content of: <h3> 12089#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:30 12090msgid "Wamba Wamba" 12091msgstr "" 12092 12093#. type: Content of: <p> 12094#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:31 12095msgid "" 12096"\"Wamba\" means \"crazy\" or \"mad\". In this case, the star Canopus is " 12097"called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is " 12098"told. The planet Venus is also called Wamba. One speculation is that both " 12099"Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to " 12100"atmospheric defraction, can \"scintillate\" (twinkle srongly), which results" 12101" in rapid changes in colour. This might be interpreted as madness." 12102msgstr "" 12103 12104#. type: Content of: <h3> 12105#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:33 12106msgid "Wadhaagudjaaylwan" 12107msgstr "" 12108 12109#. type: Content of: <p> 12110#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:34 12111msgid "" 12112"Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic " 12113"Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies. She \"sings\" the " 12114"babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old " 12115"Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to " 12116"Earth as babies." 12117msgstr "" 12118 12119#. type: Content of: <h3> 12120#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:36 12121msgid "Bandaarr" 12122msgstr "" 12123 12124#. type: Content of: <p> 12125#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:37 12126msgid "" 12127"Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located " 12128"under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu. " 12129"Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has" 12130" significance in ceremony." 12131msgstr "" 12132 12133#. type: Content of: <h3> 12134#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:39 12135msgid "Muraay Muyaay" 12136msgstr "" 12137 12138#. type: Content of: <p> 12139#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:40 12140msgid "" 12141"Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo," 12142" who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri). They " 12143"ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged " 12144"into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran." 12145msgstr "" 12146 12147#. type: Content of: <h3> 12148#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:42 12149msgid "Warrawilbaarru" 12150msgstr "" 12151 12152#. type: Content of: <p> 12153#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:43 12154msgid "" 12155"Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation " 12156"Scorpius. Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September " 12157"he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during " 12158"September, and doesn't go back until around March. During this time he is " 12159"on earth as the \"willy willy\" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to " 12160"children and uninitiated men." 12161msgstr "" 12162 12163#. type: Content of: <p> 12164#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:46 12165msgid "" 12166"More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi " 12167"peoples can be found at <a href=\"https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller\" " 12168"class=\"external\">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>." 12169msgstr "" 12170 12171#. type: Content of: <h2> 12172#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:1 12173msgid "Korean" 12174msgstr "" 12175 12176#. type: Content of: <h3> 12177#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:2 12178msgid "Origin" 12179msgstr "" 12180 12181#. type: Content of: <p> 12182#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:3 12183msgid "" 12184"The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and " 12185"look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun " 12186"Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map" 12187" and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their " 12188"names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations " 12189"first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty " 12190"describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C." 12191msgstr "" 12192 12193#. type: Content of: <p> 12194#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:5 12195msgid "" 12196"The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on" 12197" the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which " 12198"was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map " 12199"which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about" 12200" 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese " 12201"ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only" 12202" about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of " 12203"the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the " 12204"southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with " 12205"respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations " 12206"were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that " 12207"there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. " 12208"The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at" 12209" a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation " 12210"are like." 12211msgstr "" 12212 12213#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 12214#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:9 12215msgid "" 12216"<a " 12217"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang " 12218"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>" 12219msgstr "" 12220 12221#. type: Content of: <p><p> 12222#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:13 12223msgid "" 12224"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a " 12225"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>" 12226msgstr "" 12227 12228#. type: Content of: <h2> 12229#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:1 12230msgid "Lokono (or Arawak)" 12231msgstr "" 12232 12233#. type: Content of: <p> 12234#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:3 12235msgid "" 12236"The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people" 12237" of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic " 12238"Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French " 12239"Guiana (see map).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak" 12240" a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family—one of the " 12241"largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic" 12242" relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of " 12243"manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and" 12244" gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups " 12245"that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono " 12246"have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 " 12247"years.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup> This contact has " 12248"intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono" 12249" language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in " 12250"subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of " 12251"<em>medicine-men</em>—the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge," 12252" most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the " 12253"modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what" 12254" the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned " 12255"in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the" 12256" combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining " 12257"their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented " 12258"here includes only identified constellations but the following description " 12259"provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge " 12260"including information extracted from historical sources about all the " 12261"celestial objects named in the table below." 12262msgstr "" 12263 12264#. type: Content of: <p><table><caption> 12265#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:7 12266msgid "Lokono constellations and other celestial objects" 12267msgstr "" 12268 12269#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12270#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:9 12271msgid "<b>Lokono name</b>" 12272msgstr "" 12273 12274#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12275#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:10 12276msgid "Literal translation in English" 12277msgstr "" 12278 12279#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12280#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:11 12281msgid "Approximate location" 12282msgstr "" 12283 12284#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12285#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:30 12286msgid "Path of the carriers of clay" 12287msgstr "" 12288 12289#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12290#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:40 12291msgid "Scores of stars" 12292msgstr "" 12293 12294#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12295#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:45 12296msgid "Shining star" 12297msgstr "" 12298 12299#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12300#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:50 12301msgid "Grill" 12302msgstr "" 12303 12304#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12305#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:51 12306msgid "Pegasus" 12307msgstr "Pegasus" 12308 12309#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12310#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:55 12311msgid "Spirit of the green anaconda" 12312msgstr "" 12313 12314#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12315#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:56 12316msgid "unclear" 12317msgstr "" 12318 12319#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12320#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:60 12321msgid "Spirit of the capibara" 12322msgstr "" 12323 12324#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12325#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:61 12326#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:96 12327#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:111 12328#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:131 12329#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:136 12330#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:141 12331#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:146 12332#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:151 12333#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:156 12334#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:161 12335#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:166 12336#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:171 12337#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:176 12338#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:181 12339#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:186 12340#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:191 12341#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:196 12342#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:201 12343#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:206 12344#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:211 12345#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:216 12346msgid "unknown" 12347msgstr "" 12348 12349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12350#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:65 12351msgid "Man without a thigh" 12352msgstr "" 12353 12354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12355#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:70 12356msgid "Jaw of the tapir" 12357msgstr "" 12358 12359#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12360#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:71 12361#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67 12362msgid "Hyades" 12363msgstr "" 12364 12365#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12366#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:75 12367msgid "Spirit of the black curassow" 12368msgstr "" 12369 12370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12371#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:76 12372msgid "Crux" 12373msgstr "" 12374 12375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12376#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:80 12377msgid "Hunter" 12378msgstr "" 12379 12380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12381#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:81 12382msgid "α Centauri" 12383msgstr "" 12384 12385#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12386#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:85 12387msgid "Torch" 12388msgstr "" 12389 12390#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12391#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:86 12392msgid "β Centauri" 12393msgstr "" 12394 12395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12396#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:90 12397msgid "Spirit of the cocoi heron" 12398msgstr "" 12399 12400#. type: Content of: <h3> 12401#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:91 12402#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:18 12403msgid "Ursa Major" 12404msgstr "Ursa Major" 12405 12406#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12407#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:95 12408msgid "Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron" 12409msgstr "" 12410 12411#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12412#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:100 12413msgid "Spirit of the four-eyed fish" 12414msgstr "" 12415 12416#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12417#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:101 12418msgid "λ Sco and υ Sco" 12419msgstr "" 12420 12421#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12422#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:105 12423msgid "Spirit of the green sea turtle" 12424msgstr "" 12425 12426#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12427#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:106 12428msgid "Hercules" 12429msgstr "Hercules" 12430 12431#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12432#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:110 12433msgid "Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise" 12434msgstr "" 12435 12436#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12437#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:115 12438msgid "Spirit of the blue crab" 12439msgstr "" 12440 12441#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12442#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:120 12443msgid "Spirit of the Muscovy duck" 12444msgstr "" 12445 12446#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12447#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:125 12448msgid "Spirit of the awara palm" 12449msgstr "" 12450 12451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12452#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:130 12453msgid "Spirit of the red acouchi" 12454msgstr "" 12455 12456#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12457#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:135 12458msgid "Spirit of the red-rumped agouti" 12459msgstr "" 12460 12461#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12462#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:140 12463msgid "Spirit of the jaguar" 12464msgstr "" 12465 12466#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12467#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:145 12468msgid "Spirit of the ocelot" 12469msgstr "" 12470 12471#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12472#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:150 12473msgid "Spirit of the pale-throated sloth" 12474msgstr "" 12475 12476#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12477#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:155 12478msgid "Spirit of the two-toed sloth" 12479msgstr "" 12480 12481#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12482#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:160 12483msgid "Spirit of the green iguana" 12484msgstr "" 12485 12486#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12487#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:165 12488msgid "Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot" 12489msgstr "" 12490 12491#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12492#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:170 12493msgid "Spirit of the marail guan" 12494msgstr "" 12495 12496#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12497#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:175 12498msgid "Spirit of the little cuckoo" 12499msgstr "" 12500 12501#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12502#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:180 12503msgid "Spirit of the red-handed tamarin" 12504msgstr "" 12505 12506#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12507#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:185 12508msgid "Spirit of the white-faced saki" 12509msgstr "" 12510 12511#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12512#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:190 12513msgid "Spirit of the scorpion" 12514msgstr "" 12515 12516#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12517#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:195 12518msgid "Spirit of the parrot" 12519msgstr "" 12520 12521#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12522#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:200 12523msgid "Spirit of a tortoise" 12524msgstr "" 12525 12526#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12527#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:205 12528msgid "Spirit of the bow and arrow" 12529msgstr "" 12530 12531#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12532#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:210 12533msgid "Spirit of the gun" 12534msgstr "" 12535 12536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12537#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:215 12538msgid "Medicine-men’s rattle" 12539msgstr "" 12540 12541#. type: Content of: <h3> 12542#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:221 12543msgid "Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction" 12544msgstr "" 12545 12546#. type: Content of: <p> 12547#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:222 12548msgid "" 12549"From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical " 12550"knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. " 12551"However, it was the medicine-men in particular—the spiritual leaders " 12552"of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>—who were required to master the " 12553"various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for " 12554"passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to " 12555"another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first " 12556"accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:" 12557msgstr "" 12558 12559#. type: Content of: <p> 12560#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:223 12561msgid "" 12562"<em>“old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses " 12563"designed for their meetings and […] recount the traditions and " 12564"exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those " 12565"ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember" 12566" the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner " 12567"they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, " 12568"and stars.”</em><sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[3]</a></sup>" 12569msgstr "" 12570 12571#. type: Content of: <p> 12572#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:224 12573msgid "" 12574"Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as " 12575"<i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be " 12576"the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been " 12577"interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today." 12578" Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by " 12579"early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples" 12580" of which is illustrated below." 12581msgstr "" 12582 12583#. type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption> 12584#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:229 12585msgid "" 12586"Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a " 12587"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup>" 12588msgstr "" 12589 12590#. type: Content of: <p> 12591#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:233 12592msgid "" 12593"It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar" 12594" knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial " 12595"bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a " 12596"mention, namely:" 12597msgstr "" 12598 12599#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12600#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:235 12601msgid "" 12602"the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous " 12603"groups." 12604msgstr "" 12605 12606#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12607#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:236 12608msgid "" 12609"the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial " 12610"bodies." 12611msgstr "" 12612 12613#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12614#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:237 12615msgid "" 12616"the use of the term <em>koya</em> ‘spirit’ in the names of " 12617"numerous constellations." 12618msgstr "" 12619 12620#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12621#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:238 12622msgid "" 12623"the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> ‘star, year’ and the " 12624"lack of other astronomical terms." 12625msgstr "" 12626 12627#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12628#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:239 12629msgid "the sky watching practices of the Lokono." 12630msgstr "" 12631 12632#. type: Content of: <h3> 12633#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:243 12634msgid "1. Shared Guianan knowledge" 12635msgstr "" 12636 12637#. type: Content of: <p> 12638#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:244 12639msgid "" 12640"The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous" 12641" peoples, the Kari’na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, " 12642"speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not " 12643"intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and " 12644"immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also " 12645"shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, " 12646"similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This" 12647" speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of " 12648"astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual " 12649"leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these " 12650"traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further " 12651"study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these " 12652"cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono " 12653"ethnoastronomy." 12654msgstr "" 12655 12656#. type: Content of: <h3> 12657#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:246 12658msgid "2. Stellar oral traditions" 12659msgstr "" 12660 12661#. type: Content of: <p> 12662#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:247 12663msgid "" 12664"One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell" 12665" of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, " 12666"and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation " 12667"<em>Hithikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the black curassow’, for instance," 12668" is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> " 12669"‘Hunter’ and <em>Alêti</em> ‘Torch’, all three" 12670" of which have Kari’na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral " 12671"traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main " 12672"vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation " 12673"to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in " 12674"the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the " 12675"relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are " 12676"referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial " 12677"bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and" 12678" the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono " 12679"astronomical knowledge is justified." 12680msgstr "" 12681 12682#. type: Content of: <h3> 12683#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:249 12684msgid "3. Calendar of spirits" 12685msgstr "" 12686 12687#. type: Content of: <p> 12688#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:250 12689msgid "" 12690"The term <em>koya</em> ‘spirit’, found in numerous constellation" 12691" names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key" 12692" feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, " 12693"explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding " 12694"beings.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when" 12695" the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to " 12696"breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the " 12697"<em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best " 12698"time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and " 12699"animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where " 12700"such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called " 12701"these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of " 12702"that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red " 12703"acouchi’ would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place " 12704"where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation " 12705"appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the " 12706"<em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the " 12707"plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed." 12708msgstr "" 12709 12710#. type: Content of: <h3> 12711#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:252 12712msgid "4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year" 12713msgstr "" 12714 12715#. type: Content of: <p> 12716#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:253 12717msgid "" 12718"The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, " 12719"<em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of <em>koya. " 12720"</em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as " 12721"something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it " 12722"is used, for instance, when talking about one’s age. While it can " 12723"apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of " 12724"celestial bodies. <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>, literally ‘Scores of " 12725"stars’ (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations," 12726" whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. " 12727"Following <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> are the numerous " 12728"<em>koya</em>-constellations, each signaling a different season in the " 12729"Lokono calendar. On the other hand, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally " 12730"‘Shining star’ (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely" 12731" due to its brightness. Apart from <em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there " 12732"are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies " 12733"and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of " 12734"the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations." 12735msgstr "" 12736 12737#. type: Content of: <h3> 12738#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:255 12739msgid "5. Sky watching practices" 12740msgstr "" 12741 12742#. type: Content of: <p> 12743#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:256 12744msgid "" 12745"While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono " 12746"stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the " 12747"morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe " 12748"the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of " 12749"the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location" 12750" to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location " 12751"menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, " 12752"did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was " 12753"little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation " 12754"corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In " 12755"Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in" 12756" mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows " 12757"for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there " 12758"are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed " 12759"that a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a " 12760"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers " 12761"covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become " 12762"sick.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told " 12763"not to look at <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not" 12764" grow.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also" 12765" to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other " 12766"ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or " 12767"salt into one’s eyes." 12768msgstr "" 12769 12770#. type: Content of: <h3> 12771#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:258 12772msgid "Lokono celestial bodies" 12773msgstr "" 12774 12775#. type: Content of: <p> 12776#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:259 12777msgid "<em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'" 12778msgstr "" 12779 12780#. type: Content of: <p> 12781#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:260 12782msgid "" 12783"The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as " 12784"<em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names" 12785" of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as " 12786"<em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, " 12787"<em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> " 12788"may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a " 12789"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, " 12790"the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, " 12791"<em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the " 12792"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’ " 12793"(Orion’s belt).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a " 12794"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 12795"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to" 12796" come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his " 12797"lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the " 12798"twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try" 12799" to escape, the wife’s sister chases them and manages to cut off his " 12800"leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the " 12801"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending" 12802" the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, " 12803"cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which" 12804" does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun " 12805"shines too hard.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>. As far as " 12806"practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the " 12807"eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and " 12808"<em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds" 12809" of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a " 12810"href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>" 12811msgstr "" 12812 12813#. type: Content of: <p> 12814#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:262 12815msgid "<em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'" 12816msgstr "" 12817 12818#. type: Content of: <p> 12819#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:263 12820msgid "" 12821"The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de " 12822"Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar " 12823"month.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-13\">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, " 12824"the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, " 12825"in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after " 12826"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover" 12827" was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. " 12828"Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother’s face was " 12829"covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody " 12830"in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so " 12831"ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the " 12832"sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of " 12833"the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the " 12834"Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, " 12835"another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides" 12836" to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at " 12837"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also" 12838" depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the " 12839"eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi ôdon</em> ‘moon " 12840"dying’) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a " 12841"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the " 12842"Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun’s path.<sup><a " 12843"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, " 12844"play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers " 12845"would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick." 12846msgstr "" 12847 12848#. type: Content of: <p> 12849#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:265 12850msgid "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'" 12851msgstr "" 12852 12853#. type: Content of: <p> 12854#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:266 12855msgid "" 12856"The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star " 12857"and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called " 12858"<em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], " 12859"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14], </a></sup><sup><a " 12860"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, " 12861"reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the " 12862"equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> ‘star’ which can " 12863"be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a " 12864"href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as " 12865"<em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> ‘women’s star’. In relation to this, " 12866"it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro " 12867"wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first " 12868"menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the " 12869"Moon.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about " 12870"<em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is " 12871"worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was " 12872"originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth " 12873"mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a " 12874"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name " 12875"<em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in " 12876"Kari’na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a " 12877"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a " 12878"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup>" 12879msgstr "" 12880 12881#. type: Content of: <p> 12882#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:268 12883msgid "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'" 12884msgstr "" 12885 12886#. type: Content of: <p> 12887#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:269 12888msgid "" 12889"The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, " 12890"</em>literally ‘Path of the carriers of clay’. The Milky Way " 12891"represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making " 12892"pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The " 12893"origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a " 12894"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-19\">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky " 12895"Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific " 12896"whitish type of clay.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14]</a></sup> Charles " 12897"Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints " 12898"of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different " 12899"Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir " 12900"chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 12901"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> However, these two " 12902"sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it " 12903"is possible that these two explanations are a Kari’na influence, who " 12904"recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir " 12905"within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 12906msgstr "" 12907 12908#. type: Content of: <p> 12909#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:271 12910msgid "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'" 12911msgstr "" 12912 12913#. type: Content of: <p> 12914#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:272 12915msgid "" 12916"The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is" 12917" unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> " 12918"and explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a " 12919"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 12920"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in the morning in " 12921"August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or " 12922"one’s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll’s " 12923"<em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to " 12924"December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from " 12925"<em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, " 12926"Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and " 12927"that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must" 12928" be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the " 12929"Lokono territories.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 12930"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about " 12931"<em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the " 12932"Kari’na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> ‘Previous face’. " 12933"The Kari’na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its " 12934"name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the fish in " 12935"the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the " 12936"Kari’na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis " 12937"Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a " 12938"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18], </a></sup><sup><a " 12939"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 12940msgstr "" 12941 12942#. type: Content of: <p> 12943#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:274 12944msgid "<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'" 12945msgstr "" 12946 12947#. type: Content of: <p> 12948#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:275 12949msgid "" 12950"The constellation <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa yôkoro</em>, " 12951"literally ‘Score of stars’, refers to the Pleiades and is easily" 12952" recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because " 12953"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono " 12954"constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a " 12955"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the" 12956" east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring" 12957" to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. " 12958"At that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Yôkoro wiwa kayaran</em> " 12959"‘the birth of <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>’. It is said that if " 12960"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time," 12961" many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a " 12962"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young " 12963"people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a " 12964"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a" 12965" Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of " 12966"which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, " 12967"<em>Yôkoro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>" 12968" Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the" 12969" Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the " 12970"twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am " 12971"and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is " 12972"now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>‘Spirit of the green " 12973"anaconda’, in the belly of which <em>Yôkoro Wiwa</em> is said to" 12974" be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the " 12975"Lokono explain that the <em>Yôkoro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers" 12976" lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a " 12977"Kari'na story.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 12978msgstr "" 12979 12980#. type: Content of: <p> 12981#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:277 12982msgid "<em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'" 12983msgstr "" 12984 12985#. type: Content of: <p> 12986#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:278 12987msgid "" 12988"The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> ‘Grill’, or <em>Wiwa " 12989"yorhadale</em> ‘Star’s grill’, represents a wooden grill, " 12990"on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4], </a></sup><sup><a" 12991" href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 12992"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth " 12993"related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed" 12994" her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless " 12995"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother " 12996"asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The" 12997" man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother" 12998" instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western " 12999"constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the " 13000"beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a " 13001"lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> and " 13002"the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife " 13003"and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> " 13004"myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes " 13005"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes <em>Yorhada</em>. " 13006"Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the Western " 13007"constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small " 13008"dry season.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The neighboring " 13009"Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.<sup><a" 13010" href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup>" 13011msgstr "" 13012 13013#. type: Content of: <p> 13014#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:280 13015msgid "<em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'" 13016msgstr "" 13017 13018#. type: Content of: <p> 13019#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:281 13020msgid "" 13021"<em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, ‘Spirit of the green anaconda " 13022"(<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly " 13023"described.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest " 13024"it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain " 13025"unidentified.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 13026"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13027"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its origin. " 13028"According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her " 13029"liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a " 13030"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked <em>Kamodo</em> " 13031"to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother " 13032"instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has <em>Yôkoro " 13033"wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to <em>Yorhada</em> " 13034"‘Grill’, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz" 13035" list the constellation <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green" 13036" anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation " 13037"<em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van " 13038"Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star " 13039"brings death.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his " 13040"wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and " 13041"ascend to the sky as <em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates" 13042" a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> " 13043"flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and" 13044" people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky." 13045msgstr "" 13046 13047#. type: Content of: <p> 13048#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:283 13049msgid "<em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'" 13050msgstr "" 13051 13052#. type: Content of: <p> 13053#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:284 13054msgid "" 13055"The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13056"capybara’ (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the " 13057"Penard brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The same source" 13058" also informs us that it is followed by the constellation " 13059"<em>Kamodokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green anaconda’. The " 13060"constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No " 13061"related myths have been documented." 13062msgstr "" 13063 13064#. type: Content of: <p> 13065#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:286 13066msgid "<em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'" 13067msgstr "" 13068 13069#. type: Content of: <p> 13070#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:287 13071msgid "" 13072"The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’ is " 13073"well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles" 13074" Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a " 13075"leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and " 13076"ascended to sky.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the " 13077"Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave" 13078" it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a " 13079"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow " 13080"his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at" 13081" the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated " 13082"his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama tâla</em> constellation " 13083"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a " 13084"strikingly different myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The " 13085"Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> " 13086"'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside " 13087"her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, " 13088"but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and " 13089"ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a " 13090"sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at " 13091"which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent " 13092"ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one" 13093" of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the" 13094" man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day " 13095"for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he " 13096"tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of " 13097"fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the " 13098"liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the " 13099"man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of" 13100" cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is " 13101"why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's " 13102"belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself." 13103msgstr "" 13104 13105#. type: Content of: <p> 13106#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:289 13107msgid "<em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'" 13108msgstr "" 13109 13110#. type: Content of: <p> 13111#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:290 13112msgid "" 13113"The constellation <em>Kama tâla</em> ‘Jaw of the tapir’ is" 13114" one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono," 13115" just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a " 13116"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a " 13117"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story " 13118"of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his " 13119"wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus " 13120"terrestris</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asks " 13121"his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but " 13122"when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with" 13123" which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama tâla</em> " 13124"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari’na story, on the " 13125"other hand, <em>Kama tâla</em> was the remains of a tapir that the " 13126"mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed " 13127"and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh." 13128msgstr "" 13129 13130#. type: Content of: <p> 13131#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:292 13132msgid "<em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'" 13133msgstr "" 13134 13135#. type: Content of: <p> 13136#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:293 13137msgid "" 13138"The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the ‘Spirit of the black " 13139"curassow’ (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept " 13140"as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, " 13141"<em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a " 13142"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to " 13143"warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see " 13144"<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see " 13145"<em>Alêti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western" 13146" constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the " 13147"curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following " 13148"months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the " 13149"birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds" 13150" are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the " 13151"Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono" 13152" even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves " 13153"resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate" 13154" the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a " 13155"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 13156"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13157msgstr "" 13158 13159#. type: Content of: <p> 13160#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:295 13161msgid "<em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'" 13162msgstr "" 13163 13164#. type: Content of: <p> 13165#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:296 13166msgid "" 13167"The constellation <em>Yokhârhin</em> ‘Hunter’ corresponds " 13168"to α Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the " 13169"‘Spirit of the black curassow’ (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a " 13170"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 13171"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding" 13172" a torch known as <em>Alêti</em> is represented by β Centauri. " 13173"The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of " 13174"<em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a " 13175"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13176"<em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him " 13177"down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as" 13178" a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter " 13179"(<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch " 13180"(<em>Alêti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in " 13181"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokhârhin</em> and " 13182"subsequently <em>Alêti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This " 13183"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the" 13184" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops." 13185msgstr "" 13186 13187#. type: Content of: <p> 13188#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:298 13189msgid "<em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'" 13190msgstr "" 13191 13192#. type: Content of: <p> 13193#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:299 13194msgid "" 13195"The constellation <em>Alêti</em> ‘Torch’ corresponds " 13196"to β Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter " 13197"<em>Yokhârhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth " 13198"dipped in beeswax known as <em>Alêti</em>.<sup><a " 13199"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 13200"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> " 13201"<em>Alêti</em> follows <em>Yokhârhin</em> so as not to scare the" 13202" black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the " 13203"Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of " 13204"the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see " 13205"<em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According " 13206"to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept " 13207"tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the " 13208"sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the " 13209"approaching hunter (<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch" 13210" (<em>Alêti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in " 13211"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokhârhin</em> and " 13212"subsequently <em>Alêti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This " 13213"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the" 13214" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops." 13215msgstr "" 13216 13217#. type: Content of: <p> 13218#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:301 13219msgid "<em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'" 13220msgstr "" 13221 13222#. type: Content of: <p> 13223#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:302 13224msgid "" 13225"The constellation <em>Anorhâkoya </em>represents the spirit of the " 13226"cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono " 13227"as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a " 13228"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13229"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it " 13230"shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust" 13231" into peoples’ eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their " 13232"eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> " 13233"Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorhâkoya</em> is a " 13234"heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people" 13235" would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a " 13236"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds " 13237"blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples’ eyes, since the " 13238"light of <em>Anorhâkoya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind " 13239"according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry " 13240"season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of " 13241"this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with " 13242"its beak down." 13243msgstr "" 13244 13245#. type: Content of: <p> 13246#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:304 13247msgid "<em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'" 13248msgstr "" 13249 13250#. type: Content of: <p> 13251#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:305 13252msgid "" 13253"Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is " 13254"<em>Honolikoya</em> ‘<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger " 13255"heron</em>’ (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in " 13256"historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari’na constellation " 13257"<em>Kumawari yumï</em> (‘Father of the cocoi heron’). This is " 13258"likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of" 13259" a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same " 13260"constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different " 13261"Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation." 13262" In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a " 13263"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, " 13264"the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in " 13265"the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that " 13266"<em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which" 13267" lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to " 13268"be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a " 13269"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13270msgstr "" 13271 13272#. type: Content of: <p> 13273#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:307 13274msgid "<em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'" 13275msgstr "" 13276 13277#. type: Content of: <p> 13278#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:308 13279msgid "" 13280"The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the four-eyed " 13281"fish’ (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary " 13282"Lokono as λ Scorpii and υ Scorpii. In earlier sources it is " 13283"identified as the upper part of Scorpio’s tail, which is in keeping " 13284"with the 21st century data.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> The " 13285"constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known " 13286"for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is " 13287"therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is " 13288"no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what " 13289"the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention" 13290" that the Kari’na have a constellation representing the same fish, " 13291"which corresponds to the same two stars. Magaña and Jara explain that" 13292" the appearance of the Kari’na constellation announces the fishing " 13293"season for this species.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup> It is " 13294"not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function." 13295msgstr "" 13296 13297#. type: Content of: <p> 13298#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:310 13299msgid "<em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'" 13300msgstr "" 13301 13302#. type: Content of: <p> 13303#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:311 13304msgid "" 13305"The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green sea " 13306"turtle’ is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents " 13307"the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the " 13308"shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears " 13309"in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on " 13310"the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources" 13311" as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a " 13312"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a " 13313"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the " 13314"stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a " 13315"mistake as <em>Orion’s belt</em> is consistently recognized as " 13316"<em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’. The constellation " 13317"<em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down " 13318"most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-" 13319"March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the " 13320"Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the " 13321"shore (Milky Way)." 13322msgstr "" 13323 13324#. type: Content of: <p> 13325#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:313 13326msgid "<em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'" 13327msgstr "" 13328 13329#. type: Content of: <p> 13330#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:314 13331msgid "" 13332"The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the yellow-footed " 13333"tortoise’ was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in " 13334"Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. " 13335"around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a " 13336"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13337"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when " 13338"the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono " 13339"as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher " 13340"grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths " 13341"related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out" 13342" that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, " 13343"they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of " 13344"time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are " 13345"‘fridges’ since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long " 13346"time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten" 13347" immediately." 13348msgstr "" 13349 13350#. type: Content of: <p> 13351#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:316 13352msgid "<em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'" 13353msgstr "" 13354 13355#. type: Content of: <p> 13356#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:317 13357msgid "" 13358"The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the blue crab’ is " 13359"still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice " 13360"the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that " 13361"represented by the Kari’na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> " 13362"‘Father of the blue crab’ (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The " 13363"constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of" 13364" August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the " 13365"beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous " 13366"groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the " 13367"marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers " 13368"return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during " 13369"which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> " 13370"appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this " 13371"appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the " 13372"constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June" 13373" from the Guianas.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13374msgstr "" 13375 13376#. type: Content of: <p> 13377#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:319 13378msgid "<em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'" 13379msgstr "" 13380 13381#. type: Content of: <p> 13382#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:321 13383msgid "" 13384"The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the Muscovy duck’ " 13385"(<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and " 13386"Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a " 13387"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13388"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon" 13389" River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona " 13390"Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono " 13391"say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if " 13392"the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants." 13393" The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is " 13394"said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a " 13395"delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari'na " 13396"and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at " 13397"least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.<sup><a " 13398"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13399msgstr "" 13400 13401#. type: Content of: <p> 13402#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:322 13403msgid "<em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'" 13404msgstr "" 13405 13406#. type: Content of: <p> 13407#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:324 13408msgid "" 13409"The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the awara palm’" 13410" has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its " 13411"appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. " 13412"In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the horizon, " 13413"meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This " 13414"occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as " 13415"<em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a " 13416"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 13417"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya" 13418" </em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the " 13419"<em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red acouchi’ and " 13420"<em>Hokorherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red-rumped agouti’. Their " 13421"appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the " 13422"fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the " 13423"Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near " 13424"Sirius.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It is the only " 13425"constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the " 13426"awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the " 13427"awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a " 13428"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a " 13429"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13430msgstr "" 13431 13432#. type: Content of: <p> 13433#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:325 13434msgid "<em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'" 13435msgstr "" 13436 13437#. type: Content of: <p> 13438#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:327 13439msgid "" 13440"The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red" 13441" acouchi’ (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard " 13442"brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the " 13443"constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after February." 13444" Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red " 13445"acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono " 13446"myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari’na myth about the " 13447"unidentified Kari’na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to " 13448"the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two " 13449"brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother," 13450" fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. " 13451"The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, " 13452"so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the " 13453"constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to" 13454" cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, " 13455"while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a " 13456"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>" 13457msgstr "" 13458 13459#. type: Content of: <p> 13460#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:328 13461msgid "<em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'" 13462msgstr "" 13463 13464#. type: Content of: <p> 13465#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:330 13466msgid "" 13467"The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13468"red-rumped agouti’ was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain " 13469"that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a " 13470"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts" 13471" the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they " 13472"can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by " 13473"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the tiger’, which, like humans," 13474" knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> There is" 13475" no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari’na myth about" 13476" the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According" 13477" to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The " 13478"unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his " 13479"wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his " 13480"brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and " 13481"acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse " 13482"and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became " 13483"the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>" 13484msgstr "" 13485 13486#. type: Content of: <p> 13487#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:332 13488msgid "<em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'" 13489msgstr "" 13490 13491#. type: Content of: <p> 13492#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:333 13493msgid "" 13494"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13495"jaguar’ was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono " 13496"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 13497"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13498"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of " 13499"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, " 13500"he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a " 13501"href=\"#footnote-33\">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw " 13502"and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his " 13503"wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the " 13504"man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the " 13505"jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man " 13506"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the " 13507"Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According " 13508"to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the " 13509"jaguars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is " 13510"unidentified. The Kari’na constellation of the jaguar is said to " 13511"appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they " 13512"suffer from insects.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a " 13513"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13514msgstr "" 13515 13516#. type: Content of: <p> 13517#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:335 13518msgid "<em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'" 13519msgstr "" 13520 13521#. type: Content of: <p> 13522#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:336 13523msgid "" 13524"The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> ‘Spirit of the ocelot’ " 13525"was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth " 13526"summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a " 13527"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13528"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of " 13529"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, " 13530"he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his " 13531"paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his" 13532" wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous " 13533"and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started " 13534"mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he " 13535"took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man " 13536"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming " 13537"constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to " 13538"earth to kill people." 13539msgstr "" 13540 13541#. type: Content of: <p> 13542#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:338 13543msgid "<em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'" 13544msgstr "" 13545 13546#. type: Content of: <p> 13547#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:339 13548msgid "" 13549"The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> ‘Spirit of the pale-throated " 13550"sloth’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13551"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth " 13552"(<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather " 13553"that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and " 13554"December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the " 13555"Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a " 13556"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified." 13557msgstr "" 13558 13559#. type: Content of: <p> 13560#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:341 13561msgid "<em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'" 13562msgstr "" 13563 13564#. type: Content of: <p> 13565#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:342 13566msgid "" 13567"Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the two-toed " 13568"sloth’, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the " 13569"storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the " 13570"sloths move about more.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It " 13571"represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The " 13572"constellation remains unidentified." 13573msgstr "" 13574 13575#. type: Content of: <p> 13576#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:344 13577msgid "<em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'" 13578msgstr "" 13579 13580#. type: Content of: <p> 13581#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:345 13582msgid "" 13583"The constellation <em>Yôwanakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green " 13584"iguana’ is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a " 13585"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana " 13586"(<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the " 13587"sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation " 13588"remains unidentified." 13589msgstr "" 13590 13591#. type: Content of: <p> 13592#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:347 13593msgid "<em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'" 13594msgstr "" 13595 13596#. type: Content of: <p> 13597#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:348 13598msgid "" 13599"The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the lilac-" 13600"tailed parrot’ (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by Claudius de" 13601" Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not" 13602" known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used " 13603"to signify." 13604msgstr "" 13605 13606#. type: Content of: <p> 13607#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:350 13608msgid "<em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'" 13609msgstr "" 13610 13611#. type: Content of: <p> 13612#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:351 13613msgid "" 13614"The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the marail " 13615"guan’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the" 13616" shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a " 13617"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to " 13618"contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify." 13619msgstr "" 13620 13621#. type: Content of: <p> 13622#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:353 13623msgid "<em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'" 13624msgstr "" 13625 13626#. type: Content of: <p> 13627#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:354 13628msgid "" 13629"The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the little " 13630"cuckoo’ was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13631"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo " 13632"(<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither " 13633"do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers" 13634" mention the Kari’na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as " 13635"the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], " 13636"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-22\">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na " 13637"constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono " 13638"link hunter’s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the " 13639"bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch " 13640"out, as something bad might happen to you." 13641msgstr "" 13642 13643#. type: Content of: <p> 13644#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:356 13645msgid "<em> Sûtukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'" 13646msgstr "" 13647 13648#. type: Content of: <p> 13649#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:357 13650msgid "" 13651"The constellation <em>Sûtukoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red-handed " 13652"tamarin’ (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll" 13653" and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a " 13654"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], " 13655"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-43\">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius" 13656" de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma " 13657"Berenices.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear " 13658"whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation" 13659" <em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by " 13660"numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation." 13661msgstr "" 13662 13663#. type: Content of: <p> 13664#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:359 13665msgid "<em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'" 13666msgstr "" 13667 13668#. type: Content of: <p> 13669#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:360 13670msgid "" 13671"The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki’ " 13672"was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13673"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced" 13674" saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its " 13675"significance remain unknown.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-44\">[44]</a></sup>" 13676msgstr "" 13677 13678#. type: Content of: <p> 13679#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:362 13680msgid "<em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'" 13681msgstr "" 13682 13683#. type: Content of: <p> 13684#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:363 13685msgid "" 13686"The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the scorpion’ " 13687"was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13688"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of" 13689" an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known " 13690"myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of " 13691"cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested " 13692"for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion." 13693msgstr "" 13694 13695#. type: Content of: <p> 13696#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:365 13697msgid "<em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'" 13698msgstr "" 13699 13700#. type: Content of: <p> 13701#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:366 13702msgid "" 13703"The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was " 13704"mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono " 13705"medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with" 13706" feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each" 13707" of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of " 13708"<em>koya</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation" 13709" remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are" 13710" no myths related to it." 13711msgstr "" 13712 13713#. type: Content of: <p> 13714#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:368 13715msgid "" 13716"<em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> " 13717"Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'" 13718msgstr "" 13719 13720#. type: Content of: <p> 13721#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:369 13722msgid "" 13723"The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and " 13724"<em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de " 13725"Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Both constellations " 13726"remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao counterparts, and " 13727"there are no myths related to them." 13728msgstr "" 13729 13730#. type: Content of: <p> 13731#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:371 13732msgid "<em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'" 13733msgstr "" 13734 13735#. type: Content of: <p> 13736#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:372 13737msgid "" 13738"The constellation <em>Korherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13739"parrot’ was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13740"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of" 13741" an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent" 13742" of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the orange-" 13743"winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona " 13744"amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It " 13745"should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of" 13746" their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified." 13747msgstr "" 13748 13749#. type: Content of: <p> 13750#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:374 13751msgid "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'" 13752msgstr "" 13753 13754#. type: Content of: <p> 13755#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:375 13756msgid "" 13757"The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the sea " 13758"turtle’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13759"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an " 13760"unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as " 13761"<em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) " 13762"appears to be a term borrowed from Kari’na, it is thus possible that " 13763"<em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, " 13764"there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> " 13765"and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits" 13766" be identified with different constellations." 13767msgstr "" 13768 13769#. type: Content of: <p> 13770#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:378 13771msgid "" 13772"This sky culture was contributed by <a " 13773"href=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" class='external text' " 13774"title=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" rel=\"nofollow\">Konrad " 13775"Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname " 13776"(Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of " 13777"the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands " 13778"Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: " 13779"Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono " 13780"ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0" 13781msgstr "" 13782 13783#. type: Content of: <p> 13784#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:383 13785msgid "" 13786"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a " 13787"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-" 13788"the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language " 13789"Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13." 13790msgstr "" 13791 13792#. type: Content of: <p> 13793#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:385 13794msgid "" 13795"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a " 13796"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml" 13797" \">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and " 13798"Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De " 13799"Gruyter, pp 257-281." 13800msgstr "" 13801 13802#. type: Content of: <p> 13803#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:388 13804msgid "" 13805"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones" 13806" Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas " 13807"de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia " 13808"Nacional de la Historia." 13809msgstr "" 13810 13811#. type: Content of: <p> 13812#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:390 13813msgid "" 13814"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, " 13815"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing " 13816"Office." 13817msgstr "" 13818 13819#. type: Content of: <p> 13820#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:392 13821msgid "" 13822"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of " 13823"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales " 13824"d’ethnographie. 44." 13825msgstr "" 13826 13827#. type: Content of: <p> 13828#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:394 13829msgid "" 13830"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een " 13831"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor." 13832msgstr "" 13833 13834#. type: Content of: <p> 13835#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:396 13836msgid "" 13837"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - " 13838"Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En " 13839"Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast " 13840"Asia 55 (1): 453–529." 13841msgstr "" 13842 13843#. type: Content of: <p> 13844#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:398 13845msgid "" 13846"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. " 13847"Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te " 13848"Amsterdam." 13849msgstr "" 13850 13851#. type: Content of: <p> 13852#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:400 13853msgid "" 13854"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians " 13855"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner." 13856msgstr "" 13857 13858#. type: Content of: <p> 13859#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:402 13860msgid "" 13861"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of" 13862" the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of " 13863"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office." 13864msgstr "" 13865 13866#. type: Content of: <p> 13867#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:404 13868msgid "" 13869"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de" 13870" Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En " 13871"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76." 13872msgstr "" 13873 13874#. type: Content of: <p> 13875#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:406 13876msgid "" 13877"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being " 13878"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: " 13879"K. Paul, Trench & Company." 13880msgstr "" 13881 13882#. type: Content of: <p> 13883#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:408 13884msgid "" 13885"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae " 13886"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios." 13887msgstr "" 13888 13889#. type: Content of: <p> 13890#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:410 13891msgid "" 13892"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their " 13893"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy." 13894msgstr "" 13895 13896#. type: Content of: <p> 13897#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:412 13898msgid "" 13899"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo" 13900" Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse " 13901"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging " 13902"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van " 13903"Amsterdam." 13904msgstr "" 13905 13906#. type: Content of: <p> 13907#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:414 13908msgid "" 13909"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, " 13910"Guyana." 13911msgstr "" 13912 13913#. type: Content of: <p> 13914#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:416 13915msgid "" 13916"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende " 13917"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde." 13918msgstr "" 13919 13920#. type: Content of: <p> 13921#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:418 13922msgid "" 13923"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la" 13924" Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32." 13925msgstr "" 13926 13927#. type: Content of: <p> 13928#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:420 13929msgid "" 13930"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A " 13931"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology." 13932msgstr "" 13933 13934#. type: Content of: <p> 13935#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:422 13936msgid "" 13937"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: " 13938"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen." 13939msgstr "" 13940 13941#. type: Content of: <p> 13942#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:424 13943msgid "" 13944"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In " 13945"Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres " 13946"Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., " 13947"edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165." 13948" Paris: Maisonneuve." 13949msgstr "" 13950 13951#. type: Content of: <p> 13952#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:426 13953msgid "" 13954"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: " 13955"Magoria Books." 13956msgstr "" 13957 13958#. type: Content of: <p> 13959#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:428 13960msgid "" 13961"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript " 13962"number:<a " 13963"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\">" 13964" Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds " 13965"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, " 13966"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American " 13967"Philosophical Society." 13968msgstr "" 13969 13970#. type: Content of: <h2> 13971#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:1 13972msgid "Sky Map of Macedonian People" 13973msgstr "" 13974 13975#. type: Content of: <p> 13976#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:2 13977msgid "" 13978"Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized " 13979"by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 " 13980"villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 " 13981"inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed. All collected information " 13982"from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” " 13983"(Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian " 13984"people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of " 13985"constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev " 13986"G., 2000)." 13987msgstr "" 13988 13989#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 13990#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:8 13991msgid "Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>" 13992msgstr "" 13993 13994#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 13995#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:9 13996msgid "" 13997"is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people " 13998"in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the " 13999"star cluster Pleiades" 14000msgstr "" 14001 14002#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14003#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:11 14004msgid "Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>" 14005msgstr "" 14006 14007#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14008#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:12 14009msgid "" 14010"This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation " 14011"Taurus." 14012msgstr "" 14013 14014#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14015#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14 14016msgid "Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>" 14017msgstr "" 14018 14019#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14020#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14 14021msgid "" 14022"Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, " 14023"is right above them in an attacking position. Bright star Capella (Kapela) " 14024"from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk." 14025msgstr "" 14026 14027#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14028#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:16 14029msgid "Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>" 14030msgstr "" 14031 14032#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14033#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:17 14034msgid "" 14035"Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the " 14036"Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky. The red color" 14037" of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the " 14038"reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and " 14039"the Rooster." 14040msgstr "" 14041 14042#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14043#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:19 14044msgid "Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>" 14045msgstr "" 14046 14047#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14048#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:20 14049msgid "" 14050"Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. " 14051"Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the " 14052"image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs." 14053msgstr "" 14054 14055#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14056#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:22 14057msgid "Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>" 14058msgstr "" 14059 14060#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14061#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:23 14062msgid "" 14063"People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation " 14064"Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is " 14065"why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of " 14066"people and purpose given to this part of the sky." 14067msgstr "" 14068 14069#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14070#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:25 14071msgid "Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>" 14072msgstr "" 14073 14074#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14075#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:26 14076msgid "" 14077"The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name" 14078" people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. " 14079"Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some " 14080"weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into " 14081"account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with " 14082"a goad as he returns home." 14083msgstr "" 14084 14085#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14086#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:28 14087msgid "Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>" 14088msgstr "" 14089 14090#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14091#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:29 14092msgid "" 14093"The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive " 14094"pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from " 14095"Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying " 14096"that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of" 14097" a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen." 14098msgstr "" 14099 14100#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14101#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:31 14102msgid "Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>" 14103msgstr "" 14104 14105#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14106#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:32 14107msgid "" 14108"Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two " 14109"wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis " 14110"Major and Procyon in Canis Minor." 14111msgstr "" 14112 14113#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14114#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:34 14115msgid "Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>" 14116msgstr "" 14117 14118#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14119#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:35 14120msgid "Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky" 14121msgstr "" 14122 14123#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14124#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:37 14125msgid "Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>" 14126msgstr "" 14127 14128#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14129#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:38 14130msgid "" 14131"Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to" 14132" see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from " 14133"his Godson." 14134msgstr "" 14135 14136#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14137#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:40 14138msgid "Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>" 14139msgstr "" 14140 14141#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14142#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:41 14143msgid "" 14144"Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might " 14145"he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the " 14146"Priest’s Straw there is the Cross." 14147msgstr "" 14148 14149#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14150#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:43 14151msgid "Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>" 14152msgstr "" 14153 14154#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14155#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:44 14156msgid "" 14157"By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of " 14158"the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing." 14159msgstr "" 14160 14161#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14162#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:46 14163msgid "Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>" 14164msgstr "" 14165 14166#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14167#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:47 14168msgid "" 14169"The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the " 14170"fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food." 14171msgstr "" 14172 14173#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14174#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:49 14175msgid "Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>" 14176msgstr "" 14177 14178#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14179#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:50 14180msgid "" 14181"The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s " 14182"constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet." 14183msgstr "" 14184 14185#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14186#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:52 14187msgid "Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>" 14188msgstr "" 14189 14190#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14191#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:53 14192msgid "" 14193"The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked " 14194"the image of a wooden round table called sofra." 14195msgstr "" 14196 14197#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14198#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:55 14199msgid "Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>" 14200msgstr "" 14201 14202#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14203#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:56 14204msgid "" 14205"People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and" 14206" is found inside the Priest’s Straw" 14207msgstr "" 14208 14209#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14210#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:58 14211msgid "Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>" 14212msgstr "" 14213 14214#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14215#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:59 14216msgid "" 14217"The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group" 14218" of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves " 14219"„because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that" 14220" circle around houses“" 14221msgstr "" 14222 14223#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14224#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:64 14225msgid "" 14226"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Macedonian Research " 14227"Society</a>" 14228msgstr "" 14229 14230#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14231#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:65 14232msgid "" 14233"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore " 14234"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's " 14235"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer " 14236"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>" 14237msgstr "" 14238 14239#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14240#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:66 14241msgid "" 14242"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, " 14243"Mladinski kulturen centar." 14244msgstr "" 14245 14246#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14247#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:67 14248msgid "" 14249"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> " 14250"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar." 14251msgstr "" 14252 14253#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14254#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:68 14255msgid "" 14256"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore " 14257"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the " 14258"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, " 14259"Serbia.</a>" 14260msgstr "" 14261 14262#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14263#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:69 14264msgid "" 14265"<a " 14266"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev," 14267" Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos" 14268" – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, " 14269"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>" 14270msgstr "" 14271 14272#. type: Content of: <p> 14273#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:74 14274msgid "" 14275"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore " 14276"Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book " 14277"<b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004." 14278msgstr "" 14279 14280#. type: Content of: <h2> 14281#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:1 14282msgid "Maori (New Zealand)" 14283msgstr "" 14284 14285#. type: Content of: <p> 14286#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:2 14287msgid "" 14288"The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. " 14289"But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes are " 14290"central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical " 14291"navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of " 14292"prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons." 14293msgstr "" 14294 14295#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14296#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:6 14297msgid "" 14298"<a " 14299"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29\">Maori" 14300" sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text." 14301msgstr "" 14302 14303#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14304#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:7 14305msgid "" 14306"<a href=\"http://www.astronomynz.org/\">The Phoenix Astronomical " 14307"Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New " 14308"Zealand)." 14309msgstr "" 14310 14311#. type: Content of: <p> 14312#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:11 14313#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:86 14314msgid "" 14315"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, " 14316"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 14317msgstr "" 14318 14319#. type: Content of: <h2> 14320#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:1 14321msgid "Maya" 14322msgstr "" 14323 14324#. type: Content of: <p> 14325#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:2 14326msgid "" 14327"Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-" 14328"columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them" 14329" store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform" 14330" rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and " 14331"sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). " 14332"These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many " 14333"researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. " 14334"Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like " 14335"the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through " 14336"each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses)," 14337" the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their " 14338"constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture " 14339"data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an " 14340"abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as " 14341"original by some scholars)." 14342msgstr "" 14343 14344#. type: Content of: <p><h5> 14345#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:3 14346msgid "" 14347"<em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>" 14348msgstr "" 14349 14350#. type: Content of: <p><p> 14351#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:5 14352msgid "" 14353"All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first " 14354"explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris " 14355"Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found " 14356"it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has " 14357"suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite" 14358" of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the" 14359" mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations " 14360"(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not " 14361"(Špoták, 2015)." 14362msgstr "" 14363 14364#. type: Content of: <p><p><h5> 14365#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:7 14366msgid "<em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>" 14367msgstr "" 14368 14369#. type: Content of: <p><p> 14370#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:8 14371msgid "" 14372"In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume" 14373" that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to " 14374"\"swallow\" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line " 14375"while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different " 14376"animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations " 14377"are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most " 14378"probable location. Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the " 14379"images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to " 14380"the interpretation of the contributors of this culture." 14381msgstr "" 14382 14383#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14384#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:10 14385msgid "Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:" 14386msgstr "" 14387 14388#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14389#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:11 14390msgid "<em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>" 14391msgstr "" 14392 14393#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14394#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:12 14395msgid "" 14396"Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since" 14397" it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions " 14398"(Špoták, 2015)." 14399msgstr "" 14400 14401#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14402#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:13 14403#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:16 14404#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:19 14405#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:20 14406#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:23 14407#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:24 14408#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:27 14409#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:28 14410#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:31 14411#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:34 14412#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:37 14413#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:40 14414#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:43 14415#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:56 14416#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:61 14417msgid " " 14418msgstr " " 14419 14420#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14421#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:14 14422msgid "<em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>" 14423msgstr "" 14424 14425#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14426#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:15 14427msgid "" 14428"The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the " 14429"elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some " 14430"scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark." 14431msgstr "" 14432 14433#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14434#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:17 14435msgid "<em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>" 14436msgstr "" 14437 14438#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14439#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:18 14440msgid "" 14441"Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and" 14442" feathers on the head that it exhibits." 14443msgstr "" 14444 14445#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14446#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:21 14447msgid "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>" 14448msgstr "" 14449 14450#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14451#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:22 14452msgid "" 14453"Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related " 14454"to the skin of this animal." 14455msgstr "" 14456 14457#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14458#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:25 14459msgid "<em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>" 14460msgstr "" 14461 14462#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14463#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:26 14464msgid "" 14465"This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear " 14466"whether it's an animal or not." 14467msgstr "" 14468 14469#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14470#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:29 14471msgid "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>" 14472msgstr "" 14473 14474#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14475#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:30 14476msgid "" 14477"Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western " 14478"culture Scorpion constellation, because of the \"twisted\" body that is " 14479"suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is " 14480"closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the " 14481"Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex." 14482msgstr "" 14483 14484#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14485#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:32 14486msgid "<em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>" 14487msgstr "" 14488 14489#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14490#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:33 14491msgid "" 14492"This animal is present through many species in the central america " 14493"environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the" 14494" Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical " 14495"rattling ending of this reptile." 14496msgstr "" 14497 14498#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14499#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:35 14500msgid "<em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>" 14501msgstr "" 14502 14503#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14504#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:36 14505msgid "" 14506"Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that " 14507"this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography." 14508msgstr "" 14509 14510#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14511#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:38 14512msgid "<em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>" 14513msgstr "" 14514 14515#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14516#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:39 14517msgid "" 14518"This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of " 14519"teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015). Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal " 14520"in the Western culture constellation of Virgo." 14521msgstr "" 14522 14523#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14524#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:41 14525msgid "<em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>" 14526msgstr "" 14527 14528#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14529#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:42 14530msgid "" 14531"The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the " 14532"Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not " 14533"really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the " 14534"Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three " 14535"points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this " 14536"turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, " 14537"instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex." 14538msgstr "" 14539 14540#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14541#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:45 14542msgid "" 14543"Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and " 14544"ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol " 14545"Vuh</i>) are described below:" 14546msgstr "" 14547 14548#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4> 14549#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:46 14550msgid "<em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>" 14551msgstr "" 14552 14553#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 14554#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:47 14555msgid "" 14556"The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-" 14557"crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the " 14558"present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the " 14559"primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky " 14560"were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the " 14561"decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current " 14562"order of things." 14563msgstr "" 14564 14565#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14566#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:50 14567msgid "<em>Paddler Gods: </em>" 14568msgstr "" 14569 14570#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 14571#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:51 14572msgid "" 14573"This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods " 14574"in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the " 14575"stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, " 14576"and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire " 14577"asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos " 14578"to take place." 14579msgstr "" 14580 14581#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14582#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:54 14583msgid "<em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>" 14584msgstr "" 14585 14586#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14587#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:55 14588msgid "" 14589"This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke " 14590"represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars " 14591"representing the three hearthstones." 14592msgstr "" 14593 14594#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14595#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:58 14596msgid "<em>Pecaries: </em>" 14597msgstr "" 14598 14599#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14600#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:59 14601msgid "" 14602"These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor " 14603"and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak " 14604"mural." 14605msgstr "" 14606 14607#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14608#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:62 14609msgid "Stars and Planets Names" 14610msgstr "" 14611 14612#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14613#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:63 14614msgid "" 14615"Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of " 14616"time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:" 14617msgstr "" 14618 14619#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14620#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:65 14621msgid "" 14622"<b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and " 14623"Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at " 14624"night." 14625msgstr "" 14626 14627#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14628#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:66 14629msgid "" 14630"<b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February " 14631"to track the time at night." 14632msgstr "" 14633 14634#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14635#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:67 14636msgid "" 14637"<b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called " 14638"like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end " 14639"of the dry season, in April." 14640msgstr "" 14641 14642#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14643#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:68 14644msgid "" 14645"<b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God" 14646" of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used" 14647" to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic " 14648"period." 14649msgstr "" 14650 14651#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14652#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:71 14653msgid "Authors and References" 14654msgstr "" 14655 14656#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14657#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:72 14658msgid "" 14659"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier" 14660" Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at " 14661"Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based " 14662"primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:" 14663msgstr "" 14664 14665#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14666#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:74 14667msgid "" 14668"<a " 14669"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The" 14670" Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript " 14671"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták" 14672msgstr "" 14673 14674#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14675#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:75 14676msgid "" 14677"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand " 14678"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc." 14679msgstr "" 14680 14681#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14682#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:76 14683msgid "" 14684"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico " 14685"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica." 14686msgstr "" 14687 14688#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14689#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:77 14690msgid "" 14691"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> " 14692"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: " 14693"39-58." 14694msgstr "" 14695 14696#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14697#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:78 14698msgid "" 14699"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a " 14700"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El" 14701" mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes " 14702"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas " 14703"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48." 14704msgstr "" 14705 14706#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14707#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:82 14708msgid "Links of Interest" 14709msgstr "" 14710 14711#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14712#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:84 14713msgid "" 14714"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex\">Wikipedia: The Paris " 14715"Codex</a>" 14716msgstr "" 14717 14718#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14719#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:85 14720msgid "" 14721"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo " 14722"el tiempo maya</a>" 14723msgstr "" 14724 14725#. type: Content of: <h2> 14726#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:1 14727msgid "Mongolian" 14728msgstr "" 14729 14730#. type: Content of: <p> 14731#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:3 14732msgid "" 14733"Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental " 14734"civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely" 14735" influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in " 14736"numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild " 14737"and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their " 14738"cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they " 14739"benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get " 14740"one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching " 14741"the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their" 14742" imaginary facing the sky." 14743msgstr "" 14744 14745#. type: Content of: <p> 14746#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:17 14747msgid "" 14748"Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is " 14749"symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian" 14750" asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names " 14751"like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow) for the constellation Swan, " 14752"or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer" 14753" triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags " 14754"(<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the " 14755"Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)." 14756msgstr "" 14757 14758#. type: Content of: <h3> 14759#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:27 14760msgid "Planets and Stars" 14761msgstr "" 14762 14763#. type: Content of: <p> 14764#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:29 14765msgid "" 14766"Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of " 14767"the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are " 14768"not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after" 14769" the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the" 14770" five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun " 14771"(<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names " 14772"of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in " 14773"Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus," 14774" <em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars," 14775" <em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> " 14776"(associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with " 14777"Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and " 14778"at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, " 14779"invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have " 14780"the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the " 14781"name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian. Earth and Pluto are " 14782"named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible" 14783" to translate from Mongolian Pluto like \"The princely ground\" (ground and " 14784"not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth." 14785" Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as \"princely sky\", " 14786"and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the \"princely ocean\". Nevertheless, " 14787"this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are " 14788"presented to give an idea of the planets name's meaning. However, the names " 14789"of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken " 14790"in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an" 14791" unofficial way." 14792msgstr "" 14793 14794#. type: Content of: <p> 14795#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:59 14796msgid "" 14797"It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating " 14798"other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> " 14799"appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the \"Sky " 14800"Line\" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky," 14801" and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore " 14802"concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises " 14803"the recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> " 14804"(god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th" 14805" century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with" 14806" the naked eye." 14807msgstr "" 14808 14809#. type: Content of: <p> 14810#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:71 14811msgid "" 14812"From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back" 14813" to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), " 14814"astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as " 14815"far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined " 14816"celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to " 14817"extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) " 14818"with a sextant of 40 meters radius." 14819msgstr "" 14820 14821#. type: Content of: <h3> 14822#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:80 14823msgid "Myths and Legends" 14824msgstr "" 14825 14826#. type: Content of: <h4> 14827#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:82 14828msgid "The Great Bear" 14829msgstr "Голямата мечка" 14830 14831#. type: Content of: <p> 14832#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:83 14833msgid "" 14834"Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation " 14835"is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and " 14836"body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia." 14837msgstr "" 14838 14839#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> 14840#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:88 14841msgid "" 14842"Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding " 14843"capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it" 14844" peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked" 14845" the eight brothers to bring her back and said: \"If one of you succeeds to " 14846"rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow\". The orphans went " 14847"together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days " 14848"and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and " 14849"killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle." 14850msgstr "" 14851 14852#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> 14853#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:96 14854msgid "" 14855"The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in" 14856" the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded" 14857" the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The " 14858"seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their " 14859"younger brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven " 14860"Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden " 14861"Stick, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star." 14862msgstr "" 14863 14864#. type: Content of: <p> 14865#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:106 14866msgid "" 14867"A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian " 14868"people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to" 14869" each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. " 14870"Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian " 14871"calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself " 14872"associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The first, Dubhe, " 14873"corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and " 14874"so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the " 14875"year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we " 14876"repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese " 14877"calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the " 14878"tail are assigned one time only." 14879msgstr "" 14880 14881#. type: Content of: <p> 14882#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:120 14883msgid "" 14884"[Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described" 14885" by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in " 14886"an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, " 14887"Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]" 14888msgstr "" 14889 14890#. type: Content of: <img><h4> 14891#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:127 14892msgid "Shooting stars" 14893msgstr "" 14894 14895#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14896#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:129 14897msgid "" 14898"Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through " 14899"their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a " 14900"star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. " 14901"Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: \"Phew, it is not " 14902"me!\"" 14903msgstr "" 14904 14905#. type: Content of: <img><h4> 14906#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:135 14907msgid "Neglected Legends" 14908msgstr "" 14909 14910#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14911#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:137 14912msgid "" 14913"Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun " 14914"Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost " 14915"forgotten by most Mongolians:" 14916msgstr "" 14917 14918#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 14919#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:143 14920msgid "" 14921"At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry" 14922" meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very " 14923"good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns " 14924"without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself " 14925"all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot " 14926"(groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, " 14927"pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth " 14928"which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards " 14929"the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The " 14930"bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a " 14931"hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved " 14932"our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface." 14933msgstr "" 14934 14935#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14936#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:158 14937msgid "" 14938"We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the " 14939"Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist " 14940"religion." 14941msgstr "" 14942 14943#. type: Content of: <img><h5> 14944#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:162 14945msgid "Eclipses" 14946msgstr "" 14947 14948#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 14949#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:165 14950msgid "" 14951"At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the " 14952"entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god " 14953"<em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became " 14954"immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and " 14955"the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to <em>Orchiwaani</em>. " 14956"Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the " 14957"monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because " 14958"<em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order " 14959"to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as " 14960"<em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and" 14961" disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked " 14962"the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In " 14963"revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which " 14964"exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses." 14965msgstr "" 14966 14967#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14968#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:182 14969msgid "" 14970"When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> " 14971"devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster" 14972" liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck " 14973"wrote:" 14974msgstr "" 14975 14976#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 14977#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:187 14978msgid "" 14979"\"Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to " 14980"other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about " 14981"to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the " 14982"door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum" 14983" and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished," 14984" they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party.\"" 14985msgstr "" 14986 14987#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14988#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:196 14989msgid "" 14990"(Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux" 14991" (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. " 14992"pp; 153-192.)" 14993msgstr "" 14994 14995#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14996#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:200 14997msgid "" 14998"Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their " 14999"tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for " 15000"the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian " 15001"<em>Rahu</em>." 15002msgstr "" 15003 15004#. type: Content of: <img><h5> 15005#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:205 15006msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)" 15007msgstr "" 15008 15009#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15010#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:207 15011msgid "" 15012"Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity" 15013" for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the " 15014"five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin." 15015msgstr "" 15016 15017#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><blockquote><p> 15018#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:212 15019msgid "" 15020"Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. " 15021"Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to " 15022"untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united " 15023"with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. " 15024"Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain " 15025"united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the " 15026"time of wars." 15027msgstr "" 15028 15029#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><h4> 15030#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:222 15031msgid "Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky" 15032msgstr "" 15033 15034#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p> 15035#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:224 15036msgid "" 15037"According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one " 15038"hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband." 15039msgstr "" 15040 15041#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15042#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:227 15043msgid "" 15044"Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>) by " 15045"throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in " 15046"Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several " 15047"persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk " 15048"can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark" 15049" color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, " 15050"quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits." 15051msgstr "" 15052 15053#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15054#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:239 15055msgid "" 15056"The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian " 15057"cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs " 15058"which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission " 15059"is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these subjects." 15060" It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high " 15061"fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony," 15062" every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!" 15063msgstr "" 15064 15065#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3> 15066#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:248 15067msgid "Acknowledgements and Further Reading" 15068msgstr "" 15069 15070#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15071#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:251 15072msgid "" 15073"Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in " 15074"the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony" 15075msgstr "" 15076 15077#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15078#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:252 15079msgid "" 15080"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' " 15081"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de " 15082"France</a>" 15083msgstr "" 15084 15085#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15086#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:253 15087msgid "" 15088"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' " 15089"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française " 15090"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>" 15091msgstr "" 15092 15093#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15094#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:255 15095msgid "" 15096"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' " 15097"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>" 15098msgstr "" 15099 15100#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15101#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:256 15102msgid "" 15103"<a href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-" 15104"heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan Elverskog: " 15105"The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International " 15106"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123." 15107msgstr "" 15108 15109#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15110#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:261 15111msgid "" 15112"This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, " 15113"<strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and " 15114"<strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) mainly " 15115"based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in " 15116"Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a " 15117"href=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" class='external text' " 15118"title=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" " 15119"rel=\"nofollow\">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French)." 15120msgstr "" 15121 15122#. type: Content of: <h2> 15123#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:1 15124msgid "Navajo" 15125msgstr "" 15126 15127#. type: Content of: <p> 15128#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:3 15129msgid "" 15130"The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the " 15131"Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and " 15132"northwestern New Mexico." 15133msgstr "" 15134 15135#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15136#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:9 15137msgid "<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> official website" 15138msgstr "" 15139 15140#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15141#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:10 15142msgid "" 15143"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15144"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15145"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>" 15146msgstr "" 15147"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15148"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15149"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>" 15150 15151#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15152#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:11 15153msgid "" 15154"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15155"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15156"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>" 15157msgstr "" 15158"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15159"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15160"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>" 15161 15162#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15163#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:12 15164msgid "" 15165"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15166"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15167"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>" 15168msgstr "" 15169"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15170"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15171"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>" 15172 15173#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15174#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:13 15175msgid "" 15176"<a " 15177"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>" 15178msgstr "" 15179"<a " 15180"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>" 15181 15182#. type: Content of: <p> 15183#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:18 15184msgid "" 15185"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 15186"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star Trails-" 15187"Navajo</b> by Don Childrey." 15188msgstr "" 15189 15190#. type: Content of: <h2> 15191#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:1 15192msgid "Norse" 15193msgstr "" 15194 15195#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15196#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:5 15197msgid "" 15198"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Norse " 15199"Constellations</a>" 15200msgstr "" 15201 15202#. type: Content of: <p> 15203#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:10 15204msgid "" 15205"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, " 15206"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se" 15207msgstr "" 15208 15209#. type: Content of: <h2> 15210#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:1 15211msgid "Northern Andes" 15212msgstr "" 15213 15214#. type: Content of: <p> 15215#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:2 15216msgid "" 15217"The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the " 15218"different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting " 15219"from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to " 15220"ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to " 15221"understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and " 15222"other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the " 15223"changes that affect living beings." 15224msgstr "" 15225 15226#. type: Content of: <p> 15227#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:4 15228msgid "" 15229"In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean " 15230"observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we " 15231"will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will " 15232"fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can " 15233"admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars." 15234msgstr "" 15235 15236#. type: Content of: <p> 15237#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:6 15238msgid "" 15239"The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these \"cosmic mirrors\" and " 15240"analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as" 15241" well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the " 15242"ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current " 15243"prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic " 15244"configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in " 15245"several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially" 15246" decoded." 15247msgstr "" 15248 15249#. type: Content of: <p> 15250#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:8 15251msgid "Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:" 15252msgstr "" 15253 15254#. type: Content of: <h3> 15255#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:11 15256msgid "The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)" 15257msgstr "" 15258 15259#. type: Content of: <p> 15260#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:12 15261msgid "" 15262"When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement " 15263"that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and " 15264"proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on " 15265"the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north)" 15266" and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled " 15267"(more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main " 15268"festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar " 15269"because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons." 15270msgstr "" 15271 15272#. type: Content of: <p> 15273#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:14 15274msgid "" 15275"According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos \"the Indians knew the" 15276" leap years\"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic " 15277"movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we" 15278" suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March " 15279"equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime " 15280"(12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in " 15281"time thanks to the \"Date / Time Window\" from year to year and we will " 15282"notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation " 15283"begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to " 15284"the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, " 15285"also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start " 15286"the cycle again." 15287msgstr "" 15288 15289#. type: Content of: <h2> 15290#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:19 15291msgid "Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes." 15292msgstr "" 15293 15294#. type: Content of: <p> 15295#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:21 15296msgid "" 15297"We consider that by means of \"stellar mirrors\" the sages could register " 15298"the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the " 15299"nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, " 15300"as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so " 15301"these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony " 15302"giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms." 15303msgstr "" 15304 15305#. type: Content of: <p> 15306#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:23 15307msgid "<b>March Equinox</b>" 15308msgstr "" 15309 15310#. type: Content of: <li> 15311#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:24 15312msgid "" 15313"<b>\"Antonio Quinatoa\" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: " 15314"Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named \"Antonio " 15315"Quinatoa\". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle." 15316msgstr "" 15317 15318#. type: Content of: <p> 15319#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:26 15320msgid "<b>September Equinox</b>" 15321msgstr "" 15322 15323#. type: Content of: <li> 15324#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:27 15325msgid "" 15326"<b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - " 15327"Antares who make up the triangle named \"Molestina\"" 15328msgstr "" 15329 15330#. type: Content of: <p> 15331#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:29 15332msgid "" 15333"<b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the" 15334" registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation " 15335"named \"Daniela Alejandra Ayala\", cosmic set that accompanies the image of " 15336"the \"Mono Andino\", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of " 15337"the female equinox." 15338msgstr "" 15339 15340#. type: Content of: <p> 15341#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:31 15342msgid "<b>June Solstice</b>" 15343msgstr "" 15344 15345#. type: Content of: <p> 15346#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:32 15347msgid "" 15348"<b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer " 15349"Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis," 15350" λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the \"Southern Cross\"." 15351msgstr "" 15352 15353#. type: Content of: <p> 15354#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:34 15355msgid "<b>December Solstice</b>" 15356msgstr "" 15357 15358#. type: Content of: <p> 15359#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:35 15360msgid "" 15361"<b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening" 15362" of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi" 15363" - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the " 15364"resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December " 15365"solstice It is in an East - West direction." 15366msgstr "" 15367 15368#. type: Content of: <p> 15369#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:37 15370msgid "" 15371"The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of " 15372"each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms " 15373"(diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle," 15374" apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in " 15375"the dark constellations." 15376msgstr "" 15377 15378#. type: Content of: <h2> 15379#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:41 15380msgid "The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations." 15381msgstr "" 15382 15383#. type: Content of: <h3> 15384#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:42 15385msgid "The Milky Way" 15386msgstr "" 15387 15388#. type: Content of: <li> 15389#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:43 15390msgid "" 15391"Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a " 15392"large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth " 15393"means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate " 15394"a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated" 15395" to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the \"Muyun\" for many " 15396"peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent." 15397msgstr "" 15398 15399#. type: Content of: <p> 15400#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:45 15401msgid "" 15402"Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or" 15403" stars; the astral beings are housed in the \"dark spots\" existing in the " 15404"brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual " 15405"path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding " 15406"constellation in each \"visible end\" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar " 15407"movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked " 15408"the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or " 15409"festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and " 15410"veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious " 15411"thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent." 15412msgstr "" 15413 15414#. type: Content of: <p> 15415#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:47 15416msgid "Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:" 15417msgstr "" 15418 15419#. type: Content of: <h3> 15420#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:49 15421msgid "Dark Constellations" 15422msgstr "" 15423 15424#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15425#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:51 15426msgid "" 15427"Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, " 15428"also called \"Wilca\" or \"Otorongo\", indicates the arrival of the crops of" 15429" tender grains." 15430msgstr "" 15431 15432#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15433#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:52 15434msgid "" 15435"Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female " 15436"cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural " 15437"processes." 15438msgstr "" 15439 15440#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15441#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:53 15442msgid "" 15443"Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The \"Hampatu\" is the animal that has " 15444"several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June" 15445" solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead." 15446msgstr "" 15447 15448#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15449#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:54 15450msgid "" 15451"Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as \"the Man and the " 15452"Spear\" or \"The Dancer\", the constellation governs the December solstice." 15453msgstr "" 15454 15455#. type: Content of: <p> 15456#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58 15457msgid "" 15458"These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy " 15459"of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, " 15460"guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - " 15461"Ecuador</b>" 15462msgstr "" 15463 15464#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 15465#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58 15466msgid "." 15467msgstr "" 15468 15469#. type: Content of: <p> 15470#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:60 15471msgid "" 15472"The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala " 15473"Quinatoa in \"Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught " 15474"me\"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration." 15475msgstr "" 15476 15477#. type: Content of: <p> 15478#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:62 15479msgid "" 15480"The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the " 15481"Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book \"Ancestral " 15482"Representations and Colors of the Cosmos\" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage" 15483" of Ecuador)." 15484msgstr "" 15485 15486#. type: Content of: <h2> 15487#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:1 15488msgid "Ojibwe" 15489msgstr "" 15490 15491#. type: Content of: <p> 15492#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:2 15493msgid "" 15494"Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America " 15495"(United States and Canada). Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for " 15496"birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup. Also known as" 15497" Anishinaabe and Chippewa. The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’. The" 15498" Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of " 15499"the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, " 15500"created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012. More details can be found in" 15501" the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: " 15502"An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are Ojibwe " 15503"star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and other resources." 15504msgstr "" 15505 15506#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15507#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:7 15508msgid "" 15509"<i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of " 15510"Hydra" 15511msgstr "" 15512 15513#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15514#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:8 15515msgid "<i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona" 15516msgstr "" 15517 15518#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15519#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:9 15520msgid "" 15521"<i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran" 15522msgstr "" 15523 15524#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15525#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:10 15526msgid "<i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)" 15527msgstr "" 15528 15529#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15530#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:11 15531msgid "<i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)" 15532msgstr "" 15533 15534#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15535#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:12 15536msgid "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris" 15537msgstr "" 15538 15539#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15540#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:13 15541msgid "<i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta" 15542msgstr "" 15543 15544#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15545#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:14 15546msgid "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades" 15547msgstr "" 15548 15549#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15550#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:15 15551msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades" 15552msgstr "" 15553 15554#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15555#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:16 15556msgid "<i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus" 15557msgstr "" 15558 15559#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15560#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:17 15561msgid "<i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules" 15562msgstr "" 15563 15564#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15565#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:18 15566msgid "<i>Nanaboujou</i>,Nanaboujou, Scorpio" 15567msgstr "" 15568 15569#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15570#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:19 15571msgid "<i>Anung</i>,Star," 15572msgstr "" 15573 15574#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15575#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:20 15576msgid "<i>Anung aki</i>,Star World" 15577msgstr "" 15578 15579#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15580#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:21 15581msgid "<i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon" 15582msgstr "" 15583 15584#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15585#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:22 15586msgid "<i>Giizis</i>,Sun" 15587msgstr "" 15588 15589#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15590#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:23 15591msgid "<i>Giizhig</i>,Sky" 15592msgstr "" 15593 15594#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15595#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:24 15596msgid "<i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus" 15597msgstr "" 15598 15599#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15600#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:25 15601msgid "<i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star" 15602msgstr "" 15603 15604#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15605#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:26 15606msgid "<i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star" 15607msgstr "" 15608 15609#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15610#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:27 15611msgid "<i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic" 15612msgstr "" 15613 15614#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15615#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:28 15616msgid "<i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way" 15617msgstr "" 15618 15619#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15620#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:29 15621msgid "<i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way" 15622msgstr "" 15623 15624#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15625#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:30 15626msgid "<i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star" 15627msgstr "" 15628 15629#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15630#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:31 15631msgid "<i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe" 15632msgstr "" 15633 15634#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15635#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:32 15636msgid "<i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)" 15637msgstr "" 15638 15639#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15640#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:33 15641msgid "<i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map" 15642msgstr "" 15643 15644#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15645#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:34 15646msgid "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East" 15647msgstr "" 15648 15649#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15650#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:35 15651msgid "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West" 15652msgstr "" 15653 15654#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15655#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:36 15656msgid "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North" 15657msgstr "" 15658 15659#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15660#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:37 15661msgid "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South" 15662msgstr "" 15663 15664#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15665#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:43 15666msgid "" 15667"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map" 15668" webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other " 15669"resources.</a>" 15670msgstr "" 15671 15672#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15673#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:44 15674msgid "" 15675"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-" 15676"Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1\">Ojibwe" 15677" Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com" 15678msgstr "" 15679 15680#. type: Content of: <p> 15681#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:49 15682msgid "" 15683"This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of " 15684"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at " 15685"revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based " 15686"on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star " 15687"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book " 15688"<i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe " 15689"Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts." 15690msgstr "" 15691 15692#. type: Content of: <p> 15693#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:50 15694msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson." 15695msgstr "" 15696 15697#. type: Content of: <h2> 15698#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:1 15699msgid "Romanian" 15700msgstr "" 15701 15702#. type: Content of: <p> 15703#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:2 15704msgid "" 15705"Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three " 15706"essential components." 15707msgstr "" 15708 15709#. type: Content of: <p><p> 15710#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:3 15711msgid "" 15712"The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in " 15713"which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as " 15714"an \"exhibition\" of agricultural tools used by peasants." 15715msgstr "" 15716 15717#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 15718#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:5 15719msgid "" 15720"The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization " 15721"of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian " 15722"and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with " 15723"cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a " 15724"church." 15725msgstr "" 15726 15727#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15728#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:8 15729msgid "" 15730"And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on " 15731"the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by " 15732"the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of " 15733"Dacians mixing with the Romans." 15734msgstr "" 15735 15736#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15737#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:11 15738msgid "" 15739"<strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four " 15740"Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping." 15741msgstr "" 15742 15743#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3> 15744#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:12 15745msgid "External links:" 15746msgstr "Външни връзки:" 15747 15748#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15749#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:14 15750msgid "" 15751"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Website for Tradițional Romanian " 15752"Constellation</a>" 15753msgstr "" 15754 15755#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15756#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:15 15757msgid "" 15758"<a href=\"http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-" 15759"romanesti-tradiionale\">On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional " 15760"Romanian Constellations</a>" 15761msgstr "" 15762 15763#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15764#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:16 15765msgid "" 15766"<a " 15767"href=\"http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro\">30" 15768" seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>" 15769msgstr "" 15770 15771#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15772#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:17 15773msgid "" 15774"<a h " 15775"href=\"http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news\">Romanian" 15776" peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion " 15777"Ottescu</a>" 15778msgstr "" 15779 15780#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15781#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:18 15782msgid "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>" 15783msgstr "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>" 15784 15785#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15786#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:20 15787msgid "Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members" 15788msgstr "" 15789"Благодарности на Andrei Dorian Gheorghe и Alastair McBeth – членове на SARM" 15790 15791#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3> 15792#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:22 15793msgid "Authors:" 15794msgstr "Автори:" 15795 15796#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15797#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:23 15798msgid "" 15799"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a " 15800"href=\"mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com\">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare " 15801"Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian " 15802"Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants " 15803"beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu." 15804msgstr "" 15805 15806#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p> 15807#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:26 15808msgid "" 15809"The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies " 15810"prepared by <a href=\"mailto:rlodina@gmail.com\">Radu Lodina</a> and <a " 15811"href=\"mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com\">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation " 15812"art done by Zamfir Somcutean." 15813msgstr "" 15814 15815#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 15816#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:28 15817msgid "" 15818"All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released " 15819"under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported." 15820msgstr "" 15821 15822#. type: Content of: <h2> 15823#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:1 15824msgid "Sami" 15825msgstr "" 15826 15827#. type: Content of: <p> 15828#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:3 15829msgid "" 15830"The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern " 15831"Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More " 15832"information can be found at <a " 15833"href=\"http://www.eng.samer.se/\">samer.se</a> and in the <a " 15834"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people\">Sami people article in " 15835"Wikipedia</a>." 15836msgstr "" 15837 15838#. type: Content of: <h3> 15839#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:8 15840#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:28 15841#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:43 15842msgid "Sources" 15843msgstr "Източници" 15844 15845#. type: Content of: <p> 15846#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:10 15847msgid "" 15848"Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi " 15849"mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och " 15850"celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral " 15851"and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his " 15852"work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi." 15853msgstr "" 15854 15855#. type: Content of: <p> 15856#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:15 15857msgid "" 15858"This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different " 15859"cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. " 15860"Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may" 15861" be small differences with some references." 15862msgstr "" 15863 15864#. type: Content of: <p> 15865#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:19 15866msgid "" 15867"Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old " 15868"religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role " 15869"for Sami peoples in years gone by." 15870msgstr "" 15871 15872#. type: Content of: <p> 15873#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:22 15874msgid "" 15875"The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic " 15876"cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture " 15877"was lost before it was recorded properly." 15878msgstr "" 15879 15880#. type: Content of: <h3> 15881#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:26 15882msgid "Constellations and Stars" 15883msgstr "" 15884 15885#. type: Content of: <p> 15886#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:28 15887msgid "" 15888"The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing " 15889"during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. " 15890"The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant" 15891" constellation, <i>Sarva</i> — the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for " 15892"elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> — Bull elk. The origin of " 15893"this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before " 15894"reindeer were domesticated." 15895msgstr "" 15896 15897#. type: Content of: <p> 15898#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:34 15899msgid "" 15900"<i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and " 15901"parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent " 15902"hunters of the elk. <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is " 15903"the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his " 15904"bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> — the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim" 15905" well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris)," 15906" legend has it that the world will come to an end." 15907msgstr "" 15908 15909#. type: Content of: <p> 15910#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:41 15911msgid "" 15912"Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a " 15913"href=\"#note1\">1</a></sup>) and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's " 15914"belt), the \"Ski Runners\", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and " 15915"\"The Runner\" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack) or " 15916"<i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack)." 15917msgstr "" 15918 15919#. type: Content of: <p> 15920#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:46 15921msgid "" 15922"The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or <i>Jakke-" 15923"mærka</i> (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky" 15924" chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star <i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning " 15925"star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can " 15926"also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching " 15927"(similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture)." 15928msgstr "" 15929 15930#. type: Content of: <p> 15931#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:52 15932msgid "" 15933"The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is" 15934" thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami " 15935"people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays" 15936" below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is " 15937"frequently bright enough to obscure many stars." 15938msgstr "" 15939 15940#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 15941#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:59 15942msgid "" 15943"<a name=\"note1\" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is " 15944"uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as " 15945"Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the " 15946"latitude where the Sami live." 15947msgstr "" 15948 15949#. type: Content of: <p> 15950#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:65 15951msgid "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)" 15952msgstr "" 15953 15954#. type: Content of: <h2> 15955#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:1 15956msgid "Sardinian" 15957msgstr "" 15958 15959#. type: Content of: <p> 15960#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:2 15961msgid "" 15962"Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their " 15963"eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world " 15964"has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian " 15965"culture." 15966msgstr "" 15967 15968#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15969#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:6 15970msgid "" 15971"<a href=\"http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php\">Stars and " 15972"constellations in sardinian language</a>" 15973msgstr "" 15974 15975#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15976#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:7 15977msgid "" 15978"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium " 15979"Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour</a>" 15980msgstr "" 15981 15982#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15983#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:8 15984msgid "" 15985"<a " 15986"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium" 15987" Wiki</a>" 15988msgstr "" 15989 15990#. type: Content of: <p> 15991#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:12 15992msgid "" 15993"These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe " 15994"Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com" 15995msgstr "" 15996 15997#. type: Content of: <h3> 15998#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:13 15999msgid "Credits" 16000msgstr "" 16001 16002#. type: Content of: <p> 16003#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:14 16004msgid "" 16005"The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done " 16006"by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu" 16007msgstr "" 16008 16009#. type: Content of: <h2> 16010#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:1 16011msgid "Russian (Siberian)" 16012msgstr "" 16013 16014#. type: Content of: <p> 16015#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:2 16016msgid "" 16017"The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly " 16018"studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about " 16019"constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In" 16020" this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which " 16021"typical for the whole of Siberia." 16022msgstr "" 16023 16024#. type: Content of: <p> 16025#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:8 16026msgid "" 16027"The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished" 16028" into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose " 16029"Road</em>) and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names " 16030"of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the " 16031"Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia." 16032msgstr "" 16033 16034#. type: Content of: <p> 16035#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:14 16036msgid "" 16037"The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but " 16038"all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a " 16039"bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common." 16040msgstr "" 16041 16042#. type: Content of: <p> 16043#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:19 16044msgid "" 16045"In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although " 16046"in Eastern Siberia the name \"Bear\" is used more frequently)." 16047msgstr "" 16048 16049#. type: Content of: <p> 16050#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:23 16051msgid "" 16052"In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of" 16053" his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for " 16054"north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In " 16055"the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major " 16056"constellation." 16057msgstr "" 16058 16059#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16060#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:30 16061msgid "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s." 16062msgstr "" 16063 16064#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16065#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:31 16066msgid "" 16067"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj " 16068"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: " 16069"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s." 16070msgstr "" 16071 16072#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16073#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:32 16074msgid "" 16075"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS " 16076"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s." 16077msgstr "" 16078 16079#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16080#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:33 16081msgid "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s." 16082msgstr "" 16083 16084#. type: Content of: <h2> 16085#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:1 16086msgid "Tongan (Tonga)" 16087msgstr "" 16088 16089#. type: Content of: <p> 16090#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:2 16091msgid "" 16092"As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the " 16093"practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances " 16094"separation of individual star names from "star path" names cannot " 16095"be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of " 16096"numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on" 16097" which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is" 16098" approximated based on the limited resources available." 16099msgstr "" 16100 16101#. type: Content of: <p> 16102#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:11 16103msgid "" 16104"Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, " 16105"Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable " 16106"exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: " 16107"α UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan " 16108"islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the" 16109" event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational " 16110"landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of " 16111"Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This " 16112"is surprising since the vast majority of star lore – globally and " 16113"Polynesian – has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being " 16114"easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night" 16115" sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two " 16116"anomalies.]" 16117msgstr "" 16118 16119#. type: Content of: <p> 16120#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:25 16121msgid "" 16122"Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in " 16123"the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in " 16124"Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian." 16125msgstr "" 16126 16127#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16128#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:32 16129msgid "" 16130"Velt Kik, <em>Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga</em>, 1990 'Atenisi " 16131"University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department." 16132msgstr "" 16133 16134#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16135#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:34 16136msgid "" 16137"T.H Fale, <em>Tongan astronomy</em>, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, " 16138"Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing." 16139msgstr "" 16140 16141#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16142#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:37 16143msgid "" 16144"E. E. V. Collocott, <em>Tongan astronomy and calendar</em>, 1992 Occasional " 16145"Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and " 16146"Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p." 16147" 157-173." 16148msgstr "" 16149 16150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16151#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45 16152msgid "Tongan term" 16153msgstr "" 16154 16155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16156#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46 16157msgid "Humu" 16158msgstr "" 16159 16160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16161#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46 16162msgid "Coal sack" 16163msgstr "" 16164 16165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16166#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47 16167msgid "Kaniva" 16168msgstr "" 16169 16170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16171#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48 16172msgid "Ma'afulele" 16173msgstr "" 16174 16175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16176#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48 16177msgid "Large Magellan cloud" 16178msgstr "" 16179 16180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16181#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49 16182msgid "Ma'afutoka" 16183msgstr "" 16184 16185#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16186#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49 16187msgid "Small Magellan cloud" 16188msgstr "" 16189 16190#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16191#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50 16192msgid "'otu Ma'afu" 16193msgstr "" 16194 16195#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16196#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50 16197msgid "Magellanic clouds (both)" 16198msgstr "" 16199 16200#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16201#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51 16202msgid "Ha'amonga" 16203msgstr "" 16204 16205#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16206#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51 16207msgid "Ecliptic" 16208msgstr "" 16209 16210#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16211#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52 16212msgid "Mahina" 16213msgstr "" 16214 16215#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16216#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53 16217msgid "La'a" 16218msgstr "" 16219 16220#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16221#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54 16222msgid "Fetu'u" 16223msgstr "" 16224 16225#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16226#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54 16227msgid "Star (in general)" 16228msgstr "" 16229 16230#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16231#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55 16232msgid "Fetu'ufuka" 16233msgstr "" 16234 16235#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16236#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55 16237msgid "Comet" 16238msgstr "" 16239 16240#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16241#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56 16242msgid "'Umata" 16243msgstr "" 16244 16245#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16246#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56 16247msgid "Rainbow" 16248msgstr "" 16249 16250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16251#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57 16252msgid "Fetu'u'Esiafi" 16253msgstr "" 16254 16255#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16256#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57 16257msgid "Falling star" 16258msgstr "" 16259 16260#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16261#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58 16262msgid "tapukitea" 16263msgstr "" 16264 16265#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16266#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59 16267msgid "Matamemea" 16268msgstr "" 16269 16270#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16271#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60 16272msgid "Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)" 16273msgstr "" 16274 16275#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16276#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61 16277msgid "Ma'afulele (same as LMC)" 16278msgstr "" 16279 16280#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16281#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62 16282msgid "Velitoa hififo" 16283msgstr "" 16284 16285#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16286#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62 16287msgid "Rigel" 16288msgstr "" 16289 16290#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16291#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63 16292msgid "Velitoa hahake" 16293msgstr "" 16294 16295#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16296#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63 16297msgid "Betelguese" 16298msgstr "" 16299 16300#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16301#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64 16302msgid "Hikule'o" 16303msgstr "" 16304 16305#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16306#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65 16307msgid "Monuafe" 16308msgstr "" 16309 16310#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16311#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65 16312msgid "Meissa" 16313msgstr "" 16314 16315#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16316#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66 16317msgid "Motuliki" 16318msgstr "" 16319 16320#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16321#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67 16322msgid "Tu'ulalupe" 16323msgstr "" 16324 16325#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16326#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68 16327msgid "Toloatonga" 16328msgstr "" 16329 16330#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16331#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69 16332msgid "Toloalahi" 16333msgstr "" 16334 16335#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16336#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69 16337msgid "False Cross" 16338msgstr "" 16339 16340#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 16341#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:72 16342msgid "<strong>Tongan constellations</strong>" 16343msgstr "" 16344 16345#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16346#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74 16347msgid "Tongan name" 16348msgstr "" 16349 16350#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16351#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74 16352msgid "Designation or notes" 16353msgstr "" 16354 16355#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16356#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75 16357msgid "Tuinga ika" 16358msgstr "" 16359 16360#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16361#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75 16362msgid "Part of Orion, belt and sword" 16363msgstr "" 16364 16365#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16366#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76 16367msgid "Ae e'Uvea" 16368msgstr "" 16369 16370#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16371#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76 16372msgid "Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16373msgstr "" 16374 16375#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16376#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77 16377msgid "Fatanalua" 16378msgstr "" 16379 16380#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16381#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77 16382msgid "Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16383msgstr "" 16384 16385#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16386#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78 16387msgid "Kapakau'o'tafahi" 16388msgstr "" 16389 16390#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16391#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78 16392msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16393msgstr "" 16394 16395#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16396#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79 16397msgid "Toloa" 16398msgstr "" 16399 16400#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16401#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79 16402msgid "Belt of Orion" 16403msgstr "" 16404 16405#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16406#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80 16407msgid "Lua tangata" 16408msgstr "" 16409 16410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16411#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80 16412msgid "Castor and/or Pollux" 16413msgstr "" 16414 16415#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16416#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81 16417msgid "Fungasia" 16418msgstr "" 16419 16420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16421#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81 16422msgid "Toliman and/or Agena" 16423msgstr "" 16424 16425#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16426#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82 16427msgid "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)" 16428msgstr "" 16429 16430#. type: Content of: <h1> 16431#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:1 16432msgid "Tukano Constellations" 16433msgstr "" 16434 16435#. type: Content of: <p> 16436#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:2 16437msgid "" 16438"Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around " 16439"the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group " 16440"shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro " 16441"bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil." 16442msgstr "" 16443 16444#. type: Content of: <h5> 16445#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:5 16446msgid "" 16447"<em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer " 16448"to:</em>" 16449msgstr "" 16450 16451#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16452#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:7 16453msgid "" 16454"<a " 16455"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\"" 16456" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>." 16457msgstr "" 16458 16459#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16460#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:8 16461msgid "" 16462"<a " 16463"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\"" 16464" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Thesis</a>" 16465msgstr "" 16466 16467#. type: Content of: <h3> 16468#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:11 16469msgid "CONSTELLATIONS" 16470msgstr "СЪЗВЕЗДИЯ" 16471 16472#. type: Content of: <p> 16473#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:12 16474msgid "" 16475"Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural " 16476"phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who " 16477"speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations." 16478" There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here " 16479"essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations. " 16480"Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions" 16481" or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing " 16482"limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- " 16483"Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way. Their" 16484" conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. " 16485"They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like " 16486"us." 16487msgstr "" 16488 16489#. type: Content of: <p> 16490#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:13 16491msgid "" 16492"Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people " 16493"and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school " 16494"students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as" 16495" you’ll see below." 16496msgstr "" 16497 16498#. type: Content of: <p> 16499#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:14 16500msgid "" 16501"In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are " 16502"observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during " 16503"the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena " 16504"related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head" 16505" setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of " 16506"the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with" 16507" an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these " 16508"changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group " 16509"for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat " 16510"some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and" 16511" microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either. So, a " 16512"phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside " 16513"a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. " 16514"Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex " 16515"relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore." 16516msgstr "" 16517 16518#. type: Content of: <p> 16519#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:15 16520msgid "" 16521"The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, " 16522"Portuguese and English. Ex. Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo." 16523msgstr "" 16524 16525#. type: Content of: <h3> 16526#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17 16527msgid "Aña or Aña Diaso\\Jararaca\\Fer-de-lance" 16528msgstr "" 16529 16530#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16531#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17 16532msgid "" 16533"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca\" class='external " 16534"text' rel=\"nofollow\">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>" 16535msgstr "" 16536 16537#. type: Content of: <p> 16538#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:19 16539msgid "" 16540"A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona " 16541"Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the " 16542"beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos." 16543msgstr "" 16544 16545#. type: Content of: <h3> 16546#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20 16547msgid "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo" 16548msgstr "" 16549 16550#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16551#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20 16552msgid "" 16553"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' " 16554"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>" 16555msgstr "" 16556 16557#. type: Content of: <p> 16558#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:21 16559msgid "" 16560"This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila " 16561"constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar " 16562"field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae)." 16563msgstr "" 16564 16565#. type: Content of: <h3> 16566#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22 16567msgid "Darsiu\\camarão de rio\\freshwater shrimp" 16568msgstr "" 16569 16570#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16571#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22 16572msgid "" 16573"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' " 16574"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>" 16575msgstr "" 16576 16577#. type: Content of: <h3> 16578#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23 16579msgid "Mhua\\Jacundá (peixe)\\A kind of fish" 16580msgstr "" 16581 16582#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16583#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23 16584msgid "" 16585"<a href=\"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1\" class='external text' " 16586"rel=\"nofollow\">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>" 16587msgstr "" 16588 16589#. type: Content of: <p> 16590#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:24 16591msgid "" 16592"Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius " 16593"and Pisces area. But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during " 16594"the night." 16595msgstr "" 16596 16597#. type: Content of: <h3> 16598#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25 16599msgid "Yai\\onça\\puma or jaguar" 16600msgstr "" 16601 16602#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16603#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25 16604msgid "" 16605"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' " 16606"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>" 16607msgstr "" 16608 16609#. type: Content of: <p> 16610#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:26 16611msgid "" 16612"It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions " 16613"of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described " 16614"inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations." 16615msgstr "" 16616 16617#. type: Content of: <h3> 16618#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27 16619msgid "Yhe\\garça\\egret" 16620msgstr "" 16621 16622#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16623#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27 16624msgid "" 16625"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret\" class='external text' " 16626"rel=\"nofollow\">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>" 16627msgstr "" 16628 16629#. type: Content of: <p> 16630#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:28 16631msgid "" 16632"It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those " 16633"stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the " 16634"first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São " 16635"José II tribe." 16636msgstr "" 16637 16638#. type: Content of: <h3> 16639#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29 16640msgid "Yurara\\tartaruga\\turtle" 16641msgstr "" 16642 16643#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16644#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29 16645msgid "" 16646"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise\" class='external text' " 16647"rel=\"nofollow\">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>" 16648msgstr "" 16649 16650#. type: Content of: <p> 16651#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:30 16652msgid "" 16653"This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross " 16654"constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also " 16655"means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people." 16656msgstr "" 16657 16658#. type: Content of: <h3> 16659#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31 16660msgid "Nhorkoatero\\grupo de estrelas\\Pleiades" 16661msgstr "" 16662 16663#. type: Content of: <h3> 16664#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31 16665msgid "Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars" 16666msgstr "" 16667 16668#. type: Content of: <p> 16669#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:32 16670msgid "" 16671"The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of stars. " 16672"Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within " 16673"a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period " 16674"pointer." 16675msgstr "" 16676 16677#. type: Content of: <h3> 16678#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33 16679msgid "Waikhasa\\moquém\\a kind of recipient to cook fish" 16680msgstr "" 16681 16682#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16683#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33 16684msgid "" 16685"<a href=\"http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear\" " 16686"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of " 16687"grill to cook fish)</a>" 16688msgstr "" 16689 16690#. type: Content of: <p> 16691#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:34 16692msgid "" 16693"It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the " 16694"bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades. This is an easy asterism to be " 16695"seen all over the sky." 16696msgstr "" 16697 16698#. type: Content of: <h3> 16699#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35 16700msgid "Sioyahpu\\enxó\\instrument do carve wood" 16701msgstr "" 16702 16703#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16704#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35 16705msgid "" 16706"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze\" class='external text' " 16707"rel=\"nofollow\">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>" 16708msgstr "" 16709 16710#. type: Content of: <p> 16711#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:36 16712msgid "" 16713"As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this " 16714"constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents" 16715" to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood." 16716msgstr "" 16717 16718#. type: Content of: <h3> 16719#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37 16720msgid "Sipé Phairo\\cobra de ânus grande\\a snake" 16721msgstr "" 16722 16723#. type: Content of: <h3><br> 16724#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37 16725msgid "Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus" 16726msgstr "" 16727 16728#. type: Content of: <p> 16729#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:38 16730msgid "" 16731"This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when " 16732"this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in" 16733" the main river are swallowed by it." 16734msgstr "" 16735 16736#. type: Content of: <h3> 16737#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:39 16738msgid "Diayo/lontra/otter" 16739msgstr "" 16740 16741#. type: Content of: <p> 16742#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:40 16743msgid "" 16744"Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river," 16745" this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis Major " 16746"in that region." 16747msgstr "" 16748 16749#. type: Content of: <h3> 16750#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:41 16751msgid "Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances" 16752msgstr "" 16753 16754#. type: Content of: <p> 16755#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:42 16756msgid "" 16757"Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in" 16758" some special Tukano ceremonies." 16759msgstr "" 16760 16761#. type: Content of: <h4> 16762#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:44 16763msgid "SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:" 16764msgstr "" 16765 16766#. type: Content of: <p> 16767#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:45 16768msgid "" 16769"This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, " 16770"conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis " 16771"(Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in " 16772"practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about " 16773"constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky " 16774"mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in " 16775"special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we " 16776"created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from" 16777" differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting " 16778"and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major " 16779"constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians" 16780msgstr "" 16781 16782#. type: Content of: <h4> 16783#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48 16784msgid "" 16785"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of" 16786" his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)" 16787msgstr "" 16788 16789#. type: Content of: <h4><br> 16790#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48 16791msgid "" 16792"Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and " 16793"Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com)." 16794msgstr "" 16795 16796#. type: Content of: <h2> 16797#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:1 16798msgid "Tupi-Guarani" 16799msgstr "" 16800 16801#. type: Content of: <p> 16802#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:2 16803msgid "" 16804"Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the " 16805"indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries." 16806msgstr "" 16807 16808#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16809#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:5 16810msgid "" 16811"As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep " 16812"track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily " 16813"life. In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de " 16814"Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated" 16815" that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book " 16816"only details seven." 16817msgstr "" 16818 16819#. type: Content of: <p><h4> 16820#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:8 16821msgid "Ema" 16822msgstr "" 16823 16824#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16825#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:9 16826msgid "" 16827"The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i>" 16828" in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White Ostrich</i>. The " 16829"constellation depicts a large bird." 16830msgstr "" 16831 16832#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16833#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:11 16834msgid "" 16835"In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the " 16836"Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South " 16837"of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North." 16838msgstr "" 16839 16840#. type: Content of: <p><h4> 16841#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:13 16842msgid "Homem Velho (the Old Man)" 16843msgstr "" 16844 16845#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16846#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:14 16847msgid "This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick." 16848msgstr "" 16849 16850#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16851#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:15 16852msgid "" 16853"In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the " 16854"evening Eastern sky. This marks the beginning of summer in the southern " 16855"parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North." 16856msgstr "" 16857 16858#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 16859#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:19 16860msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people\">The Tupi People</a>" 16861msgstr "" 16862 16863#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 16864#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:20 16865msgid "" 16866"<a href=\"http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf\">The " 16867"Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)" 16868msgstr "" 16869 16870#. type: Content of: <p> 16871#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:24 16872msgid "" 16873"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo " 16874"Pontes</i>." 16875msgstr "" 16876 16877#. type: Content of: <h2> 16878#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:1 16879msgid "Vanuatu (Netwar)" 16880msgstr "" 16881 16882#. type: Content of: <p> 16883#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:2 16884msgid "" 16885"The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran " 16886"among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a " 16887"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">published online</a>. Netwar " 16888"language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called \"Lenakel language\" " 16889"after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in " 16890"Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of " 16891"Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent." 16892msgstr "" 16893 16894#. type: Content of: <h3> 16895#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:4 16896msgid "Solar system" 16897msgstr "Слънчева система" 16898 16899#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16900#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:6 16901msgid "Sun: Met" 16902msgstr "" 16903 16904#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16905#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:7 16906msgid "Moon: Mawuk" 16907msgstr "" 16908 16909#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16910#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:9 16911msgid "Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'" 16912msgstr "" 16913 16914#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16915#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:10 16916msgid "" 16917"First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky " 16918"the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening" 16919msgstr "" 16920 16921#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16922#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:11 16923msgid "" 16924"Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' " 16925"(Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, " 16926"the Moon just appears above the mountains" 16927msgstr "" 16928 16929#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16930#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:12 16931msgid "Last quarter: Numanmel" 16932msgstr "" 16933 16934#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16935#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:13 16936msgid "Waning crescent: Numanmel" 16937msgstr "" 16938 16939#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16940#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:14 16941msgid "Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'" 16942msgstr "" 16943 16944#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16945#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:16 16946msgid "Venus:" 16947msgstr "" 16948 16949#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16950#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:18 16951msgid "Morning star: Fétukai" 16952msgstr "" 16953 16954#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16955#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:19 16956msgid "Evening star: Kéwita" 16957msgstr "" 16958 16959#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16960#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:21 16961msgid "Jupiter: Karatéi" 16962msgstr "" 16963 16964#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16965#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:22 16966msgid "Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death" 16967msgstr "" 16968 16969#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16970#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:27 16971msgid "In general: Mahau" 16972msgstr "" 16973 16974#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16975#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:28 16976msgid "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta" 16977msgstr "" 16978 16979#. type: Content of: <h3> 16980#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:31 16981msgid "Constellations and deep-sky objects" 16982msgstr "" 16983 16984#. type: Content of: <p> 16985#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:32 16986msgid "" 16987"Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the " 16988"reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. " 16989"The actual translations of the local names follow them." 16990msgstr "" 16991 16992#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16993#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:34 16994msgid "LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'" 16995msgstr "" 16996 16997#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16998#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:35 16999msgid "" 17000"Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown " 17001"meaning" 17002msgstr "" 17003 17004#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17005#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:36 17006msgid "Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'" 17007msgstr "" 17008 17009#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17010#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:37 17011msgid "Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'" 17012msgstr "" 17013 17014#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17015#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:38 17016msgid "" 17017"Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'" 17018msgstr "" 17019 17020#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17021#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:39 17022msgid "" 17023"Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it " 17024"is time to prepare gardens" 17025msgstr "" 17026 17027#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17028#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:40 17029msgid "Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves" 17030msgstr "" 17031 17032#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17033#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:41 17034msgid "" 17035"Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages" 17036" with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time " 17037"when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest" 17038msgstr "" 17039 17040#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17041#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:42 17042msgid "" 17043"Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen " 17044"Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'" 17045msgstr "" 17046 17047#. type: Content of: <h3> 17048#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:45 17049msgid "Names of objects with unknown position" 17050msgstr "" 17051 17052#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17053#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:47 17054msgid "" 17055"Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or " 17056"to rise close to it" 17057msgstr "" 17058 17059#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17060#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:48 17061msgid "" 17062"Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the " 17063"morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)" 17064msgstr "" 17065 17066#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17067#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:49 17068msgid "" 17069"Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in " 17070"September in the morning near zenith" 17071msgstr "" 17072 17073#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17074#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:50 17075msgid "" 17076"Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in " 17077"February in the morning" 17078msgstr "" 17079 17080#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17081#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:55 17082msgid "" 17083"Project <a href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">Vanuatu Sky</a> " 17084"including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu" 17085msgstr "" 17086 17087#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17088#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:56 17089msgid "" 17090"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language\">Netwar language " 17091"on Wikipedia</a>" 17092msgstr "" 17093 17094#. type: Content of: <p> 17095#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:60 17096msgid "" 17097"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a " 17098"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a " 17099"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>." 17100msgstr "" 17101 17102#. type: Content of: <p> 17103#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:61 17104msgid "" 17105"Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral" 17106" knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from " 17107"Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé" 17108" from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe " 17109"Natuman from Lowkweria." 17110msgstr "" 17111 17112#. type: Content of: <h2> 17113#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:1 17114msgid "Western" 17115msgstr "" 17116 17117#. type: Content of: <p> 17118#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:2 17119msgid "" 17120"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is " 17121"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has " 17122"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic " 17123"astronomy." 17124msgstr "" 17125 17126#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17127#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:5 17128#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:5 17129msgid "" 17130"The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various " 17131"sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by " 17132"the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the " 17133"standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky " 17134"cultures exhaustively in daily usage." 17135msgstr "" 17136 17137#. type: Content of: <p> 17138#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:8 17139msgid "" 17140"Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, " 17141"Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used " 17142"instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names " 17143"are more famous than the designations." 17144msgstr "" 17145 17146#. type: Content of: <h3> 17147#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:10 17148msgid "Alternative asterism files for Stellarium" 17149msgstr "" 17150 17151#. type: Content of: <p> 17152#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:11 17153msgid "" 17154"<a " 17155"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" " 17156"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a>, from his " 17157"book \"The Stars: A New Way To See Them\", by <a class='external text' " 17158"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike " 17159"Richards</a>." 17160msgstr "" 17161 17162#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17163#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:15 17164#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:14 17165msgid "" 17166"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text'" 17167" title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" " 17168"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia" 17169msgstr "" 17170 17171#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17172#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:16 17173#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:15 17174msgid "" 17175"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external " 17176"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" " 17177"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia" 17178msgstr "" 17179 17180#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17181#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:17 17182msgid "" 17183"<a " 17184"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\"" 17185" class='external text' " 17186"title=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\"" 17187" rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval " 17188"Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius " 17189"Engravings." 17190msgstr "" 17191 17192#. type: Content of: <h2> 17193#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:1 17194msgid "Sky & Telescope" 17195msgstr "Sky & Telescope" 17196 17197#. type: Content of: <p> 17198#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:2 17199msgid "" 17200"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is " 17201"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has " 17202"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic " 17203"astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & " 17204"Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & " 17205"Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & " 17206"Telescope magazine." 17207msgstr "" 17208 17209#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17210#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:7 17211msgid "" 17212"Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines " 17213"for Microscopium or Mensa." 17214msgstr "" 17215 17216#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17217#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:10 17218msgid "" 17219"The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in " 17220"the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file." 17221msgstr "" 17222 17223#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17224#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:13 17225msgid "" 17226"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' " 17227"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> homepage" 17228msgstr "" 17229"Начална страница на <a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" " 17230"class='external text' title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & " 17231"Telescope</a> " 17232 17233#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17234#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:16 17235msgid "" 17236"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' " 17237"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official" 17238" IAU constellation information</a>" 17239msgstr "" 17240 17241#. type: Content of: <h2> 17242#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:1 17243msgid "Western (O.Hlad)" 17244msgstr "Западна (O.Hlad)" 17245 17246#. type: Content of: <p> 17247#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:3 17248msgid "Constellations according to classical Czech publication:" 17249msgstr "" 17250 17251#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17252#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:6 17253msgid "" 17254"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. " 17255"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik." 17256msgstr "" 17257"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. " 17258"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik." 17259 17260#. type: Content of: <p> 17261#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:9 17262msgid "Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:" 17263msgstr "" 17264 17265#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17266#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:12 17267msgid "" 17268"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. " 17269"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing." 17270msgstr "" 17271"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. " 17272"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing." 17273 17274#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17275#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:13 17276msgid "" 17277"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor." 17278msgstr "" 17279"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor." 17280 17281#. type: Content of: <p> 17282#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:19 17283msgid "" 17284"Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-" 17285"letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright " 17286"stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case " 17287"of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir). We usually do <em>not</em> use" 17288" 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected " 17289"by light pollution. The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and " 17290"easier-to-remember for children. We use these constellations at the " 17291"Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a " 17292"href=\"http://www.astrohk.cz\">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>)." 17293msgstr "" 17294 17295#. type: Content of: <p> 17296#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:28 17297msgid "" 17298"Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies " 17299"are just behind Bear's head. Gem is a similar case. Cam seems upside-down " 17300"with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed" 17301" brighter." 17302msgstr "" 17303 17304#. type: Content of: <h3> 17305#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:33 17306msgid "Updates" 17307msgstr "Обновления" 17308 17309#. type: Content of: <p> 17310#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:35 17311msgid "Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1" 17312msgstr "Версия 1.0 за Stellarium 0.13.1" 17313 17314#. type: Content of: <p> 17315#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:37 17316msgid "" 17317"Future updates should be available at <a " 17318"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>" 17319msgstr "" 17320"За бъдещи обновления посетете <a " 17321"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>" 17322 17323#. type: Content of: <h2> 17324#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:1 17325msgid "Western: H.A. Rey" 17326msgstr "Западна: H.A. Rey" 17327 17328#. type: Content of: <p> 17329#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:5 17330msgid "" 17331"During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated " 17332"atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. " 17333"The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown " 17334"connected with line patterns (\"stick figures\"), which however appear " 17335"sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which " 17336"constellation. Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the " 17337"figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning " 17338"stargazers in the middle of the 20th century." 17339msgstr "" 17340 17341#. type: Content of: <p> 17342#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:16 17343msgid "" 17344"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of " 17345"children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his " 17346"answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To " 17347"See Them</em>." 17348msgstr "" 17349 17350#. type: Content of: <h4> 17351#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:22 17352msgid "The Constellations" 17353msgstr "Съзвездията" 17354 17355#. type: Content of: <p> 17356#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:24 17357msgid "" 17358"In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey " 17359"connected the stars of every constellation \"in such a way that the " 17360"resulting shape makes sense.\" What surprised him was \"that nobody has done" 17361" it before. The basic idea is so simple.\"" 17362msgstr "" 17363 17364#. type: Content of: <p> 17365#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:29 17366msgid "" 17367"Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted" 17368" constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, " 17369"therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick" 17370" figures. The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey." 17371" If you switch to \"Native\" name display mode, you may see exactly the " 17372"spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those " 17373"included in the book." 17374msgstr "" 17375 17376#. type: Content of: <h4> 17377#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:37 17378msgid "Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations" 17379msgstr "" 17380 17381#. type: Content of: <p> 17382#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:39 17383msgid "" 17384"Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and " 17385"describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of " 17386"asterisms of the two Dippers and the \"Great Square\" (of Pegasus). " 17387"However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures " 17388"described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of" 17389" the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For " 17390"example," 17391msgstr "" 17392 17393#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17394#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:47 17395msgid "" 17396"Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>) to look " 17397"like a polar bear scenting prey. This on one hand does not have the usual " 17398"problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown " 17399"to walk around the pole in this orientation." 17400msgstr "" 17401 17402#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17403#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:53 17404msgid "" 17405"The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long " 17406"upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including " 17407"its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye " 17408"<em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck." 17409msgstr "" 17410 17411#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17412#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:58 17413msgid "" 17414"The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of " 17415"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as " 17416"\"keystone\" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the " 17417"star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet." 17418msgstr "" 17419 17420#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17421#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:63 17422msgid "" 17423"The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now " 17424"forming a tail fin." 17425msgstr "" 17426 17427#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17428#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:66 17429msgid "<em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head." 17430msgstr "" 17431 17432#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17433#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:68 17434msgid "" 17435"<em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace" 17436" of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)" 17437msgstr "" 17438 17439#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17440#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:75 17441msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)</a>" 17442msgstr "" 17443"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Уикипедия)</a>" 17444 17445#. type: Content of: <p> 17446#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:80 17447msgid "" 17448"This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon " 17449"example contributed by Mike Richards. It has been reworked following the " 17450"41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti." 17451msgstr "" 17452