1# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2# Copyright (C) YEAR Stellarium's team
3# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
5#
6#, fuzzy
7msgid ""
8msgstr ""
9"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: stellarium@googlegroups.com\n"
11"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-12-16 17:32+0700\n"
12"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-01-06 16:35+0000\n"
13"Language-Team: Spanish (Latin America) (https://www.transifex.com/stellarium/teams/80998/es_419/)\n"
14"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
15"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
16"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
17"Language: es_419\n"
18"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
19
20#. type: Content of: <h1>
21#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:1
22msgid "Al-Sufi (\"Book of Fixed Stars\")"
23msgstr ""
24
25#. type: Content of: <p>
26#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:2
27msgid ""
28"The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul "
29"Kunitzsch described it as \"the most outstanding among the works of the "
30"prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in"
31" Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 "
32"classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in "
33"Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the "
34"following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation "
35"and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of "
36"the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a "
37"record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation,"
38" and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding"
39" Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is "
40"seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. "
41"Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal "
42"description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and "
43"magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star "
44"catalogue in the Almagest.\" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. In "
45"addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. "
46"Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were "
47"neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to "
48"Ptolemy star catalog."
49msgstr ""
50
51#. type: Content of: <p>
52#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:3
53msgid ""
54"An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of "
55"facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in "
56"more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by "
57"its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or "
58"arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by "
59"the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 "
60"angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for "
61"angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. "
62"Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and"
63" 20 minutes <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. For the other units,"
64" Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I "
65"came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and "
66"relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup<sup><a "
67"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> and from my research."
68msgstr ""
69
70#. type: Content of: <h2>
71#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:5
72msgid "Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi"
73msgstr ""
74
75#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
76#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:10
77msgid "<b>Schjellerup</b>"
78msgstr ""
79
80#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
81#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:11
82msgid "<b>Khalid</b>"
83msgstr ""
84
85#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
86#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:14
87msgid "<b>unit</b>"
88msgstr ""
89
90#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
91#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:15
92#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:17
93msgid "<b>cubits</b>"
94msgstr ""
95
96#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
97#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:16
98#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:18
99msgid "<b>Angular Value</b>"
100msgstr ""
101
102#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
103#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:21
104msgid "spear"
105msgstr ""
106
107#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
108#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:22
109#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:24
110msgid "6 cubits"
111msgstr ""
112
113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
114#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:28
115msgid "Man-Height"
116msgstr ""
117
118#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
119#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:31
120msgid "3 cubits"
121msgstr ""
122
123#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
124#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:35
125msgid "cubit"
126msgstr ""
127
128#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
129#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:36
130#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:38
131msgid "1 cubit"
132msgstr ""
133
134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
135#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:42
136msgid "span"
137msgstr ""
138
139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
140#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:43
141msgid "1/3 of a cubit"
142msgstr ""
143
144#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
145#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:45
146msgid "1/2 of a cubit"
147msgstr ""
148
149#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
150#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:49
151msgid "finger"
152msgstr ""
153
154#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
155#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:50
156msgid "1/32 of a cubit"
157msgstr ""
158
159#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
160#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:52
161msgid "1/16 of a cubit"
162msgstr ""
163
164#. type: Content of: <p>
165#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:57
166msgid ""
167"Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous "
168"Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact "
169"identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic "
170"stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at "
171"the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one."
172msgstr ""
173
174#. type: Content of: <h2>
175#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:59
176msgid "The Sky Culture"
177msgstr ""
178
179#. type: Content of: <p>
180#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:60
181msgid ""
182"This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of "
183"the book, oldest of which is the <a "
184"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\""
185" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh "
186"144 dated 1009 AD</a>."
187msgstr ""
188
189#. type: Content of: <p>
190#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:61
191msgid ""
192"First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, "
193"and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations"
194" was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built "
195"including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and "
196"Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and "
197"identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous "
198"steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars"
199" plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a "
200"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
201msgstr ""
202
203#. type: Content of: <p>
204#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:62
205msgid ""
206"The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the "
207"Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for "
208"Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>."
209" The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the "
210"primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a "
211"secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the"
212" star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this "
213"constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, "
214"which will display \"The star on the end of the tail\" on the top of the "
215"screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the "
216"constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. "
217"For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the "
218"star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined "
219"through asterism names and asterism lines files."
220msgstr ""
221
222#. type: Content of: <p>
223#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:63
224msgid ""
225"The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted "
226"from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> which "
227"was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a "
228"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few "
229"places to agree with Al-Sufi wording."
230msgstr ""
231
232#. type: Content of: <p>
233#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:64
234msgid ""
235"The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the "
236"objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content."
237msgstr ""
238
239#. type: Content of: <h2>
240#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:66
241#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:522
242#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:464
243#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:496
244#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:299
245#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:288
246msgid "Fair Use"
247msgstr ""
248
249#. type: Content of: <p>
250#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:67
251msgid ""
252"This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International "
253"Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the "
254"contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work "
255"be cited according to the common rules."
256msgstr ""
257
258#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
259#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:69
260#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:45
261#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:32
262#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:61
263#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:475
264#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:23
265#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:48
266#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:17
267#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:302
268#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:291
269#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:12
270#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:10
271#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:17
272#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:9
273#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:63
274#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:11
275#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:85
276#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:23
277msgid "Author"
278msgstr ""
279
280#. type: Content of: <p>
281#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:70
282msgid ""
283"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: "
284"turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
285msgstr ""
286
287#. type: Content of: <h3>
288#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:72
289#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:151
290#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:77
291#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2960
292#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:57
293msgid "Notes"
294msgstr ""
295
296#. type: Content of: <p>
297#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:73
298msgid ""
299"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-"
300"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: "
301"Variorum Reprints, 1989."
302msgstr ""
303
304#. type: Content of: <p>
305#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:74
306msgid "[2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga."
307msgstr ""
308
309#. type: Content of: <p>
310#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:75
311msgid ""
312"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par "
313"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27."
314msgstr ""
315
316#. type: Content of: <p>
317#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:76
318msgid ""
319"[4] <a "
320"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\""
321" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical "
322"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>."
323msgstr ""
324
325#. type: Content of: <p>
326#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:77
327msgid ""
328"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" "
329"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān "
330"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque "
331"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>."
332msgstr ""
333
334#. type: Content of: <p>
335#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:78
336msgid ""
337"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
338"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
339"of the Almagest Catalog</a>."
340msgstr ""
341
342#. type: Content of: <p>
343#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:79
344msgid ""
345"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., "
346"1998."
347msgstr ""
348
349#. type: Content of: <h2>
350#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:1
351msgid "Anutan"
352msgstr ""
353
354#. type: Content of: <p>
355#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:2
356msgid ""
357"Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon "
358"Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the "
359"Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars "
360"and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed "
361"from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) "
362"are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major "
363"navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or "
364"undistinguished)."
365msgstr ""
366
367#. type: Content of: <h3>
368#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:9
369#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:43
370msgid "Nomenclature"
371msgstr ""
372
373#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
374#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
375msgid "Anutan name"
376msgstr ""
377
378#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
379#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
380msgid "English translation"
381msgstr ""
382
383#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
384#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
385msgid "Western skylore"
386msgstr ""
387
388#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
389#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
390msgid "Te Tino A Manu"
391msgstr ""
392
393#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
394#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
395msgid "The Bird's Body"
396msgstr ""
397
398#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
399#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
400#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:191
401#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:36
402#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
403msgid "Sirius"
404msgstr ""
405
406#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
407#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
408msgid "Te Kapakau Tonga"
409msgstr ""
410
411#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
412#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
413msgid "The East Wing"
414msgstr ""
415
416#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
417#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
418#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:428
419#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:372
420#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:186
421#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
422msgid "Canopus"
423msgstr ""
424
425#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
426#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
427msgid "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau"
428msgstr ""
429
430#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
431#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
432msgid "The North Wing"
433msgstr ""
434
435#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
436#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
437msgid "Procyon"
438msgstr ""
439
440#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
441#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
442msgid "Te Kaokao O Manu"
443msgstr ""
444
445#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
446#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
447msgid "The Bird's Armpit"
448msgstr ""
449
450#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
451#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
452msgid "Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body"
453msgstr ""
454
455#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
456#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
457msgid "Te Kope"
458msgstr ""
459
460#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
461#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
462msgid "The Bamboo"
463msgstr ""
464
465#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
466#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
467msgid "Grus"
468msgstr ""
469
470#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
471#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
472msgid "Ara Toru"
473msgstr ""
474
475#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
476#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
477msgid "Path of Three"
478msgstr ""
479
480#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
481#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
482#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:66
483msgid "Orion's belt"
484msgstr ""
485
486#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
487#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
488msgid "Te Angaanga"
489msgstr ""
490
491#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
492#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
493msgid "The Tongs"
494msgstr ""
495
496#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
497#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
498msgid "Taurus's forehead"
499msgstr ""
500
501#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
502#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
503msgid "Matariki"
504msgstr ""
505
506#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
507#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
508msgid "Small Face, or Small Eyes"
509msgstr ""
510
511#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
512#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
513#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:306
514#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:251
515#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:96
516#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:129
517#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:41
518#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:13
519#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
520msgid "Pleiades"
521msgstr ""
522
523#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
524#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
525msgid "Kaavei"
526msgstr ""
527
528#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
529#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
530msgid "Octopus Tentacle"
531msgstr ""
532
533#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
534#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
535msgid "Aries"
536msgstr ""
537
538#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
539#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
540msgid "Taki Roto"
541msgstr ""
542
543#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
544#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
545msgid "Middle Precursor"
546msgstr ""
547
548#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
549#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
550msgid "Corner of Great Square (one large star)"
551msgstr ""
552
553#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
554#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
555msgid "Taki Mua"
556msgstr ""
557
558#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
559#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
560msgid "Forward Precursor"
561msgstr ""
562
563#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
564#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
565msgid "Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder"
566msgstr ""
567
568#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
569#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
570msgid "Toki"
571msgstr ""
572
573#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
574#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
575msgid "Adze"
576msgstr ""
577
578#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
579#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
580#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:131
581msgid "Delphinus"
582msgstr ""
583
584#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
585#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
586msgid "Te Aamonga"
587msgstr ""
588
589#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
590#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
591msgid "The Carrying Stick"
592msgstr ""
593
594#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
595#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
596msgid "Three stars in Aquila in a straight line"
597msgstr ""
598
599#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
600#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
601msgid "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu"
602msgstr ""
603
604#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
605#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
606msgid "Sammara Squirrelfish"
607msgstr ""
608
609#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
610#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
611msgid "Four large stars in Sagittarius"
612msgstr ""
613
614#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
615#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
616msgid "Te Rua Tangata"
617msgstr ""
618
619#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
620#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
621msgid "Double Man"
622msgstr ""
623
624#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
625#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
626#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:21
627msgid "Alpha and Beta Centauri"
628msgstr ""
629
630#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
631#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
632#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
633msgid "Te Rakau Tapu"
634msgstr ""
635
636#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
637#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
638#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
639msgid "The Net, or The Sacred Timber"
640msgstr ""
641
642#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
643#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
644#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
645#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
646msgid "Southern Cross"
647msgstr ""
648
649#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
650#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
651msgid "Taro"
652msgstr ""
653
654#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
655#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
656msgid "Taro plant"
657msgstr ""
658
659#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
660#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
661msgid ""
662"Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau "
663"(its leaves)"
664msgstr ""
665
666#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
667#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
668msgid "Te Tukaniva"
669msgstr ""
670
671#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
672#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
673#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:41
674#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
675msgid "&mdash;"
676msgstr ""
677
678#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
679#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
680msgid "Milky way"
681msgstr ""
682
683#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
684#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
685msgid "Te Aro Rere"
686msgstr ""
687
688#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
689#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
690msgid "The Running Cloud"
691msgstr ""
692
693#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
694#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
695msgid "Large Magellanic Cloud"
696msgstr ""
697
698#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
699#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
700msgid "Te Ao Toka"
701msgstr ""
702
703#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
704#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
705msgid "The Restrained Cloud (?)"
706msgstr ""
707
708#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
709#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
710msgid "Small Magellanic Cloud"
711msgstr ""
712
713#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
714#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
715msgid "Te Petuu Ao"
716msgstr ""
717
718#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
719#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
720msgid "The Morning Star"
721msgstr ""
722
723#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
724#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
725#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
726#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
727#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
728#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
729#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:377
730#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:36
731#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:26
732#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
733msgid "Venus"
734msgstr ""
735
736#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
737#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
738msgid "Tiuriuri"
739msgstr ""
740
741#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
742#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
743msgid "The Morning Star(?)"
744msgstr ""
745
746#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
747#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
748msgid "Venus(?)"
749msgstr ""
750
751#. type: Content of: <h3>
752#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:37
753#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:486
754#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:293
755#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:275
756#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:35
757#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:381
758#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:30
759msgid "References"
760msgstr ""
761
762#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
763#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:39
764msgid ""
765"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean "
766"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, "
767"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4."
768msgstr ""
769
770#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
771#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:41
772msgid ""
773"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa,"
774" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University "
775"of California : ISBN 9780959378771."
776msgstr ""
777
778#. type: Content of: <p>
779#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:46
780msgid ""
781"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
782"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
783msgstr ""
784
785#. type: Content of: <h1>
786#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:1
787msgid "Arabian Peninsula"
788msgstr ""
789
790#. type: Content of: <h4>
791#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:2
792#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:2
793#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:2
794#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:3
795msgid "Introduction"
796msgstr ""
797
798#. type: Content of: <p>
799#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:3
800msgid ""
801"The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian "
802"Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs."
803msgstr ""
804
805#. type: Content of: <h2>
806#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:4
807#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:4
808#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:4
809msgid "Description"
810msgstr ""
811
812#. type: Content of: <p>
813#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:6
814msgid ""
815"The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia,"
816" bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and "
817"Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is "
818"not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by "
819"rivers, meaning The Euphrates river <sup><a "
820"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> <sup><a "
821"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. This region is inhabited by Arabs and "
822"covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, "
823"Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq."
824msgstr ""
825
826#. type: Content of: <p>
827#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:9
828msgid ""
829"The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars "
830"for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and "
831"agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs"
832" and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented "
833"and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these "
834"collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the "
835"people of this region."
836msgstr ""
837
838#. type: Content of: <p>
839#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:10
840msgid ""
841"The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the "
842"system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of"
843" al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13"
844" days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This "
845"will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle."
846" Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon "
847"conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper."
848msgstr ""
849
850#. type: Content of: <p>
851#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:11
852msgid ""
853"The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of "
854"ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and "
855"used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up "
856"to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not certain "
857"but estimated to be in the 17th century<sup><a "
858"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>. Another important source is a poem by "
859"Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar "
860"stations, citing them by the local names<sup><a "
861"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
862msgstr ""
863
864#. type: Content of: <h4>
865#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:13
866msgid "Sources of Star Names and Asterisms"
867msgstr ""
868
869#. type: Content of: <p>
870#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:14
871msgid ""
872"The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral "
873"traditions and the following books:"
874msgstr ""
875
876#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
877#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:16
878msgid ""
879"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, The folk "
880"proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010."
881msgstr ""
882
883#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
884#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:18
885msgid ""
886"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-"
887"dariǧah, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 "
888"volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009."
889msgstr ""
890
891#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
892#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:20
893msgid ""
894"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, A collection of Bedouins poetry "
895"by the name: The moist flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif "
896"library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia."
897msgstr ""
898
899#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
900#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:22
901msgid ""
902"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, A collection of poetry "
903"by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arab peninsula, 10 "
904"volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."
905msgstr ""
906
907#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
908#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:24
909msgid ""
910"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat "
911"Ḥāʾil, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
912"2007."
913msgstr ""
914
915#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
916#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:26
917msgid ""
918"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, The best of folk "
919"poetry, 3 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999."
920msgstr ""
921
922#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
923#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:28
924msgid ""
925"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, The Poets of the"
926" mountain, 5 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
927msgstr ""
928
929#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
930#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:30
931msgid ""
932"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, Explanation "
933"of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
934msgstr ""
935
936#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
937#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:32
938msgid ""
939"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation of al-"
940"Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
941msgstr ""
942
943#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
944#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:35
945#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:24
946#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:69
947#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:8
948#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:5
949#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:4
950#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:15
951#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:4
952#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:4
953#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:4
954msgid "Constellations"
955msgstr ""
956
957#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
958#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
959msgid "ID"
960msgstr ""
961
962#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
963#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
964msgid "<b>Arabic</b>"
965msgstr ""
966
967#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
968#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
969msgid "<b>Transliteration</b>"
970msgstr ""
971
972#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
973#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
974msgid "<b>Translation</b>"
975msgstr ""
976
977#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
978#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
979msgid "<b>Comment</b>"
980msgstr ""
981
982#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
983#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
984msgid "<b>References</b>"
985msgstr ""
986
987#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
988#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:39
989msgid "<b>Constellations</b>"
990msgstr ""
991
992#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
993#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
994msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain"
995msgstr ""
996
997#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
998#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
999msgid "The Two Guards"
1000msgstr ""
1001
1002#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1003#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
1004msgid ""
1005"The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two Guards"
1006" comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the seven"
1007" sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the Big "
1008"Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their father "
1009"until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and the name"
1010" is The Two Guards."
1011msgstr ""
1012
1013#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1014#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1015msgid "al-Diḫīlain"
1016msgstr ""
1017
1018#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1019#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1020msgid "The Two Refugees"
1021msgstr ""
1022
1023#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1024#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1025msgid ""
1026"The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes "
1027"from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the "
1028"killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection."
1029msgstr ""
1030
1031#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1032#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1033msgid "Āl Aba Bzay"
1034msgstr ""
1035
1036#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1037#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1038msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay"
1039msgstr ""
1040
1041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1042#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1043msgid "The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi"
1044msgstr ""
1045
1046#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1047#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1048#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1049msgid "al-Naʿāyem"
1050msgstr ""
1051
1052#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1053#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1054msgid "Al-Nayem"
1055msgstr ""
1056
1057#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1058#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1059msgid ""
1060"Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the "
1061"seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1062msgstr ""
1063
1064#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1065#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1066msgid "al-Sibbaʿ"
1067msgstr ""
1068
1069#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1070#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1071msgid "The Seven"
1072msgstr ""
1073
1074#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1075#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1076msgid "The seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1077msgstr ""
1078
1079#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1080#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1081msgid "Banāt Naʿš"
1082msgstr ""
1083
1084#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1085#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1086msgid "Daughters Of Na'sh"
1087msgstr ""
1088
1089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1090#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1091msgid ""
1092"The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their "
1093"father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris)."
1094msgstr ""
1095
1096#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1097#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1098msgid "al-Šdād"
1099msgstr ""
1100
1101#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1102#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1103msgid "The Saddle Of The Camel"
1104msgstr ""
1105
1106#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1107#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1108msgid ""
1109"The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas "
1110"along the red sea of Saudi Arabia."
1111msgstr ""
1112
1113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1114#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1115msgid "al-Miġzal"
1116msgstr ""
1117
1118#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1119#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1120msgid "The Wool Spindle"
1121msgstr ""
1122
1123#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1124#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1125msgid ""
1126"The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ "
1127"Cyg, and β1 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of "
1128"Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia."
1129msgstr ""
1130
1131#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1132#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1133msgid "al-Muqaddam"
1134msgstr ""
1135
1136#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1137#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1138msgid "The Front"
1139msgstr ""
1140
1141#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1142#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1143msgid "The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)"
1144msgstr ""
1145
1146#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1147#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1148msgid "al-Muḫḫar"
1149msgstr ""
1150
1151#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1152#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1153msgid "The Rear"
1154msgstr ""
1155
1156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1157#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1158msgid "The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)"
1159msgstr ""
1160
1161#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1162#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1163msgid "al-Rša"
1164msgstr ""
1165
1166#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1167#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1168msgid "The Bucket Rope"
1169msgstr ""
1170
1171#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1172#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1173msgid ""
1174"The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)"
1175msgstr ""
1176
1177#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1178#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1179msgid "al-Šarṭain"
1180msgstr ""
1181
1182#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1183#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1184msgid "The Two Signs"
1185msgstr ""
1186
1187#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1188#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1189msgid ""
1190"The two signs, stars (Mesarthim and Sheratan) (27th mansion of the Moon)"
1191msgstr ""
1192
1193#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1194#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1195msgid "al-Bṭain"
1196msgstr ""
1197
1198#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1199#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1200msgid "The Little Abdomen"
1201msgstr ""
1202
1203#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1204#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1205msgid "The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon)."
1206msgstr ""
1207
1208#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1209#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1210msgid "al-Thrayyā"
1211msgstr ""
1212
1213#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1214#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1215msgid "Al-Thurayya"
1216msgstr ""
1217
1218#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1219#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1220msgid ""
1221"al-Thurayyā is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon)."
1222msgstr ""
1223
1224#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1225#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1226msgid "al-Dhraʿ"
1227msgstr ""
1228
1229#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1230#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1231msgid "The Arm"
1232msgstr ""
1233
1234#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1235#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1236msgid ""
1237"The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon)."
1238msgstr ""
1239
1240#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1241#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1242msgid "al-Klaibain"
1243msgstr ""
1244
1245#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1246#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1247msgid "The Two Little Dogs"
1248msgstr ""
1249
1250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1251#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1252msgid ""
1253"An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is used"
1254" for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common "
1255"in central Arabia."
1256msgstr ""
1257
1258#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1259#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1260msgid "al-Nathrah"
1261msgstr ""
1262
1263#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1264#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1265msgid "The Nostrils"
1266msgstr ""
1267
1268#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1269#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1270msgid ""
1271"M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th "
1272"mansion of the Moon)."
1273msgstr ""
1274
1275#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1276#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1277msgid "al-Ṭarf"
1278msgstr ""
1279
1280#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1281#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1282msgid "The Eyes"
1283msgstr ""
1284
1285#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1286#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1287msgid "Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon)."
1288msgstr ""
1289
1290#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1291#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1292msgid "al-Ǧabhah"
1293msgstr ""
1294
1295#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1296#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1297msgid "The Forehead"
1298msgstr ""
1299
1300#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1301#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1302msgid "Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon)."
1303msgstr ""
1304
1305#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1306#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1307msgid "al-Zubrah"
1308msgstr ""
1309
1310#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1311#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1312msgid "The Mane"
1313msgstr ""
1314
1315#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1316#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1317msgid "Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon)."
1318msgstr ""
1319
1320#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1321#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1322msgid "al-ʿAwwā"
1323msgstr ""
1324
1325#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1326#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1327msgid "The Bend"
1328msgstr ""
1329
1330#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1331#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1332msgid ""
1333"an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs "
1334"barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon)."
1335msgstr ""
1336
1337#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1338#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1339msgid "al-Ġafr"
1340msgstr ""
1341
1342#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1343#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1344msgid "The Cover"
1345msgstr ""
1346
1347#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1348#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1349msgid "Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)"
1350msgstr ""
1351
1352#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1353#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1354msgid "al-Zubānā"
1355msgstr ""
1356
1357#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1358#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1359msgid "Claws Of The Scorpion"
1360msgstr ""
1361
1362#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1363#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1364msgid "The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon)."
1365msgstr ""
1366
1367#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1368#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1369msgid "al-Iklīl"
1370msgstr ""
1371
1372#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1373#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1374msgid "The Diadem"
1375msgstr ""
1376
1377#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1378#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1379msgid ""
1380"The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the "
1381"Moon)."
1382msgstr ""
1383
1384#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1385#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1386#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
1387msgid "al-Šawlah"
1388msgstr ""
1389
1390#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1391#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1392#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
1393msgid "Raised Tail Of The Scorpion"
1394msgstr ""
1395
1396#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1397#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1398msgid "The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon)."
1399msgstr ""
1400
1401#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1402#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1403msgid "aal-ʿAqrab"
1404msgstr ""
1405
1406#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1407#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1408msgid "The Scorpion"
1409msgstr ""
1410
1411#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1412#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1413msgid "The scorpion image"
1414msgstr ""
1415
1416#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1417#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1418msgid "al-Baldah"
1419msgstr ""
1420
1421#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1422#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1423msgid "The Empty Place"
1424msgstr ""
1425
1426#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1427#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1428msgid ""
1429"An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon)."
1430msgstr ""
1431
1432#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1433#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1434msgid "The Ostriches"
1435msgstr ""
1436
1437#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1438#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1439msgid ""
1440"Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the "
1441"river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches "
1442"returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is "
1443"included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion "
1444"of the Moon)."
1445msgstr ""
1446
1447#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1448#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1449msgid "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ"
1450msgstr ""
1451
1452#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1453#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1454msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer"
1455msgstr ""
1456
1457#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1458#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1459msgid ""
1460"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion "
1461"of the Moon)."
1462msgstr ""
1463
1464#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1465#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1466msgid "Saʿd bulaʿ"
1467msgstr ""
1468
1469#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1470#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1471msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Swallower"
1472msgstr ""
1473
1474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1475#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1476msgid ""
1477"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of "
1478"the Moon)."
1479msgstr ""
1480
1481#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1482#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1483msgid "Saʿd al-suʿūd"
1484msgstr ""
1485
1486#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1487#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1488msgid "The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars"
1489msgstr ""
1490
1491#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1492#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1493msgid ""
1494"Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring "
1495"(22nd mansion of the Moon)."
1496msgstr ""
1497
1498#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1499#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1500msgid "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah"
1501msgstr ""
1502
1503#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1504#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1505msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Tents"
1506msgstr ""
1507
1508#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1509#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1510msgid ""
1511"Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is "
1512"inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon)."
1513msgstr ""
1514
1515#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1516#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1517#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
1518msgid "al-Haqʿah"
1519msgstr ""
1520
1521#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1522#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1523#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
1524msgid "The Circular Mark"
1525msgstr ""
1526
1527#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1528#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1529msgid ""
1530"Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) "
1531"representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon)."
1532msgstr ""
1533
1534#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1535#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1536msgid "al-Hanʿah"
1537msgstr ""
1538
1539#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1540#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1541msgid "Stoopness"
1542msgstr ""
1543
1544#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1545#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1546msgid "Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)"
1547msgstr ""
1548
1549#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1550#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1551msgid "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā"
1552msgstr ""
1553
1554#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1555#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1556msgid "Back Of Al-Jawza"
1557msgstr ""
1558
1559#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1560#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1561msgid ""
1562"The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of"
1563" Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the "
1564"western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The "
1565"source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
1566msgstr ""
1567
1568#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1569#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1570msgid "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā"
1571msgstr ""
1572
1573#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1574#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1575#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1576msgid "Claws Of Al-Jawza"
1577msgstr ""
1578
1579#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1580#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1581#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1582msgid ""
1583"Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem"
1584" region of Saudi Arabia."
1585msgstr ""
1586
1587#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1588#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1589msgid "al-Zibban"
1590msgstr ""
1591
1592#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1593#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1594msgid "Masǧid al-Thrayyā"
1595msgstr ""
1596
1597#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1598#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1599msgid "Mosque Of Al-Thurayya"
1600msgstr ""
1601
1602#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1603#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1604msgid ""
1605"A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is "
1606"composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this "
1607"name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern "
1608"Saudi Arabia."
1609msgstr ""
1610
1611#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1612#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1613msgid "al-Ǧawā"
1614msgstr ""
1615
1616#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1617#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1618msgid "Al-Jawza"
1619msgstr ""
1620
1621#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1622#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1623msgid ""
1624"Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape "
1625"for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral "
1626"traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt."
1627msgstr ""
1628
1629#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1630#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:79
1631msgid "<b>Planets</b>"
1632msgstr ""
1633
1634#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1635#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1636msgid "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ"
1637msgstr ""
1638
1639#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1640#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1641msgid "Morning Star"
1642msgstr ""
1643
1644#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1645#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1646msgid "A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun."
1647msgstr ""
1648
1649#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1650#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1651msgid "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā"
1652msgstr ""
1653
1654#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1655#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1656msgid "Evening Star"
1657msgstr ""
1658
1659#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1660#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1661msgid "A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun."
1662msgstr ""
1663
1664#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1665#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1666msgid "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah"
1667msgstr ""
1668
1669#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1670#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1671msgid "The Sip, The Sipper"
1672msgstr ""
1673
1674#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1675#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1676msgid ""
1677"Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The "
1678"sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children "
1679"to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it."
1680msgstr ""
1681
1682#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1683#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1684msgid "Naǧmat al-Hawdān"
1685msgstr ""
1686
1687#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1688#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1689msgid "The Star Of Al-Hawdan"
1690msgstr ""
1691
1692#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1693#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1694msgid ""
1695"Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in "
1696"the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for "
1697"their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is "
1698"that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises "
1699"preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening "
1700"when Venus sets."
1701msgstr ""
1702
1703#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1704#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:84
1705msgid "<b>Stars</b>"
1706msgstr ""
1707
1708#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1709#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1710msgid "al-Ǧady"
1711msgstr ""
1712
1713#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1714#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1715msgid "The Kid"
1716msgstr ""
1717
1718#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1719#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1720msgid "Same as the ancient Arab name."
1721msgstr ""
1722
1723#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1724#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1725msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1"
1726msgstr ""
1727
1728#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1729#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1730msgid "The Two Guards 1"
1731msgstr ""
1732
1733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1734#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1735#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1736#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1737#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1738#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1739#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1740msgid "See CON100"
1741msgstr ""
1742
1743#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1744#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1745msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2"
1746msgstr ""
1747
1748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1749#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1750msgid "The Two Guards 2"
1751msgstr ""
1752
1753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1754#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1755msgid "al-Diḫīlain 1"
1756msgstr ""
1757
1758#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1759#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1760msgid "The Two Refugees 1"
1761msgstr ""
1762
1763#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1764#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1765msgid "al-Diḫīlain 2"
1766msgstr ""
1767
1768#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1769#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1770msgid "The Two Refugees 2"
1771msgstr ""
1772
1773#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1774#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1775msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 1"
1776msgstr ""
1777
1778#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1779#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1780msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 1"
1781msgstr ""
1782
1783#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1784#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1785msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 2"
1786msgstr ""
1787
1788#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1789#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1790msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 2"
1791msgstr ""
1792
1793#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1794#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1795msgid "al-Ḫilj 1"
1796msgstr ""
1797
1798#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1799#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1800msgid "Al-Khilj 1"
1801msgstr ""
1802
1803#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1804#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1805#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1806#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1807#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1808msgid "The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
1809msgstr ""
1810
1811#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1812#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1813msgid "al-Ḫilj 2"
1814msgstr ""
1815
1816#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1817#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1818msgid "Al-Khilj 2"
1819msgstr ""
1820
1821#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1822#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1823msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1"
1824msgstr ""
1825
1826#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1827#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1828msgid "The first Khilj 1"
1829msgstr ""
1830
1831#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1832#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1833msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2"
1834msgstr ""
1835
1836#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1837#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1838msgid "The first Khilj 2"
1839msgstr ""
1840
1841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1842#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1843msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1"
1844msgstr ""
1845
1846#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1847#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1848msgid "The Latter Khilj 1"
1849msgstr ""
1850
1851#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1852#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1853#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1854#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1855#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1856msgid "The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
1857msgstr ""
1858
1859#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1860#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1861msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2"
1862msgstr ""
1863
1864#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1865#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1866msgid "The Latter Khilj 2"
1867msgstr ""
1868
1869#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1870#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1871msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 1"
1872msgstr ""
1873
1874#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1875#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1876msgid "The fourth ones 1"
1877msgstr ""
1878
1879#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1880#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1881msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 2"
1882msgstr ""
1883
1884#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1885#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1886msgid "The fourth ones 2"
1887msgstr ""
1888
1889#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1890#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
1891msgid "al-Ḫamis"
1892msgstr ""
1893
1894#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1895#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
1896msgid "The Fifth"
1897msgstr ""
1898
1899#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1900#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
1901msgid "The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1902msgstr ""
1903
1904#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1905#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
1906msgid "al-Satt"
1907msgstr ""
1908
1909#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1910#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
1911msgid "The Sixth"
1912msgstr ""
1913
1914#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1915#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
1916msgid "The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1917msgstr ""
1918
1919#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1920#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
1921msgid "al-Swaibiʿ"
1922msgstr ""
1923
1924#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1925#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
1926msgid "The Seventh"
1927msgstr ""
1928
1929#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1930#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
1931msgid "The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1932msgstr ""
1933
1934#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1935#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
1936msgid "al-Reqīb"
1937msgstr ""
1938
1939#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1940#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
1941msgid "The Watcher"
1942msgstr ""
1943
1944#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1945#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
1946msgid ""
1947"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel region."
1948msgstr ""
1949
1950#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1951#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
1952msgid "al-Iḥaimir"
1953msgstr ""
1954
1955#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1956#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
1957msgid "The Reddish One"
1958msgstr ""
1959
1960#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1961#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
1962msgid ""
1963"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers "
1964"and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula."
1965msgstr ""
1966
1967#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1968#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
1969msgid "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf"
1970msgstr ""
1971
1972#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1973#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
1974msgid "The Closed Wings Eagle"
1975msgstr ""
1976
1977#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1978#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
1979msgid ""
1980"The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms "
1981"the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
1982msgstr ""
1983
1984#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1985#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
1986msgid "al-Mbarī"
1987msgstr ""
1988
1989#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1990#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
1991msgid "The Parallel One"
1992msgstr ""
1993
1994#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1995#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
1996msgid "The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
1997msgstr ""
1998
1999#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2000#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2001msgid "al-Ǧinīb"
2002msgstr ""
2003
2004#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2005#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2006msgid "The Sided One"
2007msgstr ""
2008
2009#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2010#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2011msgid "The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
2012msgstr ""
2013
2014#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2015#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2016msgid "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ"
2017msgstr ""
2018
2019#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2020#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2021msgid "The Spread Wings Eagle"
2022msgstr ""
2023
2024#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2025#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2026msgid ""
2027"The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql forms "
2028"the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
2029msgstr ""
2030
2031#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2032#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2033msgid "aal-Kanūn"
2034msgstr ""
2035
2036#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2037#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2038msgid "Al-Kanoon"
2039msgstr ""
2040
2041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2042#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2043msgid ""
2044"Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī."
2045msgstr ""
2046
2047#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2048#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2049msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 2"
2050msgstr ""
2051
2052#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2053#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2054msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 2"
2055msgstr ""
2056
2057#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2058#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2059#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2060msgid "See CON2504"
2061msgstr ""
2062
2063#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2064#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2065msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 1"
2066msgstr ""
2067
2068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2069#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2070msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 1"
2071msgstr ""
2072
2073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2074#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2075msgid "al-Mqaddam 2"
2076msgstr ""
2077
2078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2079#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2080msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 2"
2081msgstr ""
2082
2083#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2084#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2085#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2086msgid "See CON2502"
2087msgstr ""
2088
2089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2090#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2091msgid "al-Mqaddam 1"
2092msgstr ""
2093
2094#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2095#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2096msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 1"
2097msgstr ""
2098
2099#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2100#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2101msgid "al-Twaibiʿ"
2102msgstr ""
2103
2104#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2105#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2106msgid "The Follower"
2107msgstr ""
2108
2109#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2110#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2111#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2112msgid "The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon)"
2113msgstr ""
2114
2115#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2116#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2117msgid "al-Twailī"
2118msgstr ""
2119
2120#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2121#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2122msgid "The Latter"
2123msgstr ""
2124
2125#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2126#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2127msgid "al-Mǧaidiḥ"
2128msgstr ""
2129
2130#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2131#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2132msgid "Al-Mjaidih"
2133msgstr ""
2134
2135#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2136#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2137msgid ""
2138"The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef "
2139"region, western Saudi Arabia."
2140msgstr ""
2141
2142#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2143#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2144msgid "al-Aẓfār 1"
2145msgstr ""
2146
2147#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2148#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2149msgid "The Claws 1"
2150msgstr ""
2151
2152#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2153#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2154#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2155#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2156#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2157#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2158#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2159msgid ""
2160"Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of "
2161"Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia."
2162msgstr ""
2163
2164#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2165#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2166msgid "al-Aẓfār 2"
2167msgstr ""
2168
2169#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2170#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2171msgid "The Claws 2"
2172msgstr ""
2173
2174#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2175#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2176msgid "al-Aẓfār 3"
2177msgstr ""
2178
2179#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2180#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2181msgid "The Claws 3"
2182msgstr ""
2183
2184#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2185#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2186msgid "al-Aẓfār 4"
2187msgstr ""
2188
2189#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2190#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2191msgid "The Claws 4"
2192msgstr ""
2193
2194#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2195#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2196msgid "al-Aẓfār 5"
2197msgstr ""
2198
2199#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2200#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2201msgid "The Claws 5"
2202msgstr ""
2203
2204#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2205#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2206msgid "al-Aẓfār 6"
2207msgstr ""
2208
2209#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2210#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2211msgid "The Claws 6"
2212msgstr ""
2213
2214#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2215#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2216msgid "al-Ṣarfah"
2217msgstr ""
2218
2219#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2220#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2221msgid "Star Of Weather Change"
2222msgstr ""
2223
2224#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2225#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2226msgid "(10th mansion of the Moon)"
2227msgstr ""
2228
2229#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2230#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2231msgid "al-Smak al-ʿazal"
2232msgstr ""
2233
2234#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2235#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2236msgid "The High Unarmed One"
2237msgstr ""
2238
2239#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2240#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2241msgid "(12th mansion of the Moon)"
2242msgstr ""
2243
2244#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2245#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2246msgid "al-Qalb"
2247msgstr ""
2248
2249#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2250#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2251msgid "The Heart"
2252msgstr ""
2253
2254#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2255#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2256msgid "(16th mansion of the Moon)"
2257msgstr ""
2258
2259#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2260#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
2261msgid "(17th mansion of the Moon)"
2262msgstr ""
2263
2264#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2265#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
2266msgid "(third mansion of the Moon)"
2267msgstr ""
2268
2269#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2270#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2271msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2272msgstr ""
2273
2274#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2275#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2276msgid "Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
2277msgstr ""
2278
2279#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2280#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2281msgid ""
2282"Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2283" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2284"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2285msgstr ""
2286
2287#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2288#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2289msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2290msgstr ""
2291
2292#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2293#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2294msgid "Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
2295msgstr ""
2296
2297#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2298#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2299msgid ""
2300"Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name \"Northern Claw of al-Jawza\" "
2301"appeared in \"Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd "
2302"fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical "
2303"edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
2304"2012, pg. 292.\"."
2305msgstr ""
2306
2307#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2308#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2309msgid "Riǧl al-Ǧawza"
2310msgstr ""
2311
2312#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2313#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2314msgid "Leg Of Al-Jawza"
2315msgstr ""
2316
2317#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2318#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2319msgid ""
2320"Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2321" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2322"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2323msgstr ""
2324
2325#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2326#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2327msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2328msgstr ""
2329
2330#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2331#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2332msgid "Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
2333msgstr ""
2334
2335#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2336#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2337msgid ""
2338"Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2339" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2340"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2341msgstr ""
2342
2343#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2344#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2345msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2346msgstr ""
2347
2348#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2349#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2350msgid "Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
2351msgstr ""
2352
2353#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2354#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2355msgid ""
2356"Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of \"Northern "
2357"Claw of al-Jawza\" for α Ori. 1"
2358msgstr ""
2359
2360#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2361#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2362msgid "al-Mirzam"
2363msgstr ""
2364
2365#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2366#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2367msgid "Al-Mirzam"
2368msgstr ""
2369
2370#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2371#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2372msgid ""
2373"A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar "
2374"mansion."
2375msgstr ""
2376
2377#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2378#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2379msgid "al-Šiʿla"
2380msgstr ""
2381
2382#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2383#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2384msgid "Al-Shi'la"
2385msgstr ""
2386
2387#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2388#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2389msgid ""
2390"Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian "
2391"Peninsula."
2392msgstr ""
2393
2394#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2395#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2396msgid "Shail"
2397msgstr ""
2398
2399#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2400#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2401msgid "Suhayl"
2402msgstr ""
2403
2404#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2405#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2406msgid "The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin."
2407msgstr ""
2408
2409#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2410#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2411msgid "Miḥlif"
2412msgstr ""
2413
2414#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2415#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2416msgid "The Oath Star"
2417msgstr ""
2418
2419#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2420#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2421msgid ""
2422"A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with "
2423"Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that"
2424" it is or is not Suhayl."
2425msgstr ""
2426
2427#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2428#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2429msgid "Aba al-sihil"
2430msgstr ""
2431
2432#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2433#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2434msgid "Aba Alsihil"
2435msgstr ""
2436
2437#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2438#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2439#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2440#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2441msgid "Another name of α Eri."
2442msgstr ""
2443
2444#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2445#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2446msgid "al-Mishil"
2447msgstr ""
2448
2449#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2450#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2451msgid "Al-Miss.hil"
2452msgstr ""
2453
2454#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2455#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2456msgid "al-Shali (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)"
2457msgstr ""
2458
2459#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2460#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2461msgid "As-S.hali"
2462msgstr ""
2463
2464#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2465#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2466msgid "al-Naʿāyem 1"
2467msgstr ""
2468
2469#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2470#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2471msgid "al-Naayem 1"
2472msgstr ""
2473
2474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2475#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2476#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2477msgid ""
2478"A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the "
2479"tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and "
2480"should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper "
2481"used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the "
2482"name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion."
2483msgstr ""
2484
2485#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2486#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2487msgid "al-Naʿāyem 2"
2488msgstr ""
2489
2490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2491#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2492msgid "al-Naayem 2"
2493msgstr ""
2494
2495#. type: Content of: <h3>
2496#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:145
2497#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:71
2498#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:539
2499#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:42
2500#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:220
2501#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2980
2502#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:57
2503#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:505
2504#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:31
2505#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:377
2506#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:73
2507#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:259
2508#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:57
2509#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:48
2510#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:59
2511#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:78
2512msgid "Authors"
2513msgstr ""
2514
2515#. type: Content of: <p>
2516#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:147
2517msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com."
2518msgstr ""
2519
2520#. type: Content of: <h2>
2521#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:149
2522#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:34
2523#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:74
2524msgid "License"
2525msgstr ""
2526
2527#. type: Content of: <p>
2528#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:150
2529#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:75
2530msgid ""
2531"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
2532msgstr ""
2533
2534#. type: Content of: <p>
2535#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:152
2536msgid ""
2537"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich "
2538"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47."
2539msgstr ""
2540
2541#. type: Content of: <p><p>
2542#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:153
2543msgid ""
2544"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de "
2545"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1."
2546msgstr ""
2547
2548#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
2549#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:154
2550msgid ""
2551"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation "
2552"of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
2553msgstr ""
2554
2555#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
2556#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:155
2557msgid ""
2558"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, "
2559"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
2560msgstr ""
2561
2562#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
2563#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:156
2564msgid ""
2565"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ "
2566"Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical edition "
2567"print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. "
2568"292."
2569msgstr ""
2570
2571#. type: Content of: <h1>
2572#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:1
2573msgid "Arabic"
2574msgstr ""
2575
2576#. type: Content of: <p>
2577#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:3
2578msgid ""
2579"The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient"
2580" Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy "
2581"influence in the ninth century."
2582msgstr ""
2583
2584#. type: Content of: <p>
2585#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:5
2586msgid ""
2587"The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in "
2588"old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of "
2589"the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star "
2590"knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. "
2591"The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's <em>Kitāb al-Anwāʾ</em> (9th century) listed "
2592"twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and "
2593"tenth century<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. The only completely"
2594" preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many "
2595"of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the "
2596"indigenous Arab star names is the <em>Book of the stars</em> written in ~ "
2597"964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the "
2598"indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek "
2599"constellations<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[2]</a></sup>."
2600msgstr ""
2601
2602#. type: Content of: <h4>
2603#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:6
2604msgid "Sources of the Arabic sky culture"
2605msgstr ""
2606
2607#. type: Content of: <p>
2608#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:7
2609msgid ""
2610"The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge "
2611"of ancient Arabs from the following books:"
2612msgstr ""
2613
2614#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2615#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:9
2616msgid ""
2617"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), "
2618"Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, "
2619"Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)"
2620msgstr ""
2621
2622#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2623#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:11
2624msgid ""
2625"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah "
2626"wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in "
2627"2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)."
2628msgstr ""
2629
2630#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2631#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:13
2632msgid ""
2633"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-"
2634"azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996,"
2635" Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)."
2636msgstr ""
2637
2638#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2639#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:15
2640msgid ""
2641"<a "
2642"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book"
2643" of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by "
2644"Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021 AD</a>"
2645msgstr ""
2646
2647#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2648#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:17
2649msgid ""
2650"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-"
2651"ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic "
2652"print of the original book, 1980 – 1985)."
2653msgstr ""
2654
2655#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2656#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:19
2657msgid ""
2658"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, "
2659"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923."
2660msgstr ""
2661
2662#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2663#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:21
2664msgid ""
2665"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-"
2666"Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925."
2667msgstr ""
2668
2669#. type: Content of: <p>
2670#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:25
2671msgid ""
2672"The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the "
2673"sky, and particular shape of a group of stars.  Single stars were named "
2674"after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, "
2675"meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a "
2676"man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat).  If"
2677" two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given "
2678"a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves.  "
2679"Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are "
2680"adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and"
2681" their youngsters, The horses and the foals.  Particular shapes of stars "
2682"were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper "
2683"name of a woman for Orion stars.  Other asterisms are given names according "
2684"to legends and stories."
2685msgstr ""
2686
2687#. type: Content of: <p>
2688#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:33
2689msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
2690msgstr ""
2691
2692#. type: Content of: <p>
2693#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:35
2694msgid ""
2695"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
2696" The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common rules."
2697msgstr ""
2698
2699#. type: Content of: <p>
2700#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:36
2701msgid ""
2702"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’a"
2703" (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (Arabic print of the original book in 1956"
2704" in India Hydarabad al-Dakan), page: يد."
2705msgstr ""
2706
2707#. type: Content of: <p>
2708#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:37
2709msgid ""
2710"[2]: <a "
2711"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book"
2712" of the Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital "
2713"edition</a>"
2714msgstr ""
2715
2716#. type: Content of: <h1>
2717#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:1
2718msgid "Arabic Lunar Stations"
2719msgstr ""
2720
2721#. type: Content of: <p>
2722#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:3
2723msgid ""
2724"The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient "
2725"Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip "
2726"around the sky."
2727msgstr ""
2728
2729#. type: Content of: <h4>
2730#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:5
2731msgid "Historical Overview"
2732msgstr ""
2733
2734#. type: Content of: <p>
2735#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:6
2736msgid ""
2737"Originally, <em>Manāzil al-Qamar</em>, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, or"
2738" stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots "
2739"in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its "
2740"monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar "
2741"stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the authority "
2742"of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. "
2743"However, this system had been adopted already in the pre-Islamic period, "
2744"prior to the 7th century of the common era."
2745msgstr ""
2746
2747#. type: Content of: <p>
2748#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:9
2749msgid ""
2750"Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to "
2751"divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days "
2752"each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are "
2753"called <em>Anwāʾ</em>, plural of <em>nawʾ</em>. Each <em>Nawʾ</em> is "
2754"determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning "
2755"during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning"
2756" of the next <em>nawʾ</em>. The name of the <em>nawʾ</em> (period of time, "
2757"half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting"
2758" and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a "
2759"solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict "
2760"weather, especially rain <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. The "
2761"Arabs said: each <em>nawʾ</em> (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a "
2762"distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature <sup><a "
2763"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>."
2764msgstr ""
2765
2766#. type: Content of: <p>
2767#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:11
2768msgid ""
2769"A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of "
2770"their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological "
2771"knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the <em>Book of "
2772"meteorology</em> (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 "
2773"- d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it was "
2774"printed in India in 1956 <sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
2775msgstr ""
2776
2777#. type: Content of: <p>
2778#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:14
2779msgid ""
2780"The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of "
2781"agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of "
2782"observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been "
2783"written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 "
2784"mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions"
2785" was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his "
2786"book <em>Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</em>, attributed to Muḥammad "
2787"al-Maqri (1578-1638) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup><a "
2788"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>. A sample treatise is the one written by "
2789"Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled <em>A time-table for farmers</em>"
2790" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>."
2791msgstr ""
2792
2793#. type: Content of: <h4>
2794#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:16
2795msgid "Current Usage of Lunar Stations"
2796msgstr ""
2797
2798#. type: Content of: <p>
2799#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:18
2800msgid ""
2801"Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are "
2802"still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes "
2803"these times <sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup>. The following is an "
2804"example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days"
2805" period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station <em>al-Thurayya</em>"
2806" (Pleiades) on June 7th <sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9]</a></sup>:"
2807msgstr ""
2808
2809#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
2810#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:20
2811msgid ""
2812"Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells"
2813" gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to "
2814"disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to "
2815"irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when "
2816"grapes start to get its color."
2817msgstr ""
2818
2819#. type: Content of: <h4>
2820#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:23
2821msgid "Identification of the Lunar Stations"
2822msgstr ""
2823
2824#. type: Content of: <p>
2825#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:24
2826msgid ""
2827"Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book <em>Kitāb al-anwāʾ</em> "
2828"gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an "
2829"accurate identification can be extracted from the <em>Book of Stars</em> by "
2830"al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs"
2831" to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations.  An example of al-Sufi "
2832"definitions of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of "
2833"<em>al-Ġafr</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup><a "
2834"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>:"
2835msgstr ""
2836
2837#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
2838#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:27
2839msgid ""
2840"And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the "
2841"garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] "
2842"<em>al-Ghafr</em> which is the 15th lunar mansion."
2843msgstr ""
2844
2845#. type: Content of: <p>
2846#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:29
2847msgid ""
2848"Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it"
2849" is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names."
2850msgstr ""
2851
2852#. type: Content of: <h4>
2853#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:31
2854msgid "The 28 lunar stations"
2855msgstr ""
2856
2857#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2858#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:33
2859msgid ""
2860"(Arabic: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (The two signs) or (Arabic: الأشراط) "
2861"<em>\"al-Ashrāṭ\"</em> (The signs) composed of the 3 stars: α Ari (Hamal), β"
2862" Ari (Sheratan) and γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)"
2863msgstr ""
2864
2865#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2866#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:34
2867msgid ""
2868"(Arabic: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (The small belly [of the little ram]) "
2869"composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari"
2870msgstr ""
2871
2872#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2873#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:35
2874msgid ""
2875"(Arabic: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Pleiades) composed of the star "
2876"cluster of the Pleiades"
2877msgstr ""
2878
2879#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2880#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:36
2881msgid ""
2882"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (The Follower [of the Pleiades]) "
2883"composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)"
2884msgstr ""
2885
2886#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2887#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:37
2888msgid ""
2889"(Arabic: الهقعة) <em>Al-Haqʿah</em> (The mark on the horse side) composed of"
2890" the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and"
2891" φ<sup>2</sup> Ori"
2892msgstr ""
2893
2894#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2895#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:38
2896msgid ""
2897"(Arabic: الهنعة<em>Al-Hanʿah</em> (The bend in the neck of a camel) composed"
2898" of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem"
2899msgstr ""
2900
2901#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2902#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:39
2903msgid ""
2904"(Arabic: الذراع) <em>Al-Dhirāʾ</em> (Retracted arm [of the lion]) composed "
2905"of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)"
2906msgstr ""
2907
2908#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2909#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:40
2910msgid ""
2911"(Arabic: النثرة) <em>Al-Nathrah</em> (The tip of the nose of the lion) "
2912"composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) "
2913"and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)"
2914msgstr ""
2915
2916#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2917#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:41
2918msgid ""
2919"(Arabic: الطرف) <em>Al-Ṭarf</em> (The eyes of the lion) composed of the 2 "
2920"stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)"
2921msgstr ""
2922
2923#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2924#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:42
2925msgid ""
2926"(Arabic: الجبهة) <em>Al-Ǧabhah</em> (The forehead of the lion) composed of 4"
2927" stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo and α Leo "
2928"(Regulus)"
2929msgstr ""
2930
2931#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2932#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:43
2933msgid ""
2934"(Arabic: الزبرة) <em>Al-Zubrah</em> (The mane of the lion) composed of the 2"
2935" stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)"
2936msgstr ""
2937
2938#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2939#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:44
2940msgid ""
2941"(Arabic: الصرفة) <em>Al-Ṣarfah</em> (The change to colder weather) composed "
2942"of one star: β Leo (Denebola)"
2943msgstr ""
2944
2945#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2946#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:45
2947msgid ""
2948"(Arabic: العوا) <em>Al-ʿAwwā</em> (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β Vir "
2949"(Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)"
2950msgstr ""
2951
2952#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2953#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:46
2954msgid ""
2955"(Arabic: السماك) <em>Al-Simāk</em> (The unarmed high one) composed of the "
2956"star α Vir (Spica)"
2957msgstr ""
2958
2959#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2960#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:47
2961msgid ""
2962"(Arabic: الغفر)  <em>Al-Ġafr</em> (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι Vir "
2963"(Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir"
2964msgstr ""
2965
2966#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2967#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:48
2968msgid ""
2969"(Arabic: الزبانى)  <em>Al-Zubānā</em> (The claws of the scorpion) composed "
2970"of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib (Zubeneschamali)"
2971msgstr ""
2972
2973#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2974#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:49
2975msgid ""
2976"(Arabic: الإكليل)  <em>Al-Iklīl</em> (The ornamented headband, The diadem) "
2977"composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) and π "
2978"Sco."
2979msgstr ""
2980
2981#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2982#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:50
2983msgid ""
2984"(Arabic: القلب)  <em>Al-Qalb</em> (The heart of the scorpion) composed of "
2985"the star α Sco (Antares)"
2986msgstr ""
2987
2988#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2989#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:51
2990msgid ""
2991"(Arabic: الشولة)  <em>Al-Shawlah</em> (The sting of the scorpion) composed "
2992"of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)"
2993msgstr ""
2994
2995#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2996#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:52
2997msgid ""
2998"(Arabic: النعائم)  <em>Al-Naʿaʾim</em> (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 Sgr, δ "
2999"Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr"
3000msgstr ""
3001
3002#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3003#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:53
3004msgid ""
3005"(Arabic: البلدة<em>Al-Baldah</em> (The empty area) is the area where there "
3006"are no stars (between <em>al-Naayem</em> and <em>Saad al-Thabih</em>)"
3007msgstr ""
3008
3009#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3010#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:54
3011msgid ""
3012"(Arabic: سعد الذابح)  <em>Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ</em> (The lucky star of the "
3013"Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>1</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap "
3014"(Dabih), and ν Cap"
3015msgstr ""
3016
3017#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3018#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:55
3019msgid ""
3020"(Arabic: سعد بلع)  <em>Saʿd Bulaʿ</em> (The lucky star of the swallower) "
3021"composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)"
3022msgstr ""
3023
3024#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3025#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:56
3026msgid ""
3027"(Arabic: سعد السعود)  <em>Saʿd al-Suʿūd</em> (The luckiest of the lucky "
3028"stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ Cap"
3029msgstr ""
3030
3031#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3032#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:57
3033msgid ""
3034"(Arabic: سعد الأخبية)  <em>Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah</em> (The lucky stars of the tent"
3035" dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>2</sup> "
3036"Aqr and η Aqr"
3037msgstr ""
3038
3039#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3040#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:58
3041msgid ""
3042"(Arabic: المقدم)  <em>Al-Muqaddam</em> (The front bucket mouth) composed of "
3043"the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)"
3044msgstr ""
3045
3046#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3047#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:59
3048msgid ""
3049"(Arabic: المؤخر)  <em>Al-Muʾaḫar</em> (The rear bucket mouth) composed of "
3050"the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)"
3051msgstr ""
3052
3053#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3054#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:60
3055msgid ""
3056"(Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت)  <em>Al-Rishāʾ</em> or <em>al-Ḥūt</em> (The rope "
3057"of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the star β And (Mirach) and two "
3058"arcs of stars making a figure of a fish"
3059msgstr ""
3060
3061#. type: Content of: <h5>
3062#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:62
3063msgid "The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore"
3064msgstr ""
3065
3066#. type: Content of: <p>
3067#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:64
3068msgid ""
3069"One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that "
3070"they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 "
3071"degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of "
3072"these stars a lion figure can be constructed."
3073msgstr ""
3074
3075#. type: Content of: <p>
3076#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:67
3077msgid ""
3078"Two of the lunar stations, <em>al-Haqʿah</em> and <em>al-Hanʿah</em>, are "
3079"part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus some "
3080"stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of a "
3081"woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably influenced "
3082"from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows Babylonian as"
3083" well as Greek traces of constellations).  Mr. Roland Laffitte discussed "
3084"these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: <a "
3085"href=\"http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-"
3086"vault\">Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault</a>. A more detailed "
3087"discussion of ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: &quot;Le Ciel des"
3088" Arabes&quot; <sup><a href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>."
3089msgstr ""
3090
3091#. type: Content of: <p>
3092#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:70
3093msgid ""
3094"In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms "
3095"have been added."
3096msgstr ""
3097
3098#. type: Content of: <p>
3099#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:73
3100msgid ""
3101"Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M "
3102"Hoffmann."
3103msgstr ""
3104
3105#. type: Content of: <p>
3106#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:78
3107msgid ""
3108"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton "
3109"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7."
3110msgstr ""
3111
3112#. type: Content of: <p>
3113#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:79
3114msgid ""
3115"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and"
3116" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, "
3117"Kunitzsch P. p 520"
3118msgstr ""
3119
3120#. type: Content of: <p>
3121#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:80
3122msgid ""
3123"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic "
3124"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)"
3125msgstr ""
3126
3127#. type: Content of: <p>
3128#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:81
3129msgid ""
3130"[4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and"
3131" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429"
3132msgstr ""
3133
3134#. type: Content of: <p>
3135#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:82
3136msgid ""
3137"[5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad "
3138"al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie "
3139"orientale, 1899."
3140msgstr ""
3141
3142#. type: Content of: <p>
3143#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:83
3144msgid ""
3145"[6]: <a href=\"http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm\">Muhammad al-Muqrī "
3146"poem</a>"
3147msgstr ""
3148
3149#. type: Content of: <p>
3150#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:84
3151msgid ""
3152"[7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers <em>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala "
3153"hisaab al-shuthoor</em> (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN "
3154"9960-49-971-5"
3155msgstr ""
3156
3157#. type: Content of: <p>
3158#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:85
3159msgid ""
3160"[8]: <a href=\"http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/\">Official Calendar</a> of the "
3161"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"
3162msgstr ""
3163
3164#. type: Content of: <p>
3165#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:86
3166msgid ""
3167"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture "
3168"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002"
3169msgstr ""
3170
3171#. type: Content of: <p>
3172#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:87
3173msgid ""
3174"[10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with "
3175"commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي "
3176"الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد"
3177" الله ."
3178msgstr ""
3179
3180#. type: Content of: <p>
3181#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:88
3182msgid ""
3183"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation"
3184" into French)"
3185msgstr ""
3186
3187#. type: Content of: <p>
3188#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:89
3189msgid "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012"
3190msgstr ""
3191
3192#. type: Content of: <h3>
3193#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:1
3194msgid "Aztec"
3195msgstr ""
3196
3197#. type: Content of: <p>
3198#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:2
3199msgid ""
3200"For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had "
3201"great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both "
3202"agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was "
3203"lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental "
3204"America in the 16th century."
3205msgstr ""
3206
3207#. type: Content of: <p>
3208#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:3
3209msgid ""
3210"The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is "
3211"preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient "
3212"Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>."
3213" These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: "
3214"books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word"
3215" that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book."
3216msgstr ""
3217
3218#. type: Content of: <p>
3219#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:4
3220msgid ""
3221"After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed,"
3222" their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials "
3223"such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no "
3224"text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican "
3225"customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some "
3226"native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial "
3227"Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new "
3228"techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also "
3229"because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and "
3230"Nahuatl."
3231msgstr ""
3232
3233#. type: Content of: <h5>
3234#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:6
3235msgid "<em>Astronomical building</em>"
3236msgstr ""
3237
3238#. type: Content of: <p>
3239#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:7
3240msgid ""
3241"Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really "
3242"small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and "
3243"astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the "
3244"<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial "
3245"manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun."
3246msgstr ""
3247
3248#. type: Content of: <p>
3249#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:9
3250msgid ""
3251"Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for "
3252"Stellarium."
3253msgstr ""
3254
3255#. type: Content of: <h4>
3256#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:10
3257msgid "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>"
3258msgstr ""
3259
3260#. type: Content of: <p>
3261#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:11
3262msgid ""
3263"Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it "
3264"represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration "
3265"celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named "
3266"<em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with"
3267" the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>."
3268msgstr ""
3269
3270#. type: Content of: <h4>
3271#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:13
3272msgid "<em>Tianquiztli</em>"
3273msgstr ""
3274
3275#. type: Content of: <p>
3276#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:14
3277msgid ""
3278"The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas "
3279"<em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that "
3280"gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a"
3281" circle with goods."
3282msgstr ""
3283
3284#. type: Content of: <p>
3285#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:16
3286msgid ""
3287"Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called "
3288"<em>Tianguis</em>."
3289msgstr ""
3290
3291#. type: Content of: <h4>
3292#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:17
3293msgid "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>"
3294msgstr ""
3295
3296#. type: Content of: <p>
3297#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:18
3298msgid ""
3299"The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means "
3300"the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance"
3301" and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball "
3302"within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon."
3303msgstr ""
3304
3305#. type: Content of: <h4>
3306#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:19
3307msgid "<em>Xonecuilli</em>"
3308msgstr ""
3309
3310#. type: Content of: <p>
3311#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:20
3312msgid ""
3313"The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which "
3314"means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is "
3315"represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and "
3316"poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god."
3317msgstr ""
3318
3319#. type: Content of: <p>
3320#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:22
3321msgid ""
3322"Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern "
3323"Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For "
3324"its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of "
3325"letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>."
3326msgstr ""
3327
3328#. type: Content of: <p>
3329#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:23
3330msgid "<em>xonecuilli</em>"
3331msgstr ""
3332
3333#. type: Content of: <h4>
3334#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:24
3335msgid "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>"
3336msgstr ""
3337
3338#. type: Content of: <p>
3339#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:25
3340msgid ""
3341"According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of"
3342" stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc"
3343" also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, "
3344"which means face of a scorpion."
3345msgstr ""
3346
3347#. type: Content of: <h5>
3348#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:27
3349msgid "<em>Paris Codex</em>"
3350msgstr ""
3351
3352#. type: Content of: <p>
3353#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:28
3354msgid ""
3355"In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in"
3356" this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the "
3357"Celestial Dragon."
3358msgstr ""
3359
3360#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
3361#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:29
3362#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:237
3363msgid "Conclusion"
3364msgstr ""
3365
3366#. type: Content of: <p>
3367#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:30
3368msgid ""
3369"It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are"
3370" still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to "
3371"represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to "
3372"preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture."
3373msgstr ""
3374
3375#. type: Content of: <h3>
3376#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:31
3377#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:31
3378#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2969
3379#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:14
3380#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:29
3381#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:50
3382#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:7
3383#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:86
3384#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:25
3385#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:273
3386#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:7
3387#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:62
3388#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:4
3389#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:6
3390#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:3
3391#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:41
3392#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:4
3393#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:17
3394#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:53
3395#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:14
3396#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:12
3397#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:73
3398msgid "External links"
3399msgstr ""
3400
3401#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3402#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:33
3403msgid ""
3404"<a "
3405"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego"
3406" Nuevo</a>"
3407msgstr ""
3408
3409#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3410#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:34
3411msgid ""
3412"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones "
3413"Prehisp&#225;nicas</a>"
3414msgstr ""
3415
3416#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3417#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:35
3418msgid ""
3419"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question"
3420" of the Zodiac in America</a>"
3421msgstr ""
3422
3423#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3424#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:37
3425msgid ""
3426"<a "
3427"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec "
3428"Mythology</a>"
3429msgstr ""
3430
3431#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3432#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:38
3433msgid ""
3434"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los c&#243;dices de "
3435"M&#233;xico</a>"
3436msgstr ""
3437
3438#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3439#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:39
3440msgid ""
3441"<a "
3442"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los"
3443" c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico</a>"
3444msgstr ""
3445
3446#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3447#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:41
3448msgid ""
3449"<a "
3450"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real"
3451" c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva "
3452"Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n</a>"
3453msgstr ""
3454
3455#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3456#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:44
3457msgid ""
3458"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>"
3459msgstr ""
3460
3461#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3462#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:45
3463msgid ""
3464"<a "
3465"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false\">Iconograf&#237;a"
3466" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>"
3467msgstr ""
3468
3469#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3470#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:46
3471msgid ""
3472"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El "
3473"C&#243;dice Par&#237;s</a>"
3474msgstr ""
3475
3476#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3477#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:47
3478msgid ""
3479"<a "
3480"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El"
3481" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>"
3482msgstr ""
3483
3484#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3485#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:48
3486msgid ""
3487"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - "
3488"espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX</a>"
3489msgstr ""
3490
3491#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3492#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:49
3493msgid ""
3494"<a "
3495"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>"
3496msgstr ""
3497
3498#. type: Content of: <h3>
3499#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:51
3500#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:527
3501#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:467
3502msgid "Thanks to"
3503msgstr ""
3504
3505#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3506#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:53
3507msgid "Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval"
3508msgstr ""
3509
3510#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3511#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:54
3512msgid "Martha Patricia Rivera"
3513msgstr ""
3514
3515#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3516#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:55
3517msgid "Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra"
3518msgstr ""
3519
3520#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3521#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:56
3522msgid "Hector Vega"
3523msgstr ""
3524
3525#. type: Content of: <h5>
3526#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:57
3527#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
3528msgid "Rafael Rojas Segoviano"
3529msgstr ""
3530
3531#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3532#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:58
3533msgid "Juan Caballero"
3534msgstr ""
3535
3536#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3537#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:59
3538msgid "SAAGS"
3539msgstr ""
3540
3541#. type: Content of: <p>
3542#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
3543msgid "<strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong>"
3544msgstr ""
3545
3546#. type: Content of: <p>
3547#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
3548msgid "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>"
3549msgstr ""
3550
3551#. type: Content of: <h5>
3552#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
3553msgid "English translation by:"
3554msgstr ""
3555
3556#. type: Content of: <h1>
3557#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:1
3558msgid "Babylonian &mdash; MUL.APIN"
3559msgstr ""
3560
3561#. type: Content of: <p>
3562#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:2
3563msgid ""
3564"This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek"
3565" one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the"
3566" 12th century BCE.  The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE "
3567"but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the "
3568"observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150."
3569msgstr ""
3570
3571#. type: Content of: <p>
3572#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:7
3573msgid ""
3574"<i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper"
3575" (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>"
3576msgstr ""
3577
3578#. type: Content of: <p>
3579#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:8
3580msgid ""
3581"The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five"
3582" lists of different content.  On the first tablet, there is the so called "
3583"\"star catalogue\" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed "
3584"by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu "
3585"(culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path.  "
3586"The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the"
3587" sundial and rules for omina."
3588msgstr ""
3589
3590#. type: Content of: <h2>
3591#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:14
3592msgid "Zodiac"
3593msgstr ""
3594
3595#. type: Content of: <p>
3596#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:15
3597msgid ""
3598"The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source.  It is not "
3599"preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to "
3600"Greek mathematical astronomy.  We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. "
3601"BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE)  with a zodiac "
3602"divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the"
3603" 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the"
3604" zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in Babylonian mathematical "
3605"astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians.  Taking Eudoxus' "
3606"writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the "
3607"genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE.  In other fragments of "
3608"mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac "
3609"is not present.  Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of "
3610"invention - but to be honest, we don't know.  The common sense is that the "
3611"zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE."
3612msgstr ""
3613
3614#. type: Content of: <p>
3615#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:25
3616msgid ""
3617"In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of "
3618"the Moon.  There are lists of constellations or \"gods who stand in the path"
3619" of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes "
3620"repeatedly] and keeps touching them.\" (cited from the edition by Hunger and"
3621" Steele, 2018, p. 143).  This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not "
3622"considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are "
3623"not highlighted."
3624msgstr ""
3625
3626#. type: Content of: <h3>
3627#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:31
3628#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:20
3629msgid "Planets"
3630msgstr ""
3631
3632#. type: Content of: <p>
3633#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:32
3634msgid ""
3635"This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the "
3636"compendium, the so called `star catalogue'.  It is not a real star catalogue"
3637" because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given "
3638"there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects "
3639"such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we "
3640"layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The "
3641"catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have"
3642" a fixed position.  However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to "
3643"mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky.  They are usually "
3644"denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the "
3645"later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two "
3646"<em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one)."
3647msgstr ""
3648
3649#. type: Content of: <p>
3650#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:38
3651msgid ""
3652"The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in"
3653" the sky and not of the gods associated with them.  The list below shows "
3654"that almost every asterism was associated with a deity.  According to "
3655"Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one "
3656"on Earth as statue in the temple.  That means a celestial object `is' not "
3657"the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case "
3658"for the planets.  For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the "
3659"goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian "
3660"Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus.  This "
3661"goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and "
3662"even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros "
3663"(Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but "
3664"associated with the goddess.  Similar cases exist for most of the "
3665"constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN."
3666msgstr ""
3667
3668#. type: Content of: <p>
3669#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:47
3670msgid ""
3671"In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object "
3672"in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated "
3673"deity."
3674msgstr ""
3675
3676#. type: Content of: <h2>
3677#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:49
3678msgid "Star Catalogue"
3679msgstr ""
3680
3681#. type: Content of: <p>
3682#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:50
3683msgid ""
3684"The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by "
3685"Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik "
3686"(published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) "
3687"and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations "
3688"(work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche "
3689"Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017)."
3690msgstr ""
3691
3692#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3693#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:57
3694#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:273
3695#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:407
3696#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:21
3697#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:209
3698#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:347
3699msgid "constellation number"
3700msgstr ""
3701
3702#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3703#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:58
3704#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:274
3705#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:408
3706msgid "asterism to be \"explained\" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)"
3707msgstr ""
3708
3709#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3710#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:59
3711#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:275
3712#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:409
3713msgid "\"explanation\" (e.g. related deity)"
3714msgstr ""
3715
3716#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3717#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:60
3718#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:276
3719#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:410
3720#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:24
3721#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:212
3722#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:350
3723msgid "position in the sky"
3724msgstr ""
3725
3726#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3727#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:64
3728#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:29
3729msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)"
3730msgstr ""
3731
3732#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3733#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:65
3734msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
3735msgstr ""
3736
3737#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3738#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:70
3739msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)"
3740msgstr ""
3741
3742#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3743#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:71
3744msgid "seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
3745msgstr ""
3746
3747#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3748#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:76
3749#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:42
3750msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)"
3751msgstr ""
3752
3753#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3754#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:77
3755msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enme&scaron;arra"
3756msgstr ""
3757
3758#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3759#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:82
3760#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:49
3761msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)"
3762msgstr ""
3763
3764#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3765#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:83
3766msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)"
3767msgstr ""
3768
3769#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3770#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:84
3771#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:196
3772#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:342
3773#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:446
3774#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:51
3775#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:155
3776#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:293
3777#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:393
3778msgid "in"
3779msgstr ""
3780
3781#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3782#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:88
3783#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:55
3784msgid ""
3785"<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)"
3786msgstr ""
3787
3788#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3789#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:89
3790msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea"
3791msgstr ""
3792
3793#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3794#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:94
3795#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:63
3796msgid ""
3797"<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little"
3798" Twins)"
3799msgstr ""
3800
3801#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3802#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:95
3803msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Alammu&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga"
3804msgstr ""
3805
3806#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3807#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:100
3808#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:69
3809msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)"
3810msgstr ""
3811
3812#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3813#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:101
3814msgid "seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
3815msgstr ""
3816
3817#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3818#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:106
3819#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:75
3820msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)"
3821msgstr ""
3822
3823#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3824#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:107
3825msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
3826msgstr ""
3827
3828#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3829#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:112
3830msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
3831msgstr ""
3832
3833#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3834#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:113
3835msgid "STAR (of the) King"
3836msgstr ""
3837
3838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3839#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:114
3840#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:83
3841msgid "Regulus"
3842msgstr ""
3843
3844#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3845#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:118
3846msgid "twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
3847msgstr ""
3848
3849#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3850#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:119
3851msgid ""
3852"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, "
3853"<sup>GOD</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum"
3854msgstr ""
3855
3856#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3857#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:124
3858msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?)"
3859msgstr ""
3860
3861#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3862#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:125
3863msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land"
3864msgstr ""
3865
3866#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3867#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:130
3868msgid "STAR in front of it"
3869msgstr ""
3870
3871#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3872#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:131
3873msgid ""
3874"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundant), vizier of "
3875"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
3876msgstr ""
3877
3878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3879#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:132
3880#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:330
3881#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:101
3882#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:279
3883msgid "or"
3884msgstr ""
3885
3886#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3887#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:136
3888#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:230
3889#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:298
3890#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:328
3891msgid "STAR behind it"
3892msgstr ""
3893
3894#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3895#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:137
3896msgid ""
3897"<sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of "
3898"<sup>GOD</sup>Ti&scaron;pak"
3899msgstr ""
3900
3901#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3902#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:142
3903msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)"
3904msgstr ""
3905
3906#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3907#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:143
3908msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
3909msgstr ""
3910
3911#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3912#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:147
3913msgid "15"
3914msgstr ""
3915
3916#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3917#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:148
3918msgid "STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
3919msgstr ""
3920
3921#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3922#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:149
3923msgid ""
3924"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the "
3925"strong of the gods"
3926msgstr ""
3927
3928#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3929#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:150
3930msgid "Alcor (80 UMa)"
3931msgstr ""
3932
3933#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3934#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:154
3935msgid "STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
3936msgstr ""
3937
3938#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3939#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:155
3940msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya"
3941msgstr ""
3942
3943#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3944#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:160
3945msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA(Hitched yoke?)"
3946msgstr ""
3947
3948#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3949#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:161
3950msgid "<sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> of heaven"
3951msgstr ""
3952
3953#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3954#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:166
3955msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)"
3956msgstr ""
3957
3958#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3959#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:167
3960msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna"
3961msgstr ""
3962
3963#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3964#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:168
3965#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:137
3966msgid "somewhere betw UMi and Vega?"
3967msgstr ""
3968
3969#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3970#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:172
3971msgid "STAR in its bond"
3972msgstr ""
3973
3974#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3975#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:173
3976msgid ""
3977"<sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i>(Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple), "
3978"foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
3979msgstr ""
3980
3981#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3982#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:179
3983msgid "The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple"
3984msgstr ""
3985
3986#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3987#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:183
3988msgid "The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple"
3989msgstr ""
3990
3991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3992#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:188
3993#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:147
3994msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)"
3995msgstr ""
3996
3997#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3998#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:189
3999msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gula"
4000msgstr ""
4001
4002#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4003#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:194
4004msgid "STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
4005msgstr ""
4006
4007#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4008#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:195
4009msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)"
4010msgstr ""
4011
4012#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4013#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:200
4014#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:159
4015msgid "bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
4016msgstr ""
4017
4018#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4019#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:201
4020msgid ""
4021"<sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-"
4022"la)"
4023msgstr ""
4024
4025#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4026#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:206
4027#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:450
4028msgid "2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it"
4029msgstr ""
4030
4031#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4032#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:207
4033msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
4034msgstr ""
4035
4036#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4037#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:212
4038msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A"
4039msgstr ""
4040
4041#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4042#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:213
4043msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)"
4044msgstr ""
4045
4046#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4047#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:218
4048msgid "STAR to the right of it"
4049msgstr ""
4050
4051#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4052#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:219
4053msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu"
4054msgstr ""
4055
4056#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4057#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:224
4058msgid "STAR to the left of it"
4059msgstr ""
4060
4061#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4062#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:225
4063msgid "<sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)"
4064msgstr ""
4065
4066#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4067#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:231
4068msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)"
4069msgstr ""
4070
4071#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4072#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:236
4073msgid ""
4074"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)"
4075msgstr ""
4076
4077#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4078#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:237
4079msgid ""
4080"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse), "
4081"<sup>GOD</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Rainbow)"
4082msgstr ""
4083
4084#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4085#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:242
4086msgid "red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>"
4087msgstr ""
4088
4089#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4090#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:243
4091msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Deleter)"
4092msgstr ""
4093
4094#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4095#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:248
4096msgid "When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:"
4097msgstr ""
4098
4099#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4100#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:252
4101msgid "big STAR, its &quot;light&quot; is dim, it divides the sky and stands"
4102msgstr ""
4103
4104#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4105#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:253
4106msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>N&#275;beru(Ford)"
4107msgstr ""
4108
4109#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4110#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:254
4111msgid "Milky Way???"
4112msgstr ""
4113
4114#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4115#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:258
4116msgid ""
4117"<sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
4118msgstr ""
4119
4120#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4121#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:259
4122msgid "Jupiter [hypsoma]"
4123msgstr ""
4124
4125#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4126#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:263
4127msgid "33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4128msgstr ""
4129
4130#. type: Content of: <p>
4131#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:267
4132msgid ""
4133"<b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of "
4134"caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer"
4135" which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The "
4136"planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>"
4137msgstr ""
4138
4139#. type: Content of: <p>
4140#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:268
4141msgid ""
4142"<b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 "
4143"asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) "
4144"there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the "
4145"authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are "
4146"several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all"
4147" versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them "
4148"here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the "
4149"scientific community.</i>"
4150msgstr ""
4151
4152#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4153#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:280
4154#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:217
4155msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)"
4156msgstr ""
4157
4158#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4159#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:281
4160msgid ""
4161"seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
4162"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4163msgstr ""
4164
4165#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4166#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:286
4167msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
4168msgstr ""
4169
4170#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4171#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:287
4172msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
4173msgstr ""
4174
4175#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4176#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:292
4177msgid "STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
4178msgstr ""
4179
4180#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4181#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:293
4182msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
4183msgstr ""
4184
4185#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4186#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:299
4187msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz"
4188msgstr ""
4189
4190#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4191#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:304
4192msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)"
4193msgstr ""
4194
4195#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4196#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:305
4197msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods"
4198msgstr ""
4199
4200#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4201#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:310
4202msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)"
4203msgstr ""
4204
4205#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4206#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:311
4207msgid ""
4208"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of "
4209"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4210msgstr ""
4211
4212#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4213#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:316
4214#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:263
4215msgid ""
4216"<sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN "
4217"(<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)"
4218msgstr ""
4219
4220#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4221#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:317
4222msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4223msgstr ""
4224
4225#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4226#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:322
4227#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:270
4228msgid "Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>"
4229msgstr ""
4230
4231#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4232#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:323
4233msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
4234msgstr ""
4235
4236#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
4237#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324
4238#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
4239msgid "3"
4240msgstr ""
4241
4242#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
4243#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324
4244#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
4245msgid "4"
4246msgstr ""
4247
4248#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4249#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:329
4250msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
4251msgstr ""
4252
4253#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4254#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:334
4255msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Arrow)"
4256msgstr ""
4257
4258#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4259#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:335
4260msgid ""
4261"<i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) "
4262"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta"
4263msgstr ""
4264
4265#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4266#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:336
4267#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:286
4268msgid "Sirius +"
4269msgstr ""
4270
4271#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4272#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:340
4273msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Bow)"
4274msgstr ""
4275
4276#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4277#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:341
4278msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;tar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4279msgstr ""
4280
4281#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4282#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:346
4283msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Snake-god)"
4284msgstr ""
4285
4286#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4287#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:347
4288msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)"
4289msgstr ""
4290
4291#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4292#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:352
4293msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Raven)"
4294msgstr ""
4295
4296#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4297#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:353
4298msgid "Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4299msgstr ""
4300
4301#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4302#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:358
4303msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Furrow)"
4304msgstr ""
4305
4306#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4307#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:359
4308msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala, ear of grain"
4309msgstr ""
4310
4311#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4312#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:364
4313#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:319
4314msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)"
4315msgstr ""
4316
4317#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4318#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:365
4319msgid "Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
4320msgstr ""
4321
4322#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4323#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:366
4324#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:321
4325msgid "circa Lib"
4326msgstr ""
4327
4328#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4329#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:370
4330#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:326
4331msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa"
4332msgstr ""
4333
4334#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4335#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:371
4336msgid ""
4337"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Eagle) and "
4338"<sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)"
4339msgstr ""
4340
4341#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4342#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:376
4343msgid ""
4344"<sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the "
4345"sky"
4346msgstr ""
4347
4348#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4349#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:381
4350msgid ""
4351"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and "
4352"crosses the sky"
4353msgstr ""
4354
4355#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
4356#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:382
4357#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
4358msgid "Mars"
4359msgstr ""
4360
4361#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4362#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:386
4363msgid ""
4364"<sup>STAR</sup>STEADY&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>,"
4365" Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
4366msgstr ""
4367
4368#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4369#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:387
4370msgid "Saturn"
4371msgstr ""
4372
4373#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4374#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:391
4375msgid ""
4376"<sup>STAR</sup>DANCING&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>,"
4377" Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the"
4378" West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it "
4379"disappears"
4380msgstr ""
4381
4382#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4383#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:393
4384msgid "Mercury"
4385msgstr ""
4386
4387#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4388#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:397
4389msgid "23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum"
4390msgstr ""
4391
4392#. type: Content of: <p>
4393#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:402
4394msgid ""
4395"<b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a \"+\" sign in the column of the modern "
4396"counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to"
4397" this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure "
4398"that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at "
4399"least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is "
4400"the Eagle next to another constellation named \"the Corpse\". This could "
4401"possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation "
4402"\"Eagle with Antinuos\" but it can also be independent - that is why, we "
4403"give \"Aql+\".</i>"
4404msgstr ""
4405
4406#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4407#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:414
4408#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:355
4409msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)"
4410msgstr ""
4411
4412#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4413#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:415
4414msgid ""
4415"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
4416"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4417msgstr ""
4418
4419#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4420#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:420
4421msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR"
4422msgstr ""
4423
4424#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4425#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:421
4426#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:427
4427msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4428msgstr ""
4429
4430#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4431#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:426
4432#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:370
4433msgid "STAR of (the city of) Eridu"
4434msgstr ""
4435
4436#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4437#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:432
4438#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:444
4439msgid "STAR to its right"
4440msgstr ""
4441
4442#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4443#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:433
4444msgid "STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
4445msgstr ""
4446
4447#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4448#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:438
4449#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:384
4450msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i>"
4451msgstr ""
4452
4453#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4454#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:439
4455msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu"
4456msgstr ""
4457
4458#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4459#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:445
4460msgid ""
4461"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), weapon of "
4462"<sup>GOD</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is "
4463"visible"
4464msgstr ""
4465
4466#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4467#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:451
4468msgid ""
4469"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, "
4470"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4471msgstr ""
4472
4473#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4474#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:456
4475msgid ""
4476"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea"
4477msgstr ""
4478
4479#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4480#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:457
4481msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4482msgstr ""
4483
4484#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4485#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:462
4486msgid "STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
4487msgstr ""
4488
4489#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4490#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:463
4491msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu"
4492msgstr ""
4493
4494#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4495#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:468
4496#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:416
4497msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
4498msgstr ""
4499
4500#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4501#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:469
4502msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, lady of the inhabited world"
4503msgstr ""
4504
4505#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i>
4506#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474
4507#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
4508msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI"
4509msgstr ""
4510
4511#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4512#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474
4513msgid "</i>(Breast of the Scorpion)"
4514msgstr ""
4515
4516#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4517#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:475
4518msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nab&ucirc;"
4519msgstr ""
4520
4521#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
4522#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:476
4523#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:424
4524#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:61
4525msgid "Antares"
4526msgstr ""
4527
4528#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4529#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:480
4530msgid ""
4531"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
4532"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
4533msgstr ""
4534
4535#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4536#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:481
4537msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
4538msgstr ""
4539
4540#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4541#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:486
4542msgid "STAR behind them"
4543msgstr ""
4544
4545#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4546#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:487
4547msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
4548msgstr ""
4549
4550#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4551#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:492
4552msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt;"
4553msgstr ""
4554
4555#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4556#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:493
4557msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Goat-fish)"
4558msgstr ""
4559
4560#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4561#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:498
4562msgid "15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4563msgstr ""
4564
4565#. type: Content of: <h3>
4566#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:503
4567#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:12
4568msgid "Source(s)"
4569msgstr ""
4570
4571#. type: Content of: <p>
4572#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:504
4573msgid ""
4574"The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some "
4575"years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research.  In some cases they "
4576"deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other "
4577"scholars since 1950 or earlier.  Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) "
4578"allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's "
4579"dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek "
4580"culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were "
4581"developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten "
4582"together with other, mainly German, planetariums.  A first scientific "
4583"article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared "
4584"in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius "
4585"Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017.  Further publications are in preparation (e.g. "
4586"together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre "
4587"Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter \"Further Reading\" below."
4588msgstr ""
4589
4590#. type: Content of: <h2>
4591#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:513
4592msgid "Sources / Further Reading"
4593msgstr ""
4594
4595#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4596#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:515
4597msgid ""
4598"British Museum <a "
4599"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image "
4600"Tablet No 152339001</a>"
4601msgstr ""
4602
4603#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <ul><li>
4604#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516
4605#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454
4606#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455
4607#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456
4608#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457
4609#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
4610msgid "fr"
4611msgstr ""
4612
4613#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4614#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516
4615msgid ""
4616"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium "
4617"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018."
4618msgstr ""
4619
4620#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4621#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:517
4622msgid ""
4623"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a "
4624"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
4625"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017."
4626msgstr ""
4627
4628#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4629#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:518
4630msgid ""
4631"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of "
4632"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
4633"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
4634"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
4635"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
4636"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
4637"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017."
4638msgstr ""
4639
4640#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4641#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:519
4642msgid ""
4643"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the "
4644"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre "
4645"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)."
4646msgstr ""
4647
4648#. type: Content of: <p>
4649#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:523
4650msgid ""
4651"This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars."
4652"  We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to"
4653" be cited according to the common rules.  This sky culture is provided under"
4654" CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it "
4655"without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!"
4656msgstr ""
4657
4658#. type: Content of: <p>
4659#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:528
4660msgid ""
4661"The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the "
4662"stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann.  As an "
4663"astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very"
4664" enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes."
4665msgstr ""
4666
4667#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4668#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:531
4669msgid "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)"
4670msgstr ""
4671
4672#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4673#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:532
4674msgid "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)"
4675msgstr ""
4676
4677#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4678#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:533
4679#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:470
4680msgid ""
4681"Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of "
4682"German-speaking Planetariums)"
4683msgstr ""
4684
4685#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4686#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:534
4687msgid "Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)"
4688msgstr ""
4689
4690#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4691#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:535
4692#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:471
4693msgid "Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)"
4694msgstr ""
4695
4696#. type: Content of: <p>
4697#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:540
4698msgid ""
4699"The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to"
4700" Stellarium:"
4701msgstr ""
4702
4703#. type: Content of: <p>
4704#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:541
4705msgid "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
4706msgstr ""
4707
4708#. type: Content of: <p>
4709#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:542
4710msgid ""
4711"Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and "
4712"Susanne M Hoffmann)"
4713msgstr ""
4714
4715#. type: Content of: <h5>
4716#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543
4717#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305
4718#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
4719msgid "written in English:"
4720msgstr ""
4721
4722#. type: Content of: <h5>
4723#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543
4724msgid "SMH"
4725msgstr ""
4726
4727#. type: Content of: <h1>
4728#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:1
4729msgid "Babylonian &mdash; Seleucid"
4730msgstr ""
4731
4732#. type: Content of: <p>
4733#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:2
4734msgid ""
4735"The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of "
4736"Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN"
4737" (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have "
4738"developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there "
4739"is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch."
4740msgstr ""
4741
4742#. type: Content of: <p>
4743#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:3
4744msgid ""
4745"This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed "
4746"to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to "
4747"the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with "
4748"regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since "
4749"several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there "
4750"is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in "
4751"MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, "
4752"in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions"
4753" of the constellations around the ecliptic."
4754msgstr ""
4755
4756#. type: Content of: <p>
4757#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:6
4758msgid ""
4759"However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the "
4760"constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of "
4761"MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture "
4762"for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression "
4763"of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture."
4764msgstr ""
4765
4766#. type: Content of: <h3>
4767#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:8
4768msgid "Single Stars"
4769msgstr ""
4770
4771#. type: Content of: <p>
4772#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:10
4773msgid ""
4774"In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars "
4775"preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky"
4776" culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i>"
4777" lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "
4778"\"normal stars\" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin \"norma\" = "
4779"the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the "
4780"Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error"
4781" concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes "
4782"huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can"
4783" be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004)."
4784msgstr ""
4785
4786#. type: Content of: <p>
4787#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:13
4788msgid ""
4789"The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the "
4790"modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 "
4791"and some of the other papers given in \"Further Reading\". The book by "
4792"Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and "
4793"more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for "
4794"many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his "
4795"translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late"
4796" Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium."
4797msgstr ""
4798
4799#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
4800#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:16
4801msgid "MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked"
4802msgstr ""
4803
4804#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4805#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:22
4806#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:210
4807#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:348
4808msgid "asterism"
4809msgstr ""
4810
4811#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4812#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:23
4813#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:211
4814#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:349
4815msgid "our commentary"
4816msgstr ""
4817
4818#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4819#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:35
4820msgid ""
4821"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
4822msgstr ""
4823
4824#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4825#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:36
4826msgid "\"wolf\" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough."
4827msgstr ""
4828
4829#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4830#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:64
4831msgid "do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)"
4832msgstr ""
4833
4834#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4835#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:81
4836msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King"
4837msgstr ""
4838
4839#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4840#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:87
4841msgid ""
4842"twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: "
4843"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua"
4844msgstr ""
4845
4846#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4847#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:93
4848msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4849msgstr ""
4850
4851#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4852#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:99
4853msgid ""
4854"STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)"
4855msgstr ""
4856
4857#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4858#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:105
4859msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)"
4860msgstr ""
4861
4862#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4863#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:111
4864msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)"
4865msgstr ""
4866
4867#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4868#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:117
4869msgid ""
4870"STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
4871"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)"
4872msgstr ""
4873
4874#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4875#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:119
4876msgid "Alcor"
4877msgstr ""
4878
4879#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4880#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:123
4881msgid ""
4882"STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
4883"<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)"
4884msgstr ""
4885
4886#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4887#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:129
4888msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)"
4889msgstr ""
4890
4891#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4892#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:135
4893msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)"
4894msgstr ""
4895
4896#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4897#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:141
4898msgid ""
4899"STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the "
4900"Ema&#7723;-temple)"
4901msgstr ""
4902
4903#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4904#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:153
4905msgid ""
4906"STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: "
4907"<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]"
4908msgstr ""
4909
4910#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4911#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:165
4912msgid ""
4913"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and "
4914"<sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
4915msgstr ""
4916
4917#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4918#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:171
4919msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)"
4920msgstr ""
4921
4922#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4923#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:172
4924msgid ""
4925"In Late Babylonian language (\"dictionaries\") a new reading of this "
4926"constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "
4927"\"nimru\" translating to \"the Panther\"; the old demon at this place seems "
4928"to have been replaced."
4929msgstr ""
4930
4931#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4932#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:177
4933msgid ""
4934"STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)"
4935msgstr ""
4936
4937#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4938#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:183
4939msgid "STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)"
4940msgstr ""
4941
4942#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4943#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:189
4944msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)"
4945msgstr ""
4946
4947#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4948#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:190
4949msgid ""
4950"We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther "
4951"occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in"
4952" this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the \"Field"
4953" Mouse\"."
4954msgstr ""
4955
4956#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4957#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:195
4958msgid ""
4959"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): "
4960"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)"
4961msgstr ""
4962
4963#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4964#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:201
4965msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished."
4966msgstr ""
4967
4968#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4969#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:223
4970msgid ""
4971"STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
4972"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
4973msgstr ""
4974
4975#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4976#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:224
4977msgid ""
4978"the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier "
4979"version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards"
4980msgstr ""
4981
4982#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4983#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:229
4984msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)"
4985msgstr ""
4986
4987#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4988#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:230
4989msgid ""
4990"Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was"
4991" shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained "
4992"without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but "
4993"nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band "
4994"connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of "
4995"Anunitu."
4996msgstr ""
4997
4998#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4999#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:236
5000msgid ""
5001"STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
5002"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
5003msgstr ""
5004
5005#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5006#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:237
5007msgid ""
5008"Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is"
5009" another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was "
5010"equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish."
5011msgstr ""
5012
5013#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5014#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:242
5015msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)"
5016msgstr ""
5017
5018#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5019#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:243
5020msgid ""
5021"Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the "
5022"Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU "
5023"(sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely "
5024"a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not "
5025"supposed to really look like a sheep."
5026msgstr ""
5027
5028#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5029#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:249
5030msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu"
5031msgstr ""
5032
5033#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5034#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:250
5035msgid ""
5036"Old Babylonian termed only \"the Star Cluster\", Middle Babylonian insists "
5037"to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. "
5038"Late Babylonian more often uses the term \"the Bristle\" on the neck of the "
5039"Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one."
5040msgstr ""
5041
5042#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5043#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:256
5044msgid ""
5045"<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and "
5046"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)"
5047msgstr ""
5048
5049#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5050#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:257
5051msgid ""
5052"The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. "
5053"Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction"
5054" in the sky). The \"Jaw\" are the Hyades."
5055msgstr ""
5056
5057#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5058#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:258
5059msgid "and Hyades"
5060msgstr ""
5061
5062#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5063#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:277
5064msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
5065msgstr ""
5066
5067#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5068#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:278
5069msgid ""
5070"Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make "
5071"any sense to me: \"behind\" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very "
5072"bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him \"pro "
5073"kyon\" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures "
5074"Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for "
5075"them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, "
5076"important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a "
5077"crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius."
5078msgstr ""
5079
5080#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5081#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:284
5082msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)"
5083msgstr ""
5084
5085#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5086#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:285
5087msgid ""
5088"The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, "
5089"there are multiple options."
5090msgstr ""
5091
5092#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5093#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:291
5094msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)"
5095msgstr ""
5096
5097#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5098#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:292
5099msgid ""
5100"I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing "
5101"options)."
5102msgstr ""
5103
5104#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5105#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:298
5106msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)"
5107msgstr ""
5108
5109#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5110#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:305
5111msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)"
5112msgstr ""
5113
5114#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5115#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:312
5116msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain"
5117msgstr ""
5118
5119#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5120#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:313
5121msgid ""
5122"The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess "
5123"&Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for "
5124"the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica)."
5125msgstr ""
5126
5127#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5128#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:320
5129msgid ""
5130"Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion "
5131"this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in"
5132" early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier "
5133"versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not "
5134"part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the "
5135"Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) "
5136"does not need so much space."
5137msgstr ""
5138
5139#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5140#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:327
5141msgid "Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus."
5142msgstr ""
5143
5144#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5145#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:332
5146msgid ""
5147"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> "
5148"(Corpse)"
5149msgstr ""
5150
5151#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5152#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:333
5153msgid ""
5154"The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest "
5155"figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the "
5156"Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated "
5157"with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries"
5158" preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do "
5159"not distinguish eagles and vultures."
5160msgstr ""
5161
5162#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5163#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:339
5164msgid "Path of Anum completed."
5165msgstr ""
5166
5167#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5168#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:356
5169msgid "Greek \"the Great Fish\""
5170msgstr ""
5171
5172#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5173#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:363
5174msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
5175msgstr ""
5176
5177#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5178#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:364
5179msgid ""
5180"The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of "
5181"water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image "
5182"of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the "
5183"Greek, they named this figure simply \"the Man with the Water\" or \"Water-"
5184"Carrier\"."
5185msgstr ""
5186
5187#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5188#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:377
5189msgid "STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
5190msgstr ""
5191
5192#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5193#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:378
5194msgid ""
5195"Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where "
5196"this asterism is to be located."
5197msgstr ""
5198
5199#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5200#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:385
5201msgid "still unclear"
5202msgstr ""
5203
5204#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5205#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:391
5206msgid ""
5207"STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in "
5208"the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible"
5209msgstr ""
5210
5211#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5212#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:392
5213msgid ""
5214"still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the "
5215"Milky Way."
5216msgstr ""
5217
5218#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5219#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:397
5220msgid ""
5221"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and "
5222"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;"
5223msgstr ""
5224
5225#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5226#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:398
5227msgid "no hints, no clue"
5228msgstr ""
5229
5230#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5231#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:403
5232msgid ""
5233"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: "
5234"STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da"
5235msgstr ""
5236
5237#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5238#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:404
5239msgid "should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)"
5240msgstr ""
5241
5242#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5243#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:410
5244msgid ""
5245"STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): "
5246"<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>"
5247msgstr ""
5248
5249#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5250#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
5251msgid "</i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin"
5252msgstr ""
5253
5254#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5255#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:423
5256msgid "single star name"
5257msgstr ""
5258
5259#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5260#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:428
5261msgid ""
5262"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
5263"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and "
5264"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
5265msgstr ""
5266
5267#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5268#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:429
5269msgid ""
5270"Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and "
5271"re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016."
5272msgstr ""
5273
5274#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5275#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:434
5276msgid "STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
5277msgstr ""
5278
5279#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5280#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:435
5281msgid ""
5282"The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily "
5283"be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903)."
5284msgstr ""
5285
5286#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5287#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:440
5288msgid ""
5289"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) "
5290"<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish)"
5291msgstr ""
5292
5293#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5294#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:441
5295msgid ""
5296"Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms "
5297"designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs "
5298"before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). "
5299"Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the"
5300" west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That explains "
5301"Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a "
5302"ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be "
5303"identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis)."
5304msgstr ""
5305
5306#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5307#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:447
5308msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed."
5309msgstr ""
5310
5311#. type: Content of: <h2>
5312#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:452
5313#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:45
5314msgid "Further Reading"
5315msgstr ""
5316
5317#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5318#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454
5319msgid "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig."
5320msgstr ""
5321
5322#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5323#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455
5324msgid "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40."
5325msgstr ""
5326
5327#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5328#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456
5329msgid ""
5330"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, "
5331"Brill, Leiden."
5332msgstr ""
5333
5334#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5335#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457
5336msgid ""
5337"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical "
5338"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York."
5339msgstr ""
5340
5341#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5342#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:458
5343msgid ""
5344"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a "
5345"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
5346"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York."
5347msgstr ""
5348
5349#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5350#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:459
5351msgid ""
5352"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization "
5353"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
5354"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
5355"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
5356"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
5357"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
5358"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg."
5359msgstr ""
5360
5361#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5362#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:460
5363msgid ""
5364"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near "
5365"Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences."
5366msgstr ""
5367
5368#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5369#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
5370msgid ""
5371"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi),"
5372" Utopica, Oberhaid."
5373msgstr ""
5374
5375#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5376#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:462
5377msgid ""
5378"many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. "
5379"Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the"
5380" above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why "
5381"we do not list them in detail here."
5382msgstr ""
5383
5384#. type: Content of: <p>
5385#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:465
5386msgid ""
5387"This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence "
5388"(noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting "
5389"the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!"
5390msgstr ""
5391
5392#. type: Content of: <p>
5393#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:468
5394msgid ""
5395"Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and "
5396"development time in their domes."
5397msgstr ""
5398
5399#. type: Content of: <p>
5400#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:476
5401msgid "The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and"
5402msgstr ""
5403
5404#. type: Content of: <p>
5405#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:477
5406msgid "the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:"
5407msgstr ""
5408
5409#. type: Content of: <p>
5410#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:478
5411msgid "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
5412msgstr ""
5413
5414#. type: Content of: <h2>
5415#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:1
5416msgid "Belarusian"
5417msgstr ""
5418
5419#. type: Content of: <p>
5420#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:2
5421msgid ""
5422"Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in "
5423"Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, "
5424"Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the "
5425"northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land "
5426"and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is "
5427"exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional "
5428"knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present "
5429"time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms "
5430"have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized."
5431msgstr ""
5432
5433#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5434#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:10
5435msgid ""
5436"Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the "
5437"Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> "
5438"a large cart."
5439msgstr ""
5440
5441#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5442#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:11
5443msgid "The Bride"
5444msgstr ""
5445
5446#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5447#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:12
5448msgid "The Chicks"
5449msgstr ""
5450
5451#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5452#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:13
5453msgid "The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross"
5454msgstr ""
5455
5456#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5457#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:14
5458msgid "The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head."
5459msgstr ""
5460
5461#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5462#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:15
5463msgid "The Goat"
5464msgstr ""
5465
5466#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5467#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:16
5468msgid "The Grass Snakes"
5469msgstr ""
5470
5471#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5472#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:17
5473msgid ""
5474"The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the "
5475"Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom."
5476msgstr ""
5477
5478#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5479#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:18
5480msgid ""
5481"The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner "
5482"of people mowing the fields."
5483msgstr ""
5484
5485#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5486#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:19
5487msgid ""
5488"The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies "
5489"revolve."
5490msgstr ""
5491
5492#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5493#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:20
5494msgid "The Ploughman"
5495msgstr ""
5496
5497#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5498#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:21
5499msgid "The Rake"
5500msgstr ""
5501
5502#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5503#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:22
5504msgid "The Ram"
5505msgstr ""
5506
5507#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5508#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:23
5509msgid ""
5510"The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star "
5511"that always stands in the same place"
5512msgstr ""
5513
5514#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5515#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:24
5516msgid ""
5517"The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of <i>zhito</i> "
5518"through it."
5519msgstr ""
5520
5521#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5522#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:25
5523msgid ""
5524"The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major."
5525msgstr ""
5526
5527#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5528#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:26
5529msgid "The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair."
5530msgstr ""
5531
5532#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5533#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:27
5534msgid "The Twins"
5535msgstr ""
5536
5537#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5538#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:28
5539msgid "The Goose's Way"
5540msgstr ""
5541
5542#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5543#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:33
5544msgid ""
5545"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The "
5546"author's website, in Belarusian."
5547msgstr ""
5548
5549#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5550#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:34
5551msgid ""
5552"<a "
5553"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian"
5554" Ethnoastronomy.</a>"
5555msgstr ""
5556
5557#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5558#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:35
5559msgid ""
5560"<a "
5561"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical"
5562" aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>"
5563msgstr ""
5564
5565#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5566#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:36
5567msgid ""
5568"<a "
5569"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-"
5570"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
5571msgstr ""
5572
5573#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5574#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:37
5575msgid ""
5576"<a "
5577"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-"
5578"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
5579msgstr ""
5580
5581#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5582#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:38
5583msgid ""
5584"<a "
5585"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms"
5586" in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>"
5587msgstr ""
5588
5589#. type: Content of: <p>
5590#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:43
5591msgid ""
5592"The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander "
5593"Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk "
5594"Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal "
5595"Archaeologia Baltica."
5596msgstr ""
5597
5598#. type: Content of: <p>
5599#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:45
5600msgid "Illustrations by Johan Meuris."
5601msgstr ""
5602
5603#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5604#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:1
5605#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:24
5606msgid "Boorong"
5607msgstr ""
5608
5609#. type: Content of: <p>
5610#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:2
5611msgid ""
5612"One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-"
5613"Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their "
5614"stories relating to the night sky.  Some forty stars, constellations and "
5615"other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and "
5616"related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in "
5617"1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European "
5618"equivalent.  What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial "
5619"phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way "
5620"the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to "
5621"create the constellation figures in Stellarium."
5622msgstr ""
5623
5624#. type: Content of: <p>
5625#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:8
5626msgid ""
5627"The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William "
5628"Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more "
5629"of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;."
5630msgstr ""
5631
5632#. type: Content of: <h3>
5633#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:11
5634msgid "Constellations and other celestial objects"
5635msgstr ""
5636
5637#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5638#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:14
5639msgid "<b>Name</b>"
5640msgstr ""
5641
5642#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5643#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:15
5644msgid "<b>Explanation</b>"
5645msgstr ""
5646
5647#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5648#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:16
5649msgid "<b>Celestial Clue</b>"
5650msgstr ""
5651
5652#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5653#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:19
5654msgid "Berm-berm-gle"
5655msgstr ""
5656
5657#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5658#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:20
5659msgid "Red-kneed dotterel"
5660msgstr ""
5661
5662#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5663#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:25
5664msgid "Night; small mallee; starry firmament"
5665msgstr ""
5666
5667#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5668#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:26
5669msgid "Starry firmament at night"
5670msgstr ""
5671
5672#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5673#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:29
5674msgid "Bunya"
5675msgstr ""
5676
5677#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5678#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:30
5679msgid "Ring-tail possum"
5680msgstr ""
5681
5682#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5683#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:31
5684msgid "Top star in Southern Cross"
5685msgstr ""
5686
5687#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5688#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:34
5689msgid "Chargee Gnowee"
5690msgstr ""
5691
5692#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5693#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:35
5694msgid "Elder sister, sister of the sun"
5695msgstr ""
5696
5697#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5698#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:39
5699msgid "Bittur"
5700msgstr ""
5701
5702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5703#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:40
5704msgid "Larvae of the woodant"
5705msgstr ""
5706
5707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5708#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:44
5709msgid "Collenbitchick"
5710msgstr ""
5711
5712#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5713#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:45
5714msgid "Species of ant"
5715msgstr ""
5716
5717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5718#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:46
5719msgid "Double star in head of Capricornus"
5720msgstr ""
5721
5722#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5723#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:49
5724msgid "Collowgulloric War"
5725msgstr ""
5726
5727#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5728#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:50
5729msgid "Female crow, wife of War"
5730msgstr ""
5731
5732#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5733#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:51
5734msgid "Eta Carinae"
5735msgstr ""
5736
5737#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5738#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:54
5739msgid "Colowgulloric Warepil"
5740msgstr ""
5741
5742#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5743#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:55
5744msgid "Female eagle, wife of Warepil"
5745msgstr ""
5746
5747#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5748#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:56
5749msgid "Rigel In Orion"
5750msgstr ""
5751
5752#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5753#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:59
5754msgid "Djuit"
5755msgstr ""
5756
5757#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5758#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:60
5759msgid "Red-rumped parrot"
5760msgstr ""
5761
5762#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5763#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:64
5764msgid "Gellarlec"
5765msgstr ""
5766
5767#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5768#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:65
5769msgid "Pink cockatoo"
5770msgstr ""
5771
5772#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5773#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:66
5774msgid "Aldebaran"
5775msgstr ""
5776
5777#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5778#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:69
5779msgid "Ginabongbearp"
5780msgstr ""
5781
5782#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5783#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:70
5784msgid "Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight"
5785msgstr ""
5786
5787#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
5788#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:71
5789#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:46
5790msgid "Jupiter"
5791msgstr ""
5792
5793#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5794#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:74
5795msgid "Gnowee"
5796msgstr ""
5797
5798#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5799#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:75
5800msgid "Day; Sun"
5801msgstr ""
5802
5803#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5804#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:76
5805#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:66
5806#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:16
5807#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:141
5808#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
5809msgid "Sun"
5810msgstr ""
5811
5812#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5813#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:79
5814msgid "Karik Karik"
5815msgstr ""
5816
5817#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5818#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:80
5819msgid "Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel"
5820msgstr ""
5821
5822#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5823#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:81
5824msgid "Two stars at end of Scorpius"
5825msgstr ""
5826
5827#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5828#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:84
5829msgid "Kourt-chin"
5830msgstr ""
5831
5832#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5833#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:85
5834msgid "Male and female brolga"
5835msgstr ""
5836
5837#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5838#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:86
5839msgid "Clouds of Magellan"
5840msgstr ""
5841
5842#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5843#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:89
5844msgid "Kulkanbulla"
5845msgstr ""
5846
5847#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5848#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:90
5849msgid "Two teenage boys"
5850msgstr ""
5851
5852#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5853#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:91
5854msgid "Belt and Scabbard of Orion"
5855msgstr ""
5856
5857#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5858#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:94
5859msgid "Lamankurrk"
5860msgstr ""
5861
5862#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5863#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:95
5864msgid "Girls, young women"
5865msgstr ""
5866
5867#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5868#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:99
5869msgid "Marpeankurrk"
5870msgstr ""
5871
5872#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5873#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:100
5874msgid "Meat ant; treecreeper"
5875msgstr ""
5876
5877#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5878#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:101
5879#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
5880msgid "Arcturus"
5881msgstr ""
5882
5883#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5884#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:104
5885msgid "Millee"
5886msgstr ""
5887
5888#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5889#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:105
5890msgid "Murray River"
5891msgstr ""
5892
5893#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5894#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:106
5895#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:111
5896msgid "Part of the Milky Way"
5897msgstr ""
5898
5899#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5900#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:109
5901msgid "Mindi"
5902msgstr ""
5903
5904#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5905#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:110
5906msgid "The maned snake"
5907msgstr ""
5908
5909#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5910#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:114
5911msgid "Mityan"
5912msgstr ""
5913
5914#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5915#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:115
5916msgid "Quoll"
5917msgstr ""
5918
5919#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5920#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:116
5921#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:67
5922#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:21
5923#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
5924msgid "Moon"
5925msgstr ""
5926
5927#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5928#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:119
5929msgid "Neilloan"
5930msgstr ""
5931
5932#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5933#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:120
5934msgid "Mallee fowl"
5935msgstr ""
5936
5937#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5938#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:121
5939msgid "Lyra"
5940msgstr ""
5941
5942#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5943#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:124
5944msgid "Nurrumbunguttias"
5945msgstr ""
5946
5947#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5948#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:125
5949msgid "Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo"
5950msgstr ""
5951
5952#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5953#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:126
5954msgid "White aura of the Milky Way"
5955msgstr ""
5956
5957#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5958#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:129
5959msgid "Otchocut"
5960msgstr ""
5961
5962#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5963#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:130
5964msgid "Great fish"
5965msgstr ""
5966
5967#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5968#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:134
5969msgid "Porkelong toute"
5970msgstr ""
5971
5972#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5973#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:135
5974msgid "Loss of tooth"
5975msgstr ""
5976
5977#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5978#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:136
5979msgid "Shooting star"
5980msgstr ""
5981
5982#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5983#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:139
5984msgid "Pupperimbul"
5985msgstr ""
5986
5987#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5988#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:140
5989msgid "Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola"
5990msgstr ""
5991
5992#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5993#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:141
5994msgid "Carried the emu egg to become the Sun"
5995msgstr ""
5996
5997#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5998#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:144
5999msgid "Purra"
6000msgstr ""
6001
6002#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6003#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:145
6004msgid "Red kangaroo"
6005msgstr ""
6006
6007#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6008#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:146
6009msgid "Capella"
6010msgstr ""
6011
6012#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6013#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:149
6014msgid "Tchingal"
6015msgstr ""
6016
6017#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6018#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:150
6019msgid "The tall one; emu"
6020msgstr ""
6021
6022#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6023#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:151
6024msgid "Dark space near Cross"
6025msgstr ""
6026
6027#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6028#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:154
6029msgid "Totyarguil"
6030msgstr ""
6031
6032#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6033#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:155
6034msgid "Purple crowned lorikeet"
6035msgstr ""
6036
6037#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6038#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:156
6039msgid "Altair"
6040msgstr ""
6041
6042#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6043#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:159
6044msgid "Tourchingboiongerra"
6045msgstr ""
6046
6047#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6048#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:160
6049msgid "Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails"
6050msgstr ""
6051
6052#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6053#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:161
6054#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:126
6055msgid "Coma Berenices"
6056msgstr ""
6057
6058#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6059#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:164
6060msgid "Tourte"
6061msgstr ""
6062
6063#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6064#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:165
6065msgid "Star"
6066msgstr ""
6067
6068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6069#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:166
6070msgid "Any star"
6071msgstr ""
6072
6073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6074#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:169
6075msgid "Tyrille"
6076msgstr ""
6077
6078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6079#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:170
6080#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:171
6081msgid "Space; night sky"
6082msgstr ""
6083
6084#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6085#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:174
6086msgid "Unurgunite"
6087msgstr ""
6088
6089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6090#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:175
6091msgid "Jacky lizard"
6092msgstr ""
6093
6094#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6095#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:176
6096msgid "Sigma Canis Majoris"
6097msgstr ""
6098
6099#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6100#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:179
6101msgid "Wanjel"
6102msgstr ""
6103
6104#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6105#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:180
6106msgid "Long-necked tortoise"
6107msgstr ""
6108
6109#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6110#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:181
6111msgid "Pollux"
6112msgstr ""
6113
6114#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6115#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:184
6116msgid "War"
6117msgstr ""
6118
6119#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6120#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:185
6121msgid "Crow"
6122msgstr ""
6123
6124#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6125#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:189
6126msgid "Warepil"
6127msgstr ""
6128
6129#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6130#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:190
6131msgid "Wedge tailed eagle"
6132msgstr ""
6133
6134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6135#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:194
6136msgid "Warring"
6137msgstr ""
6138
6139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6140#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:195
6141msgid "Galaxy"
6142msgstr ""
6143
6144#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6145#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:196
6146#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:31
6147#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:7
6148#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
6149msgid "Milky Way"
6150msgstr ""
6151
6152#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6153#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:199
6154msgid "Weetkurrk"
6155msgstr ""
6156
6157#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6158#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:200
6159msgid "Singing bushlark"
6160msgstr ""
6161
6162#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6163#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:201
6164msgid "Star in Bootes west of Arcturus"
6165msgstr ""
6166
6167#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6168#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:204
6169msgid "Won"
6170msgstr ""
6171
6172#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6173#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:205
6174msgid "Boomerang"
6175msgstr ""
6176
6177#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6178#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:206
6179#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:121
6180msgid "Corona Australis"
6181msgstr ""
6182
6183#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6184#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:209
6185msgid "Yerredetkurrk"
6186msgstr ""
6187
6188#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6189#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:210
6190msgid "Owlet nightjar"
6191msgstr ""
6192
6193#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6194#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:211
6195msgid "Achernar"
6196msgstr ""
6197
6198#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6199#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:214
6200msgid "Yurree"
6201msgstr ""
6202
6203#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6204#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:215
6205msgid "Fan-tailed cockatoo"
6206msgstr ""
6207
6208#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6209#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:216
6210msgid "Castor"
6211msgstr ""
6212
6213#. type: Content of: <p>
6214#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:221
6215msgid ""
6216"This sky culture was contributed by <i><a "
6217"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' "
6218"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i>"
6219" and <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' "
6220"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>."
6221msgstr ""
6222
6223#. type: Content of: <h2>
6224#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1
6225msgid "Chinese Traditional Sky Culture"
6226msgstr ""
6227
6228#. type: Content of: <p>
6229#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:3
6230msgid ""
6231"Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system"
6232" to connect the stars, known as \"Xingguan\" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān,"
6233" meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching "
6234"implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were "
6235"associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the "
6236"current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th "
6237"centuries."
6238msgstr ""
6239
6240#. type: Content of: <p>
6241#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:4
6242msgid ""
6243"Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 "
6244"Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: "
6245"仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies "
6246"of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). "
6247"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an imperial record of astronomy "
6248"finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a "
6249"revision to it and published <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of "
6250"Astronomical</i>, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese "
6251"Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual "
6252"research and summary of these records in his book<i>Chinese and Western "
6253"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; "
6254"pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo)."
6255msgstr ""
6256
6257#. type: Content of: <p>
6258#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:5
6259msgid ""
6260"Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside "
6261"<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and "
6262"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>."
6263msgstr ""
6264
6265#. type: Content of: <p>
6266#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:6
6267msgid ""
6268"In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of "
6269"Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó "
6270"Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ)  by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in <i> "
6271"Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star "
6272"Catalogue)</i>."
6273msgstr ""
6274
6275#. type: Content of: <p>
6276#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:7
6277msgid ""
6278"If the star name is followed by a \"*\", it is a star added according to "
6279"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>."
6280msgstr ""
6281
6282#. type: Content of: <p>
6283#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:8
6284msgid ""
6285"If the star name is followed by a \"?\", it is a star added according to "
6286"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully "
6287"certified."
6288msgstr ""
6289
6290#. type: Content of: <h3>
6291#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:11
6292msgid "Sun, Moon and Planets"
6293msgstr ""
6294
6295#. type: Content of: <p>
6296#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:13
6297msgid ""
6298"The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient "
6299"Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. "
6300"Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is "
6301"named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star."
6302msgstr ""
6303
6304#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6305#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:14
6306msgid ""
6307"In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "
6308"\"great\" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳;"
6309" pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other"
6310" name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue "
6311"(Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang"
6312" (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng)."
6313msgstr ""
6314
6315#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6316#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:15
6317msgid ""
6318"The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; "
6319"pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang."
6320msgstr ""
6321
6322#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6323#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:17
6324msgid "Xingguans"
6325msgstr ""
6326
6327#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6328#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:19
6329msgid ""
6330"Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere "
6331"into asterisms or constellations, known as \"Xingguan\". Modern "
6332"constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans "
6333"refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries "
6334"between Xingguans."
6335msgstr ""
6336
6337#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6338#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:20
6339msgid ""
6340"The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the "
6341"mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the "
6342"Earth's way in the sky to copy a world."
6343msgstr ""
6344
6345#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6346#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:21
6347msgid ""
6348"The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic "
6349"tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only "
6350"one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 "
6351"Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are "
6352"divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: "
6353"Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; "
6354"pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, "
6355"six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. "
6356"They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing "
6357"Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in <i>Complete Studies of "
6358"Astronomical</i>."
6359msgstr ""
6360
6361#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6362#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:22
6363msgid ""
6364"Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around "
6365"the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: "
6366"JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based "
6367"on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern"
6368" Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system."
6369msgstr ""
6370
6371#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6372#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:23
6373msgid ""
6374"Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial "
6375"Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but"
6376" changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to "
6377"almost every Xingguan, called \"added stars\" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: "
6378"zēngxīng). The original stars are called \"primary stars\" (Chinese: 正星; "
6379"pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number."
6380"  The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of "
6381"Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few "
6382"Xingguans, each star has a special name."
6383msgstr ""
6384
6385#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6386#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:24
6387msgid ""
6388"In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has"
6389" 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total."
6390msgstr ""
6391
6392#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6393#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:25
6394msgid ""
6395"Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the "
6396"official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star "
6397"names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than "
6398"Western names."
6399msgstr ""
6400
6401#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6402#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:27
6403msgid "<em>Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)</em>"
6404msgstr ""
6405
6406#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6407#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:30
6408msgid "Three Enclosures"
6409msgstr ""
6410
6411#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6412#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:32
6413msgid ""
6414"Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the "
6415"ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; "
6416"pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: "
6417"Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán)."
6418msgstr ""
6419
6420#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6421#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:33
6422msgid ""
6423"Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which "
6424"are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There "
6425"are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this "
6426"Enclosure."
6427msgstr ""
6428
6429#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6430#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:34
6431msgid ""
6432"Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the"
6433" northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient "
6434"Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is"
6435" circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa "
6436"Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts"
6437" of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden "
6438"enclosure has 37 Xingguans."
6439msgstr ""
6440
6441#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6442#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:36
6443msgid ""
6444"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple "
6445"Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6446msgstr ""
6447
6448#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6449#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:38
6450msgid ""
6451"Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers "
6452"deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of "
6453"officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations "
6454"Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and "
6455"Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans."
6456msgstr ""
6457
6458#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6459#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:40
6460msgid ""
6461"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme "
6462"Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6463msgstr ""
6464
6465#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6466#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:42
6467msgid ""
6468"Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary "
6469"people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations "
6470"Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. "
6471"Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the "
6472"participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar."
6473msgstr ""
6474
6475#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6476#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:44
6477msgid ""
6478"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly"
6479" Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6480msgstr ""
6481
6482#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6483#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:47
6484msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions"
6485msgstr ""
6486
6487#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6488#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:49
6489msgid ""
6490"The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as "
6491"28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the "
6492"sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according "
6493"to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; "
6494"pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest."
6495msgstr ""
6496
6497#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6498#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:50
6499msgid ""
6500"Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the"
6501" main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion."
6502msgstr ""
6503
6504#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6505#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:51
6506msgid ""
6507"Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; "
6508"pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight "
6509"Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial "
6510"coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative "
6511"stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: "
6512"宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial "
6513"coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the "
6514"Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial "
6515"mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion."
6516msgstr ""
6517
6518#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6519#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:52
6520msgid ""
6521"Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each "
6522"Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also "
6523"changed in history."
6524msgstr ""
6525
6526#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6527#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:53
6528msgid ""
6529"On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the "
6530"determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial "
6531"pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies."
6532msgstr ""
6533
6534#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6535#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:54
6536msgid ""
6537"If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its "
6538"right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, "
6539"the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the "
6540"determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; "
6541"pinyin: rùxiùdù)."
6542msgstr ""
6543
6544#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6545#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:55
6546msgid ""
6547"Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which"
6548" is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we "
6549"can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion "
6550"distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two "
6551"components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system."
6552msgstr ""
6553
6554#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6555#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:56
6556msgid ""
6557"The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; "
6558"pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing "
6559"seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between "
6560"the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk "
6561"on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, "
6562"the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the "
6563"Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west."
6564msgstr ""
6565
6566#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6567#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:58
6568msgid "The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)"
6569msgstr ""
6570
6571#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6572#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:61
6573msgid "Seven Luminaries"
6574msgstr ""
6575
6576#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6577#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:63
6578msgid "Wood"
6579msgstr ""
6580
6581#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6582#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:64
6583msgid "Metal"
6584msgstr ""
6585
6586#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6587#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:65
6588msgid "Earth"
6589msgstr ""
6590
6591#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6592#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:68
6593msgid "Fire"
6594msgstr ""
6595
6596#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6597#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:69
6598msgid "Water"
6599msgstr ""
6600
6601#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6602#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:72
6603#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:160
6604#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:248
6605#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:336
6606#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:440
6607#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2910
6608msgid "Chinese Name"
6609msgstr ""
6610
6611#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6612#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:83
6613#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:171
6614#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:259
6615#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:347
6616#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:441
6617#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2911
6618msgid "Pinyin"
6619msgstr ""
6620
6621#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6622#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:94
6623#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:182
6624#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:270
6625#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:358
6626#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:442
6627#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2912
6628msgid "Translation"
6629msgstr ""
6630
6631#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6632#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:95
6633msgid "Azure Dragon of the East"
6634msgstr ""
6635
6636#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6637#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:96
6638#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1016
6639msgid "Horn Mansion"
6640msgstr ""
6641
6642#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6643#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:97
6644#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1100
6645msgid "Neck Mansion"
6646msgstr ""
6647
6648#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6649#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:98
6650#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1156
6651msgid "Root Mansion"
6652msgstr ""
6653
6654#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6655#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:99
6656#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1240
6657msgid "Room Mansion"
6658msgstr ""
6659
6660#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6661#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:100
6662#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1303
6663msgid "Heart Mansion"
6664msgstr ""
6665
6666#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6667#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:101
6668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1324
6669msgid "Tail Mansion"
6670msgstr ""
6671
6672#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6673#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:102
6674#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1373
6675msgid "Winnowing Basket Mansion"
6676msgstr ""
6677
6678#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6679#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:105
6680#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:193
6681#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:281
6682#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:369
6683msgid "Number of xingguans"
6684msgstr ""
6685
6686#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6687#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:116
6688#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:204
6689#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:292
6690#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:380
6691msgid "Determinative Star"
6692msgstr ""
6693
6694#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6695#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:127
6696#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:215
6697#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:303
6698#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:391
6699msgid "RA of Determinative Star"
6700msgstr ""
6701
6702#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6703#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:138
6704#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:226
6705#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:314
6706#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:402
6707msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1"
6708msgstr ""
6709
6710#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6711#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:149
6712#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:237
6713#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:325
6714#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:413
6715msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2"
6716msgstr ""
6717
6718#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6719#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:183
6720msgid "Black Tortoise of the North"
6721msgstr ""
6722
6723#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6724#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:184
6725#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1401
6726msgid "Dipper Mansion"
6727msgstr ""
6728
6729#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6730#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:185
6731#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1478
6732msgid "Ox Mansion"
6733msgstr ""
6734
6735#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6736#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:186
6737#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1562
6738msgid "Girl Mansion"
6739msgstr ""
6740
6741#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6742#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:187
6743#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1625
6744msgid "Emptiness Mansion"
6745msgstr ""
6746
6747#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6748#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:188
6749#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1702
6750msgid "Rooftop Mansion"
6751msgstr ""
6752
6753#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6754#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:189
6755#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1786
6756msgid "Encampment Mansion"
6757msgstr ""
6758
6759#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6760#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:190
6761#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1870
6762msgid "Wall Mansion"
6763msgstr ""
6764
6765#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6766#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:271
6767msgid "White Tiger of the West"
6768msgstr ""
6769
6770#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6771#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:272
6772#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1919
6773msgid "Legs Mansion"
6774msgstr ""
6775
6776#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6777#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:273
6778#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1989
6779msgid "Bond Mansion"
6780msgstr ""
6781
6782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6783#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:274
6784#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2038
6785msgid "Stomach Mansion"
6786msgstr ""
6787
6788#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6789#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:275
6790#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2094
6791msgid "Hairy Head Mansion"
6792msgstr ""
6793
6794#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6795#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:276
6796#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2164
6797msgid "Net Mansion"
6798msgstr ""
6799
6800#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6801#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:277
6802#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2276
6803msgid "Turtle Beak Mansion"
6804msgstr ""
6805
6806#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6807#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:278
6808#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2304
6809msgid "Three Stars Mansion"
6810msgstr ""
6811
6812#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6813#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:359
6814msgid "Vermilion Bird of the South"
6815msgstr ""
6816
6817#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6818#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:360
6819#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2360
6820msgid "Well Mansion"
6821msgstr ""
6822
6823#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6824#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:361
6825#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2507
6826msgid "Ghosts Mansion"
6827msgstr ""
6828
6829#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6830#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:362
6831#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2563
6832msgid "Willow Mansion"
6833msgstr ""
6834
6835#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6836#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:363
6837#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2584
6838#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2591
6839msgid "Star Mansion"
6840msgstr ""
6841
6842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6843#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:364
6844#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2626
6845msgid "Extended Net Mansion"
6846msgstr ""
6847
6848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6849#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:365
6850#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2647
6851msgid "Wings Mansion"
6852msgstr ""
6853
6854#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6855#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:366
6856#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2668
6857msgid "Chariot Mansion"
6858msgstr ""
6859
6860#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6861#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:424
6862msgid ""
6863"note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system."
6864msgstr ""
6865
6866#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6867#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:425
6868msgid ""
6869"note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate "
6870"system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees."
6871msgstr ""
6872
6873#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a>
6874#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:428
6875msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)"
6876msgstr ""
6877
6878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6879#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:432
6880#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2731
6881msgid "The Southern Sky"
6882msgstr ""
6883
6884#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6885#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:434
6886msgid ""
6887"The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. "
6888"Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight "
6889"Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: "
6890"徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the "
6891"European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the "
6892"traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of "
6893"Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals."
6894msgstr ""
6895
6896#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6897#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:436
6898msgid "The list of Xingguans"
6899msgstr ""
6900
6901#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6902#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:443
6903msgid "Number of Primary Stars"
6904msgstr ""
6905
6906#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6907#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:444
6908msgid "Number of Added Stars"
6909msgstr ""
6910
6911#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6912#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:449
6913msgid "Purple Forbidden Enclosure"
6914msgstr ""
6915
6916#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6917#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:456
6918msgid "Northern Pole"
6919msgstr ""
6920
6921#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6922#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:463
6923msgid "Four Advisors"
6924msgstr ""
6925
6926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6927#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:470
6928msgid "Celestial Great One"
6929msgstr ""
6930
6931#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6932#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:477
6933msgid "First Great One"
6934msgstr ""
6935
6936#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6937#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:484
6938msgid "Purple Forbidden Left Wall"
6939msgstr ""
6940
6941#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6942#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:491
6943msgid "Purple Forbidden Right Wall"
6944msgstr ""
6945
6946#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6947#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:498
6948msgid "Hidden Virtue"
6949msgstr ""
6950
6951#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6952#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:505
6953msgid "Royal Secretary"
6954msgstr ""
6955
6956#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6957#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:512
6958msgid "Female Protocol"
6959msgstr ""
6960
6961#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6962#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:519
6963msgid "Official of Royal Archives"
6964msgstr ""
6965
6966#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6967#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:526
6968msgid "Maids-in-waiting"
6969msgstr ""
6970
6971#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6972#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:533
6973msgid "Celestial Pillar"
6974msgstr ""
6975
6976#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6977#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:540
6978msgid "Chief Judge"
6979msgstr ""
6980
6981#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6982#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:547
6983msgid "Curved Array"
6984msgstr ""
6985
6986#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6987#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:554
6988msgid "Six Jia"
6989msgstr ""
6990
6991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6992#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:561
6993msgid "Great Emperor of Heaven"
6994msgstr ""
6995
6996#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6997#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:568
6998msgid "Interior Seats of the Five Emperors"
6999msgstr ""
7000
7001#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7002#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:575
7003msgid "Canopy of the Emperor"
7004msgstr ""
7005
7006#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7007#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:582
7008msgid "Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )"
7009msgstr ""
7010
7011#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7012#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:589
7013msgid "Guest House"
7014msgstr ""
7015
7016#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7017#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:596
7018msgid "Inner Steps"
7019msgstr ""
7020
7021#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7022#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:603
7023msgid "Celestial Kitchen"
7024msgstr ""
7025
7026#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7027#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:610
7028msgid "Eight Kinds of Crops"
7029msgstr ""
7030
7031#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7032#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:617
7033msgid "Celestial Flail"
7034msgstr ""
7035
7036#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7037#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:624
7038msgid "Inner Kitchen"
7039msgstr ""
7040
7041#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7042#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:631
7043msgid "Administrative Center"
7044msgstr ""
7045
7046#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7047#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:638
7048msgid "Three Top Instructors"
7049msgstr ""
7050
7051#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7052#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:645
7053#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:757
7054msgid "Three Excellencies"
7055msgstr ""
7056
7057#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7058#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:652
7059msgid "Celestial Bed"
7060msgstr ""
7061
7062#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7063#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:659
7064msgid "Royals"
7065msgstr ""
7066
7067#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7068#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:666
7069msgid "Celestial Prison"
7070msgstr ""
7071
7072#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7073#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:673
7074msgid "Guard of the Sun"
7075msgstr ""
7076
7077#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7078#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:680
7079msgid "Eunuch"
7080msgstr ""
7081
7082#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7083#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:687
7084msgid "Prime Minister"
7085msgstr ""
7086
7087#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7088#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:694
7089msgid "Sombre Lance"
7090msgstr ""
7091
7092#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7093#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:701
7094msgid "Judge for Nobility"
7095msgstr ""
7096
7097#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7098#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:708
7099msgid "Northern Dipper"
7100msgstr ""
7101
7102#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7103#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:715
7104msgid "Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)"
7105msgstr ""
7106
7107#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7108#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:722
7109msgid "Celestial Spear"
7110msgstr ""
7111
7112#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7113#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:729
7114msgid "Supreme Palace Enclosure"
7115msgstr ""
7116
7117#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7118#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:736
7119msgid "Supreme Palace Left Wall"
7120msgstr ""
7121
7122#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7123#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:743
7124msgid "Supreme Palace Right Wall"
7125msgstr ""
7126
7127#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7128#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:750
7129msgid "Usher to the Court"
7130msgstr ""
7131
7132#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7133#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:764
7134msgid "Nine Senior Officers"
7135msgstr ""
7136
7137#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7138#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:771
7139msgid "Five Lords"
7140msgstr ""
7141
7142#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7143#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:778
7144msgid "Inner Screen"
7145msgstr ""
7146
7147#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7148#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:785
7149msgid "Seats of the Five Emperors"
7150msgstr ""
7151
7152#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7153#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:792
7154msgid "Officer of Honour"
7155msgstr ""
7156
7157#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7158#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:799
7159msgid "Crown Prince"
7160msgstr ""
7161
7162#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7163#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:806
7164#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1296
7165msgid "Retinue"
7166msgstr ""
7167
7168#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7169#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:813
7170msgid "Captain of the Bodyguards"
7171msgstr ""
7172
7173#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7174#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:820
7175msgid "Emperor's Bodyguard"
7176msgstr ""
7177
7178#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7179#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:827
7180msgid "Royal Guards"
7181msgstr ""
7182
7183#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7184#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:834
7185msgid "Officers of the Imperial Guard"
7186msgstr ""
7187
7188#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7189#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:841
7190msgid "The Hall of Glory"
7191msgstr ""
7192
7193#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7194#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:848
7195msgid "Astronomical Observatory"
7196msgstr ""
7197
7198#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7199#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:855
7200msgid "Junior Officers"
7201msgstr ""
7202
7203#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7204#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:862
7205msgid "Long Wall"
7206msgstr ""
7207
7208#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7209#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:869
7210msgid "Three Steps"
7211msgstr ""
7212
7213#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7214#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:876
7215msgid "Heavenly Market Enclosure"
7216msgstr ""
7217
7218#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7219#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:883
7220msgid "Heavenly Market Left Wall"
7221msgstr ""
7222
7223#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7224#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:890
7225msgid "Heavenly Market Right Wall"
7226msgstr ""
7227
7228#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7229#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:897
7230msgid "Municipal Office"
7231msgstr ""
7232
7233#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7234#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:904
7235msgid "Commodity Market"
7236msgstr ""
7237
7238#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7239#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:911
7240msgid "Official for the Royal Clan"
7241msgstr ""
7242
7243#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7244#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:918
7245msgid "Official of Religious Ceremonies"
7246msgstr ""
7247
7248#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7249#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:925
7250msgid "Patriarchal Clan"
7251msgstr ""
7252
7253#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7254#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:932
7255msgid "Textile Ruler"
7256msgstr ""
7257
7258#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7259#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:939
7260msgid "Butcher's Shops"
7261msgstr ""
7262
7263#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7264#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:946
7265msgid "Astrologer"
7266msgstr ""
7267
7268#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7269#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:953
7270msgid "Emperor's Seat"
7271msgstr ""
7272
7273#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7274#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:960
7275msgid "Eunuch Official"
7276msgstr ""
7277
7278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7279#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:967
7280msgid "Jewel Market"
7281msgstr ""
7282
7283#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7284#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:974
7285msgid "Dipper for Liquids"
7286msgstr ""
7287
7288#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7289#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:981
7290msgid "Dipper for Solids"
7291msgstr ""
7292
7293#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7294#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:988
7295msgid "Coiled Thong"
7296msgstr ""
7297
7298#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7299#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:995
7300msgid "Seven Excellencies"
7301msgstr ""
7302
7303#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7304#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1002
7305msgid "Celestial Discipline"
7306msgstr ""
7307
7308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7309#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1009
7310msgid "Woman's Bed"
7311msgstr ""
7312
7313#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7314#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1023
7315msgid "Horn"
7316msgstr ""
7317
7318#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7319#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1030
7320msgid "Flat Road"
7321msgstr ""
7322
7323#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7324#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1037
7325#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1492
7326msgid "Celestial Farmland"
7327msgstr ""
7328
7329#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7330#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1044
7331msgid "Recommending Virtuous Men"
7332msgstr ""
7333
7334#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7335#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1051
7336msgid "Tripod of the Zhou"
7337msgstr ""
7338
7339#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7340#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1058
7341msgid "Celestial Gate"
7342msgstr ""
7343
7344#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7345#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1065
7346msgid "Justice"
7347msgstr ""
7348
7349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1072
7351msgid "Arsenal"
7352msgstr ""
7353
7354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7355#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1079
7356#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2227
7357msgid "Pillars"
7358msgstr ""
7359
7360#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7361#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1086
7362msgid "Railings"
7363msgstr ""
7364
7365#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7366#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1093
7367msgid "Southern Gate"
7368msgstr ""
7369
7370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7371#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1107
7372msgid "Neck"
7373msgstr ""
7374
7375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1114
7377msgid "Great Horn"
7378msgstr ""
7379
7380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7381#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1121
7382msgid "Left Conductor"
7383msgstr ""
7384
7385#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7386#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1128
7387msgid "Right Conductor"
7388msgstr ""
7389
7390#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7391#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1135
7392msgid "Trials"
7393msgstr ""
7394
7395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7396#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1142
7397msgid "Gate of Yang"
7398msgstr ""
7399
7400#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7401#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1149
7402msgid "Executions"
7403msgstr ""
7404
7405#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1163
7407msgid "Root"
7408msgstr ""
7409
7410#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7411#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1170
7412msgid "Celestial Milk"
7413msgstr ""
7414
7415#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7416#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1177
7417msgid "Twinkling Indicator"
7418msgstr ""
7419
7420#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7421#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1184
7422msgid "Celestial Lance"
7423msgstr ""
7424
7425#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7426#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1191
7427msgid "Mattress of the Emperor"
7428msgstr ""
7429
7430#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7431#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1198
7432msgid "Boats and Lake"
7433msgstr ""
7434
7435#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7436#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1205
7437msgid "Battle Chariots"
7438msgstr ""
7439
7440#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7441#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1212
7442msgid "Imperial Guards"
7443msgstr ""
7444
7445#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7446#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1219
7447msgid "Chariots and Cavalry"
7448msgstr ""
7449
7450#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7451#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1226
7452msgid "Celestial Spokes"
7453msgstr ""
7454
7455#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7456#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1233
7457msgid "Chariots and Cavalry General"
7458msgstr ""
7459
7460#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7461#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1247
7462msgid "Room"
7463msgstr ""
7464
7465#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7466#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1254
7467msgid "Lock (Vassal of Room)"
7468msgstr ""
7469
7470#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7471#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1261
7472msgid "Door Bolt"
7473msgstr ""
7474
7475#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7476#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1268
7477msgid "Punishment"
7478msgstr ""
7479
7480#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7481#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1275
7482msgid "Eastern Door"
7483msgstr ""
7484
7485#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7486#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1282
7487msgid "Western Door"
7488msgstr ""
7489
7490#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7491#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1289
7492msgid "Solar Star"
7493msgstr ""
7494
7495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7496#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1310
7497#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:69
7498msgid "Heart"
7499msgstr ""
7500
7501#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7502#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1317
7503msgid "Group of Soldiers"
7504msgstr ""
7505
7506#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7507#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1331
7508#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:76
7509msgid "Tail"
7510msgstr ""
7511
7512#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7513#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1338
7514msgid "Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)"
7515msgstr ""
7516
7517#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7518#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1345
7519msgid "Tortoise"
7520msgstr ""
7521
7522#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7523#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1352
7524msgid "Celestial River"
7525msgstr ""
7526
7527#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7528#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1359
7529msgid "Fu Yue"
7530msgstr ""
7531
7532#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7533#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1366
7534#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2926
7535msgid "Fish"
7536msgstr ""
7537
7538#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7539#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1380
7540msgid "Winnowing Basket"
7541msgstr ""
7542
7543#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7544#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1387
7545msgid "Chaff"
7546msgstr ""
7547
7548#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7549#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1394
7550#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1730
7551msgid "Pestle"
7552msgstr ""
7553
7554#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7555#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1408
7556msgid "Dipper"
7557msgstr ""
7558
7559#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7560#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1415
7561msgid "Establishment"
7562msgstr ""
7563
7564#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7565#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1422
7566msgid "Celestial Keyhole"
7567msgstr ""
7568
7569#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7570#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1429
7571msgid "Market Officer"
7572msgstr ""
7573
7574#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7575#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1436
7576msgid "River Turtle"
7577msgstr ""
7578
7579#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7580#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1443
7581msgid "Celestial Cock"
7582msgstr ""
7583
7584#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7585#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1450
7586msgid "Territory of Dog"
7587msgstr ""
7588
7589#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7590#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1457
7591msgid "Celestial Spring"
7592msgstr ""
7593
7594#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7595#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1464
7596#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:399
7597#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:241
7598#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
7599msgid "Dog"
7600msgstr ""
7601
7602#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7603#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1471
7604msgid "Peasant"
7605msgstr ""
7606
7607#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7608#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1485
7609msgid "Ox"
7610msgstr ""
7611
7612#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7613#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1499
7614msgid "Nine Water Wells"
7615msgstr ""
7616
7617#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7618#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1506
7619msgid "Drum at the River"
7620msgstr ""
7621
7622#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7623#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1513
7624msgid "Weaving Girl"
7625msgstr ""
7626
7627#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7628#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1520
7629msgid "Left Flag"
7630msgstr ""
7631
7632#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7633#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1527
7634msgid "Right Flag"
7635msgstr ""
7636
7637#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7638#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1534
7639msgid "Celestial Drumstick"
7640msgstr ""
7641
7642#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7643#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1541
7644msgid "Network of Dykes"
7645msgstr ""
7646
7647#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7648#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1548
7649msgid "Clepsydra Terrace"
7650msgstr ""
7651
7652#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7653#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1555
7654msgid "Imperial Passageway"
7655msgstr ""
7656
7657#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7658#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1569
7659msgid "Girl"
7660msgstr ""
7661
7662#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7663#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1576
7664msgid "Twelve States"
7665msgstr ""
7666
7667#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1583
7669msgid "Pearls on Ladies' Wear"
7670msgstr ""
7671
7672#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7673#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1590
7674msgid "Rotten Gourd"
7675msgstr ""
7676
7677#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7678#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1597
7679msgid "Good Gourd"
7680msgstr ""
7681
7682#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1604
7684msgid "Celestial Ford"
7685msgstr ""
7686
7687#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7688#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1611
7689msgid "Xi Zhong"
7690msgstr ""
7691
7692#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7693#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1618
7694msgid "Basket for Mulberry Leaves"
7695msgstr ""
7696
7697#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7698#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1632
7699#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:124
7700msgid "Emptiness"
7701msgstr ""
7702
7703#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7704#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1639
7705msgid "Deified Judge of Life"
7706msgstr ""
7707
7708#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7709#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1646
7710msgid "Deified Judge of Rank"
7711msgstr ""
7712
7713#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7714#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1653
7715msgid "Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune"
7716msgstr ""
7717
7718#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7719#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1660
7720msgid "Deified Judge of Right and Wrong"
7721msgstr ""
7722
7723#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7724#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1667
7725msgid "Crying"
7726msgstr ""
7727
7728#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7729#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1674
7730msgid "Weeping"
7731msgstr ""
7732
7733#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7734#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1681
7735msgid "Celestial Ramparts"
7736msgstr ""
7737
7738#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7739#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1688
7740msgid "Decayed Mortar"
7741msgstr ""
7742
7743#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7744#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1695
7745msgid "Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear"
7746msgstr ""
7747
7748#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7749#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1709
7750msgid "Rooftop"
7751msgstr ""
7752
7753#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7754#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1716
7755msgid "Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)"
7756msgstr ""
7757
7758#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7759#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1723
7760msgid "Humans"
7761msgstr ""
7762
7763#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7764#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1737
7765msgid "Mortar"
7766msgstr ""
7767
7768#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7769#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1744
7770msgid "Big Yard for Chariots"
7771msgstr ""
7772
7773#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7774#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1751
7775msgid "Celestial Hook"
7776msgstr ""
7777
7778#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7779#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1758
7780msgid "Zaofu"
7781msgstr ""
7782
7783#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7784#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1765
7785msgid "Roofing"
7786msgstr ""
7787
7788#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7789#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1772
7790msgid "Temple"
7791msgstr ""
7792
7793#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7794#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1779
7795msgid "Celestial Money"
7796msgstr ""
7797
7798#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7799#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1793
7800msgid "Encampment"
7801msgstr ""
7802
7803#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7804#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1800
7805msgid "Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)"
7806msgstr ""
7807
7808#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7809#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1807
7810msgid "Thunder and Lightning"
7811msgstr ""
7812
7813#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7814#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1814
7815msgid "Line of Ramparts"
7816msgstr ""
7817
7818#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7819#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1821
7820msgid "Palace Guard"
7821msgstr ""
7822
7823#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7824#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1828
7825msgid "Axe"
7826msgstr ""
7827
7828#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7829#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1835
7830msgid "North Gate of the Military Camp"
7831msgstr ""
7832
7833#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7834#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1842
7835msgid "Net for Catching Birds"
7836msgstr ""
7837
7838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7839#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1849
7840msgid "Materials for Making Tents"
7841msgstr ""
7842
7843#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7844#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1856
7845msgid "Official for Materials Supply"
7846msgstr ""
7847
7848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7849#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1863
7850msgid "Flying Serpent"
7851msgstr ""
7852
7853#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7854#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1877
7855#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:145
7856msgid "Wall"
7857msgstr ""
7858
7859#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7860#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1884
7861msgid "Thunderbolt"
7862msgstr ""
7863
7864#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7865#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1891
7866msgid "Cloud and Rain"
7867msgstr ""
7868
7869#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7870#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1898
7871msgid "Celestial Stable"
7872msgstr ""
7873
7874#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7875#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1905
7876msgid "Sickle"
7877msgstr ""
7878
7879#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7880#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1912
7881msgid "Official for Earthworks and Buildings"
7882msgstr ""
7883
7884#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7885#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1926
7886msgid "Legs"
7887msgstr ""
7888
7889#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7890#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1933
7891msgid "Outer Fence"
7892msgstr ""
7893
7894#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7895#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1940
7896msgid "Celestial Pigsty"
7897msgstr ""
7898
7899#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7900#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1947
7901#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2717
7902msgid "Master of Constructions"
7903msgstr ""
7904
7905#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7906#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1954
7907msgid "Southern Military Gate"
7908msgstr ""
7909
7910#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7911#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1961
7912msgid "Flying Corridor"
7913msgstr ""
7914
7915#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7916#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1968
7917msgid "Auxiliary Road"
7918msgstr ""
7919
7920#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7921#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1975
7922msgid "Wang Liang"
7923msgstr ""
7924
7925#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7926#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1982
7927msgid "Whip"
7928msgstr ""
7929
7930#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7931#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1996
7932msgid "Bond"
7933msgstr ""
7934
7935#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7936#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2003
7937msgid "Official in Charge of the Forest"
7938msgstr ""
7939
7940#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7941#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2010
7942msgid "Official in Charge of Pasturing"
7943msgstr ""
7944
7945#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7946#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2017
7947msgid "Square Celestial Granary"
7948msgstr ""
7949
7950#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7951#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2024
7952msgid "Ricks of Grain"
7953msgstr ""
7954
7955#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7956#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2031
7957msgid "Great General of Heaven"
7958msgstr ""
7959
7960#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7961#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2045
7962#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:178
7963msgid "Stomach"
7964msgstr ""
7965
7966#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7967#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2052
7968msgid "Celestial Foodstuff"
7969msgstr ""
7970
7971#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7972#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2059
7973msgid "Circular Celestial Granary"
7974msgstr ""
7975
7976#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7977#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2066
7978msgid "Mausoleum"
7979msgstr ""
7980
7981#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7982#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2073
7983msgid "Celestial Boat"
7984msgstr ""
7985
7986#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7987#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2080
7988msgid "Heap of Corpses"
7989msgstr ""
7990
7991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7992#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2087
7993msgid "Stored Water"
7994msgstr ""
7995
7996#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7997#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2101
7998msgid "Hairy Head"
7999msgstr ""
8000
8001#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8002#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2108
8003msgid "Celestial Concave"
8004msgstr ""
8005
8006#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8007#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2115
8008msgid "Lunar Star"
8009msgstr ""
8010
8011#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8012#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2122
8013msgid "Celestial Yin Force"
8014msgstr ""
8015
8016#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8017#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2129
8018msgid "Hay"
8019msgstr ""
8020
8021#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8022#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2136
8023msgid "Celestial Meadows"
8024msgstr ""
8025
8026#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8027#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2143
8028msgid "Rolled Tongue"
8029msgstr ""
8030
8031#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8032#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2150
8033msgid "Celestial Slander"
8034msgstr ""
8035
8036#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8037#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2157
8038msgid "Whetstone"
8039msgstr ""
8040
8041#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8042#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2171
8043msgid "Net"
8044msgstr ""
8045
8046#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8047#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2178
8048msgid "Whisper (Vassal of Net)"
8049msgstr ""
8050
8051#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8052#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2185
8053msgid "Celestial Street"
8054msgstr ""
8055
8056#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8057#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2192
8058msgid "Celestial Tally"
8059msgstr ""
8060
8061#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8062#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2199
8063msgid "Feudal Kings"
8064msgstr ""
8065
8066#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8067#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2206
8068msgid "Celestial High Terrace"
8069msgstr ""
8070
8071#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8072#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2213
8073msgid "Interpreters of Nine Dialects"
8074msgstr ""
8075
8076#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8077#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2220
8078msgid "Five Chariots"
8079msgstr ""
8080
8081#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8082#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2234
8083msgid "Celestial Pier"
8084msgstr ""
8085
8086#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8087#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2241
8088msgid "Pool of Harmony"
8089msgstr ""
8090
8091#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8092#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2248
8093msgid "Celestial Pass"
8094msgstr ""
8095
8096#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8097#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2255
8098msgid "Banner of Three Stars"
8099msgstr ""
8100
8101#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8102#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2262
8103msgid "Imperial Military Flag"
8104msgstr ""
8105
8106#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8107#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2269
8108msgid "Celestial Orchard"
8109msgstr ""
8110
8111#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8112#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2283
8113msgid "Turtle Beak"
8114msgstr ""
8115
8116#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8117#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2290
8118msgid "Deity in Charge of Monsters"
8119msgstr ""
8120
8121#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8122#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2297
8123msgid "Seat Flags"
8124msgstr ""
8125
8126#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8127#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2311
8128msgid "Three Stars"
8129msgstr ""
8130
8131#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8132#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2318
8133msgid "Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)"
8134msgstr ""
8135
8136#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8137#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2325
8138msgid "Jade Well"
8139msgstr ""
8140
8141#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8142#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2332
8143msgid "Screen"
8144msgstr ""
8145
8146#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8147#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2339
8148msgid "Military well"
8149msgstr ""
8150
8151#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8152#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2346
8153msgid "Toilet"
8154msgstr ""
8155
8156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8157#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2353
8158msgid "Excrement"
8159msgstr ""
8160
8161#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8162#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2367
8163#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:225
8164msgid "Well"
8165msgstr ""
8166
8167#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8168#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2374
8169msgid "Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)"
8170msgstr ""
8171
8172#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8173#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2381
8174msgid "South River"
8175msgstr ""
8176
8177#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8178#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2388
8179msgid "North River"
8180msgstr ""
8181
8182#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8183#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2395
8184msgid "Celestial Wine Cup"
8185msgstr ""
8186
8187#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8188#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2402
8189msgid "Five Feudal Kings"
8190msgstr ""
8191
8192#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8193#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2409
8194msgid "Accumulated Water"
8195msgstr ""
8196
8197#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8198#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2416
8199msgid "Pile of Firewood"
8200msgstr ""
8201
8202#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8203#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2423
8204msgid "Official for Irrigation"
8205msgstr ""
8206
8207#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8208#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2430
8209msgid "Water Level"
8210msgstr ""
8211
8212#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8213#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2437
8214msgid "Four Channels"
8215msgstr ""
8216
8217#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8218#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2444
8219msgid "Market for Soldiers"
8220msgstr ""
8221
8222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8223#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2451
8224msgid "Wild Cockerel"
8225msgstr ""
8226
8227#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8228#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2458
8229msgid "Grandfather"
8230msgstr ""
8231
8232#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8233#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2465
8234msgid "Son"
8235msgstr ""
8236
8237#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8238#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2472
8239msgid "Grandson"
8240msgstr ""
8241
8242#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8243#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2479
8244msgid "Palace Gate"
8245msgstr ""
8246
8247#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8248#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2486
8249msgid "Celestial Wolf"
8250msgstr ""
8251
8252#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8253#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2493
8254msgid "Bow and Arrow"
8255msgstr ""
8256
8257#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8258#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2500
8259msgid "Old Man"
8260msgstr ""
8261
8262#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8263#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2514
8264msgid "Ghosts"
8265msgstr ""
8266
8267#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8268#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2521
8269#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2933
8270msgid "Cumulative Corpses"
8271msgstr ""
8272
8273#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8274#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2528
8275msgid "Beacon Fire"
8276msgstr ""
8277
8278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8279#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2535
8280msgid "Celestial Dog"
8281msgstr ""
8282
8283#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8284#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2542
8285msgid "Outer Kitchen"
8286msgstr ""
8287
8288#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8289#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2549
8290msgid "Celestial Earth God's Temple"
8291msgstr ""
8292
8293#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8294#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2556
8295msgid "Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals"
8296msgstr ""
8297
8298#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8299#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2570
8300#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:239
8301msgid "Willow"
8302msgstr ""
8303
8304#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8305#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2577
8306msgid "Banner of Wine Shop"
8307msgstr ""
8308
8309#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8310#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2598
8311msgid "Celestial Premier"
8312msgstr ""
8313
8314#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8315#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2605
8316msgid "Celestial Cereals"
8317msgstr ""
8318
8319#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8320#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2612
8321msgid "Xuanyuan"
8322msgstr ""
8323
8324#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8325#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2619
8326msgid "High Judge"
8327msgstr ""
8328
8329#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8330#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2633
8331msgid "Extended Net"
8332msgstr ""
8333
8334#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8335#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2640
8336msgid "Celestial Temple"
8337msgstr ""
8338
8339#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8340#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2654
8341#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:260
8342msgid "Wings"
8343msgstr ""
8344
8345#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8346#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2661
8347msgid "Dongou"
8348msgstr ""
8349
8350#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8351#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2675
8352msgid "Chariot"
8353msgstr ""
8354
8355#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8356#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2682
8357msgid "Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)"
8358msgstr ""
8359
8360#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8361#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2689
8362msgid "Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
8363msgstr ""
8364
8365#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8366#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2696
8367msgid "Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
8368msgstr ""
8369
8370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8371#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2703
8372msgid "Green Hill"
8373msgstr ""
8374
8375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2710
8377msgid "Military Gate"
8378msgstr ""
8379
8380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8381#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2724
8382msgid "House for Musical Instruments"
8383msgstr ""
8384
8385#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8386#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2738
8387msgid "Sea and Mountain"
8388msgstr ""
8389
8390#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8391#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2745
8392msgid "Cross"
8393msgstr ""
8394
8395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8396#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2752
8397msgid "Horse's Tail"
8398msgstr ""
8399
8400#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8401#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2759
8402msgid "Horse's Abdomen"
8403msgstr ""
8404
8405#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2766
8407msgid "Bee"
8408msgstr ""
8409
8410#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8411#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2773
8412#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:263
8413#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:139
8414#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:113
8415msgid "Triangle"
8416msgstr ""
8417
8418#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8419#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2780
8420msgid "Exotic Bird"
8421msgstr ""
8422
8423#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8424#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2787
8425msgid "Peafowl"
8426msgstr ""
8427
8428#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8429#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2794
8430msgid "Persia"
8431msgstr ""
8432
8433#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8434#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2801
8435msgid "Snake's Tail"
8436msgstr ""
8437
8438#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8439#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2808
8440msgid "Snake's Abdomen"
8441msgstr ""
8442
8443#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8444#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2815
8445msgid "Snake's Head"
8446msgstr ""
8447
8448#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8449#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2822
8450msgid "Bird's Beak"
8451msgstr ""
8452
8453#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8454#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2829
8455msgid "Crane"
8456msgstr ""
8457
8458#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8459#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2836
8460msgid "Firebird"
8461msgstr ""
8462
8463#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8464#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2843
8465msgid "Crooked Running Water"
8466msgstr ""
8467
8468#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8469#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2850
8470msgid "White Patched Nearby"
8471msgstr ""
8472
8473#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8474#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2857
8475msgid "White Patches Attached"
8476msgstr ""
8477
8478#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8479#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2864
8480msgid "Goldfish"
8481msgstr ""
8482
8483#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8484#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2871
8485msgid "Sea Rock"
8486msgstr ""
8487
8488#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8489#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2878
8490msgid "Flying Fish"
8491msgstr ""
8492
8493#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8494#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2885
8495msgid "Southern Boat"
8496msgstr ""
8497
8498#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8499#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2892
8500msgid "Little Dipper"
8501msgstr ""
8502
8503#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8504#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2897
8505msgid "note 1: The Xingguans with \"*\", Was officially deleted in 1752."
8506msgstr ""
8507
8508#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8509#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2898
8510msgid ""
8511"note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the "
8512"parent Xingguan."
8513msgstr ""
8514
8515#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
8516#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2901
8517msgid "Deep Space Objects"
8518msgstr ""
8519
8520#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8521#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2904
8522msgid ""
8523"Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were "
8524"also included in the Xingguans."
8525msgstr ""
8526
8527#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8528#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2905
8529msgid "Include the following:"
8530msgstr ""
8531
8532#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8533#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2909
8534msgid "General name"
8535msgstr ""
8536
8537#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8538#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2913
8539msgid "Nick name"
8540msgstr ""
8541
8542#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8543#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2919
8544msgid "God's Palace"
8545msgstr ""
8546
8547#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8548#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2920
8549msgid "Northern Jewel Box Cluster"
8550msgstr ""
8551
8552#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8553#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2927
8554msgid "Ptolemy Cluster"
8555msgstr ""
8556
8557#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8558#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2934
8559msgid "Beehive Cluster"
8560msgstr ""
8561
8562#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8563#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2940
8564msgid "Arsenal Added I"
8565msgstr ""
8566
8567#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8568#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2941
8569msgid "Omega Centauri"
8570msgstr ""
8571
8572#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8573#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2947
8574msgid "Legs Mansion XXI"
8575msgstr ""
8576
8577#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8578#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2948
8579msgid "Andromeda Galaxy"
8580msgstr ""
8581
8582#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8583#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2954
8584msgid "Sea and Mountain II"
8585msgstr ""
8586
8587#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8588#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2955
8589msgid "Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae"
8590msgstr ""
8591
8592#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8593#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2962
8594msgid ""
8595"This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western "
8596"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: "
8597"中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: "
8598"仪象考成)."
8599msgstr ""
8600
8601#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8602#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2963
8603msgid ""
8604"Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western "
8605"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced "
8606"<i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium "
8607"中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference."
8608msgstr ""
8609
8610#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8611#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2964
8612msgid ""
8613"Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar "
8614"Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史)."
8615msgstr ""
8616
8617#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8618#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2965
8619msgid ""
8620"For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese "
8621"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: "
8622"中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the "
8623"translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two "
8624"different Xingguans are the same."
8625msgstr ""
8626
8627#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8628#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2966
8629msgid ""
8630"There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP "
8631"numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and "
8632"Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending "
8633"Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head "
8634"Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303)."
8635msgstr ""
8636
8637#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
8638#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2967
8639msgid ""
8640"The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because"
8641" thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are "
8642"controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are "
8643"ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names "
8644"having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is "
8645"provided only to make star names readable."
8646msgstr ""
8647
8648#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8649#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2972
8650msgid ""
8651"<a "
8652"href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html\">English-"
8653"Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</a>"
8654msgstr ""
8655
8656#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8657#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2973
8658msgid ""
8659"<a href=\"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html\">AEEA "
8660"Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system </a>"
8661msgstr ""
8662
8663#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8664#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2974
8665msgid ""
8666"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
8667"constellations (Wikipedia)</a>"
8668msgstr ""
8669
8670#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8671#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2975
8672msgid ""
8673"<a "
8674"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">Traditional"
8675" Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>"
8676msgstr ""
8677
8678#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8679#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2976
8680msgid ""
8681"<a "
8682"href=\"http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html\">http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html</a>"
8683msgstr ""
8684
8685#.  a
8686#. href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive-
8687#. star-maps.html"
8688#. /a
8689#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
8690#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2982
8691msgid ""
8692"This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of "
8693"Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star "
8694"maps (no longer available online)."
8695msgstr ""
8696
8697#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
8698#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2983
8699msgid ""
8700"Sun Shuwei <a "
8701"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> "
8702"replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based "
8703"primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and "
8704"Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description."
8705msgstr ""
8706
8707#. type: Content of: <h2>
8708#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:1
8709msgid "Chinese Contemporary"
8710msgstr ""
8711
8712#. type: Content of: <p>
8713#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:3
8714msgid ""
8715"The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions "
8716"and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western "
8717"constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture "
8718"that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value."
8719msgstr ""
8720
8721#. type: Content of: <p>
8722#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:7
8723msgid ""
8724"The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International "
8725"Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific "
8726"boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright"
8727" stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into "
8728"different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy."
8729msgstr ""
8730
8731#. type: Content of: <h3>
8732#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:9
8733msgid "star names"
8734msgstr ""
8735
8736#. type: Content of: <p>
8737#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:11
8738msgid ""
8739"The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. "
8740"More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names.  When a foreign "
8741"astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be "
8742"translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars"
8743" that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, "
8744"which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special "
8745"astronomical significance."
8746msgstr ""
8747
8748#. type: Content of: <p>
8749#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:12
8750msgid ""
8751"For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and "
8752"traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for "
8753"Stellarium</i>."
8754msgstr ""
8755
8756#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8757#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:17
8758msgid ""
8759"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
8760"constellations </a> Wikipedia"
8761msgstr ""
8762
8763#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8764#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:18
8765msgid ""
8766"<a "
8767"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">traditional"
8768" Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia"
8769msgstr ""
8770
8771#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8772#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:19
8773msgid ""
8774"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\">constellations</a> "
8775"Wikipedia"
8776msgstr ""
8777
8778#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8779#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:20
8780msgid ""
8781"<a "
8782"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\">Constellation"
8783" image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope "
8784"Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings."
8785msgstr ""
8786
8787#. type: Content of: <p>
8788#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:25
8789msgid ""
8790"This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a "
8791"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>."
8792msgstr ""
8793
8794#. type: Content of: <p>
8795#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:26
8796msgid ""
8797"Constellation art，Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for "
8798"Stellarium</i>."
8799msgstr ""
8800
8801#. type: Content of: <p>
8802#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:27
8803msgid ""
8804"asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese "
8805"Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>."
8806msgstr ""
8807
8808#. type: Content of: <h2>
8809#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:1
8810msgid "Chinese Medieval"
8811msgstr ""
8812
8813#. type: Content of: <p>
8814#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:3
8815msgid ""
8816"This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years "
8817"(1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as "
8818"possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese "
8819"Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the "
8820"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for "
8821"each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of "
8822"Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD."
8823msgstr ""
8824
8825#. type: Content of: <h3>
8826#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:5
8827msgid "Medieval Xingguans"
8828msgstr ""
8829
8830#. type: Content of: <p>
8831#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:6
8832msgid ""
8833"From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of "
8834"the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar."
8835msgstr ""
8836
8837#. type: Content of: <p>
8838#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:7
8839msgid ""
8840"The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th"
8841" century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States "
8842"Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During "
8843"the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the "
8844"Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and"
8845" 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and "
8846"after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th "
8847"century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the "
8848"shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of"
8849" the constellations maintained the medieval style."
8850msgstr ""
8851
8852#. type: Content of: <p>
8853#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:8
8854msgid ""
8855"Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese "
8856"astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major"
8857" star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements"
8858" measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were "
8859"rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected "
8860"more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used"
8861" mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance "
8862"degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the "
8863"determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for "
8864"determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>."
8865msgstr ""
8866
8867#. type: Content of: <p>
8868#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:9
8869msgid ""
8870"The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue "
8871"in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars."
8872msgstr ""
8873
8874#. type: Content of: <p>
8875#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:11
8876msgid ""
8877"Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD)."
8878msgstr ""
8879
8880#. type: Content of: <p>
8881#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:12
8882msgid "<em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>"
8883msgstr ""
8884
8885#. type: Content of: <h3>
8886#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:14
8887msgid "Restore Sky Map"
8888msgstr ""
8889
8890#. type: Content of: <p>
8891#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:15
8892msgid ""
8893"The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. "
8894"In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar "
8895"measurements, leaving a lot of data."
8896msgstr ""
8897
8898#. type: Content of: <p>
8899#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:16
8900msgid ""
8901"Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the "
8902"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's "
8903"Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in "
8904"China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan "
8905"Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book "
8906"<i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book."
8907msgstr ""
8908
8909#. type: Content of: <p>
8910#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:17
8911msgid ""
8912"Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined "
8913"with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars "
8914"restored the sky map is somewhat different."
8915msgstr ""
8916
8917#. type: Content of: <p>
8918#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:18
8919msgid ""
8920"Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese "
8921"medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD)."
8922msgstr ""
8923
8924#. type: Content of: <p>
8925#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:21
8926msgid ""
8927"Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang,"
8928msgstr ""
8929
8930#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8931#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:22
8932msgid ""
8933"Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin,"
8934msgstr ""
8935
8936#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8937#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:23
8938msgid ""
8939"Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 "
8940"degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun."
8941msgstr ""
8942
8943#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8944#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:24
8945msgid "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white."
8946msgstr ""
8947
8948#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8949#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:25
8950msgid ""
8951"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is "
8952"confusing."
8953msgstr ""
8954
8955#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8956#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:26
8957msgid ""
8958"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the "
8959"celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's "
8960"position as the standard of the chronology."
8961msgstr ""
8962
8963#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
8964#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:27
8965msgid ""
8966"Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels "
8967"around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a"
8968" Lunar Mansion every year."
8969msgstr ""
8970
8971#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
8972#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:31
8973msgid "<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song\">wikipedia - Su Song</a>"
8974msgstr ""
8975
8976#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
8977#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:32
8978msgid "<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html\">History of Song</a>"
8979msgstr ""
8980
8981#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
8982#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:33
8983msgid ""
8984"<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html\">Records of the Grand "
8985"Historian</a>"
8986msgstr ""
8987
8988#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
8989#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:34
8990msgid ""
8991"<a "
8992"href=\"https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm\">(Chinese)"
8993" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
8994msgstr ""
8995
8996#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
8997#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:35
8998msgid ""
8999"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers\">wikipedia -"
9000" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
9001msgstr ""
9002
9003#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9004#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:36
9005msgid ""
9006"<a href=\"http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm\">(Chinese) Chinese "
9007"Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>"
9008msgstr ""
9009
9010#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3>
9011#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:38
9012msgid "Reference"
9013msgstr ""
9014
9015#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9016#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:40
9017msgid "Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China"
9018msgstr ""
9019
9020#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9021#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:41
9022msgid "Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens"
9023msgstr ""
9024
9025#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9026#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:42
9027msgid "Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>"
9028msgstr ""
9029
9030#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9031#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:43
9032msgid "<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>"
9033msgstr ""
9034
9035#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9036#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:44
9037msgid "<i>Book of Sui</i>"
9038msgstr ""
9039
9040#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9041#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:45
9042msgid "<i>History of Song</i>"
9043msgstr ""
9044
9045#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p>
9046#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:49
9047msgid ""
9048"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) "
9049".  <a href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>"
9050msgstr ""
9051
9052#. type: Content of: <h2>
9053#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:1
9054msgid "Dakota"
9055msgstr ""
9056
9057#. type: Content of: <p>
9058#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:2
9059msgid ""
9060"Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of "
9061"north-central United States and Canada.  Known as the Oceti Sakowin &ndash; "
9062"Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands,"
9063" two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic "
9064"distinctions.  Well known for following the buffalo.  The word D(N/L)akota "
9065"means \"Alliance\".  Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation.  The D(L)akota"
9066" Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the "
9067"<b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. "
9068"Lee, J. Rock, 2012.  More details can be found in the constellation "
9069"guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to "
9070"D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map "
9071"posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources."
9072msgstr ""
9073
9074#. type: Content of: <h3>
9075#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:12
9076#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:5
9077msgid "Celestial Objects"
9078msgstr ""
9079
9080#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9081#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:14
9082msgid "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & &beta; Eridanus"
9083msgstr ""
9084
9085#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9086#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:15
9087msgid "<i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini"
9088msgstr ""
9089
9090#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9091#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:16
9092msgid "<i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9093msgstr ""
9094
9095#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9096#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:17
9097msgid "<i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9098msgstr ""
9099
9100#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9101#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:18
9102msgid "<i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9103msgstr ""
9104
9105#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9106#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:19
9107msgid "<i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades"
9108msgstr ""
9109
9110#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9111#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:20
9112msgid "<i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major"
9113msgstr ""
9114
9115#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9116#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:21
9117msgid ""
9118"<i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper &ndash; inside "
9119"Bowl"
9120msgstr ""
9121
9122#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9123#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:22
9124msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
9125msgstr ""
9126
9127#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9128#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:23
9129msgid "<i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper &ndash; Bowl stars"
9130msgstr ""
9131
9132#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9133#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:24
9134msgid "<i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper &ndash; Handle stars"
9135msgstr ""
9136
9137#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9138#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:25
9139msgid "<i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper"
9140msgstr ""
9141
9142#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9143#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:26
9144msgid "<i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper"
9145msgstr ""
9146
9147#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9148#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:27
9149msgid "<i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper"
9150msgstr ""
9151
9152#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9153#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:28
9154msgid ""
9155"<i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one place)</i>,"
9156" North star, Polaris"
9157msgstr ""
9158
9159#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9160#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:29
9161msgid "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Thunderbird, Draco, Ursa Minor"
9162msgstr ""
9163
9164#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9165#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:30
9166msgid "<i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus"
9167msgstr ""
9168
9169#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9170#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:31
9171msgid ""
9172"<i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood &ndash; "
9173"Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum"
9174msgstr ""
9175
9176#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9177#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:32
9178msgid "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces"
9179msgstr ""
9180
9181#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9182#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:33
9183msgid "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades"
9184msgstr ""
9185
9186#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9187#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:34
9188msgid "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus"
9189msgstr ""
9190
9191#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9192#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:35
9193msgid "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo"
9194msgstr ""
9195
9196#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9197#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:36
9198msgid ""
9199"<i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi "
9200"Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in "
9201"Bootes)"
9202msgstr ""
9203
9204#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9205#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:37
9206msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star"
9207msgstr ""
9208
9209#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9210#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:38
9211msgid "<i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon"
9212msgstr ""
9213
9214#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9215#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:39
9216msgid "<i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon"
9217msgstr ""
9218
9219#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9220#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:40
9221msgid "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun"
9222msgstr ""
9223
9224#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9225#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:41
9226msgid "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi /Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus"
9227msgstr ""
9228
9229#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9230#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:42
9231msgid "<i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way"
9232msgstr ""
9233
9234#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9235#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:43
9236msgid ""
9237"<i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star"
9238msgstr ""
9239
9240#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9241#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:44
9242msgid "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe"
9243msgstr ""
9244
9245#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9246#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:45
9247msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet"
9248msgstr ""
9249
9250#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9251#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:52
9252msgid ""
9253"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota "
9254"Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other "
9255"resources.</a>"
9256msgstr ""
9257
9258#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9259#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:53
9260msgid ""
9261"<a "
9262"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-"
9263"top-"
9264"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12"
9265" "
9266"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota"
9267" Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
9268msgstr ""
9269
9270#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9271#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:54
9272#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:45
9273msgid ""
9274"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> main"
9275" webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other "
9276"resources.</a>"
9277msgstr ""
9278
9279#. type: Content of: <p>
9280#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:58
9281msgid ""
9282"This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of"
9283" <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
9284"revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and D(L)akota. "
9285"Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star "
9286"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map"
9287" Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> by"
9288" A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke."
9289msgstr ""
9290
9291#. type: Content of: <p>
9292#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:59
9293msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee."
9294msgstr ""
9295
9296#. type: Content of: <p>
9297#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:60
9298#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:51
9299msgid "Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information."
9300msgstr ""
9301
9302#. type: Content of: <h2>
9303#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:1
9304msgid "Egyptian"
9305msgstr ""
9306
9307#. type: Content of: <p>
9308#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:2
9309msgid ""
9310"Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The "
9311"belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have "
9312"reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah "
9313"dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a "
9314"wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point."
9315msgstr ""
9316
9317#. type: Content of: <p>
9318#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:3
9319msgid ""
9320"However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is "
9321"represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales "
9322"(which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1]."
9323msgstr ""
9324
9325#. type: Content of: <p>
9326#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:4
9327msgid ""
9328"Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that"
9329" some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the "
9330"constellations did change significantly over time [3]."
9331msgstr ""
9332
9333#. type: Content of: <p>
9334#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:5
9335msgid ""
9336"The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the \"stars that knew "
9337"no rest\". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the "
9338"five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet "
9339"now known as Jupiter was called \"Horus Who Limits the Two Lands\"; Mars was"
9340" \"Horus of the Horizon\"; Mercury was \"Sebegu\", associated with Set; "
9341"Saturn was \"Horus the Bull of the Sky\"; and Venus was \"the God of the "
9342"Morning\" [7]."
9343msgstr ""
9344
9345#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9346#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:9
9347msgid ""
9348"<a href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-"
9349"Thompson/page11-17.html\">[1]</a>, <a "
9350"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-"
9351"Thompson/page11-15.html\">[3]</a> Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform "
9352"Tablets, etc"
9353msgstr ""
9354
9355#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9356#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:10
9357msgid ""
9358"<a href=\"http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm\">[2]</a> Three archaic "
9359"Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?"
9360msgstr ""
9361
9362#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9363#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:11
9364msgid ""
9365"<a "
9366"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>"
9367msgstr ""
9368
9369#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9370#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:12
9371msgid ""
9372"<a "
9373"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>"
9374msgstr ""
9375
9376#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9377#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:13
9378msgid ""
9379"<a "
9380"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>"
9381msgstr ""
9382
9383#. type: Content of: <p>
9384#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:18
9385msgid ""
9386"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
9387"Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper \"A Map of the Ancient Egyptian"
9388" Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte."
9389msgstr ""
9390
9391#. type: Content of: <p>
9392#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:19
9393msgid "This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)"
9394msgstr ""
9395
9396#. type: Content of: <h1>
9397#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:1
9398msgid "Greek (Almagest)"
9399msgstr ""
9400
9401#. type: Content of: <p>
9402#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:3
9403msgid ""
9404"This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of "
9405"astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from "
9406"observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius "
9407"Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in "
9408"Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical "
9409"work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title "
9410"<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.  The name <i>Almagest</i>, "
9411"meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was developed from Arabian "
9412"translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by "
9413"Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal "
9414"translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we"
9415" made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright."
9416msgstr ""
9417
9418#. type: Content of: <p>
9419#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:17
9420msgid ""
9421"The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and "
9422"eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations "
9423"(among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters).  It"
9424" is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position"
9425" in the constellation (such as \"star at the elbow of X, longitude, "
9426"latitude, magnitude\"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic "
9427"coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the "
9428"magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from"
9429" Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus&rsquo; catalog is not "
9430"preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of "
9431"1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible."
9432msgstr ""
9433
9434#. type: Content of: <p>
9435#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:30
9436msgid ""
9437"For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model "
9438"(which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, "
9439"contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by "
9440"Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the "
9441"<i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always "
9442"represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's "
9443"proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial "
9444"globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the "
9445"business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession "
9446"as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore "
9447"updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a "
9448"simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude."
9449msgstr ""
9450
9451#. type: Content of: <h2>
9452#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:43
9453msgid "How this sky culture was made"
9454msgstr ""
9455
9456#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
9457#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:45
9458#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:7
9459#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:9
9460msgid "Star names"
9461msgstr ""
9462
9463#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
9464#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:47
9465msgid ""
9466"Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15.  "
9467"The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as \"The star on "
9468"the end of the tail\" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such "
9469"long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for "
9470"all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they "
9471"appear in the catalogue.  For example, Polaris is given a designation \"UMi "
9472"1\" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi).  "
9473"See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations "
9474"and IAU abbreviations.  In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying"
9475" outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label."
9476" To see the long description for a given star, users should enable \"Use "
9477"additional names of stars\" in the \"View [F4]/Sky\" settings and click on "
9478"the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the "
9479"screen."
9480msgstr ""
9481
9482#. type: Content of: <h3>
9483#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:61
9484msgid "Constellation lines"
9485msgstr ""
9486
9487#. type: Content of: <p>
9488#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:63
9489msgid ""
9490"The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:"
9491msgstr ""
9492
9493#. type: Content of: <p>
9494#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:66
9495msgid ""
9496"In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), &alpha; Crv is the star in the "
9497"&quot;head of the raven&quot;. It is connected with the &quot;star in the "
9498"neck&quot;, &epsilon; Crv.  This one is connected with &quot;the star in the"
9499" breast&quot; &zeta; Crv.  From there two lines go to the tips of the wings."
9500" &gamma; Crv is the star in the advanced wing and &delta; Crv the star in "
9501"the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the "
9502"&quot;foot of the raven&quot;, the star &beta; Crv."
9503msgstr ""
9504
9505#. type: Content of: <p>
9506#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:77
9507msgid ""
9508"After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we "
9509"reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented "
9510"in the <i>Almagest</i>."
9511msgstr ""
9512
9513#. type: Content of: <p>
9514#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:81
9515msgid ""
9516"The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, "
9517"e.g. Ptolemy uses the name "
9518"&quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf; (The Torch-"
9519"like)&quot; for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but "
9520"this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up in "
9521"the Almagest."
9522msgstr ""
9523
9524#. type: Content of: <p>
9525#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:87
9526msgid ""
9527"The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and "
9528"its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in "
9529"the reconstruction (column 6)."
9530msgstr ""
9531
9532#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9533#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:93
9534#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:17
9535msgid "<b>Abbreviation</b>"
9536msgstr ""
9537
9538#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9539#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:94
9540msgid "<b>Original name</b>"
9541msgstr ""
9542
9543#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9544#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:95
9545msgid "<b>Translation</b> (direct)"
9546msgstr ""
9547
9548#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9549#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:96
9550msgid "<b>IAU (Latin) name</b>"
9551msgstr ""
9552
9553#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9554#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:97
9555msgid "<b>hints to constellation</b>"
9556msgstr ""
9557
9558#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9559#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:98
9560msgid "<b>freedom of art</b>"
9561msgstr ""
9562
9563#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9564#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:103
9565msgid "Small She-Bear"
9566msgstr ""
9567
9568#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9569#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:105
9570#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:113
9571#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:425
9572#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:441
9573#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:465
9574msgid "like IAU constellation"
9575msgstr ""
9576
9577#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9578#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:111
9579#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:31
9580msgid "Great She-Bear"
9581msgstr ""
9582
9583#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9584#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:119
9585#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:37
9586msgid "Dragon"
9587msgstr ""
9588
9589#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9590#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:121
9591msgid ""
9592"all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head"
9593" is the tongue"
9594msgstr ""
9595
9596#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9597#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:127
9598#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:35
9599msgid "Kepheus"
9600msgstr ""
9601
9602#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9603#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:129
9604msgid "king, upside down"
9605msgstr ""
9606
9607#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9608#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:130
9609msgid ""
9610"three head stars are tiara; &beta; seen as part of the belt, although "
9611"Almagest says beneath belt"
9612msgstr ""
9613
9614#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9615#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:135
9616msgid "Ploughman"
9617msgstr ""
9618
9619#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9620#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:137
9621msgid "has a shepherd's staff in his hand (&omega;)"
9622msgstr ""
9623
9624#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9625#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:138
9626msgid "star HIP 72582 added as neck star"
9627msgstr ""
9628
9629#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9630#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:143
9631msgid "Crown"
9632msgstr ""
9633
9634#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9635#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:145
9636msgid "like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text"
9637msgstr ""
9638
9639#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9640#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:151
9641#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:61
9642msgid "Kneeler"
9643msgstr ""
9644
9645#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9646#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:153
9647msgid "one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes"
9648msgstr ""
9649
9650#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9651#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:154
9652msgid "star HIP 82764 added as neck star"
9653msgstr ""
9654
9655#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9656#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:159
9657#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:59
9658msgid "Lyre"
9659msgstr ""
9660
9661#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9662#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:167
9663msgid "Bird"
9664msgstr ""
9665
9666#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9667#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:169
9668msgid "swan with legs"
9669msgstr ""
9670
9671#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9672#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:170
9673msgid "Tips of wings connected with tail"
9674msgstr ""
9675
9676#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9677#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:175
9678msgid "Kassiepeia"
9679msgstr ""
9680
9681#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9682#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:177
9683msgid "Queen sitting on a throne"
9684msgstr ""
9685
9686#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9687#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:178
9688msgid "to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne"
9689msgstr ""
9690
9691#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9692#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:183
9693#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:85
9694#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77
9695msgid "Perseus"
9696msgstr ""
9697
9698#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9699#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:185
9700msgid ""
9701"Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - &gt;one of the "
9702"stars in the cluster was used for drawing"
9703msgstr ""
9704
9705#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9706#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:186
9707msgid ""
9708"one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more "
9709"spherical"
9710msgstr ""
9711
9712#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9713#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:191
9714#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:91
9715#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:83
9716msgid "Charioteer"
9717msgstr ""
9718
9719#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9720#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:193
9721msgid "wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem"
9722msgstr ""
9723
9724#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9725#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:194
9726msgid "o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star"
9727msgstr ""
9728
9729#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9730#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:199
9731msgid "Serpent Bearer"
9732msgstr ""
9733
9734#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9735#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:201
9736msgid "has serpent in his hand"
9737msgstr ""
9738
9739#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9740#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:202
9741msgid "a star added as neck star"
9742msgstr ""
9743
9744#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9745#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:207
9746msgid "Snake"
9747msgstr ""
9748
9749#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9750#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:209
9751msgid "two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head"
9752msgstr ""
9753
9754#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9755#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:215
9756#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:103
9757msgid "Arrow"
9758msgstr ""
9759
9760#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9761#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:217
9762msgid "Like IAU constellation, &eta; Sge is missing"
9763msgstr ""
9764
9765#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9766#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:223
9767#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:109
9768msgid "Eagle"
9769msgstr ""
9770
9771#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9772#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:225
9773msgid ""
9774"&tau; Aql as head star, &beta; as neck, Altair is between shoulders, &gamma;"
9775" and &mu; are shoulders"
9776msgstr ""
9777
9778#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9779#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:231
9780#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:115
9781#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
9782msgid "Dolphin"
9783msgstr ""
9784
9785#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9786#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:234
9787msgid "refined shape"
9788msgstr ""
9789
9790#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9791#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:239
9792#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:121
9793msgid "Bust [of a horse]"
9794msgstr ""
9795
9796#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9797#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:247
9798msgid "Horse"
9799msgstr ""
9800
9801#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9802#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:249
9803msgid "with mane and one wing"
9804msgstr ""
9805
9806#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9807#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:255
9808msgid "Andromeda"
9809msgstr ""
9810
9811#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9812#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:257
9813msgid "dress and belt"
9814msgstr ""
9815
9816#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9817#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:265
9818msgid "four given stars &#61664; middle star of one side"
9819msgstr ""
9820
9821#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9822#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:271
9823#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:145
9824#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
9825msgid "Ram"
9826msgstr ""
9827
9828#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9829#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:273
9830msgid "turned head; only one horn"
9831msgstr ""
9832
9833#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9834#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:279
9835#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:151
9836#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:125
9837msgid "Bull"
9838msgstr ""
9839
9840#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9841#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:281
9842msgid "half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer"
9843msgstr ""
9844
9845#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9846#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:287
9847#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:157
9848#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:137
9849msgid "Twins"
9850msgstr ""
9851
9852#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9853#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:289
9854msgid "one star in common; touching each other with hands"
9855msgstr ""
9856
9857#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9858#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:295
9859msgid "Crab"
9860msgstr ""
9861
9862#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9863#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:297
9864msgid "square body"
9865msgstr ""
9866
9867#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9868#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:303
9869#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:169
9870#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149
9871msgid "Lion"
9872msgstr ""
9873
9874#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9875#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:305
9876msgid "opens jaw"
9877msgstr ""
9878
9879#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9880#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:311
9881msgid "Maiden"
9882msgstr ""
9883
9884#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9885#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:313
9886msgid "no separate head"
9887msgstr ""
9888
9889#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9890#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:314
9891msgid "fainter stars added to draw the wings"
9892msgstr ""
9893
9894#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9895#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:319
9896msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion]"
9897msgstr ""
9898
9899#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9900#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:321
9901msgid ""
9902"Ptolemy always uses the term &quot;claws&quot;, never &quot;the "
9903"balance&quot;."
9904msgstr ""
9905
9906#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9907#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:327
9908#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:187
9909msgid "Scorpion"
9910msgstr ""
9911
9912#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9913#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:330
9914msgid "arms added around the head: &nu; and &rho;"
9915msgstr ""
9916
9917#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9918#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:335
9919#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:174
9920msgid "Archer"
9921msgstr ""
9922
9923#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9924#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:337
9925msgid "a centaur with bow ahead; &bdquo;cloak&ldquo; behind"
9926msgstr ""
9927
9928#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9929#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:338
9930msgid ""
9931"we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the "
9932"picture clear."
9933msgstr ""
9934
9935#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9936#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:343
9937msgid "The One with the Goat's Horn"
9938msgstr ""
9939
9940#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9941#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:345
9942msgid "fish tail; two legs visible"
9943msgstr ""
9944
9945#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9946#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:351
9947msgid "Water-Carrier"
9948msgstr ""
9949
9950#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9951#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:353
9952msgid "water out of jug"
9953msgstr ""
9954
9955#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9956#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:359
9957msgid "[2] Fish"
9958msgstr ""
9959
9960#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9961#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:362
9962msgid ""
9963"northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we "
9964"took them as fin because mouth should be at g and &tau; Psc. Additional "
9965"change on tail fin: extended to &rho;"
9966msgstr ""
9967
9968#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9969#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:367
9970#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:217
9971msgid "Sea Monster"
9972msgstr ""
9973
9974#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9975#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:370
9976msgid "Body does not go through star &tau;, but through star &upsilon;"
9977msgstr ""
9978
9979#. type: Content of: <h3>
9980#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:375
9981#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:223
9982#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
9983#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:116
9984#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:22
9985msgid "Orion"
9986msgstr ""
9987
9988#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9989#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:378
9990msgid ""
9991"The &quot;head&quot; is labeled as &quot;nebulous&quot; which means Ptolemy "
9992"interpreted &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, and &lambda;, together "
9993"with fainter stars between them as a &quot;cluster&quot; (or association "
9994"which is more extended than the modern &quot;&lambda; Ori Assoc.&quot;). "
9995"Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a "
9996"connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders."
9997msgstr ""
9998
9999#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10000#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:383
10001msgid "River [nameless]"
10002msgstr ""
10003
10004#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10005#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:385
10006msgid "Like IAU constellation, but shorter"
10007msgstr ""
10008
10009#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10010#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:391
10011#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:235
10012#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
10013msgid "Hare"
10014msgstr ""
10015
10016#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10017#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:394
10018msgid "took the \"4 stars over the ear\" as ear"
10019msgstr ""
10020
10021#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10022#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:407
10023msgid "The One before the Dog"
10024msgstr ""
10025
10026#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10027#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:410
10028msgid ""
10029"In Almagest, the name of the constellation is &quot;The One before the "
10030"Dog&quot; or &quot;Harbinger of Sirius&quot; as Toomer puts it. However, "
10031"&beta; CMi is called &quot;the neck&quot; (of whom is unknown). We drew a "
10032"little dog with &gamma; and &epsilon; as head; &alpha;, &beta;, &eta; and "
10033"HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with "
10034"&delta;<sub>2</sub> and &delta;<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634"
10035msgstr ""
10036
10037#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10038#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:415
10039#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:253
10040#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
10041msgid "Ship &quot;Argo&quot;"
10042msgstr ""
10043
10044#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10045#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:417
10046msgid "smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel"
10047msgstr ""
10048
10049#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10050#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:418
10051msgid ""
10052"Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape;"
10053" in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a "
10054"ship is painted."
10055msgstr ""
10056
10057#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10058#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:423
10059msgid "Water Snake"
10060msgstr ""
10061
10062#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10063#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:431
10064msgid "Krater (vessel)"
10065msgstr ""
10066
10067#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10068#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:434
10069msgid ""
10070"a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or "
10071"vase: <a "
10072"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a>"
10073" Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (&alpha; Crt) and two handles "
10074"(&eta;, &theta; Crt)"
10075msgstr ""
10076
10077#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10078#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:439
10079msgid "Raven"
10080msgstr ""
10081
10082#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10083#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:447
10084#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:265
10085#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10086msgid "Kentauros"
10087msgstr ""
10088
10089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10090#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:450
10091msgid ""
10092"deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of &omega; Cen (cluster) taken"
10093" as star on the back. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; not drawn (to avoid confusion), "
10094"backward arm added."
10095msgstr ""
10096
10097#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10098#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:455
10099msgid "Beast"
10100msgstr ""
10101
10102#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10103#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:458
10104msgid ""
10105"&beta; described as &lsquo;End of hind leg&lsquo; -> taken as star in the "
10106"belly; &tau;<sub>1</sub> as hindleg &Chi; removed from head, because "
10107"otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg"
10108msgstr ""
10109
10110#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10111#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:463
10112#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:277
10113#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:258
10114msgid "Altar"
10115msgstr ""
10116
10117#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10118#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:471
10119msgid "Southern Crown"
10120msgstr ""
10121
10122#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10123#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:473
10124msgid ""
10125"like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC "
10126"number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in "
10127"Stellarium"
10128msgstr ""
10129
10130#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10131#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:479
10132#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:289
10133#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10134msgid "Southern Fish"
10135msgstr ""
10136
10137#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10138#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:481
10139msgid "the fish is laying on his back"
10140msgstr ""
10141
10142#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10143#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:482
10144msgid ""
10145"we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (&beta; should be the tip of "
10146"the tail but we used it as its root)"
10147msgstr ""
10148
10149#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10150#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:488
10151msgid ""
10152"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, "
10153"1990"
10154msgstr ""
10155
10156#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10157#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:489
10158#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:295
10159#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:284
10160msgid ""
10161"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, "
10162"Leipzig, 1898"
10163msgstr ""
10164
10165#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10166#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:490
10167msgid ""
10168"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, "
10169"2017"
10170msgstr ""
10171
10172#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10173#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:491
10174#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:297
10175#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:286
10176msgid "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984"
10177msgstr ""
10178
10179#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10180#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:492
10181msgid ""
10182"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
10183"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
10184"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006"
10185msgstr ""
10186
10187#. type: Content of: <p>
10188#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:497
10189msgid ""
10190"This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide "
10191"this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited "
10192"according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND "
10193"4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without "
10194"consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!"
10195msgstr ""
10196
10197#. type: Content of: <h2>
10198#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:502
10199msgid "Thanks"
10200msgstr ""
10201
10202#. type: Content of: <p>
10203#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:503
10204msgid ""
10205"The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading "
10206"and interesting discussions."
10207msgstr ""
10208
10209#. type: Content of: <p>
10210#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:506
10211msgid ""
10212"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea "
10213"Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-"
10214"uraniae.com"
10215msgstr ""
10216
10217#. type: Content of: <p>
10218#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:507
10219msgid "Written in English: the authors"
10220msgstr ""
10221
10222#. type: Content of: <h1>
10223#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:1
10224msgid "The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue"
10225msgstr ""
10226
10227#. type: Content of: <p>
10228#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:2
10229msgid ""
10230"This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the "
10231"Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd "
10232"century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model,"
10233" which itself has not survived."
10234msgstr ""
10235
10236#. type: Content of: <p>
10237#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:3
10238msgid ""
10239"The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter"
10240" of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point "
10241"coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics"
10242" and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in "
10243"\"latitude circles\" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles "
10244"provide a four-way division in \"longitude circles\". Ancient globe makers "
10245"used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings."
10246msgstr ""
10247
10248#. type: Content of: <p>
10249#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:4
10250msgid ""
10251"The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who "
10252"created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 "
10253"BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular "
10254"science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star "
10255"catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, "
10256"but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic "
10257"representations speak against it."
10258msgstr ""
10259
10260#. type: Content of: <p>
10261#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:6
10262msgid ""
10263"<i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel "
10264"Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i>"
10265msgstr ""
10266
10267#. type: Content of: <p>
10268#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:7
10269msgid ""
10270"Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything "
10271"below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the "
10272"sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, "
10273"which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north "
10274"pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. "
10275"Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of "
10276"the dragon are missing."
10277msgstr ""
10278
10279#. type: Content of: <h2>
10280#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:9
10281msgid "How was this Sky Culture made?"
10282msgstr ""
10283
10284#. type: Content of: <p>
10285#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:10
10286msgid ""
10287"The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble "
10288"globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the "
10289"modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that "
10290"the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. "
10291"Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble "
10292"globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to "
10293"point coordinates), this was done here \"by eye\" - just as by the "
10294"historical stonemason."
10295msgstr ""
10296
10297#. type: Content of: <p>
10298#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:11
10299msgid ""
10300"The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the "
10301"Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the "
10302"reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was"
10303" written in Greek as scientific literature."
10304msgstr ""
10305
10306#. type: Content of: <p>
10307#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:12
10308msgid ""
10309"The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a "
10310"particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, "
10311"some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star "
10312"catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show "
10313"the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region "
10314"would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar "
10315"distortions in the Scorpion."
10316msgstr ""
10317
10318#. type: Content of: <p>
10319#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:13
10320msgid ""
10321"The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in "
10322"columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe."
10323msgstr ""
10324
10325#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10326#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:18
10327msgid "<b>Original Name</b>"
10328msgstr ""
10329
10330#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10331#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:19
10332#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:23
10333msgid "<b>Translation</b> (literally)"
10334msgstr ""
10335
10336#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10337#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:20
10338#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:24
10339msgid "<b>Picture</b>"
10340msgstr ""
10341
10342#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10343#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:25
10344msgid "Little She-Bear"
10345msgstr ""
10346
10347#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10348#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:26
10349#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:32
10350#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:104
10351#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:140
10352#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:156
10353#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:163
10354#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:247
10355#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:253
10356#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:265
10357msgid "missing"
10358msgstr ""
10359
10360#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10361#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:38
10362msgid "only the head and one bend are depicted"
10363msgstr ""
10364
10365#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10366#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:43
10367msgid "King Kepheus"
10368msgstr ""
10369
10370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10371#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:49
10372msgid "Ploughing Man"
10373msgstr ""
10374
10375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10376#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:55
10377msgid "Wreath"
10378msgstr ""
10379
10380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10381#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:67
10382msgid "Lyre (a Greek instrument)"
10383msgstr ""
10384
10385#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10386#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:73
10387#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:65
10388msgid "Bird [not specified]"
10389msgstr ""
10390
10391#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10392#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:79
10393#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:71
10394msgid "Queen Kassiepeia"
10395msgstr ""
10396
10397#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10398#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:97
10399msgid "Snake Carrier, Snake"
10400msgstr ""
10401
10402#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10403#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:122
10404msgid "missing (stars belong to Dolphin)"
10405msgstr ""
10406
10407#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10408#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:127
10409msgid "Horse [unnamed]"
10410msgstr ""
10411
10412#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10413#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:133
10414#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:107
10415msgid "Princess Andromeda"
10416msgstr ""
10417
10418#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10419#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:163
10420#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
10421msgid "Cancer"
10422msgstr ""
10423
10424#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10425#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:175
10426#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
10427msgid "Young Lady"
10428msgstr ""
10429
10430#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10431#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:181
10432msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]"
10433msgstr ""
10434
10435#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10436#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:193
10437msgid "Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)"
10438msgstr ""
10439
10440#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10441#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:199
10442msgid "the One with Horns of a Goat"
10443msgstr ""
10444
10445#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10446#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:205
10447msgid "Water-Pourer"
10448msgstr ""
10449
10450#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10451#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:211
10452msgid "Two Fishes"
10453msgstr ""
10454
10455#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10456#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:229
10457msgid "River [unnamed]"
10458msgstr ""
10459
10460#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10461#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:247
10462msgid "The asterism before the Dog"
10463msgstr ""
10464
10465#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10466#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:248
10467msgid "missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]"
10468msgstr ""
10469
10470#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10471#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:259
10472msgid "Watersnake + Crater + Raven"
10473msgstr ""
10474
10475#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10476#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:271
10477msgid "Monster"
10478msgstr ""
10479
10480#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10481#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:283
10482msgid "Southern Wreath"
10483msgstr ""
10484
10485#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10486#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:290
10487msgid "missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]"
10488msgstr ""
10489
10490#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10491#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:296
10492#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:285
10493msgid ""
10494"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, "
10495"2017"
10496msgstr ""
10497
10498#. type: Content of: <p>
10499#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:300
10500#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:289
10501msgid ""
10502"We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be "
10503"cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC "
10504"BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do "
10505"not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!"
10506msgstr ""
10507
10508#. type: Content of: <p>
10509#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:303
10510msgid ""
10511"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
10512"(service@uhura-uraniae.com)."
10513msgstr ""
10514
10515#. type: Content of: <h5>
10516#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305
10517msgid "the author"
10518msgstr ""
10519
10520#. type: Content of: <h1>
10521#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:1
10522msgid "Leiden Aratea"
10523msgstr ""
10524
10525#. type: Content of: <p>
10526#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:2
10527msgid ""
10528"This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are "
10529"known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden "
10530"(Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious"
10531" (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife)."
10532msgstr ""
10533
10534#. type: Content of: <p>
10535#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:3
10536msgid ""
10537"The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz "
10538"(Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is "
10539"suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by "
10540"20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to"
10541" graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic "
10542"visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures "
10543"depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations."
10544msgstr ""
10545
10546#. type: Content of: <p>
10547#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:4
10548msgid ""
10549"The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a "
10550"globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only "
10551"symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure"
10552" is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold "
10553"leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of "
10554"the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay"
10555" discusses her proposed identifications in detail."
10556msgstr ""
10557
10558#. type: Content of: <p>
10559#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:6
10560msgid ""
10561"<i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images"
10562" Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>"
10563msgstr ""
10564
10565#. type: Content of: <h2>
10566#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:8
10567msgid "How this Sky Culture was made"
10568msgstr ""
10569
10570#. type: Content of: <p>
10571#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:9
10572msgid ""
10573"The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the "
10574"manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications)."
10575" Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the "
10576"astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be "
10577"locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be "
10578"distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the "
10579"illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was "
10580"possible."
10581msgstr ""
10582
10583#. type: Content of: <p>
10584#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:10
10585msgid ""
10586"In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and "
10587"black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts "
10588"(e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the "
10589"carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be "
10590"dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in "
10591"the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark "
10592"colours) is shown in the table below."
10593msgstr ""
10594
10595#. type: Content of: <p>
10596#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:11
10597msgid ""
10598"There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup,"
10599" Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky.  Both, Virgo and Centaur are "
10600"probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the "
10601"images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir).  The artist of the Leiden Aratea never "
10602"mapped the images onto the stars.  In order to make these depictions "
10603"understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and "
10604"stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from "
10605"the Almagest.  The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd "
10606"century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem "
10607"describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture.  Both, the Almagest "
10608"and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea "
10609"presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork."
10610msgstr ""
10611
10612#. type: Content of: <p>
10613#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:17
10614msgid ""
10615"The following table lists the original names of the constellations in "
10616"columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the "
10617"manuscript."
10618msgstr ""
10619
10620#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10621#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:21
10622msgid "<b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>"
10623msgstr ""
10624
10625#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10626#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:22
10627msgid "<b>Original Greek Name</b>"
10628msgstr ""
10629
10630#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10631#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:29
10632msgid "Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)"
10633msgstr ""
10634
10635#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10636#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:41
10637msgid "Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)"
10638msgstr ""
10639
10640#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10641#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:47
10642msgid "Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)"
10643msgstr ""
10644
10645#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10646#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
10647msgid "Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)"
10648msgstr ""
10649
10650#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10651#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
10652msgid ""
10653"The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this "
10654"figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, "
10655"shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees "
10656"are the same."
10657msgstr ""
10658
10659#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10660#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77
10661#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149
10662#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168
10663#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
10664#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
10665msgid "mirrored depiction"
10666msgstr ""
10667
10668#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10669#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:87
10670#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:88
10671#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:166
10672#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:167
10673msgid "and"
10674msgstr ""
10675
10676#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10677#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:89
10678msgid "Eagle with Arrow"
10679msgstr ""
10680
10681#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10682#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
10683msgid ""
10684"In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation "
10685"Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe)"
10686" depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why "
10687"I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea."
10688msgstr ""
10689
10690#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10691#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:101
10692msgid "Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)"
10693msgstr ""
10694
10695#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10696#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
10697msgid ""
10698"(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was "
10699"in spring)."
10700msgstr ""
10701
10702#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10703#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
10704msgid "The Pleiades"
10705msgstr ""
10706
10707#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10708#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
10709msgid "or Seven Sisters"
10710msgstr ""
10711
10712#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10713#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
10714msgid "<i>The cancer was lightened.</i>"
10715msgstr ""
10716
10717#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10718#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
10719msgid ""
10720"Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are "
10721"depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the "
10722"constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the"
10723" second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing."
10724msgstr ""
10725
10726#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10727#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:161
10728msgid ""
10729"Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in"
10730" a style epoch of Babylonian revival),"
10731msgstr ""
10732
10733#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10734#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
10735msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)"
10736msgstr ""
10737
10738#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10739#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
10740msgid "The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area."
10741msgstr ""
10742
10743#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10744#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168
10745msgid "Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)"
10746msgstr ""
10747
10748#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10749#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:180
10750msgid "The Goat-Horned One"
10751msgstr ""
10752
10753#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10754#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
10755msgid "Water Pourer"
10756msgstr ""
10757
10758#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10759#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
10760msgid "mirrored depiction (although front view)"
10761msgstr ""
10762
10763#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10764#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:192
10765msgid "Fishes"
10766msgstr ""
10767
10768#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10769#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:198
10770msgid "a Sea Monster named Cetus"
10771msgstr ""
10772
10773#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10774#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
10775msgid "<i>mirrored depiction</i>"
10776msgstr ""
10777
10778#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10779#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
10780msgid ""
10781"The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from "
10782"his own single-page painting."
10783msgstr ""
10784
10785#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10786#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
10787msgid "the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);"
10788msgstr ""
10789
10790#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10791#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
10792msgid "here a river god is depicted"
10793msgstr ""
10794
10795#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10796#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
10797msgid ""
10798"<i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the "
10799"visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately "
10800"illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between "
10801"Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The "
10802"constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation "
10803"to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare "
10804"between Orion's legs.</i>"
10805msgstr ""
10806
10807#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10808#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
10809msgid "mirrored depiction of a little dog"
10810msgstr ""
10811
10812#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10813#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
10814msgid "The star in front of the dog"
10815msgstr ""
10816
10817#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10818#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
10819msgid ""
10820"(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by "
10821"Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always \"Prokyon\"). Procyon is"
10822" a Greek term (with \"k\") latinized."
10823msgstr ""
10824
10825#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10826#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:240
10827msgid "Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven"
10828msgstr ""
10829
10830#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10831#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10832msgid ""
10833"apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: "
10834"Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation "
10835"Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted"
10836msgstr ""
10837
10838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10839#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10840msgid "(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)"
10841msgstr ""
10842
10843#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10844#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
10845msgid "monster"
10846msgstr ""
10847
10848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10849#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
10850msgid ""
10851"(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone "
10852"constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is "
10853"missing here)."
10854msgstr ""
10855
10856#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10857#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:264
10858msgid "Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)"
10859msgstr ""
10860
10861#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10862#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10863msgid "(had been \"Great Fish\" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)"
10864msgstr ""
10865
10866#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10867#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10868msgid ""
10869"It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. "
10870"That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of"
10871" the original red-purple one."
10872msgstr ""
10873
10874#. type: Content of: <h3>
10875#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:276
10876msgid "For the Aratea itself:"
10877msgstr ""
10878
10879#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10880#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:278
10881msgid ""
10882"Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des "
10883"Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der "
10884"Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016"
10885msgstr ""
10886
10887#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10888#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:279
10889msgid ""
10890"Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book,"
10891" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37"
10892msgstr ""
10893
10894#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10895#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:280
10896msgid ""
10897"Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea &mdash; "
10898"Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, "
10899"Malibu California, 1988"
10900msgstr ""
10901
10902#. type: Content of: <h3>
10903#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:282
10904msgid "For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue"
10905msgstr ""
10906
10907#. type: Content of: <p>
10908#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:292
10909msgid ""
10910"This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
10911"(service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with "
10912"Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium "
10913"Jena."
10914msgstr ""
10915
10916#. type: Content of: <h5>
10917#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
10918msgid "the authors"
10919msgstr ""
10920
10921#. type: Content of: <h2>
10922#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:1
10923msgid "Hawaiian Starlines"
10924msgstr ""
10925
10926#. type: Content of: <p>
10927#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:2
10928msgid ""
10929"These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the "
10930"Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using "
10931"traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of "
10932"miles of open ocean.  For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the "
10933"position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   "
10934"Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help "
10935"memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing "
10936"the sky into four evenly sized star lines."
10937msgstr ""
10938
10939#. type: Content of: <h2>
10940#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:8
10941msgid "History"
10942msgstr ""
10943
10944#. type: Content of: <p>
10945#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:9
10946msgid ""
10947"The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for "
10948"many generations.   Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation "
10949"were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s.  Polynesian "
10950"Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975.  Hokule’a "
10951"is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art "
10952"of way finding.  A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a "
10953"master navigator/wayfinder.  The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky "
10954"to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors.  Nainoa Thompson, "
10955"current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to "
10956"him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the "
10957"Hawaiians.  With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass "
10958"and star lines were created."
10959msgstr ""
10960
10961#. type: Content of: <h2>
10962#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:19
10963msgid "Star Lines"
10964msgstr ""
10965
10966#. type: Content of: <p>
10967#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:20
10968msgid ""
10969"Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the "
10970"navigators.  The stars connect making constellations.  Navigators remember "
10971"the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each "
10972"line, and the lines that point directly to North and South.  The star lines’"
10973" position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more"
10974" prevalent at night according to the season.  The star lines with their "
10975"according season are as follows:"
10976msgstr ""
10977
10978#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10979#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:27
10980msgid "November to April"
10981msgstr ""
10982
10983#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10984#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:28
10985msgid "April to July"
10986msgstr ""
10987
10988#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10989#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:29
10990msgid "May to October"
10991msgstr ""
10992
10993#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10994#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:30
10995msgid "September to February"
10996msgstr ""
10997
10998#. type: Content of: <p>
10999#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:35
11000msgid ""
11001"The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The lines "
11002"are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> "
11003"(Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night sky.  In voyaging"
11004" a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls."
11005msgstr ""
11006
11007#. type: Content of: <p>
11008#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:38
11009msgid ""
11010"The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are "
11011"<em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> "
11012"(Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius).  These stars"
11013" connect together to create the bailer in the sky.  Mintaka in Orion is an "
11014"important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west "
11015"giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction.  Mirzim (next to "
11016"<em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) "
11017"connect together to create a southern pointer.  <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> "
11018"(&theta; Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan)"
11019" connect to create a northern pointer.  Different north/south pointers are "
11020"found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators."
11021msgstr ""
11022
11023#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11024#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:46
11025msgid ""
11026"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-"
11027"lizard).  This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or "
11028"<em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture.  It can also be representing a "
11029"genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation."
11030msgstr ""
11031
11032#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11033#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:50
11034msgid ""
11035"The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the "
11036"ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always "
11037"above north.  <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big "
11038"Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars "
11039"in the Big Dipper.  <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and <em>Hikianalia</em> "
11040"(Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line.  The two PVS "
11041"canoes are named after these two stars.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” "
11042"star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the "
11043"latitude of the Hawaiian Islands.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to "
11044"navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i.  The meaning of "
11045"<em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to "
11046"find home bringing joy.  Next to <em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a "
11047"combination of four stars that create a box.  <em>Me’e</em> connects down to"
11048" <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for "
11049"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>."
11050msgstr ""
11051
11052#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11053#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:61
11054msgid ""
11055"<em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to "
11056"the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook.  Maui is credited for "
11057"pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook."
11058msgstr ""
11059
11060#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11061#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:64
11062msgid ""
11063"This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on "
11064"the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south.  The Navigator’s Triangle is "
11065"made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and "
11066"<em>Humu</em> (Altair).  (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for "
11067"modern amateur astronomers.)  These stars also represent the Polynesian "
11068"triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and Aotearoa "
11069"(<em>Humu</em>).  These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui "
11070"(Scorpius)."
11071msgstr ""
11072
11073#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11074#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:70
11075msgid ""
11076"The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect "
11077"<em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (&gamma; Cyg, Sadr).  "
11078"Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> "
11079"(&delta; Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (&pi; Sco, Nur), the stars on the "
11080"top of the hook."
11081msgstr ""
11082
11083#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11084#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:74
11085msgid ""
11086"<em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a "
11087"great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which"
11088" was lost as a child."
11089msgstr ""
11090
11091#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11092#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:76
11093msgid ""
11094"The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate Bird "
11095"(<em>Fregata Minor</em>).  The shape of this constellation (which is "
11096"Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known "
11097"for leading voyagers to land.  The center of the star line is the Kite of "
11098"Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus).  The four stars that make the"
11099" kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> "
11100"(&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (&beta; Peg, Scheat), "
11101"<em>Pi’ilani</em> (&gamma; Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, "
11102"Markab).  All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then "
11103"connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and "
11104"<em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut)."
11105msgstr ""
11106
11107#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11108#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:83
11109msgid ""
11110"The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (&delta; Peg, "
11111"Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (&beta; Cas, Caph) of "
11112"<em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>.  The southern pointer is connected with <em>Keawe</em> "
11113"(&alpha; Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut)."
11114msgstr ""
11115
11116#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11117#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:88
11118msgid "<a href=\"http://hokulea.com\">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>"
11119msgstr ""
11120
11121#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11122#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:89
11123msgid ""
11124"<a "
11125"href=\"http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian"
11126" Voyaging Society</a>"
11127msgstr ""
11128
11129#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11130#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:90
11131msgid "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>"
11132msgstr ""
11133
11134#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11135#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:91
11136msgid ""
11137"<a "
11138"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian"
11139" Star Lines and Names for Stars</a>"
11140msgstr ""
11141
11142#. type: Content of: <p><p>
11143#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:94
11144msgid ""
11145"The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this "
11146"skyculture is available at the <a "
11147"href=\"https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html\">Stellarium Landscapes</a> "
11148"collection."
11149msgstr ""
11150
11151#. type: Content of: <p><p><h2>
11152#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:96
11153msgid "Background and Acknowledgements"
11154msgstr ""
11155
11156#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11157#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:98
11158msgid ""
11159"The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of "
11160"Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa "
11161"Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from "
11162"2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage"
11163" of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe.  Stellarium has been used as a "
11164"tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for"
11165" practicing Polynesian navigation."
11166msgstr ""
11167
11168#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11169#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:102
11170msgid ""
11171"The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was "
11172"contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, "
11173"Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial "
11174"Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i.  Artwork"
11175" by Kealoha Kaneakua."
11176msgstr ""
11177
11178#. type: Content of: <h2>
11179#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:1
11180msgid "Indian Vedic"
11181msgstr ""
11182
11183#. type: Content of: <p>
11184#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:2
11185msgid ""
11186"Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to "
11187"Nakṣatra-s."
11188msgstr ""
11189
11190#. type: Content of: <p>
11191#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:6
11192msgid ""
11193"The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical "
11194"zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is "
11195"called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets)."
11196msgstr ""
11197
11198#. type: Content of: <p>
11199#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:7
11200msgid ""
11201"In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding "
11202"asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their "
11203"original locations to account for precession."
11204msgstr ""
11205
11206#. type: Content of: <p>
11207#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:8
11208msgid ""
11209"In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar "
11210"Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months "
11211"or \"māsā\". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' "
11212"names."
11213msgstr ""
11214
11215#. type: Content of: <p>
11216#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:11
11217msgid ""
11218"In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately "
11219"13°20\", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full "
11220"list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the "
11221"earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is "
11222"critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the "
11223"birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they "
11224"are also technically constellations."
11225msgstr ""
11226
11227#. type: Content of: <p>
11228#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:12
11229msgid ""
11230"sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the "
11231"13°20\" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a "
11232"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-"
11233"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up\">this page</a>)"
11234msgstr ""
11235
11236#. type: Content of: <p>
11237#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:13
11238msgid ""
11239"The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and "
11240"the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual "
11241"which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some "
11242"scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, "
11243"the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic "
11244"period."
11245msgstr ""
11246
11247#. type: Content of: <p>
11248#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:14
11249msgid ""
11250"There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same "
11251"constellations and stars (Example: <a "
11252"href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw\">Raj Vedam on "
11253"Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others "
11254"during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological "
11255"translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, "
11256"just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See "
11257"references below.)"
11258msgstr ""
11259
11260#. type: Content of: <p>
11261#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:15
11262msgid ""
11263"Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which "
11264"full moon or \"Purnimā\" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a "
11265"sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra "
11266"doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in "
11267"any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people "
11268"innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most "
11269"used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months "
11270"in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year."
11271msgstr ""
11272
11273#. type: Content of: <p>
11274#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:16
11275msgid ""
11276"A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by "
11277"their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation "
11278"boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual "
11279"timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose "
11280"alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s)."
11281msgstr ""
11282
11283#. type: Content of: <h3>
11284#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:18
11285msgid "Navagraha - Nine \"planets\""
11286msgstr ""
11287
11288#. type: Content of: <p>
11289#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:19
11290msgid ""
11291"They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to "
11292"background stars and named them \"planets\" or \"graha\". As such The sun "
11293"and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as "
11294"graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name "
11295"of vedic days originated from these planet's names."
11296msgstr ""
11297
11298#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11299#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11300msgid "Graha"
11301msgstr ""
11302
11303#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11304#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11305#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
11306msgid "Designation"
11307msgstr ""
11308
11309#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11310#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11311msgid "Name of Solar days"
11312msgstr ""
11313
11314#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11315#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11316msgid "(Sun)"
11317msgstr ""
11318
11319#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11320#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11321msgid "Sun God"
11322msgstr ""
11323
11324#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11325#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11326msgid "(Sunday)"
11327msgstr ""
11328
11329#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11330#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11331msgid "(Moon)"
11332msgstr ""
11333
11334#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11335#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11336msgid "Moon god"
11337msgstr ""
11338
11339#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11340#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11341msgid "(Monday)"
11342msgstr ""
11343
11344#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11345#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11346msgid "(Mars)"
11347msgstr ""
11348
11349#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11350#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11351msgid "God of war"
11352msgstr ""
11353
11354#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11355#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11356msgid "(Tuesday)"
11357msgstr ""
11358
11359#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11360#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11361msgid "(Mercury)"
11362msgstr ""
11363
11364#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11365#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11366msgid "Son of Moon"
11367msgstr ""
11368
11369#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11370#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11371msgid "(Wednesday)"
11372msgstr ""
11373
11374#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11375#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11376msgid "(Jupiter)"
11377msgstr ""
11378
11379#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11380#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11381msgid "Teacher of Gods"
11382msgstr ""
11383
11384#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11385#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11386msgid "(Thursday)"
11387msgstr ""
11388
11389#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11390#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11391msgid "(Venus)"
11392msgstr ""
11393
11394#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11395#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11396msgid "Mentor of Demons"
11397msgstr ""
11398
11399#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11400#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11401msgid "(Friday)"
11402msgstr ""
11403
11404#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11405#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11406msgid "(Saturn)"
11407msgstr ""
11408
11409#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11410#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11411msgid "God of Misfortune"
11412msgstr ""
11413
11414#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11415#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11416msgid "(Saturday)"
11417msgstr ""
11418
11419#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11420#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30
11421#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
11422msgid "lunar node"
11423msgstr ""
11424
11425#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11426#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30
11427#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
11428msgid "-"
11429msgstr ""
11430
11431#. type: Content of: <h4>
11432#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:36
11433msgid "General"
11434msgstr ""
11435
11436#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11437#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:38
11438msgid ""
11439"<a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" class='external text' "
11440"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit Wikipedia"
11441msgstr ""
11442
11443#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11444#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:39
11445msgid ""
11446"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external text' "
11447"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia"
11448msgstr ""
11449
11450#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11451#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:40
11452msgid ""
11453"<a "
11454"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-"
11455"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' "
11456"rel=\"nofollow\">History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report</a>"
11457msgstr ""
11458
11459#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11460#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:41
11461msgid ""
11462"<a "
11463"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\""
11464" class='external text'> \"Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and "
11465"Abhijit\"</a>"
11466msgstr ""
11467
11468#. type: Content of: <h4>
11469#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:44
11470msgid "Mythology"
11471msgstr ""
11472
11473#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
11474#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:45
11475msgid "Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org."
11476msgstr ""
11477
11478#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11479#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:48
11480msgid ""
11481"Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata"
11482" Index, Vedic Indix"
11483msgstr ""
11484
11485#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11486#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:49
11487#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:54
11488msgid "Vedas, Agamas"
11489msgstr ""
11490
11491#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11492#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:50
11493msgid ""
11494"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5\" "
11495"class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala "
11496"Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
11497msgstr ""
11498
11499#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11500#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:51
11501msgid ""
11502"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110\" class='external "
11503"text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
11504msgstr ""
11505
11506#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11507#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:52
11508msgid ""
11509"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up\" "
11510"class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar "
11511"Tilak</a>"
11512msgstr ""
11513
11514#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11515#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:53
11516msgid ""
11517"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external "
11518"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de "
11519"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>"
11520msgstr ""
11521
11522#. type: Content of: <h3>
11523#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:58
11524msgid "Contributors"
11525msgstr ""
11526
11527#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11528#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:60
11529msgid "Tanmoy Saha"
11530msgstr ""
11531
11532#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11533#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:61
11534msgid ""
11535"Contributors from the <a href=\"https://github.com/sanskrit-"
11536"coders\">sanskrit-coders community</a> (esp <a "
11537"href=\"https://github.com/vvasuki/\">Vishvas Vasuki</a>."
11538msgstr ""
11539
11540#. type: Content of: <h2>
11541#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:1
11542msgid "Inuit"
11543msgstr ""
11544
11545#. type: Content of: <p>
11546#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:2
11547msgid ""
11548"The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of "
11549"John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, "
11550"Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit "
11551"constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in "
11552"Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic "
11553"universe."
11554msgstr ""
11555
11556#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11557#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:27
11558msgid ""
11559"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-"
11560"Legend/dp/0888544278\">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and "
11561"Legend</a> book at amazon.com"
11562msgstr ""
11563
11564#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11565#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:28
11566msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>"
11567msgstr ""
11568
11569#. type: Content of: <p>
11570#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:32
11571msgid ""
11572"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
11573"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: "
11574"Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald."
11575msgstr ""
11576
11577#. type: Content of: <p>
11578#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:34
11579msgid ""
11580"Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License."
11581msgstr ""
11582
11583#. type: Content of: <h2>
11584#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:1
11585msgid "Japanese Moon Stations"
11586msgstr ""
11587
11588#. type: Content of: <p>
11589#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:2
11590msgid ""
11591"Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was "
11592"closely tied to astrological purposes.  For ancient Chinese and later Korean"
11593" and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is "
11594"marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), "
11595"the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and "
11596"the \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each "
11597"of the talismanic animals the celestial \"palaces\" were seven <em>sei "
11598"shuku</em> or what are sometimes called \"lunar lodges\".  The moon "
11599"\"stations\" or \"lodges\" probably may be used to determine position of sun"
11600" and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been "
11601"related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are"
11602" obscure and even controversial."
11603msgstr ""
11604
11605#. type: Content of: <p>
11606#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:10
11607msgid ""
11608"Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star \"palaces\" "
11609"together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent"
11610" some of the most complex aspects of Asian \"astronomy\". An apparent "
11611"anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move"
11612" in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall.  Some"
11613" scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being "
11614"created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but "
11615"it does not really explain the apparent \"backward\" motion of the sun "
11616"through seasons."
11617msgstr ""
11618
11619#. type: Content of: <p>
11620#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:15
11621msgid ""
11622"According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated "
11623"sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the "
11624"handle of the big dipper (often called the \"North Seven Stars\" in China, "
11625"Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the "
11626"Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not "
11627"appear to set, because they had a relatively \"higher\" position than now."
11628msgstr ""
11629
11630#. type: Content of: <p>
11631#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:19
11632msgid ""
11633"Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield "
11634"influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this "
11635"despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed "
11636"out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather"
11637" complex."
11638msgstr ""
11639
11640#. type: Content of: <p>
11641#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:22
11642msgid ""
11643"The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of "
11644"Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended "
11645"to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike "
11646"many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the "
11647"talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature."
11648msgstr ""
11649
11650#. type: Content of: <p>
11651#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:25
11652msgid "Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan."
11653msgstr ""
11654
11655#. type: Content of: <p>
11656#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:26
11657msgid "<em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>"
11658msgstr ""
11659
11660#. type: Content of: <h3>
11661#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:28
11662msgid "The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)"
11663msgstr ""
11664
11665#. type: Content of: <p>
11666#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:29
11667msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"East\" or \"Blue Dragon\"."
11668msgstr ""
11669
11670#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11671#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:33
11672#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:95
11673#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:156
11674#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:217
11675msgid "Chinese Character"
11676msgstr ""
11677
11678#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11679#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:34
11680#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:96
11681#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:157
11682#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:218
11683msgid "Meaning"
11684msgstr ""
11685
11686#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11687#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:35
11688#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:97
11689#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:158
11690#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:219
11691msgid "Key Star"
11692msgstr ""
11693
11694#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11695#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:36
11696#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:98
11697#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:159
11698#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:220
11699msgid "Japanese Name"
11700msgstr ""
11701
11702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11703#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:41
11704msgid "Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner"
11705msgstr ""
11706
11707#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11708#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:48
11709msgid "Neck, Throat"
11710msgstr ""
11711
11712#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11713#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:55
11714msgid "Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base"
11715msgstr ""
11716
11717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11718#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:56
11719#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:63
11720#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:84
11721#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:186
11722#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:207
11723#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:233
11724msgid "sometimes"
11725msgstr ""
11726
11727#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11728#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:62
11729msgid "Chamber, perhaps Breasts"
11730msgstr ""
11731
11732#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11733#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:83
11734msgid "Basket"
11735msgstr ""
11736
11737#. type: Content of: <h3>
11738#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:90
11739msgid "The \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)"
11740msgstr ""
11741
11742#. type: Content of: <p>
11743#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:91
11744msgid ""
11745"The 7 Moon Stations of the \"North\" (Genbu) or \"Black Tortoise of Winter\""
11746" (also \"Somber\" or \"Black\" Warrior)."
11747msgstr ""
11748
11749#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11750#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:103
11751msgid "Dipper; Measure"
11752msgstr ""
11753
11754#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11755#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:110
11756msgid "Cow"
11757msgstr ""
11758
11759#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11760#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:117
11761msgid "Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid"
11762msgstr ""
11763
11764#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11765#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:131
11766msgid "Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep"
11767msgstr ""
11768
11769#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11770#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:138
11771msgid "Room, perhaps Encampment"
11772msgstr ""
11773
11774#. type: Content of: <h3>
11775#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:151
11776msgid "The White Tiger of the West (Fall)"
11777msgstr ""
11778
11779#. type: Content of: <p>
11780#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:152
11781msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"West\" or \"White Tiger\"."
11782msgstr ""
11783
11784#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11785#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:164
11786msgid "Stride, Foot"
11787msgstr ""
11788
11789#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11790#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:171
11791msgid "Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows"
11792msgstr ""
11793
11794#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11795#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:185
11796msgid "Stopping Place, United; perhaps \"Getting Together\""
11797msgstr ""
11798
11799#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11800#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:192
11801msgid "Net; perhaps related to Rain"
11802msgstr ""
11803
11804#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11805#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:199
11806msgid "Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head"
11807msgstr ""
11808
11809#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11810#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:206
11811msgid "Investigator, Three"
11812msgstr ""
11813
11814#. type: Content of: <h3>
11815#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:212
11816msgid "The Red Bird of the South (Summer)"
11817msgstr ""
11818
11819#. type: Content of: <p>
11820#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:213
11821msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"South\" or \"Red Bird\"."
11822msgstr ""
11823
11824#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11825#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:232
11826msgid "Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost"
11827msgstr ""
11828
11829#. type: Content of: <h3>
11830#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:246
11831#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:25
11832msgid "Stars"
11833msgstr ""
11834
11835#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11836#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:253
11837msgid "Stretched Net"
11838msgstr ""
11839
11840#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11841#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:267
11842msgid "Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto"
11843msgstr ""
11844
11845#. type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a>
11846#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:275
11847msgid "A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan"
11848msgstr ""
11849
11850#. type: Content of: <h2>
11851#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:1
11852msgid "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi"
11853msgstr ""
11854
11855#. type: Content of: <p>
11856#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:2
11857msgid ""
11858"The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian "
11859"Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. "
11860"They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country.  "
11861"Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an "
11862"extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s."
11863msgstr ""
11864
11865#. type: Content of: <h3>
11866#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:4
11867msgid "Background"
11868msgstr ""
11869
11870#. type: Content of: <p>
11871#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:5
11872msgid ""
11873"This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project"
11874" by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. "
11875"Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the "
11876"collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of"
11877" a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study "
11878"Guide.  Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate"
11879" certain sky objects."
11880msgstr ""
11881
11882#. type: Content of: <h2>
11883#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:7
11884msgid "Cultural objects"
11885msgstr ""
11886
11887#. type: Content of: <h3>
11888#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:9
11889msgid "Gawaargay"
11890msgstr ""
11891
11892#. type: Content of: <p>
11893#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:10
11894msgid ""
11895"Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal "
11896"Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the "
11897"Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius.  The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it "
11898"with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males.  From "
11899"June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males "
11900"brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs.  In the evening"
11901" in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two "
11902"\"eggs\", meaning the eggs should not be collected.  Later in the year, it "
11903"appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, "
11904"meaning the waterholes are full.  When it is below the horizon, then it is "
11905"on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen."
11906msgstr ""
11907
11908#. type: Content of: <h3>
11909#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:12
11910msgid "Birringoloo"
11911msgstr ""
11912
11913#. type: Content of: <p>
11914#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:13
11915msgid ""
11916"Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits"
11917" by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women "
11918"with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah "
11919"(Heaven behind Warrambul).  They wait at this camp until all their girl "
11920"children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to "
11921"Bulimah."
11922msgstr ""
11923
11924#. type: Content of: <h3>
11925#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:15
11926msgid "Yarran"
11927msgstr ""
11928
11929#. type: Content of: <p>
11930#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:16
11931msgid ""
11932"Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, "
11933"which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to"
11934" die (and the Cockatoos).  It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the "
11935"dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots "
11936"spreading around.  When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through "
11937"the hollow of the Yarran."
11938msgstr ""
11939
11940#. type: Content of: <h3>
11941#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:18
11942msgid "Old Wiringin"
11943msgstr ""
11944
11945#. type: Content of: <p>
11946#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:19
11947msgid ""
11948"A Wiringin is a \"Clever Man\" or Aboriginal doctor.  This Wiringin located "
11949"in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to "
11950"Bulimah.  If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, "
11951"because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in "
11952"the Large Magellanic Cloud.  This birth spirit will send the unitiated back "
11953"to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated.  This Wiringin is "
11954"represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow)."
11955msgstr ""
11956
11957#. type: Content of: <h3>
11958#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:21
11959msgid "Birray Birray"
11960msgstr ""
11961
11962#. type: Content of: <p>
11963#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:22
11964msgid ""
11965"The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the "
11966"seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star "
11967"cluster.  They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this"
11968" they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of "
11969"Orion.  Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker.  "
11970"They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is "
11971"Aldebaran."
11972msgstr ""
11973
11974#. type: Content of: <h3>
11975#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:24
11976msgid "Miyay Miyay"
11977msgstr ""
11978
11979#. type: Content of: <p>
11980#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:25
11981msgid ""
11982"The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the"
11983" sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins "
11984"or other bad persons.  They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one "
11985"sister is shy, normally we only see six stars.  They are protected from the "
11986"Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran."
11987msgstr ""
11988
11989#. type: Content of: <h3>
11990#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:27
11991msgid "Old Dthillar"
11992msgstr ""
11993
11994#. type: Content of: <p>
11995#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:28
11996msgid ""
11997"Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, "
11998"the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) "
11999"in the Pleiades.  Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha "
12000"Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray "
12001"Birray.  The inverted \"V\" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri"
12002" is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut)."
12003msgstr ""
12004
12005#. type: Content of: <h3>
12006#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:30
12007msgid "Wamba Wamba"
12008msgstr ""
12009
12010#. type: Content of: <p>
12011#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:31
12012msgid ""
12013"\"Wamba\" means \"crazy\" or \"mad\".  In this case, the star Canopus is "
12014"called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is "
12015"told.  The planet Venus is also called Wamba.  One speculation is that both "
12016"Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to "
12017"atmospheric defraction, can \"scintillate\" (twinkle srongly), which results"
12018" in rapid changes in colour.  This might be interpreted as madness."
12019msgstr ""
12020
12021#. type: Content of: <h3>
12022#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:33
12023msgid "Wadhaagudjaaylwan"
12024msgstr ""
12025
12026#. type: Content of: <p>
12027#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:34
12028msgid ""
12029"Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic "
12030"Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies.  She \"sings\" the "
12031"babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old "
12032"Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to "
12033"Earth as babies."
12034msgstr ""
12035
12036#. type: Content of: <h3>
12037#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:36
12038msgid "Bandaarr"
12039msgstr ""
12040
12041#. type: Content of: <p>
12042#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:37
12043msgid ""
12044"Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located "
12045"under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu.  "
12046"Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has"
12047" significance in ceremony."
12048msgstr ""
12049
12050#. type: Content of: <h3>
12051#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:39
12052msgid "Muraay Muyaay"
12053msgstr ""
12054
12055#. type: Content of: <p>
12056#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:40
12057msgid ""
12058"Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo,"
12059" who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri).  They "
12060"ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged "
12061"into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran."
12062msgstr ""
12063
12064#. type: Content of: <h3>
12065#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:42
12066msgid "Warrawilbaarru"
12067msgstr ""
12068
12069#. type: Content of: <p>
12070#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:43
12071msgid ""
12072"Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation "
12073"Scorpius.  Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September "
12074"he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during "
12075"September, and doesn't go back until around March.  During this time he is "
12076"on earth as the \"willy willy\" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to "
12077"children and uninitiated men."
12078msgstr ""
12079
12080#. type: Content of: <p>
12081#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:46
12082msgid ""
12083"More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi "
12084"peoples can be found at <a href=\"https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller\" "
12085"class=\"external\">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>."
12086msgstr ""
12087
12088#. type: Content of: <h2>
12089#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:1
12090msgid "Korean"
12091msgstr ""
12092
12093#. type: Content of: <h3>
12094#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:2
12095msgid "Origin"
12096msgstr ""
12097
12098#. type: Content of: <p>
12099#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:3
12100msgid ""
12101"The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and "
12102"look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun "
12103"Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map"
12104" and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their "
12105"names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations "
12106"first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty "
12107"describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C."
12108msgstr ""
12109
12110#. type: Content of: <p>
12111#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:5
12112msgid ""
12113"The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on"
12114" the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which "
12115"was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map "
12116"which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about"
12117" 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese "
12118"ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only"
12119" about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of "
12120"the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the "
12121"southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with "
12122"respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations "
12123"were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that "
12124"there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. "
12125"The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at"
12126" a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation "
12127"are like."
12128msgstr ""
12129
12130#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
12131#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:9
12132msgid ""
12133"<a "
12134"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang "
12135"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>"
12136msgstr ""
12137
12138#. type: Content of: <p><p>
12139#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:13
12140msgid ""
12141"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a "
12142"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>"
12143msgstr ""
12144
12145#. type: Content of: <h2>
12146#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:1
12147msgid "Lokono (or Arawak)"
12148msgstr ""
12149
12150#. type: Content of: <p>
12151#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:3
12152msgid ""
12153"The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people"
12154" of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic "
12155"Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French "
12156"Guiana (see map).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak"
12157" a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the "
12158"largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic"
12159" relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of "
12160"manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and"
12161" gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups "
12162"that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono "
12163"have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 "
12164"years.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup> This contact has "
12165"intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono"
12166" language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in "
12167"subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of "
12168"<em>medicine-men</em>&mdash;the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge,"
12169" most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the "
12170"modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what"
12171" the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned "
12172"in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the"
12173" combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining "
12174"their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented "
12175"here includes only identified constellations but the following description "
12176"provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge "
12177"including information extracted from historical sources about all the "
12178"celestial objects named in the table below."
12179msgstr ""
12180
12181#. type: Content of: <p><table><caption>
12182#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:7
12183msgid "Lokono constellations and other celestial objects"
12184msgstr ""
12185
12186#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12187#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:9
12188msgid "<b>Lokono name</b>"
12189msgstr ""
12190
12191#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12192#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:10
12193msgid "Literal translation in English"
12194msgstr ""
12195
12196#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12197#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:11
12198msgid "Approximate location"
12199msgstr ""
12200
12201#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12202#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:30
12203msgid "Path of the carriers of clay"
12204msgstr ""
12205
12206#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12207#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:40
12208msgid "Scores of stars"
12209msgstr ""
12210
12211#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12212#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:45
12213msgid "Shining star"
12214msgstr ""
12215
12216#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12217#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:50
12218msgid "Grill"
12219msgstr ""
12220
12221#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12222#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:51
12223msgid "Pegasus"
12224msgstr ""
12225
12226#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12227#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:55
12228msgid "Spirit of the green anaconda"
12229msgstr ""
12230
12231#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12232#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:56
12233msgid "unclear"
12234msgstr ""
12235
12236#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12237#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:60
12238msgid "Spirit of the capibara"
12239msgstr ""
12240
12241#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12242#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:61
12243#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:96
12244#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:111
12245#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:131
12246#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:136
12247#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:141
12248#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:146
12249#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:151
12250#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:156
12251#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:161
12252#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:166
12253#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:171
12254#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:176
12255#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:181
12256#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:186
12257#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:191
12258#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:196
12259#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:201
12260#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:206
12261#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:211
12262#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:216
12263msgid "unknown"
12264msgstr ""
12265
12266#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12267#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:65
12268msgid "Man without a thigh"
12269msgstr ""
12270
12271#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12272#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:70
12273msgid "Jaw of the tapir"
12274msgstr ""
12275
12276#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12277#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:71
12278#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
12279msgid "Hyades"
12280msgstr ""
12281
12282#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12283#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:75
12284msgid "Spirit of the black curassow"
12285msgstr ""
12286
12287#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12288#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:76
12289msgid "Crux"
12290msgstr ""
12291
12292#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12293#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:80
12294msgid "Hunter"
12295msgstr ""
12296
12297#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12298#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:81
12299msgid "α Centauri"
12300msgstr ""
12301
12302#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12303#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:85
12304msgid "Torch"
12305msgstr ""
12306
12307#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12308#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:86
12309msgid "β Centauri"
12310msgstr ""
12311
12312#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12313#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:90
12314msgid "Spirit of the cocoi heron"
12315msgstr ""
12316
12317#. type: Content of: <h3>
12318#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:91
12319#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:18
12320msgid "Ursa Major"
12321msgstr ""
12322
12323#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12324#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:95
12325msgid "Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron"
12326msgstr ""
12327
12328#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12329#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:100
12330msgid "Spirit of the four-eyed fish"
12331msgstr ""
12332
12333#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12334#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:101
12335msgid "λ Sco and υ Sco"
12336msgstr ""
12337
12338#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12339#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:105
12340msgid "Spirit of the green sea turtle"
12341msgstr ""
12342
12343#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12344#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:106
12345msgid "Hercules"
12346msgstr ""
12347
12348#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12349#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:110
12350msgid "Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise"
12351msgstr ""
12352
12353#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12354#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:115
12355msgid "Spirit of the blue crab"
12356msgstr ""
12357
12358#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12359#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:120
12360msgid "Spirit of the Muscovy duck"
12361msgstr ""
12362
12363#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12364#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:125
12365msgid "Spirit of the awara palm"
12366msgstr ""
12367
12368#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12369#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:130
12370msgid "Spirit of the red acouchi"
12371msgstr ""
12372
12373#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12374#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:135
12375msgid "Spirit of the red-rumped agouti"
12376msgstr ""
12377
12378#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12379#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:140
12380msgid "Spirit of the jaguar"
12381msgstr ""
12382
12383#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12384#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:145
12385msgid "Spirit of the ocelot"
12386msgstr ""
12387
12388#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12389#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:150
12390msgid "Spirit of the pale-throated sloth"
12391msgstr ""
12392
12393#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12394#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:155
12395msgid "Spirit of the two-toed sloth"
12396msgstr ""
12397
12398#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12399#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:160
12400msgid "Spirit of the green iguana"
12401msgstr ""
12402
12403#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12404#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:165
12405msgid "Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot"
12406msgstr ""
12407
12408#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12409#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:170
12410msgid "Spirit of the marail guan"
12411msgstr ""
12412
12413#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12414#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:175
12415msgid "Spirit of the little cuckoo"
12416msgstr ""
12417
12418#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12419#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:180
12420msgid "Spirit of the red-handed tamarin"
12421msgstr ""
12422
12423#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12424#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:185
12425msgid "Spirit of the white-faced saki"
12426msgstr ""
12427
12428#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12429#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:190
12430msgid "Spirit of the scorpion"
12431msgstr ""
12432
12433#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12434#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:195
12435msgid "Spirit of the parrot"
12436msgstr ""
12437
12438#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12439#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:200
12440msgid "Spirit of a tortoise"
12441msgstr ""
12442
12443#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12444#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:205
12445msgid "Spirit of the bow and arrow"
12446msgstr ""
12447
12448#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12449#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:210
12450msgid "Spirit of the gun"
12451msgstr ""
12452
12453#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12454#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:215
12455msgid "Medicine-men’s rattle"
12456msgstr ""
12457
12458#. type: Content of: <h3>
12459#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:221
12460msgid "Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction"
12461msgstr ""
12462
12463#. type: Content of: <p>
12464#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:222
12465msgid ""
12466"From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical "
12467"knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. "
12468"However, it was the medicine-men in particular&mdash;the spiritual leaders "
12469"of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>&mdash;who were required to master the "
12470"various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for "
12471"passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to "
12472"another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first "
12473"accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:"
12474msgstr ""
12475
12476#. type: Content of: <p>
12477#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:223
12478msgid ""
12479"<em>&ldquo;old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses "
12480"designed for their meetings and [&hellip;] recount the traditions and "
12481"exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those "
12482"ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember"
12483" the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner "
12484"they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, "
12485"and stars.&rdquo;</em><sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[3]</a></sup>"
12486msgstr ""
12487
12488#. type: Content of: <p>
12489#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:224
12490msgid ""
12491"Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as "
12492"<i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be "
12493"the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been "
12494"interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today."
12495" Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by "
12496"early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples"
12497" of which is illustrated below."
12498msgstr ""
12499
12500#. type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption>
12501#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:229
12502msgid ""
12503"Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a "
12504"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup>"
12505msgstr ""
12506
12507#. type: Content of: <p>
12508#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:233
12509msgid ""
12510"It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar"
12511" knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial "
12512"bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a "
12513"mention, namely:"
12514msgstr ""
12515
12516#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12517#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:235
12518msgid ""
12519"the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous "
12520"groups."
12521msgstr ""
12522
12523#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12524#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:236
12525msgid ""
12526"the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial "
12527"bodies."
12528msgstr ""
12529
12530#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12531#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:237
12532msgid ""
12533"the use of the term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo; in the names of "
12534"numerous constellations."
12535msgstr ""
12536
12537#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12538#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:238
12539msgid ""
12540"the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star, year&rsquo; and the "
12541"lack of other astronomical terms."
12542msgstr ""
12543
12544#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12545#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:239
12546msgid "the sky watching practices of the Lokono."
12547msgstr ""
12548
12549#. type: Content of: <h3>
12550#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:243
12551msgid "1. Shared Guianan knowledge"
12552msgstr ""
12553
12554#. type: Content of: <p>
12555#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:244
12556msgid ""
12557"The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous"
12558" peoples, the Kari&rsquo;na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, "
12559"speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not "
12560"intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and "
12561"immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also "
12562"shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, "
12563"similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This"
12564" speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of "
12565"astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual "
12566"leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these "
12567"traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further "
12568"study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these "
12569"cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono "
12570"ethnoastronomy."
12571msgstr ""
12572
12573#. type: Content of: <h3>
12574#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:246
12575msgid "2. Stellar oral traditions"
12576msgstr ""
12577
12578#. type: Content of: <p>
12579#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:247
12580msgid ""
12581"One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell"
12582" of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, "
12583"and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation "
12584"<em>Hithikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo;, for instance,"
12585" is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> "
12586"&lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; and <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo;, all three"
12587" of which have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral "
12588"traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main "
12589"vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation "
12590"to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in "
12591"the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the "
12592"relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are "
12593"referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial "
12594"bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and"
12595" the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono "
12596"astronomical knowledge is justified."
12597msgstr ""
12598
12599#. type: Content of: <h3>
12600#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:249
12601msgid "3. Calendar of spirits"
12602msgstr ""
12603
12604#. type: Content of: <p>
12605#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:250
12606msgid ""
12607"The term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo;, found in numerous constellation"
12608" names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key"
12609" feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, "
12610"explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding "
12611"beings.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when"
12612" the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to "
12613"breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the "
12614"<em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best "
12615"time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and "
12616"animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where "
12617"such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called "
12618"these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of "
12619"that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red "
12620"acouchi&rsquo; would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place "
12621"where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation "
12622"appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the "
12623"<em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the "
12624"plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed."
12625msgstr ""
12626
12627#. type: Content of: <h3>
12628#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:252
12629msgid "4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year"
12630msgstr ""
12631
12632#. type: Content of: <p>
12633#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:253
12634msgid ""
12635"The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, "
12636"<em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of <em>koya. "
12637"</em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as "
12638"something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it "
12639"is used, for instance, when talking about one&rsquo;s age. While it can "
12640"apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of "
12641"celestial bodies. <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, literally &lsquo;Scores of "
12642"stars&rsquo; (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations,"
12643" whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. "
12644"Following <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> are the numerous "
12645"<em>koya</em>-constellations, each signaling a different season in the "
12646"Lokono calendar. On the other hand, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally "
12647"&lsquo;Shining star&rsquo; (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely"
12648" due to its brightness. Apart from <em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there "
12649"are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies "
12650"and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of "
12651"the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations."
12652msgstr ""
12653
12654#. type: Content of: <h3>
12655#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:255
12656msgid "5. Sky watching practices"
12657msgstr ""
12658
12659#. type: Content of: <p>
12660#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:256
12661msgid ""
12662"While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono "
12663"stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the "
12664"morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe "
12665"the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of "
12666"the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location"
12667" to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location "
12668"menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, "
12669"did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was "
12670"little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation "
12671"corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In "
12672"Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in"
12673" mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows "
12674"for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there "
12675"are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed "
12676"that a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a "
12677"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers "
12678"covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become "
12679"sick.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told "
12680"not to look at <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not"
12681" grow.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also"
12682" to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other "
12683"ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or "
12684"salt into one&rsquo;s eyes."
12685msgstr ""
12686
12687#. type: Content of: <h3>
12688#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:258
12689msgid "Lokono celestial bodies"
12690msgstr ""
12691
12692#. type: Content of: <p>
12693#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:259
12694msgid "<em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'"
12695msgstr ""
12696
12697#. type: Content of: <p>
12698#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:260
12699msgid ""
12700"The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as "
12701"<em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names"
12702" of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as "
12703"<em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, "
12704"<em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> "
12705"may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a "
12706"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, "
12707"the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, "
12708"<em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the "
12709"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; "
12710"(Orion&rsquo;s belt).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a "
12711"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
12712"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to"
12713" come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his "
12714"lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the "
12715"twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try"
12716" to escape, the wife&rsquo;s sister chases them and manages to cut off his "
12717"leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the "
12718"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending"
12719" the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, "
12720"cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which"
12721" does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun "
12722"shines too hard.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>. As far as "
12723"practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the "
12724"eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and "
12725"<em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds"
12726" of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a "
12727"href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>"
12728msgstr ""
12729
12730#. type: Content of: <p>
12731#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:262
12732msgid "<em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'"
12733msgstr ""
12734
12735#. type: Content of: <p>
12736#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:263
12737msgid ""
12738"The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de "
12739"Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar "
12740"month.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-13\">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, "
12741"the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, "
12742"in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after "
12743"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover"
12744" was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. "
12745"Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother&rsquo;s face was "
12746"covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody "
12747"in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so "
12748"ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the "
12749"sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of "
12750"the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the "
12751"Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, "
12752"another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides"
12753" to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at "
12754"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also"
12755" depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the "
12756"eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi &ocirc;don</em> &lsquo;moon "
12757"dying&rsquo;) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a "
12758"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the "
12759"Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun&rsquo;s path.<sup><a "
12760"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, "
12761"play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers "
12762"would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick."
12763msgstr ""
12764
12765#. type: Content of: <p>
12766#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:265
12767msgid "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'"
12768msgstr ""
12769
12770#. type: Content of: <p>
12771#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:266
12772msgid ""
12773"The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star "
12774"and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called "
12775"<em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], "
12776"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14], </a></sup><sup><a "
12777"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, "
12778"reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the "
12779"equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star&rsquo; which can "
12780"be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a "
12781"href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as "
12782"<em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> &lsquo;women&rsquo;s star&rsquo;. In relation to this, "
12783"it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro "
12784"wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first "
12785"menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the "
12786"Moon.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about "
12787"<em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is "
12788"worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was "
12789"originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth "
12790"mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a "
12791"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name "
12792"<em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in "
12793"Kari&rsquo;na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a "
12794"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a "
12795"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup>"
12796msgstr ""
12797
12798#. type: Content of: <p>
12799#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:268
12800msgid "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'"
12801msgstr ""
12802
12803#. type: Content of: <p>
12804#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:269
12805msgid ""
12806"The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, "
12807"</em>literally &lsquo;Path of the carriers of clay&rsquo;. The Milky Way "
12808"represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making "
12809"pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The "
12810"origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a "
12811"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-19\">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky "
12812"Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific "
12813"whitish type of clay.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14]</a></sup> Charles "
12814"Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints "
12815"of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different "
12816"Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir "
12817"chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
12818"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> However, these two "
12819"sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it "
12820"is possible that these two explanations are a Kari&rsquo;na influence, who "
12821"recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir "
12822"within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
12823msgstr ""
12824
12825#. type: Content of: <p>
12826#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:271
12827msgid "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'"
12828msgstr ""
12829
12830#. type: Content of: <p>
12831#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:272
12832msgid ""
12833"The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is"
12834" unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> "
12835"and explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a "
12836"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
12837"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in the morning in "
12838"August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or "
12839"one&rsquo;s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll&rsquo;s "
12840"<em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to "
12841"December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from "
12842"<em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, "
12843"Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and "
12844"that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must"
12845" be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the "
12846"Lokono territories.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
12847"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about "
12848"<em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the "
12849"Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> &lsquo;Previous face&rsquo;. "
12850"The Kari&rsquo;na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its "
12851"name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the fish in "
12852"the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the "
12853"Kari&rsquo;na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis "
12854"Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a "
12855"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18], </a></sup><sup><a "
12856"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
12857msgstr ""
12858
12859#. type: Content of: <p>
12860#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:274
12861msgid "<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'"
12862msgstr ""
12863
12864#. type: Content of: <p>
12865#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:275
12866msgid ""
12867"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa y&ocirc;koro</em>, "
12868"literally &lsquo;Score of stars&rsquo;, refers to the Pleiades and is easily"
12869" recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because "
12870"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono "
12871"constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a "
12872"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the"
12873" east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring"
12874" to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. "
12875"At that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran</em> "
12876"&lsquo;the birth of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>&rsquo;. It is said that if "
12877"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time,"
12878" many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a "
12879"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young "
12880"people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a "
12881"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a"
12882" Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of "
12883"which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, "
12884"<em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>"
12885" Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the"
12886" Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the "
12887"twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am "
12888"and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is "
12889"now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>&lsquo;Spirit of the green "
12890"anaconda&rsquo;, in the belly of which <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em> is said to"
12891" be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the "
12892"Lokono explain that the <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers"
12893" lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a "
12894"Kari'na story.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
12895msgstr ""
12896
12897#. type: Content of: <p>
12898#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:277
12899msgid "<em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'"
12900msgstr ""
12901
12902#. type: Content of: <p>
12903#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:278
12904msgid ""
12905"The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, or <em>Wiwa "
12906"yorhadale</em> &lsquo;Star&rsquo;s grill&rsquo;, represents a wooden grill, "
12907"on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4], </a></sup><sup><a"
12908" href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
12909"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth "
12910"related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed"
12911" her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless "
12912"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother "
12913"asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The"
12914" man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother"
12915" instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western "
12916"constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the "
12917"beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a "
12918"lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> and "
12919"the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife "
12920"and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> "
12921"myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes "
12922"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes <em>Yorhada</em>. "
12923"Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the Western "
12924"constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small "
12925"dry season.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The neighboring "
12926"Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.<sup><a"
12927" href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup>"
12928msgstr ""
12929
12930#. type: Content of: <p>
12931#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:280
12932msgid "<em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'"
12933msgstr ""
12934
12935#. type: Content of: <p>
12936#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:281
12937msgid ""
12938"<em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda "
12939"(<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly "
12940"described.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest "
12941"it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain "
12942"unidentified.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
12943"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
12944"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its origin. "
12945"According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her "
12946"liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a "
12947"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked <em>Kamodo</em> "
12948"to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother "
12949"instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has <em>Y&ocirc;koro "
12950"wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to <em>Yorhada</em> "
12951"&lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz"
12952" list the constellation <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green"
12953" anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation "
12954"<em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van "
12955"Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star "
12956"brings death.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his "
12957"wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and "
12958"ascend to the sky as <em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates"
12959" a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> "
12960"flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and"
12961" people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky."
12962msgstr ""
12963
12964#. type: Content of: <p>
12965#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:283
12966msgid "<em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'"
12967msgstr ""
12968
12969#. type: Content of: <p>
12970#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:284
12971msgid ""
12972"The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
12973"capybara&rsquo; (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the "
12974"Penard brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The same source"
12975" also informs us that it is followed by the constellation "
12976"<em>Kamodokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;. The "
12977"constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No "
12978"related myths have been documented."
12979msgstr ""
12980
12981#. type: Content of: <p>
12982#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:286
12983msgid "<em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'"
12984msgstr ""
12985
12986#. type: Content of: <p>
12987#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:287
12988msgid ""
12989"The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; is "
12990"well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles"
12991" Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a "
12992"leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and "
12993"ascended to sky.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the "
12994"Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave"
12995" it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a "
12996"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow "
12997"his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at"
12998" the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated "
12999"his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> constellation "
13000"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a "
13001"strikingly different myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The "
13002"Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> "
13003"'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside "
13004"her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, "
13005"but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and "
13006"ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a "
13007"sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at "
13008"which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent "
13009"ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one"
13010" of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the"
13011" man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day "
13012"for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he "
13013"tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of "
13014"fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the "
13015"liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the "
13016"man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of"
13017" cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is "
13018"why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's "
13019"belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself."
13020msgstr ""
13021
13022#. type: Content of: <p>
13023#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:289
13024msgid "<em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'"
13025msgstr ""
13026
13027#. type: Content of: <p>
13028#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:290
13029msgid ""
13030"The constellation <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> &lsquo;Jaw of the tapir&rsquo; is"
13031" one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono,"
13032" just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a "
13033"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
13034"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story "
13035"of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his "
13036"wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus "
13037"terrestris</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asks "
13038"his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but "
13039"when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with"
13040" which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> "
13041"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari&rsquo;na story, on the "
13042"other hand, <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> was the remains of a tapir that the "
13043"mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed "
13044"and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh."
13045msgstr ""
13046
13047#. type: Content of: <p>
13048#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:292
13049msgid "<em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'"
13050msgstr ""
13051
13052#. type: Content of: <p>
13053#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:293
13054msgid ""
13055"The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the &lsquo;Spirit of the black "
13056"curassow&rsquo; (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept "
13057"as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, "
13058"<em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a "
13059"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to "
13060"warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see "
13061"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see "
13062"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western"
13063" constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the "
13064"curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following "
13065"months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the "
13066"birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds"
13067" are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the "
13068"Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono"
13069" even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves "
13070"resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate"
13071" the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a "
13072"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
13073"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13074msgstr ""
13075
13076#. type: Content of: <p>
13077#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:295
13078msgid "<em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'"
13079msgstr ""
13080
13081#. type: Content of: <p>
13082#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:296
13083msgid ""
13084"The constellation <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; corresponds "
13085"to &alpha; Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the "
13086"&lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a "
13087"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
13088"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding"
13089" a torch known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> is represented by &beta; Centauri. "
13090"The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of "
13091"<em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a "
13092"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13093"<em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him "
13094"down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as"
13095" a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter "
13096"(<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch "
13097"(<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
13098"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
13099"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
13100"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the"
13101" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
13102msgstr ""
13103
13104#. type: Content of: <p>
13105#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:298
13106msgid "<em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'"
13107msgstr ""
13108
13109#. type: Content of: <p>
13110#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:299
13111msgid ""
13112"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo; corresponds "
13113"to&nbsp;&beta; Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter "
13114"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth "
13115"dipped in beeswax known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>.<sup><a "
13116"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
13117"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp; "
13118"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> follows <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> so as not to scare the"
13119" black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the "
13120"Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of "
13121"the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see "
13122"<em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According "
13123"to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept "
13124"tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the "
13125"sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the "
13126"approaching hunter (<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch"
13127" (<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
13128"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
13129"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
13130"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the"
13131" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
13132msgstr ""
13133
13134#. type: Content of: <p>
13135#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:301
13136msgid "<em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'"
13137msgstr ""
13138
13139#. type: Content of: <p>
13140#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:302
13141msgid ""
13142"The constellation <em>Anorh&acirc;koya </em>represents the spirit of the "
13143"cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono "
13144"as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a "
13145"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13146"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it "
13147"shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust"
13148" into peoples&rsquo; eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their "
13149"eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> "
13150"Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> is a "
13151"heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people"
13152" would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a "
13153"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds "
13154"blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples&rsquo; eyes, since the "
13155"light of <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind "
13156"according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry "
13157"season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of "
13158"this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with "
13159"its beak down."
13160msgstr ""
13161
13162#. type: Content of: <p>
13163#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:304
13164msgid "<em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'"
13165msgstr ""
13166
13167#. type: Content of: <p>
13168#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:305
13169msgid ""
13170"Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is "
13171"<em>Honolikoya</em> &lsquo;<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger "
13172"heron</em>&rsquo; (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in "
13173"historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation "
13174"<em>Kumawari yumï</em> (&lsquo;Father of the cocoi heron&rsquo;). This is "
13175"likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of"
13176" a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same "
13177"constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different "
13178"Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation."
13179" In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a "
13180"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em>, "
13181"the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in "
13182"the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that "
13183"<em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which"
13184" lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to "
13185"be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a "
13186"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13187msgstr ""
13188
13189#. type: Content of: <p>
13190#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:307
13191msgid "<em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'"
13192msgstr ""
13193
13194#. type: Content of: <p>
13195#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:308
13196msgid ""
13197"The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the four-eyed "
13198"fish&rsquo; (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary "
13199"Lokono as &lambda; Scorpii and &upsilon; Scorpii. In earlier sources it is "
13200"identified as the upper part of Scorpio&rsquo;s tail, which is in keeping "
13201"with the 21st century data.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> The "
13202"constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known "
13203"for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is "
13204"therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is "
13205"no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what "
13206"the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention"
13207" that the Kari&rsquo;na have a constellation representing the same fish, "
13208"which corresponds to the same two stars. Maga&ntilde;a and Jara explain that"
13209" the appearance of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation announces the fishing "
13210"season for this species.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup> It is "
13211"not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function."
13212msgstr ""
13213
13214#. type: Content of: <p>
13215#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:310
13216msgid "<em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'"
13217msgstr ""
13218
13219#. type: Content of: <p>
13220#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:311
13221msgid ""
13222"The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green sea "
13223"turtle&rsquo; is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents "
13224"the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the "
13225"shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears "
13226"in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on "
13227"the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources"
13228" as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a "
13229"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
13230"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the "
13231"stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a "
13232"mistake as <em>Orion&rsquo;s belt</em> is consistently recognized as "
13233"<em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo;. The constellation "
13234"<em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down "
13235"most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-"
13236"March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the "
13237"Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the "
13238"shore (Milky Way)."
13239msgstr ""
13240
13241#. type: Content of: <p>
13242#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:313
13243msgid "<em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'"
13244msgstr ""
13245
13246#. type: Content of: <p>
13247#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:314
13248msgid ""
13249"The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the yellow-footed "
13250"tortoise&rsquo; was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in "
13251"Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. "
13252"around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a "
13253"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13254"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when "
13255"the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono "
13256"as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher "
13257"grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths "
13258"related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out"
13259" that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, "
13260"they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of "
13261"time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are "
13262"&lsquo;fridges&rsquo; since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long "
13263"time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten"
13264" immediately."
13265msgstr ""
13266
13267#. type: Content of: <p>
13268#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:316
13269msgid "<em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'"
13270msgstr ""
13271
13272#. type: Content of: <p>
13273#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:317
13274msgid ""
13275"The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the blue crab&rsquo; is "
13276"still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice "
13277"the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that "
13278"represented by the Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> "
13279"&lsquo;Father of the blue crab&rsquo; (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The "
13280"constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of"
13281" August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the "
13282"beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous "
13283"groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the "
13284"marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers "
13285"return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during "
13286"which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> "
13287"appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this "
13288"appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the "
13289"constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June"
13290" from the Guianas.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13291msgstr ""
13292
13293#. type: Content of: <p>
13294#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:319
13295msgid "<em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'"
13296msgstr ""
13297
13298#. type: Content of: <p>
13299#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:321
13300msgid ""
13301"The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the Muscovy duck&rsquo; "
13302"(<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and "
13303"Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a "
13304"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13305"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon"
13306" River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona "
13307"Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono "
13308"say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if "
13309"the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants."
13310" The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is "
13311"said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a "
13312"delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari'na "
13313"and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at "
13314"least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.<sup><a "
13315"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13316msgstr ""
13317
13318#. type: Content of: <p>
13319#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:322
13320msgid "<em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'"
13321msgstr ""
13322
13323#. type: Content of: <p>
13324#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:324
13325msgid ""
13326"The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the awara palm&rsquo;"
13327" has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its "
13328"appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. "
13329"In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the horizon, "
13330"meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This "
13331"occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as "
13332"<em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a "
13333"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
13334"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya"
13335" </em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the "
13336"<em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; and "
13337"<em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo;. Their "
13338"appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the "
13339"fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the "
13340"Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near "
13341"Sirius.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It is the only "
13342"constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the "
13343"awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the "
13344"awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a "
13345"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
13346"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13347msgstr ""
13348
13349#. type: Content of: <p>
13350#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:325
13351msgid "<em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'"
13352msgstr ""
13353
13354#. type: Content of: <p>
13355#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:327
13356msgid ""
13357"The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red"
13358" acouchi&rsquo; (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard "
13359"brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the "
13360"constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after February."
13361" Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red "
13362"acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono "
13363"myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the "
13364"unidentified Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to "
13365"the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two "
13366"brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother,"
13367" fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. "
13368"The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, "
13369"so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the "
13370"constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to"
13371" cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, "
13372"while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a "
13373"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
13374msgstr ""
13375
13376#. type: Content of: <p>
13377#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:328
13378msgid "<em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'"
13379msgstr ""
13380
13381#. type: Content of: <p>
13382#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:330
13383msgid ""
13384"The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13385"red-rumped agouti&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain "
13386"that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a "
13387"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts"
13388" the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they "
13389"can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by "
13390"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the tiger&rsquo;, which, like humans,"
13391" knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> There is"
13392" no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about"
13393" the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According"
13394" to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The "
13395"unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his "
13396"wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his "
13397"brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and "
13398"acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse "
13399"and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became "
13400"the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
13401msgstr ""
13402
13403#. type: Content of: <p>
13404#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:332
13405msgid "<em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'"
13406msgstr ""
13407
13408#. type: Content of: <p>
13409#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:333
13410msgid ""
13411"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13412"jaguar&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono "
13413"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
13414"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13415"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
13416"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
13417"he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a "
13418"href=\"#footnote-33\">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw "
13419"and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his "
13420"wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the "
13421"man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the "
13422"jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man "
13423"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the "
13424"Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According "
13425"to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the "
13426"jaguars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is "
13427"unidentified. The Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the jaguar is said to "
13428"appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they "
13429"suffer from insects.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
13430"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13431msgstr ""
13432
13433#. type: Content of: <p>
13434#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:335
13435msgid "<em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'"
13436msgstr ""
13437
13438#. type: Content of: <p>
13439#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:336
13440msgid ""
13441"The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the ocelot&rsquo; "
13442"was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth "
13443"summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a "
13444"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13445"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
13446"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
13447"he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his "
13448"paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his"
13449" wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous "
13450"and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started "
13451"mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he "
13452"took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man "
13453"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming "
13454"constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to "
13455"earth to kill people."
13456msgstr ""
13457
13458#. type: Content of: <p>
13459#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:338
13460msgid "<em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'"
13461msgstr ""
13462
13463#. type: Content of: <p>
13464#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:339
13465msgid ""
13466"The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the pale-throated "
13467"sloth&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13468"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth "
13469"(<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather "
13470"that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and "
13471"December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the "
13472"Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a "
13473"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified."
13474msgstr ""
13475
13476#. type: Content of: <p>
13477#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:341
13478msgid "<em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'"
13479msgstr ""
13480
13481#. type: Content of: <p>
13482#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:342
13483msgid ""
13484"Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the two-toed "
13485"sloth&rsquo;, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the "
13486"storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the "
13487"sloths move about more.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It "
13488"represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The "
13489"constellation remains unidentified."
13490msgstr ""
13491
13492#. type: Content of: <p>
13493#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:344
13494msgid "<em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'"
13495msgstr ""
13496
13497#. type: Content of: <p>
13498#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:345
13499msgid ""
13500"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;wanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green "
13501"iguana&rsquo; is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a "
13502"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana "
13503"(<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the "
13504"sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation "
13505"remains unidentified."
13506msgstr ""
13507
13508#. type: Content of: <p>
13509#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:347
13510msgid "<em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'"
13511msgstr ""
13512
13513#. type: Content of: <p>
13514#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:348
13515msgid ""
13516"The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the lilac-"
13517"tailed parrot&rsquo; (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by Claudius de"
13518" Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not"
13519" known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used "
13520"to signify."
13521msgstr ""
13522
13523#. type: Content of: <p>
13524#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:350
13525msgid "<em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'"
13526msgstr ""
13527
13528#. type: Content of: <p>
13529#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:351
13530msgid ""
13531"The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the marail "
13532"guan&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the"
13533" shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a "
13534"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to "
13535"contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify."
13536msgstr ""
13537
13538#. type: Content of: <p>
13539#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:353
13540msgid "<em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'"
13541msgstr ""
13542
13543#. type: Content of: <p>
13544#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:354
13545msgid ""
13546"The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the little "
13547"cuckoo&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13548"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo "
13549"(<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither "
13550"do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers"
13551" mention the Kari&rsquo;na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as "
13552"the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], "
13553"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-22\">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na "
13554"constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono "
13555"link hunter&rsquo;s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the "
13556"bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch "
13557"out, as something bad might happen to you."
13558msgstr ""
13559
13560#. type: Content of: <p>
13561#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:356
13562msgid "<em> S&ucirc;tukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'"
13563msgstr ""
13564
13565#. type: Content of: <p>
13566#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:357
13567msgid ""
13568"The constellation <em>S&ucirc;tukoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-handed "
13569"tamarin&rsquo; (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll"
13570" and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a "
13571"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], "
13572"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-43\">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius"
13573" de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma "
13574"Berenices.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear "
13575"whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation"
13576" <em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by "
13577"numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation."
13578msgstr ""
13579
13580#. type: Content of: <p>
13581#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:359
13582msgid "<em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'"
13583msgstr ""
13584
13585#. type: Content of: <p>
13586#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:360
13587msgid ""
13588"The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki&rsquo; "
13589"was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13590"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced"
13591" saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its "
13592"significance remain unknown.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-44\">[44]</a></sup>"
13593msgstr ""
13594
13595#. type: Content of: <p>
13596#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:362
13597msgid "<em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'"
13598msgstr ""
13599
13600#. type: Content of: <p>
13601#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:363
13602msgid ""
13603"The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the scorpion&rsquo; "
13604"was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13605"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of"
13606" an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known "
13607"myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of "
13608"cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested "
13609"for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion."
13610msgstr ""
13611
13612#. type: Content of: <p>
13613#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:365
13614msgid "<em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'"
13615msgstr ""
13616
13617#. type: Content of: <p>
13618#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:366
13619msgid ""
13620"The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was "
13621"mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono "
13622"medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with"
13623" feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each"
13624" of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of "
13625"<em>koya</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation"
13626" remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are"
13627" no myths related to it."
13628msgstr ""
13629
13630#. type: Content of: <p>
13631#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:368
13632msgid ""
13633"<em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> "
13634"Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'"
13635msgstr ""
13636
13637#. type: Content of: <p>
13638#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:369
13639msgid ""
13640"The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and "
13641"<em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de "
13642"Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Both constellations "
13643"remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao counterparts, and "
13644"there are no myths related to them."
13645msgstr ""
13646
13647#. type: Content of: <p>
13648#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:371
13649msgid "<em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'"
13650msgstr ""
13651
13652#. type: Content of: <p>
13653#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:372
13654msgid ""
13655"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Korherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13656"parrot&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13657"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of"
13658" an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent"
13659" of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the orange-"
13660"winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona "
13661"amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It "
13662"should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of"
13663" their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified."
13664msgstr ""
13665
13666#. type: Content of: <p>
13667#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:374
13668msgid "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'"
13669msgstr ""
13670
13671#. type: Content of: <p>
13672#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:375
13673msgid ""
13674"The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the sea "
13675"turtle&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13676"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an "
13677"unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as "
13678"<em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) "
13679"appears to be a term borrowed from Kari&rsquo;na, it is thus possible that "
13680"<em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, "
13681"there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> "
13682"and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits"
13683" be identified with different constellations."
13684msgstr ""
13685
13686#. type: Content of: <p>
13687#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:378
13688msgid ""
13689"This sky culture was contributed by <a "
13690"href=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" class='external text' "
13691"title=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" rel=\"nofollow\">Konrad "
13692"Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname "
13693"(Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of "
13694"the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands "
13695"Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: "
13696"Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono "
13697"ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0"
13698msgstr ""
13699
13700#. type: Content of: <p>
13701#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:383
13702msgid ""
13703"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a "
13704"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-"
13705"the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language "
13706"Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13."
13707msgstr ""
13708
13709#. type: Content of: <p>
13710#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:385
13711msgid ""
13712"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a "
13713"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml"
13714" \">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and "
13715"Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De "
13716"Gruyter, pp 257-281."
13717msgstr ""
13718
13719#. type: Content of: <p>
13720#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:388
13721msgid ""
13722"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones"
13723" Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas "
13724"de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia "
13725"Nacional de la Historia."
13726msgstr ""
13727
13728#. type: Content of: <p>
13729#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:390
13730msgid ""
13731"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, "
13732"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing "
13733"Office."
13734msgstr ""
13735
13736#. type: Content of: <p>
13737#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:392
13738msgid ""
13739"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of "
13740"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales "
13741"d’ethnographie. 44."
13742msgstr ""
13743
13744#. type: Content of: <p>
13745#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:394
13746msgid ""
13747"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een "
13748"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor."
13749msgstr ""
13750
13751#. type: Content of: <p>
13752#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:396
13753msgid ""
13754"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - "
13755"Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
13756"Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast "
13757"Asia 55 (1): 453–529."
13758msgstr ""
13759
13760#. type: Content of: <p>
13761#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:398
13762msgid ""
13763"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. "
13764"Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te "
13765"Amsterdam."
13766msgstr ""
13767
13768#. type: Content of: <p>
13769#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:400
13770msgid ""
13771"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians "
13772"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner."
13773msgstr ""
13774
13775#. type: Content of: <p>
13776#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:402
13777msgid ""
13778"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of"
13779" the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of "
13780"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office."
13781msgstr ""
13782
13783#. type: Content of: <p>
13784#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:404
13785msgid ""
13786"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de"
13787" Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
13788"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76."
13789msgstr ""
13790
13791#. type: Content of: <p>
13792#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:406
13793msgid ""
13794"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being "
13795"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: "
13796"K. Paul, Trench & Company."
13797msgstr ""
13798
13799#. type: Content of: <p>
13800#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:408
13801msgid ""
13802"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae "
13803"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios."
13804msgstr ""
13805
13806#. type: Content of: <p>
13807#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:410
13808msgid ""
13809"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their "
13810"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy."
13811msgstr ""
13812
13813#. type: Content of: <p>
13814#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:412
13815msgid ""
13816"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo"
13817" Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse "
13818"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging "
13819"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van "
13820"Amsterdam."
13821msgstr ""
13822
13823#. type: Content of: <p>
13824#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:414
13825msgid ""
13826"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, "
13827"Guyana."
13828msgstr ""
13829
13830#. type: Content of: <p>
13831#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:416
13832msgid ""
13833"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende "
13834"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde."
13835msgstr ""
13836
13837#. type: Content of: <p>
13838#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:418
13839msgid ""
13840"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la"
13841" Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32."
13842msgstr ""
13843
13844#. type: Content of: <p>
13845#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:420
13846msgid ""
13847"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A "
13848"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology."
13849msgstr ""
13850
13851#. type: Content of: <p>
13852#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:422
13853msgid ""
13854"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: "
13855"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen."
13856msgstr ""
13857
13858#. type: Content of: <p>
13859#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:424
13860msgid ""
13861"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In "
13862"Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres "
13863"Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., "
13864"edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165."
13865" Paris: Maisonneuve."
13866msgstr ""
13867
13868#. type: Content of: <p>
13869#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:426
13870msgid ""
13871"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: "
13872"Magoria Books."
13873msgstr ""
13874
13875#. type: Content of: <p>
13876#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:428
13877msgid ""
13878"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript "
13879"number:<a "
13880"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\">"
13881" Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds "
13882"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, "
13883"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American "
13884"Philosophical Society."
13885msgstr ""
13886
13887#. type: Content of: <h2>
13888#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:1
13889msgid "Sky Map of Macedonian People"
13890msgstr ""
13891
13892#. type: Content of: <p>
13893#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:2
13894msgid ""
13895"Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized "
13896"by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 "
13897"villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 "
13898"inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed.  All collected information "
13899"from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” "
13900"(Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian "
13901"people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of "
13902"constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev "
13903"G., 2000)."
13904msgstr ""
13905
13906#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13907#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:8
13908msgid "Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>"
13909msgstr ""
13910
13911#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13912#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:9
13913msgid ""
13914"is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people "
13915"in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the "
13916"star cluster Pleiades"
13917msgstr ""
13918
13919#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13920#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:11
13921msgid "Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>"
13922msgstr ""
13923
13924#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13925#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:12
13926msgid ""
13927"This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation "
13928"Taurus."
13929msgstr ""
13930
13931#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13932#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
13933msgid "Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>"
13934msgstr ""
13935
13936#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13937#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
13938msgid ""
13939"Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, "
13940"is right above them in an attacking position.  Bright star Capella (Kapela) "
13941"from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk."
13942msgstr ""
13943
13944#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13945#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:16
13946msgid "Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>"
13947msgstr ""
13948
13949#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13950#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:17
13951msgid ""
13952"Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the "
13953"Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky.  The red color"
13954" of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the "
13955"reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and "
13956"the Rooster."
13957msgstr ""
13958
13959#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13960#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:19
13961msgid "Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>"
13962msgstr ""
13963
13964#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13965#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:20
13966msgid ""
13967"Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. "
13968"Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the "
13969"image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs."
13970msgstr ""
13971
13972#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13973#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:22
13974msgid "Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>"
13975msgstr ""
13976
13977#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13978#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:23
13979msgid ""
13980"People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation "
13981"Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is "
13982"why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of "
13983"people and purpose given to this part of the sky."
13984msgstr ""
13985
13986#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13987#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:25
13988msgid "Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>"
13989msgstr ""
13990
13991#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13992#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:26
13993msgid ""
13994"The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name"
13995" people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. "
13996"Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some "
13997"weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into "
13998"account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with "
13999"a goad as he returns home."
14000msgstr ""
14001
14002#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14003#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:28
14004msgid "Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>"
14005msgstr ""
14006
14007#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14008#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:29
14009msgid ""
14010"The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive "
14011"pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from "
14012"Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying "
14013"that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of"
14014" a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen."
14015msgstr ""
14016
14017#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14018#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:31
14019msgid "Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>"
14020msgstr ""
14021
14022#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14023#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:32
14024msgid ""
14025"Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two "
14026"wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis "
14027"Major and Procyon in Canis Minor."
14028msgstr ""
14029
14030#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14031#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:34
14032msgid "Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>"
14033msgstr ""
14034
14035#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14036#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:35
14037msgid "Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky"
14038msgstr ""
14039
14040#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14041#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:37
14042msgid "Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>"
14043msgstr ""
14044
14045#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14046#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:38
14047msgid ""
14048"Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to"
14049" see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from "
14050"his Godson."
14051msgstr ""
14052
14053#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14054#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:40
14055msgid "Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>"
14056msgstr ""
14057
14058#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14059#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:41
14060msgid ""
14061"Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might "
14062"he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the "
14063"Priest’s Straw there is the Cross."
14064msgstr ""
14065
14066#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14067#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:43
14068msgid "Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>"
14069msgstr ""
14070
14071#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14072#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:44
14073msgid ""
14074"By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of "
14075"the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing."
14076msgstr ""
14077
14078#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14079#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:46
14080msgid "Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>"
14081msgstr ""
14082
14083#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14084#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:47
14085msgid ""
14086"The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the "
14087"fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food."
14088msgstr ""
14089
14090#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14091#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:49
14092msgid "Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>"
14093msgstr ""
14094
14095#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14096#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:50
14097msgid ""
14098"The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s "
14099"constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet."
14100msgstr ""
14101
14102#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14103#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:52
14104msgid "Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>"
14105msgstr ""
14106
14107#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14108#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:53
14109msgid ""
14110"The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked "
14111"the image of a wooden round table called sofra."
14112msgstr ""
14113
14114#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14115#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:55
14116msgid "Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>"
14117msgstr ""
14118
14119#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14120#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:56
14121msgid ""
14122"People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and"
14123" is found inside the Priest’s Straw"
14124msgstr ""
14125
14126#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14127#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:58
14128msgid "Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>"
14129msgstr ""
14130
14131#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14132#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:59
14133msgid ""
14134"The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group"
14135" of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves "
14136"„because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that"
14137" circle around houses“"
14138msgstr ""
14139
14140#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14141#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:64
14142msgid ""
14143"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Macedonian Research "
14144"Society</a>"
14145msgstr ""
14146
14147#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14148#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:65
14149msgid ""
14150"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14151"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's "
14152"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer "
14153"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>"
14154msgstr ""
14155
14156#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14157#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:66
14158msgid ""
14159"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, "
14160"Mladinski kulturen centar."
14161msgstr ""
14162
14163#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14164#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:67
14165msgid ""
14166"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> "
14167"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar."
14168msgstr ""
14169
14170#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14171#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:68
14172msgid ""
14173"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14174"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the "
14175"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, "
14176"Serbia.</a>"
14177msgstr ""
14178
14179#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14180#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:69
14181msgid ""
14182"<a "
14183"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev,"
14184" Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos"
14185" – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, "
14186"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>"
14187msgstr ""
14188
14189#. type: Content of: <p>
14190#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:74
14191msgid ""
14192"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore "
14193"Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book "
14194"<b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004."
14195msgstr ""
14196
14197#. type: Content of: <h2>
14198#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:1
14199msgid "Maori (New Zealand)"
14200msgstr ""
14201
14202#. type: Content of: <p>
14203#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:2
14204msgid ""
14205"The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. "
14206"But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes are "
14207"central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical "
14208"navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of "
14209"prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons."
14210msgstr ""
14211
14212#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14213#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:6
14214msgid ""
14215"<a "
14216"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29\">Maori"
14217" sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text."
14218msgstr ""
14219
14220#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14221#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:7
14222msgid ""
14223"<a href=\"http://www.astronomynz.org/\">The Phoenix Astronomical "
14224"Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New "
14225"Zealand)."
14226msgstr ""
14227
14228#. type: Content of: <p>
14229#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:11
14230#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:86
14231msgid ""
14232"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
14233"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
14234msgstr ""
14235
14236#. type: Content of: <h2>
14237#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:1
14238msgid "Maya"
14239msgstr ""
14240
14241#. type: Content of: <p>
14242#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:2
14243msgid ""
14244"Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-"
14245"columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them"
14246" store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform"
14247" rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and "
14248"sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). "
14249"These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many "
14250"researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. "
14251"Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like "
14252"the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through "
14253"each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses),"
14254" the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their "
14255"constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture "
14256"data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an "
14257"abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as "
14258"original by some scholars)."
14259msgstr ""
14260
14261#. type: Content of: <p><h5>
14262#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:3
14263msgid ""
14264"<em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>"
14265msgstr ""
14266
14267#. type: Content of: <p><p>
14268#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:5
14269msgid ""
14270"All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first "
14271"explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris "
14272"Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found "
14273"it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has "
14274"suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite"
14275" of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the"
14276" mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations "
14277"(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not "
14278"(Špoták, 2015)."
14279msgstr ""
14280
14281#. type: Content of: <p><p><h5>
14282#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:7
14283msgid "<em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>"
14284msgstr ""
14285
14286#. type: Content of: <p><p>
14287#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:8
14288msgid ""
14289"In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume"
14290" that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "
14291"\"swallow\" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line "
14292"while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different "
14293"animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations "
14294"are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most "
14295"probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the "
14296"images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to "
14297"the interpretation of the contributors of this culture."
14298msgstr ""
14299
14300#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14301#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:10
14302msgid "Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:"
14303msgstr ""
14304
14305#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14306#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:11
14307msgid "<em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>"
14308msgstr ""
14309
14310#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14311#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:12
14312msgid ""
14313"Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since"
14314" it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions "
14315"(Špoták, 2015)."
14316msgstr ""
14317
14318#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14319#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:13
14320#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:16
14321#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:19
14322#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:20
14323#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:23
14324#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:24
14325#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:27
14326#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:28
14327#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:31
14328#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:34
14329#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:37
14330#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:40
14331#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:43
14332#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:56
14333#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:61
14334msgid "&nbsp;"
14335msgstr ""
14336
14337#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14338#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:14
14339msgid "<em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>"
14340msgstr ""
14341
14342#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14343#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:15
14344msgid ""
14345"The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the "
14346"elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some "
14347"scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark."
14348msgstr ""
14349
14350#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14351#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:17
14352msgid "<em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>"
14353msgstr ""
14354
14355#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14356#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:18
14357msgid ""
14358"Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and"
14359" feathers on the head that it exhibits."
14360msgstr ""
14361
14362#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14363#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:21
14364msgid "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>"
14365msgstr ""
14366
14367#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14368#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:22
14369msgid ""
14370"Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related "
14371"to the skin of this animal."
14372msgstr ""
14373
14374#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14375#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:25
14376msgid "<em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>"
14377msgstr ""
14378
14379#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14380#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:26
14381msgid ""
14382"This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear "
14383"whether it's an animal or not."
14384msgstr ""
14385
14386#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14387#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:29
14388msgid "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>"
14389msgstr ""
14390
14391#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14392#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:30
14393msgid ""
14394"Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western "
14395"culture Scorpion constellation, because of the \"twisted\" body that is "
14396"suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is "
14397"closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the "
14398"Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex."
14399msgstr ""
14400
14401#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14402#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:32
14403msgid "<em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>"
14404msgstr ""
14405
14406#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14407#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:33
14408msgid ""
14409"This animal is present through many species in the central america "
14410"environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the"
14411" Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical "
14412"rattling ending of this reptile."
14413msgstr ""
14414
14415#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14416#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:35
14417msgid "<em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>"
14418msgstr ""
14419
14420#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14421#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:36
14422msgid ""
14423"Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that "
14424"this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography."
14425msgstr ""
14426
14427#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14428#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:38
14429msgid "<em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>"
14430msgstr ""
14431
14432#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14433#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:39
14434msgid ""
14435"This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of "
14436"teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal "
14437"in the Western culture constellation of Virgo."
14438msgstr ""
14439
14440#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14441#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:41
14442msgid "<em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>"
14443msgstr ""
14444
14445#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14446#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:42
14447msgid ""
14448"The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the "
14449"Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not "
14450"really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the "
14451"Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three "
14452"points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this "
14453"turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, "
14454"instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex."
14455msgstr ""
14456
14457#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14458#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:45
14459msgid ""
14460"Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and "
14461"ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol "
14462"Vuh</i>) are described below:"
14463msgstr ""
14464
14465#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4>
14466#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:46
14467msgid "<em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>"
14468msgstr ""
14469
14470#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
14471#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:47
14472msgid ""
14473"The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-"
14474"crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the "
14475"present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the "
14476"primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky "
14477"were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the "
14478"decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current "
14479"order of things."
14480msgstr ""
14481
14482#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4>
14483#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:50
14484msgid "<em>Paddler Gods: </em>"
14485msgstr ""
14486
14487#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
14488#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:51
14489msgid ""
14490"This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods "
14491"in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the "
14492"stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, "
14493"and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire "
14494"asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos "
14495"to take place."
14496msgstr ""
14497
14498#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
14499#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:54
14500msgid "<em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>"
14501msgstr ""
14502
14503#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14504#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:55
14505msgid ""
14506"This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke "
14507"represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars "
14508"representing the three hearthstones."
14509msgstr ""
14510
14511#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
14512#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:58
14513msgid "<em>Pecaries: </em>"
14514msgstr ""
14515
14516#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14517#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:59
14518msgid ""
14519"These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor "
14520"and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak "
14521"mural."
14522msgstr ""
14523
14524#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
14525#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:62
14526msgid "Stars and Planets Names"
14527msgstr ""
14528
14529#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14530#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:63
14531msgid ""
14532"Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of "
14533"time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:"
14534msgstr ""
14535
14536#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14537#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:65
14538msgid ""
14539"<b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and "
14540"Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at "
14541"night."
14542msgstr ""
14543
14544#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14545#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:66
14546msgid ""
14547"<b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February "
14548"to track the time at night."
14549msgstr ""
14550
14551#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14552#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:67
14553msgid ""
14554"<b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called "
14555"like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end "
14556"of the dry season, in April."
14557msgstr ""
14558
14559#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14560#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:68
14561msgid ""
14562"<b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God"
14563" of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used"
14564" to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic "
14565"period."
14566msgstr ""
14567
14568#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
14569#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:71
14570msgid "Authors and References"
14571msgstr ""
14572
14573#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14574#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:72
14575msgid ""
14576"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier"
14577" Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at "
14578"Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based "
14579"primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:"
14580msgstr ""
14581
14582#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14583#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:74
14584msgid ""
14585"<a "
14586"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The"
14587" Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript "
14588"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták"
14589msgstr ""
14590
14591#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14592#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:75
14593msgid ""
14594"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand "
14595"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc."
14596msgstr ""
14597
14598#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14599#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:76
14600msgid ""
14601"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico "
14602"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica."
14603msgstr ""
14604
14605#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14606#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:77
14607msgid ""
14608"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> "
14609"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: "
14610"39-58."
14611msgstr ""
14612
14613#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14614#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:78
14615msgid ""
14616"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a "
14617"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El"
14618" mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes "
14619"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas "
14620"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48."
14621msgstr ""
14622
14623#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
14624#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:82
14625msgid "Links of Interest"
14626msgstr ""
14627
14628#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14629#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:84
14630msgid ""
14631"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex\">Wikipedia: The Paris "
14632"Codex</a>"
14633msgstr ""
14634
14635#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14636#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:85
14637msgid ""
14638"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo "
14639"el tiempo maya</a>"
14640msgstr ""
14641
14642#. type: Content of: <h2>
14643#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:1
14644msgid "Mongolian"
14645msgstr ""
14646
14647#. type: Content of: <p>
14648#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:3
14649msgid ""
14650"Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental "
14651"civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely"
14652" influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in "
14653"numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild "
14654"and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their "
14655"cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they "
14656"benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get "
14657"one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching "
14658"the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their"
14659" imaginary facing the sky."
14660msgstr ""
14661
14662#. type: Content of: <p>
14663#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:17
14664msgid ""
14665"Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is "
14666"symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian"
14667" asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names "
14668"like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow)  for the constellation Swan, "
14669"or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer"
14670" triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags "
14671"(<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the "
14672"Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)."
14673msgstr ""
14674
14675#. type: Content of: <h3>
14676#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:27
14677msgid "Planets and Stars"
14678msgstr ""
14679
14680#. type: Content of: <p>
14681#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:29
14682msgid ""
14683"Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of "
14684"the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are "
14685"not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after"
14686" the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the"
14687" five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun "
14688"(<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names "
14689"of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in "
14690"Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus,"
14691" <em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars,"
14692" <em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> "
14693"(associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with "
14694"Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and "
14695"at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, "
14696"invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have "
14697"the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the "
14698"name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian.  Earth and Pluto are "
14699"named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible"
14700" to translate from Mongolian Pluto like \"The princely ground\" (ground and "
14701"not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth."
14702" Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as \"princely sky\", "
14703"and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the \"princely ocean\". Nevertheless, "
14704"this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are "
14705"presented to give an idea of the planets name's meaning. However, the names "
14706"of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken "
14707"in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an"
14708" unofficial way."
14709msgstr ""
14710
14711#. type: Content of: <p>
14712#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:59
14713msgid ""
14714"It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating "
14715"other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> "
14716"appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the \"Sky "
14717"Line\" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky,"
14718" and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore "
14719"concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises "
14720"the recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> "
14721"(god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th"
14722" century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with"
14723" the naked eye."
14724msgstr ""
14725
14726#. type: Content of: <p>
14727#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:71
14728msgid ""
14729"From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back"
14730" to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), "
14731"astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as "
14732"far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined "
14733"celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to "
14734"extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) "
14735"with a sextant of 40 meters radius."
14736msgstr ""
14737
14738#. type: Content of: <h3>
14739#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:80
14740msgid "Myths and Legends"
14741msgstr ""
14742
14743#. type: Content of: <h4>
14744#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:82
14745msgid "The Great Bear"
14746msgstr ""
14747
14748#. type: Content of: <p>
14749#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:83
14750msgid ""
14751"Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation "
14752"is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and "
14753"body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia."
14754msgstr ""
14755
14756#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
14757#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:88
14758msgid ""
14759"Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding "
14760"capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it"
14761" peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked"
14762" the eight brothers to bring her back and said: \"If one of you succeeds to "
14763"rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow\". The orphans went "
14764"together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days "
14765"and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and "
14766"killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle."
14767msgstr ""
14768
14769#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
14770#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:96
14771msgid ""
14772"The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in"
14773" the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded"
14774" the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The "
14775"seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their "
14776"younger brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven "
14777"Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden "
14778"Stick, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star."
14779msgstr ""
14780
14781#. type: Content of: <p>
14782#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:106
14783msgid ""
14784"A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian "
14785"people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to"
14786" each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. "
14787"Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian "
14788"calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself "
14789"associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The first, Dubhe, "
14790"corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and "
14791"so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the "
14792"year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we "
14793"repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese "
14794"calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the "
14795"tail are assigned one time only."
14796msgstr ""
14797
14798#. type: Content of: <p>
14799#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:120
14800msgid ""
14801"[Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described"
14802" by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in "
14803"an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, "
14804"Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]"
14805msgstr ""
14806
14807#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
14808#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:127
14809msgid "Shooting stars"
14810msgstr ""
14811
14812#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14813#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:129
14814msgid ""
14815"Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through "
14816"their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a "
14817"star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. "
14818"Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: \"Phew, it is not "
14819"me!\""
14820msgstr ""
14821
14822#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
14823#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:135
14824msgid "Neglected Legends"
14825msgstr ""
14826
14827#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14828#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:137
14829msgid ""
14830"Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun "
14831"Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost "
14832"forgotten by most Mongolians:"
14833msgstr ""
14834
14835#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
14836#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:143
14837msgid ""
14838"At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry"
14839" meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very "
14840"good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns "
14841"without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself "
14842"all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot "
14843"(groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, "
14844"pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth "
14845"which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards "
14846"the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The "
14847"bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a "
14848"hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved "
14849"our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface."
14850msgstr ""
14851
14852#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14853#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:158
14854msgid ""
14855"We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the "
14856"Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist "
14857"religion."
14858msgstr ""
14859
14860#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
14861#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:162
14862msgid "Eclipses"
14863msgstr ""
14864
14865#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
14866#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:165
14867msgid ""
14868"At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the "
14869"entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god "
14870"<em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became "
14871"immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and "
14872"the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to <em>Orchiwaani</em>. "
14873"Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the "
14874"monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because "
14875"<em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order "
14876"to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as "
14877"<em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and"
14878" disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked "
14879"the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In "
14880"revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which "
14881"exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses."
14882msgstr ""
14883
14884#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14885#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:182
14886msgid ""
14887"When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> "
14888"devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster"
14889" liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck "
14890"wrote:"
14891msgstr ""
14892
14893#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
14894#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:187
14895msgid ""
14896"\"Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to "
14897"other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about "
14898"to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the "
14899"door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum"
14900" and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished,"
14901" they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party.\""
14902msgstr ""
14903
14904#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14905#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:196
14906msgid ""
14907"(Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux"
14908" (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. "
14909"pp; 153-192.)"
14910msgstr ""
14911
14912#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14913#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:200
14914msgid ""
14915"Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their "
14916"tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for "
14917"the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian "
14918"<em>Rahu</em>."
14919msgstr ""
14920
14921#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
14922#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:205
14923msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)"
14924msgstr ""
14925
14926#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14927#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:207
14928msgid ""
14929"Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity"
14930" for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the "
14931"five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin."
14932msgstr ""
14933
14934#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><blockquote><p>
14935#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:212
14936msgid ""
14937"Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. "
14938"Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to "
14939"untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united "
14940"with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. "
14941"Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain "
14942"united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the "
14943"time of wars."
14944msgstr ""
14945
14946#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><h4>
14947#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:222
14948msgid "Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky"
14949msgstr ""
14950
14951#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p>
14952#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:224
14953msgid ""
14954"According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one "
14955"hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband."
14956msgstr ""
14957
14958#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
14959#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:227
14960msgid ""
14961"Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>)  by "
14962"throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in "
14963"Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several "
14964"persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk "
14965"can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark"
14966" color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, "
14967"quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits."
14968msgstr ""
14969
14970#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
14971#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:239
14972msgid ""
14973"The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian "
14974"cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs "
14975"which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission "
14976"is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these subjects."
14977" It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high "
14978"fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony,"
14979" every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!"
14980msgstr ""
14981
14982#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
14983#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:248
14984msgid "Acknowledgements and Further Reading"
14985msgstr ""
14986
14987#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14988#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:251
14989msgid ""
14990"Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in "
14991"the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony"
14992msgstr ""
14993
14994#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14995#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:252
14996msgid ""
14997"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' "
14998"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de "
14999"France</a>"
15000msgstr ""
15001
15002#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15003#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:253
15004msgid ""
15005"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' "
15006"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française "
15007"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>"
15008msgstr ""
15009
15010#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15011#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:255
15012msgid ""
15013"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' "
15014"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>"
15015msgstr ""
15016
15017#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15018#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:256
15019msgid ""
15020"<a href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-"
15021"heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan Elverskog: "
15022"The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International "
15023"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123."
15024msgstr ""
15025
15026#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
15027#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:261
15028msgid ""
15029"This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, "
15030"<strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and "
15031"<strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com)  mainly "
15032"based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in "
15033"Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a "
15034"href=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" class='external text' "
15035"title=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" "
15036"rel=\"nofollow\">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French)."
15037msgstr ""
15038
15039#. type: Content of: <h2>
15040#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:1
15041msgid "Navajo"
15042msgstr ""
15043
15044#. type: Content of: <p>
15045#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:3
15046msgid ""
15047"The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the "
15048"Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and "
15049"northwestern New Mexico."
15050msgstr ""
15051
15052#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15053#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:9
15054msgid "<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> official website"
15055msgstr ""
15056
15057#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15058#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:10
15059msgid ""
15060"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15061"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15062"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>"
15063msgstr ""
15064
15065#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15066#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:11
15067msgid ""
15068"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15069"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15070"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>"
15071msgstr ""
15072
15073#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15074#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:12
15075msgid ""
15076"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15077"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15078"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>"
15079msgstr ""
15080
15081#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15082#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:13
15083msgid ""
15084"<a "
15085"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>"
15086msgstr ""
15087
15088#. type: Content of: <p>
15089#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:18
15090msgid ""
15091"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
15092"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star Trails-"
15093"Navajo</b> by Don Childrey."
15094msgstr ""
15095
15096#. type: Content of: <h2>
15097#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:1
15098msgid "Norse"
15099msgstr ""
15100
15101#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15102#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:5
15103msgid ""
15104"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Norse "
15105"Constellations</a>"
15106msgstr ""
15107
15108#. type: Content of: <p>
15109#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:10
15110msgid ""
15111"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, "
15112"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se"
15113msgstr ""
15114
15115#. type: Content of: <h2>
15116#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:1
15117msgid "Northern Andes"
15118msgstr ""
15119
15120#. type: Content of: <p>
15121#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:2
15122msgid ""
15123"The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the "
15124"different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting "
15125"from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to "
15126"ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to "
15127"understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and "
15128"other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the "
15129"changes that affect living beings."
15130msgstr ""
15131
15132#. type: Content of: <p>
15133#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:4
15134msgid ""
15135"In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean "
15136"observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we "
15137"will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will "
15138"fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can "
15139"admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars."
15140msgstr ""
15141
15142#. type: Content of: <p>
15143#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:6
15144msgid ""
15145"The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these \"cosmic mirrors\" and "
15146"analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as"
15147" well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the "
15148"ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current "
15149"prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic "
15150"configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in "
15151"several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially"
15152" decoded."
15153msgstr ""
15154
15155#. type: Content of: <p>
15156#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:8
15157msgid "Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:"
15158msgstr ""
15159
15160#. type: Content of: <h3>
15161#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:11
15162msgid "The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)"
15163msgstr ""
15164
15165#. type: Content of: <p>
15166#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:12
15167msgid ""
15168"When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement "
15169"that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and "
15170"proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on "
15171"the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north)"
15172" and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled "
15173"(more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main "
15174"festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar "
15175"because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons."
15176msgstr ""
15177
15178#. type: Content of: <p>
15179#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:14
15180msgid ""
15181"According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos \"the Indians knew the"
15182" leap years\"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic "
15183"movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we"
15184" suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March "
15185"equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime "
15186"(12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in "
15187"time thanks to the \"Date / Time Window\" from year to year and we will "
15188"notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation "
15189"begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to "
15190"the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, "
15191"also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start "
15192"the cycle again."
15193msgstr ""
15194
15195#. type: Content of: <h2>
15196#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:19
15197msgid "Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes."
15198msgstr ""
15199
15200#. type: Content of: <p>
15201#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:21
15202msgid ""
15203"We consider that by means of \"stellar mirrors\" the sages could register "
15204"the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the "
15205"nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, "
15206"as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so "
15207"these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony "
15208"giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms."
15209msgstr ""
15210
15211#. type: Content of: <p>
15212#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:23
15213msgid "<b>March Equinox</b>"
15214msgstr ""
15215
15216#. type: Content of: <li>
15217#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:24
15218msgid ""
15219"<b>\"Antonio Quinatoa\" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: "
15220"Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named \"Antonio "
15221"Quinatoa\". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle."
15222msgstr ""
15223
15224#. type: Content of: <p>
15225#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:26
15226msgid "<b>September Equinox</b>"
15227msgstr ""
15228
15229#. type: Content of: <li>
15230#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:27
15231msgid ""
15232"<b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - "
15233"Antares who make up the triangle named \"Molestina\""
15234msgstr ""
15235
15236#. type: Content of: <p>
15237#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:29
15238msgid ""
15239"<b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the"
15240" registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation "
15241"named \"Daniela Alejandra Ayala\", cosmic set that accompanies the image of "
15242"the \"Mono Andino\", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of "
15243"the female equinox."
15244msgstr ""
15245
15246#. type: Content of: <p>
15247#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:31
15248msgid "<b>June Solstice</b>"
15249msgstr ""
15250
15251#. type: Content of: <p>
15252#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:32
15253msgid ""
15254"<b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer "
15255"Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis,"
15256" λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the \"Southern Cross\"."
15257msgstr ""
15258
15259#. type: Content of: <p>
15260#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:34
15261msgid "<b>December Solstice</b>"
15262msgstr ""
15263
15264#. type: Content of: <p>
15265#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:35
15266msgid ""
15267"<b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening"
15268" of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi"
15269" - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the "
15270"resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December "
15271"solstice It is in an East - West direction."
15272msgstr ""
15273
15274#. type: Content of: <p>
15275#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:37
15276msgid ""
15277"The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of "
15278"each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms "
15279"(diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle,"
15280" apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in "
15281"the dark constellations."
15282msgstr ""
15283
15284#. type: Content of: <h2>
15285#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:41
15286msgid "The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations."
15287msgstr ""
15288
15289#. type: Content of: <h3>
15290#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:42
15291msgid "The Milky Way"
15292msgstr ""
15293
15294#. type: Content of: <li>
15295#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:43
15296msgid ""
15297"Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a "
15298"large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth "
15299"means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate "
15300"a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated"
15301" to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the \"Muyun\" for many "
15302"peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent."
15303msgstr ""
15304
15305#. type: Content of: <p>
15306#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:45
15307msgid ""
15308"Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or"
15309" stars; the astral beings are housed in the \"dark spots\" existing in the "
15310"brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual "
15311"path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding "
15312"constellation in each \"visible end\" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar "
15313"movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked "
15314"the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or "
15315"festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and "
15316"veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious "
15317"thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent."
15318msgstr ""
15319
15320#. type: Content of: <p>
15321#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:47
15322msgid "Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:"
15323msgstr ""
15324
15325#. type: Content of: <h3>
15326#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:49
15327msgid "Dark Constellations"
15328msgstr ""
15329
15330#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15331#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:51
15332msgid ""
15333"Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, "
15334"also called \"Wilca\" or \"Otorongo\", indicates the arrival of the crops of"
15335" tender grains."
15336msgstr ""
15337
15338#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15339#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:52
15340msgid ""
15341"Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female "
15342"cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural "
15343"processes."
15344msgstr ""
15345
15346#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15347#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:53
15348msgid ""
15349"Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The \"Hampatu\" is the animal that has "
15350"several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June"
15351" solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead."
15352msgstr ""
15353
15354#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15355#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:54
15356msgid ""
15357"Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as \"the Man and the "
15358"Spear\" or \"The Dancer\", the constellation governs the December solstice."
15359msgstr ""
15360
15361#. type: Content of: <p>
15362#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
15363msgid ""
15364"These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy "
15365"of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, "
15366"guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - "
15367"Ecuador</b>"
15368msgstr ""
15369
15370#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
15371#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
15372msgid "."
15373msgstr ""
15374
15375#. type: Content of: <p>
15376#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:60
15377msgid ""
15378"The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala "
15379"Quinatoa in \"Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught "
15380"me\"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration."
15381msgstr ""
15382
15383#. type: Content of: <p>
15384#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:62
15385msgid ""
15386"The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the "
15387"Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book \"Ancestral "
15388"Representations and Colors of the Cosmos\" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage"
15389" of Ecuador)."
15390msgstr ""
15391
15392#. type: Content of: <h2>
15393#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:1
15394msgid "Ojibwe"
15395msgstr ""
15396
15397#. type: Content of: <p>
15398#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:2
15399msgid ""
15400"Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America "
15401"(United States and Canada).  Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for "
15402"birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup.  Also known as"
15403" Anishinaabe and Chippewa.  The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’.  The"
15404" Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of "
15405"the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, "
15406"created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012.  More details can be found in"
15407" the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: "
15408"An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are Ojibwe "
15409"star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and other resources."
15410msgstr ""
15411
15412#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15413#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:7
15414msgid ""
15415"<i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of "
15416"Hydra"
15417msgstr ""
15418
15419#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15420#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:8
15421msgid "<i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona"
15422msgstr ""
15423
15424#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15425#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:9
15426msgid ""
15427"<i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran"
15428msgstr ""
15429
15430#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15431#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:10
15432msgid "<i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)"
15433msgstr ""
15434
15435#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15436#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:11
15437msgid "<i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)"
15438msgstr ""
15439
15440#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15441#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:12
15442msgid "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris"
15443msgstr ""
15444
15445#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15446#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:13
15447msgid "<i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta"
15448msgstr ""
15449
15450#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15451#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:14
15452msgid "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades"
15453msgstr ""
15454
15455#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15456#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:15
15457msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
15458msgstr ""
15459
15460#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15461#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:16
15462msgid "<i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus"
15463msgstr ""
15464
15465#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15466#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:17
15467msgid "<i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules"
15468msgstr ""
15469
15470#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15471#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:18
15472msgid "<i>Nanaboujou</i>,Nanaboujou, Scorpio"
15473msgstr ""
15474
15475#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15476#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:19
15477msgid "<i>Anung</i>,Star,"
15478msgstr ""
15479
15480#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15481#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:20
15482msgid "<i>Anung aki</i>,Star World"
15483msgstr ""
15484
15485#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15486#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:21
15487msgid "<i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon"
15488msgstr ""
15489
15490#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15491#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:22
15492msgid "<i>Giizis</i>,Sun"
15493msgstr ""
15494
15495#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15496#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:23
15497msgid "<i>Giizhig</i>,Sky"
15498msgstr ""
15499
15500#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15501#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:24
15502msgid "<i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus"
15503msgstr ""
15504
15505#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15506#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:25
15507msgid "<i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star"
15508msgstr ""
15509
15510#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15511#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:26
15512msgid "<i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star"
15513msgstr ""
15514
15515#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15516#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:27
15517msgid "<i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic"
15518msgstr ""
15519
15520#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15521#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:28
15522msgid "<i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way"
15523msgstr ""
15524
15525#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15526#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:29
15527msgid "<i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way"
15528msgstr ""
15529
15530#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15531#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:30
15532msgid "<i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star"
15533msgstr ""
15534
15535#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15536#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:31
15537msgid "<i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe"
15538msgstr ""
15539
15540#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15541#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:32
15542msgid "<i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)"
15543msgstr ""
15544
15545#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15546#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:33
15547msgid "<i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map"
15548msgstr ""
15549
15550#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15551#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:34
15552msgid "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East"
15553msgstr ""
15554
15555#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15556#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:35
15557msgid "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West"
15558msgstr ""
15559
15560#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15561#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:36
15562msgid "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North"
15563msgstr ""
15564
15565#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15566#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:37
15567msgid "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South"
15568msgstr ""
15569
15570#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15571#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:43
15572msgid ""
15573"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map"
15574" webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other "
15575"resources.</a>"
15576msgstr ""
15577
15578#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15579#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:44
15580msgid ""
15581"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-"
15582"Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1\">Ojibwe"
15583" Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
15584msgstr ""
15585
15586#. type: Content of: <p>
15587#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:49
15588msgid ""
15589"This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of "
15590"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
15591"revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based "
15592"on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star "
15593"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book "
15594"<i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe "
15595"Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts."
15596msgstr ""
15597
15598#. type: Content of: <p>
15599#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:50
15600msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson."
15601msgstr ""
15602
15603#. type: Content of: <h2>
15604#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:1
15605msgid "Romanian"
15606msgstr ""
15607
15608#. type: Content of: <p>
15609#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:2
15610msgid ""
15611"Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three "
15612"essential components."
15613msgstr ""
15614
15615#. type: Content of: <p><p>
15616#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:3
15617msgid ""
15618"The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in "
15619"which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as "
15620"an \"exhibition\" of agricultural tools used by peasants."
15621msgstr ""
15622
15623#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15624#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:5
15625msgid ""
15626"The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization "
15627"of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian "
15628"and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with "
15629"cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a "
15630"church."
15631msgstr ""
15632
15633#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15634#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:8
15635msgid ""
15636"And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on "
15637"the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by "
15638"the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of "
15639"Dacians mixing with the Romans."
15640msgstr ""
15641
15642#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15643#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:11
15644msgid ""
15645"<strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four "
15646"Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping."
15647msgstr ""
15648
15649#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
15650#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:12
15651msgid "External links:"
15652msgstr ""
15653
15654#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15655#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:14
15656msgid ""
15657"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Website for Tradițional Romanian "
15658"Constellation</a>"
15659msgstr ""
15660
15661#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15662#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:15
15663msgid ""
15664"<a href=\"http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-"
15665"romanesti-tradiionale\">On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional "
15666"Romanian Constellations</a>"
15667msgstr ""
15668
15669#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15670#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:16
15671msgid ""
15672"<a "
15673"href=\"http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro\">30"
15674" seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>"
15675msgstr ""
15676
15677#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15678#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:17
15679msgid ""
15680"<a h "
15681"href=\"http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news\">Romanian"
15682" peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion "
15683"Ottescu</a>"
15684msgstr ""
15685
15686#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15687#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:18
15688msgid "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>"
15689msgstr ""
15690
15691#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15692#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:20
15693msgid "Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members"
15694msgstr ""
15695
15696#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
15697#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:22
15698msgid "Authors:"
15699msgstr ""
15700
15701#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15702#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:23
15703msgid ""
15704"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a "
15705"href=\"mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com\">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare "
15706"Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian "
15707"Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants "
15708"beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu."
15709msgstr ""
15710
15711#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p>
15712#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:26
15713msgid ""
15714"The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies "
15715"prepared by <a href=\"mailto:rlodina@gmail.com\">Radu Lodina</a> and <a "
15716"href=\"mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com\">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation "
15717"art done by Zamfir Somcutean."
15718msgstr ""
15719
15720#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
15721#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:28
15722msgid ""
15723"All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released "
15724"under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported."
15725msgstr ""
15726
15727#. type: Content of: <h2>
15728#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:1
15729msgid "Sami"
15730msgstr ""
15731
15732#. type: Content of: <p>
15733#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:3
15734msgid ""
15735"The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern "
15736"Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula).  More "
15737"information can be found at <a "
15738"href=\"http://www.eng.samer.se/\">samer.se</a> and in the <a "
15739"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people\">Sami people article in "
15740"Wikipedia</a>."
15741msgstr ""
15742
15743#. type: Content of: <h3>
15744#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:8
15745#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:28
15746#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:43
15747msgid "Sources"
15748msgstr ""
15749
15750#. type: Content of: <p>
15751#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:10
15752msgid ""
15753"Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi "
15754"mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och "
15755"celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral "
15756"and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his "
15757"work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi."
15758msgstr ""
15759
15760#. type: Content of: <p>
15761#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:15
15762msgid ""
15763"This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different "
15764"cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami.  "
15765"Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may"
15766" be small differences with some references."
15767msgstr ""
15768
15769#. type: Content of: <p>
15770#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:19
15771msgid ""
15772"Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old "
15773"religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role "
15774"for Sami peoples in years gone by."
15775msgstr ""
15776
15777#. type: Content of: <p>
15778#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:22
15779msgid ""
15780"The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic "
15781"cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture "
15782"was lost before it was recorded properly."
15783msgstr ""
15784
15785#. type: Content of: <h3>
15786#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:26
15787msgid "Constellations and Stars"
15788msgstr ""
15789
15790#. type: Content of: <p>
15791#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:28
15792msgid ""
15793"The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing "
15794"during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. "
15795"The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant"
15796" constellation, <i>Sarva</i> &mdash; the elk.  Sarva is the Sami name for "
15797"elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> &mdash; Bull elk.  The origin of "
15798"this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before "
15799"reindeer were domesticated."
15800msgstr ""
15801
15802#. type: Content of: <p>
15803#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:34
15804msgid ""
15805"<i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and "
15806"parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent "
15807"hunters of the elk.  <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is "
15808"the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his "
15809"bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> &mdash; the Big Dipper).  Favdna must aim"
15810" well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris),"
15811" legend has it that the world will come to an end."
15812msgstr ""
15813
15814#. type: Content of: <p>
15815#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:41
15816msgid ""
15817"Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a "
15818"href=\"#note1\">1</a></sup>)  and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's "
15819"belt), the \"Ski Runners\", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and "
15820"\"The Runner\" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack)  or "
15821"<i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack)."
15822msgstr ""
15823
15824#. type: Content of: <p>
15825#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:46
15826msgid ""
15827"The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or <i>Jakke-"
15828"mærka</i> (lit. year mark).  The name used depends on the season. In the sky"
15829" chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star <i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning "
15830"star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can "
15831"also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching "
15832"(similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture)."
15833msgstr ""
15834
15835#. type: Content of: <p>
15836#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:52
15837msgid ""
15838"The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is"
15839" thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami "
15840"people's range.  Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays"
15841" below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is "
15842"frequently bright enough to obscure many stars."
15843msgstr ""
15844
15845#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
15846#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:59
15847msgid ""
15848"<a name=\"note1\" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is "
15849"uncertain.  it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as "
15850"Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the "
15851"latitude where the Sami live."
15852msgstr ""
15853
15854#. type: Content of: <p>
15855#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:65
15856msgid "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)"
15857msgstr ""
15858
15859#. type: Content of: <h2>
15860#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:1
15861msgid "Sardinian"
15862msgstr ""
15863
15864#. type: Content of: <p>
15865#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:2
15866msgid ""
15867"Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their "
15868"eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world "
15869"has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian "
15870"culture."
15871msgstr ""
15872
15873#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15874#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:6
15875msgid ""
15876"<a href=\"http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php\">Stars and "
15877"constellations in sardinian language</a>"
15878msgstr ""
15879
15880#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15881#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:7
15882msgid ""
15883"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium "
15884"Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour</a>"
15885msgstr ""
15886
15887#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15888#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:8
15889msgid ""
15890"<a "
15891"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium"
15892" Wiki</a>"
15893msgstr ""
15894
15895#. type: Content of: <p>
15896#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:12
15897msgid ""
15898"These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe "
15899"Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com"
15900msgstr ""
15901
15902#. type: Content of: <h3>
15903#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:13
15904msgid "Credits"
15905msgstr ""
15906
15907#. type: Content of: <p>
15908#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:14
15909msgid ""
15910"The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done "
15911"by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu"
15912msgstr ""
15913
15914#. type: Content of: <h2>
15915#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:1
15916msgid "Russian (Siberian)"
15917msgstr ""
15918
15919#. type: Content of: <p>
15920#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:2
15921msgid ""
15922"The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly "
15923"studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about "
15924"constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In"
15925" this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which "
15926"typical for the whole of Siberia."
15927msgstr ""
15928
15929#. type: Content of: <p>
15930#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:8
15931msgid ""
15932"The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished"
15933" into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose "
15934"Road</em>) and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names "
15935"of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the "
15936"Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia."
15937msgstr ""
15938
15939#. type: Content of: <p>
15940#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:14
15941msgid ""
15942"The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but "
15943"all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a "
15944"bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common."
15945msgstr ""
15946
15947#. type: Content of: <p>
15948#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:19
15949msgid ""
15950"In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although "
15951"in Eastern Siberia the name \"Bear\" is used more frequently)."
15952msgstr ""
15953
15954#. type: Content of: <p>
15955#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:23
15956msgid ""
15957"In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of"
15958" his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for "
15959"north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In "
15960"the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major "
15961"constellation."
15962msgstr ""
15963
15964#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15965#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:30
15966msgid "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s."
15967msgstr ""
15968
15969#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15970#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:31
15971msgid ""
15972"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj "
15973"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: "
15974"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s."
15975msgstr ""
15976
15977#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15978#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:32
15979msgid ""
15980"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS "
15981"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s."
15982msgstr ""
15983
15984#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15985#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:33
15986msgid "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s."
15987msgstr ""
15988
15989#. type: Content of: <h2>
15990#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:1
15991msgid "Tongan (Tonga)"
15992msgstr ""
15993
15994#. type: Content of: <p>
15995#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:2
15996msgid ""
15997"As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the "
15998"practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances "
15999"separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot "
16000"be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of "
16001"numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on"
16002" which Tongan island group it originates from.  The nomenclature of stars is"
16003" approximated based on the limited resources available."
16004msgstr ""
16005
16006#. type: Content of: <p>
16007#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:11
16008msgid ""
16009"Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, "
16010"Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable "
16011"exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: "
16012"&alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan "
16013"islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the"
16014" event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational "
16015"landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of "
16016"Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This "
16017"is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and "
16018"Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being "
16019"easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night"
16020" sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two "
16021"anomalies.]"
16022msgstr ""
16023
16024#. type: Content of: <p>
16025#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:25
16026msgid ""
16027"Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in "
16028"the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in "
16029"Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian."
16030msgstr ""
16031
16032#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16033#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:32
16034msgid ""
16035"Velt Kik, <em>Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga</em>, 1990 'Atenisi "
16036"University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department."
16037msgstr ""
16038
16039#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16040#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:34
16041msgid ""
16042"T.H Fale, <em>Tongan astronomy</em>, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, "
16043"Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing."
16044msgstr ""
16045
16046#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16047#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:37
16048msgid ""
16049"E. E. V. Collocott, <em>Tongan astronomy and calendar</em>, 1992 Occasional "
16050"Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and "
16051"Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p."
16052" 157-173."
16053msgstr ""
16054
16055#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16056#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
16057msgid "Tongan term"
16058msgstr ""
16059
16060#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16061#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
16062msgid "Humu"
16063msgstr ""
16064
16065#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16066#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
16067msgid "Coal sack"
16068msgstr ""
16069
16070#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16071#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
16072msgid "Kaniva"
16073msgstr ""
16074
16075#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16076#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
16077msgid "Ma'afulele"
16078msgstr ""
16079
16080#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16081#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
16082msgid "Large Magellan cloud"
16083msgstr ""
16084
16085#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16086#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
16087msgid "Ma'afutoka"
16088msgstr ""
16089
16090#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16091#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
16092msgid "Small Magellan cloud"
16093msgstr ""
16094
16095#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16096#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
16097msgid "'otu Ma'afu"
16098msgstr ""
16099
16100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16101#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
16102msgid "Magellanic clouds (both)"
16103msgstr ""
16104
16105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16106#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
16107msgid "Ha'amonga"
16108msgstr ""
16109
16110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16111#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
16112msgid "Ecliptic"
16113msgstr ""
16114
16115#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16116#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
16117msgid "Mahina"
16118msgstr ""
16119
16120#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16121#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
16122msgid "La'a"
16123msgstr ""
16124
16125#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16126#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
16127msgid "Fetu'u"
16128msgstr ""
16129
16130#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16131#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
16132msgid "Star (in general)"
16133msgstr ""
16134
16135#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16136#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
16137msgid "Fetu'ufuka"
16138msgstr ""
16139
16140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16141#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
16142msgid "Comet"
16143msgstr ""
16144
16145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16146#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
16147msgid "'Umata"
16148msgstr ""
16149
16150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16151#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
16152msgid "Rainbow"
16153msgstr ""
16154
16155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16156#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
16157msgid "Fetu'u'Esiafi"
16158msgstr ""
16159
16160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16161#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
16162msgid "Falling star"
16163msgstr ""
16164
16165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16166#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
16167msgid "tapukitea"
16168msgstr ""
16169
16170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16171#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
16172msgid "Matamemea"
16173msgstr ""
16174
16175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16176#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
16177msgid "Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)"
16178msgstr ""
16179
16180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16181#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
16182msgid "Ma'afulele (same as LMC)"
16183msgstr ""
16184
16185#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16186#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
16187msgid "Velitoa hififo"
16188msgstr ""
16189
16190#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16191#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
16192msgid "Rigel"
16193msgstr ""
16194
16195#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16196#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
16197msgid "Velitoa hahake"
16198msgstr ""
16199
16200#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16201#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
16202msgid "Betelguese"
16203msgstr ""
16204
16205#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16206#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
16207msgid "Hikule'o"
16208msgstr ""
16209
16210#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16211#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
16212msgid "Monuafe"
16213msgstr ""
16214
16215#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16216#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
16217msgid "Meissa"
16218msgstr ""
16219
16220#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16221#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
16222msgid "Motuliki"
16223msgstr ""
16224
16225#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16226#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
16227msgid "Tu'ulalupe"
16228msgstr ""
16229
16230#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16231#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
16232msgid "Toloatonga"
16233msgstr ""
16234
16235#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16236#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
16237msgid "Toloalahi"
16238msgstr ""
16239
16240#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16241#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
16242msgid "False Cross"
16243msgstr ""
16244
16245#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
16246#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:72
16247msgid "<strong>Tongan constellations</strong>"
16248msgstr ""
16249
16250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16251#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
16252msgid "Tongan name"
16253msgstr ""
16254
16255#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16256#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
16257msgid "Designation or notes"
16258msgstr ""
16259
16260#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16261#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
16262msgid "Tuinga ika"
16263msgstr ""
16264
16265#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16266#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
16267msgid "Part of Orion, belt and sword"
16268msgstr ""
16269
16270#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16271#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
16272msgid "Ae e'Uvea"
16273msgstr ""
16274
16275#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16276#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
16277msgid "Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16278msgstr ""
16279
16280#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16281#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
16282msgid "Fatanalua"
16283msgstr ""
16284
16285#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16286#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
16287msgid "Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16288msgstr ""
16289
16290#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16291#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
16292msgid "Kapakau'o'tafahi"
16293msgstr ""
16294
16295#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16296#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
16297msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16298msgstr ""
16299
16300#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16301#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
16302msgid "Toloa"
16303msgstr ""
16304
16305#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16306#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
16307msgid "Belt of Orion"
16308msgstr ""
16309
16310#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16311#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
16312msgid "Lua tangata"
16313msgstr ""
16314
16315#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16316#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
16317msgid "Castor and/or Pollux"
16318msgstr ""
16319
16320#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16321#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
16322msgid "Fungasia"
16323msgstr ""
16324
16325#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16326#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
16327msgid "Toliman and/or Agena"
16328msgstr ""
16329
16330#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16331#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
16332msgid "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)"
16333msgstr ""
16334
16335#. type: Content of: <h1>
16336#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:1
16337msgid "Tukano Constellations"
16338msgstr ""
16339
16340#. type: Content of: <p>
16341#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:2
16342msgid ""
16343"Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around "
16344"the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group "
16345"shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro "
16346"bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil."
16347msgstr ""
16348
16349#. type: Content of: <h5>
16350#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:5
16351msgid ""
16352"<em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer "
16353"to:</em>"
16354msgstr ""
16355
16356#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16357#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:7
16358msgid ""
16359"<a "
16360"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\""
16361" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>."
16362msgstr ""
16363
16364#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16365#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:8
16366msgid ""
16367"<a "
16368"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\""
16369" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Thesis</a>"
16370msgstr ""
16371
16372#. type: Content of: <h3>
16373#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:11
16374msgid "CONSTELLATIONS"
16375msgstr ""
16376
16377#. type: Content of: <p>
16378#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:12
16379msgid ""
16380"Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural "
16381"phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who "
16382"speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations."
16383" There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here "
16384"essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations.  "
16385"Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions"
16386" or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing "
16387"limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- "
16388"Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way.  Their"
16389" conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. "
16390"They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like "
16391"us."
16392msgstr ""
16393
16394#. type: Content of: <p>
16395#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:13
16396msgid ""
16397"Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people "
16398"and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school "
16399"students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as"
16400" you’ll see below."
16401msgstr ""
16402
16403#. type: Content of: <p>
16404#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:14
16405msgid ""
16406"In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are "
16407"observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during "
16408"the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena "
16409"related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head"
16410" setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of "
16411"the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with"
16412" an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these "
16413"changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group "
16414"for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat "
16415"some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and"
16416" microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either.  So, a "
16417"phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside "
16418"a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. "
16419"Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex "
16420"relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore."
16421msgstr ""
16422
16423#. type: Content of: <p>
16424#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:15
16425msgid ""
16426"The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, "
16427"Portuguese and English.  Ex. Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo."
16428msgstr ""
16429
16430#. type: Content of: <h3>
16431#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
16432msgid "Aña or Aña Diaso\\Jararaca\\Fer-de-lance"
16433msgstr ""
16434
16435#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16436#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
16437msgid ""
16438"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca\" class='external "
16439"text' rel=\"nofollow\">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>"
16440msgstr ""
16441
16442#. type: Content of: <p>
16443#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:19
16444msgid ""
16445"A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona "
16446"Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the "
16447"beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos."
16448msgstr ""
16449
16450#. type: Content of: <h3>
16451#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
16452msgid "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo"
16453msgstr ""
16454
16455#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16456#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
16457msgid ""
16458"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' "
16459"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>"
16460msgstr ""
16461
16462#. type: Content of: <p>
16463#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:21
16464msgid ""
16465"This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila "
16466"constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar "
16467"field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae)."
16468msgstr ""
16469
16470#. type: Content of: <h3>
16471#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
16472msgid "Darsiu\\camarão de rio\\freshwater shrimp"
16473msgstr ""
16474
16475#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16476#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
16477msgid ""
16478"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' "
16479"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>"
16480msgstr ""
16481
16482#. type: Content of: <h3>
16483#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
16484msgid "Mhua\\Jacundá (peixe)\\A kind of fish"
16485msgstr ""
16486
16487#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16488#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
16489msgid ""
16490"<a href=\"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1\" class='external text' "
16491"rel=\"nofollow\">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>"
16492msgstr ""
16493
16494#. type: Content of: <p>
16495#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:24
16496msgid ""
16497"Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius "
16498"and Pisces area.  But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during "
16499"the night."
16500msgstr ""
16501
16502#. type: Content of: <h3>
16503#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
16504msgid "Yai\\onça\\puma or jaguar"
16505msgstr ""
16506
16507#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16508#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
16509msgid ""
16510"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' "
16511"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>"
16512msgstr ""
16513
16514#. type: Content of: <p>
16515#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:26
16516msgid ""
16517"It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions "
16518"of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described "
16519"inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations."
16520msgstr ""
16521
16522#. type: Content of: <h3>
16523#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
16524msgid "Yhe\\garça\\egret"
16525msgstr ""
16526
16527#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16528#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
16529msgid ""
16530"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret\" class='external text' "
16531"rel=\"nofollow\">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>"
16532msgstr ""
16533
16534#. type: Content of: <p>
16535#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:28
16536msgid ""
16537"It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those "
16538"stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the "
16539"first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São "
16540"José II tribe."
16541msgstr ""
16542
16543#. type: Content of: <h3>
16544#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
16545msgid "Yurara\\tartaruga\\turtle"
16546msgstr ""
16547
16548#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16549#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
16550msgid ""
16551"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise\" class='external text' "
16552"rel=\"nofollow\">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>"
16553msgstr ""
16554
16555#. type: Content of: <p>
16556#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:30
16557msgid ""
16558"This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross "
16559"constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also "
16560"means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people."
16561msgstr ""
16562
16563#. type: Content of: <h3>
16564#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
16565msgid "Nhorkoatero\\grupo de estrelas\\Pleiades"
16566msgstr ""
16567
16568#. type: Content of: <h3>
16569#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
16570msgid "Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars"
16571msgstr ""
16572
16573#. type: Content of: <p>
16574#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:32
16575msgid ""
16576"The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of stars. "
16577"Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within "
16578"a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period "
16579"pointer."
16580msgstr ""
16581
16582#. type: Content of: <h3>
16583#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
16584msgid "Waikhasa\\moquém\\a kind of recipient to cook fish"
16585msgstr ""
16586
16587#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16588#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
16589msgid ""
16590"<a href=\"http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear\" "
16591"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of "
16592"grill to cook fish)</a>"
16593msgstr ""
16594
16595#. type: Content of: <p>
16596#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:34
16597msgid ""
16598"It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the "
16599"bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades.  This is an easy asterism to be "
16600"seen all over the sky."
16601msgstr ""
16602
16603#. type: Content of: <h3>
16604#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
16605msgid "Sioyahpu\\enxó\\instrument do carve wood"
16606msgstr ""
16607
16608#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16609#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
16610msgid ""
16611"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze\" class='external text' "
16612"rel=\"nofollow\">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>"
16613msgstr ""
16614
16615#. type: Content of: <p>
16616#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:36
16617msgid ""
16618"As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this "
16619"constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents"
16620" to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood."
16621msgstr ""
16622
16623#. type: Content of: <h3>
16624#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
16625msgid "Sipé Phairo\\cobra de ânus grande\\a snake"
16626msgstr ""
16627
16628#. type: Content of: <h3><br>
16629#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
16630msgid "Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus"
16631msgstr ""
16632
16633#. type: Content of: <p>
16634#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:38
16635msgid ""
16636"This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when "
16637"this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in"
16638" the main river are swallowed by it."
16639msgstr ""
16640
16641#. type: Content of: <h3>
16642#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:39
16643msgid "Diayo/lontra/otter"
16644msgstr ""
16645
16646#. type: Content of: <p>
16647#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:40
16648msgid ""
16649"Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river,"
16650" this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis Major "
16651"in that region."
16652msgstr ""
16653
16654#. type: Content of: <h3>
16655#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:41
16656msgid "Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances"
16657msgstr ""
16658
16659#. type: Content of: <p>
16660#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:42
16661msgid ""
16662"Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in"
16663" some special Tukano ceremonies."
16664msgstr ""
16665
16666#. type: Content of: <h4>
16667#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:44
16668msgid "SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:"
16669msgstr ""
16670
16671#. type: Content of: <p>
16672#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:45
16673msgid ""
16674"This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, "
16675"conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis "
16676"(Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in "
16677"practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about "
16678"constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky "
16679"mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in "
16680"special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we "
16681"created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from"
16682" differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting "
16683"and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major "
16684"constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians"
16685msgstr ""
16686
16687#. type: Content of: <h4>
16688#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
16689msgid ""
16690"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of"
16691" his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)"
16692msgstr ""
16693
16694#. type: Content of: <h4><br>
16695#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
16696msgid ""
16697"Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and "
16698"Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com)."
16699msgstr ""
16700
16701#. type: Content of: <h2>
16702#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:1
16703msgid "Tupi-Guarani"
16704msgstr ""
16705
16706#. type: Content of: <p>
16707#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:2
16708msgid ""
16709"Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the "
16710"indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries."
16711msgstr ""
16712
16713#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16714#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:5
16715msgid ""
16716"As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep "
16717"track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily "
16718"life.  In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de "
16719"Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated"
16720" that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book "
16721"only details seven."
16722msgstr ""
16723
16724#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
16725#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:8
16726msgid "Ema"
16727msgstr ""
16728
16729#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16730#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:9
16731msgid ""
16732"The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i>"
16733" in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White Ostrich</i>. The "
16734"constellation depicts a large bird."
16735msgstr ""
16736
16737#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16738#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:11
16739msgid ""
16740"In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the "
16741"Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South "
16742"of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North."
16743msgstr ""
16744
16745#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
16746#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:13
16747msgid "Homem Velho (the Old Man)"
16748msgstr ""
16749
16750#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16751#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:14
16752msgid "This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick."
16753msgstr ""
16754
16755#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16756#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:15
16757msgid ""
16758"In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the "
16759"evening Eastern sky.  This marks the beginning of summer in the southern "
16760"parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North."
16761msgstr ""
16762
16763#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
16764#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:19
16765msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people\">The Tupi People</a>"
16766msgstr ""
16767
16768#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
16769#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:20
16770msgid ""
16771"<a href=\"http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf\">The "
16772"Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)"
16773msgstr ""
16774
16775#. type: Content of: <p>
16776#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:24
16777msgid ""
16778"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo "
16779"Pontes</i>."
16780msgstr ""
16781
16782#. type: Content of: <h2>
16783#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:1
16784msgid "Vanuatu (Netwar)"
16785msgstr ""
16786
16787#. type: Content of: <p>
16788#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:2
16789msgid ""
16790"The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran "
16791"among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a "
16792"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">published online</a>. Netwar "
16793"language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called \"Lenakel language\" "
16794"after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in "
16795"Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of "
16796"Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent."
16797msgstr ""
16798
16799#. type: Content of: <h3>
16800#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:4
16801msgid "Solar system"
16802msgstr ""
16803
16804#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16805#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:6
16806msgid "Sun: Met"
16807msgstr ""
16808
16809#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16810#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:7
16811msgid "Moon: Mawuk"
16812msgstr ""
16813
16814#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16815#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:9
16816msgid "Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'"
16817msgstr ""
16818
16819#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16820#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:10
16821msgid ""
16822"First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky "
16823"the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening"
16824msgstr ""
16825
16826#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16827#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:11
16828msgid ""
16829"Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' "
16830"(Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, "
16831"the Moon just appears above the mountains"
16832msgstr ""
16833
16834#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16835#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:12
16836msgid "Last quarter: Numanmel"
16837msgstr ""
16838
16839#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16840#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:13
16841msgid "Waning crescent: Numanmel"
16842msgstr ""
16843
16844#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16845#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:14
16846msgid "Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'"
16847msgstr ""
16848
16849#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16850#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:16
16851msgid "Venus:"
16852msgstr ""
16853
16854#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16855#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:18
16856msgid "Morning star: Fétukai"
16857msgstr ""
16858
16859#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16860#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:19
16861msgid "Evening star: Kéwita"
16862msgstr ""
16863
16864#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16865#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:21
16866msgid "Jupiter: Karatéi"
16867msgstr ""
16868
16869#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16870#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:22
16871msgid "Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death"
16872msgstr ""
16873
16874#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16875#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:27
16876msgid "In general: Mahau"
16877msgstr ""
16878
16879#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16880#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:28
16881msgid "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta"
16882msgstr ""
16883
16884#. type: Content of: <h3>
16885#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:31
16886msgid "Constellations and deep-sky objects"
16887msgstr ""
16888
16889#. type: Content of: <p>
16890#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:32
16891msgid ""
16892"Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the "
16893"reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. "
16894"The actual translations of the local names follow them."
16895msgstr ""
16896
16897#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16898#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:34
16899msgid "LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'"
16900msgstr ""
16901
16902#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16903#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:35
16904msgid ""
16905"Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown "
16906"meaning"
16907msgstr ""
16908
16909#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16910#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:36
16911msgid "Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'"
16912msgstr ""
16913
16914#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16915#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:37
16916msgid "Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'"
16917msgstr ""
16918
16919#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16920#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:38
16921msgid ""
16922"Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'"
16923msgstr ""
16924
16925#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16926#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:39
16927msgid ""
16928"Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it "
16929"is time to prepare gardens"
16930msgstr ""
16931
16932#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16933#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:40
16934msgid "Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves"
16935msgstr ""
16936
16937#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16938#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:41
16939msgid ""
16940"Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages"
16941" with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time "
16942"when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest"
16943msgstr ""
16944
16945#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16946#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:42
16947msgid ""
16948"Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen "
16949"Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'"
16950msgstr ""
16951
16952#. type: Content of: <h3>
16953#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:45
16954msgid "Names of objects with unknown position"
16955msgstr ""
16956
16957#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16958#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:47
16959msgid ""
16960"Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or "
16961"to rise close to it"
16962msgstr ""
16963
16964#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16965#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:48
16966msgid ""
16967"Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the "
16968"morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)"
16969msgstr ""
16970
16971#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16972#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:49
16973msgid ""
16974"Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in "
16975"September in the morning near zenith"
16976msgstr ""
16977
16978#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16979#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:50
16980msgid ""
16981"Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in "
16982"February in the morning"
16983msgstr ""
16984
16985#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16986#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:55
16987msgid ""
16988"Project <a href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">Vanuatu Sky</a> "
16989"including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu"
16990msgstr ""
16991
16992#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16993#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:56
16994msgid ""
16995"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language\">Netwar language "
16996"on Wikipedia</a>"
16997msgstr ""
16998
16999#. type: Content of: <p>
17000#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:60
17001msgid ""
17002"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a "
17003"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a "
17004"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>."
17005msgstr ""
17006
17007#. type: Content of: <p>
17008#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:61
17009msgid ""
17010"Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral"
17011" knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from "
17012"Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé"
17013" from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe "
17014"Natuman from Lowkweria."
17015msgstr ""
17016
17017#. type: Content of: <h2>
17018#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:1
17019msgid "Western"
17020msgstr ""
17021
17022#. type: Content of: <p>
17023#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:2
17024msgid ""
17025"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
17026"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
17027"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
17028"astronomy."
17029msgstr ""
17030
17031#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17032#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:5
17033#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:5
17034msgid ""
17035"The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various "
17036"sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by "
17037"the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the "
17038"standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky "
17039"cultures exhaustively in daily usage."
17040msgstr ""
17041
17042#. type: Content of: <p>
17043#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:8
17044msgid ""
17045"Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, "
17046"Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used "
17047"instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names "
17048"are more famous than the designations."
17049msgstr ""
17050
17051#. type: Content of: <h3>
17052#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:10
17053msgid "Alternative asterism files for Stellarium"
17054msgstr ""
17055
17056#. type: Content of: <p>
17057#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:11
17058msgid ""
17059"<a "
17060"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" "
17061"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a>, from his "
17062"book \"The Stars: A New Way To See Them\", by <a class='external text' "
17063"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike "
17064"Richards</a>."
17065msgstr ""
17066
17067#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17068#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:15
17069#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:14
17070msgid ""
17071"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text'"
17072" title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" "
17073"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia"
17074msgstr ""
17075
17076#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17077#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:16
17078#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:15
17079msgid ""
17080"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external "
17081"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" "
17082"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia"
17083msgstr ""
17084
17085#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17086#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:17
17087msgid ""
17088"<a "
17089"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\""
17090" class='external text' "
17091"title=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\""
17092" rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval "
17093"Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius "
17094"Engravings."
17095msgstr ""
17096
17097#. type: Content of: <h2>
17098#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:1
17099msgid "Sky & Telescope"
17100msgstr ""
17101
17102#. type: Content of: <p>
17103#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:2
17104msgid ""
17105"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
17106"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
17107"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
17108"astronomy.  The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & "
17109"Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & "
17110"Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & "
17111"Telescope magazine."
17112msgstr ""
17113
17114#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17115#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:7
17116msgid ""
17117"Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines "
17118"for Microscopium or Mensa."
17119msgstr ""
17120
17121#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17122#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:10
17123msgid ""
17124"The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in "
17125"the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file."
17126msgstr ""
17127
17128#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17129#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:13
17130msgid ""
17131"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' "
17132"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> homepage"
17133msgstr ""
17134
17135#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17136#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:16
17137msgid ""
17138"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' "
17139"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official"
17140" IAU constellation information</a>"
17141msgstr ""
17142
17143#. type: Content of: <h2>
17144#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:1
17145msgid "Western (O.Hlad)"
17146msgstr ""
17147
17148#. type: Content of: <p>
17149#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:3
17150msgid "Constellations according to classical Czech publication:"
17151msgstr ""
17152
17153#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17154#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:6
17155msgid ""
17156"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. "
17157"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik."
17158msgstr ""
17159
17160#. type: Content of: <p>
17161#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:9
17162msgid "Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:"
17163msgstr ""
17164
17165#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17166#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:12
17167msgid ""
17168"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. "
17169"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing."
17170msgstr ""
17171
17172#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17173#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:13
17174msgid ""
17175"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor."
17176msgstr ""
17177
17178#. type: Content of: <p>
17179#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:19
17180msgid ""
17181"Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-"
17182"letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright "
17183"stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case "
17184"of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir).  We usually do <em>not</em> use"
17185" 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected "
17186"by light pollution.  The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and "
17187"easier-to-remember for children.  We use these constellations at the "
17188"Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a "
17189"href=\"http://www.astrohk.cz\">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>)."
17190msgstr ""
17191
17192#. type: Content of: <p>
17193#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:28
17194msgid ""
17195"Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies "
17196"are just behind Bear's head.  Gem is a similar case.  Cam seems upside-down "
17197"with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed"
17198" brighter."
17199msgstr ""
17200
17201#. type: Content of: <h3>
17202#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:33
17203msgid "Updates"
17204msgstr ""
17205
17206#. type: Content of: <p>
17207#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:35
17208msgid "Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1"
17209msgstr ""
17210
17211#. type: Content of: <p>
17212#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:37
17213msgid ""
17214"Future updates should be available at <a "
17215"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>"
17216msgstr ""
17217
17218#. type: Content of: <h2>
17219#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:1
17220msgid "Western: H.A. Rey"
17221msgstr ""
17222
17223#. type: Content of: <p>
17224#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:5
17225msgid ""
17226"During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated "
17227"atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. "
17228"The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown "
17229"connected with line patterns (\"stick figures\"), which however appear "
17230"sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which "
17231"constellation.  Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the "
17232"figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning "
17233"stargazers in the middle of the 20th century."
17234msgstr ""
17235
17236#. type: Content of: <p>
17237#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:16
17238msgid ""
17239"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of "
17240"children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his "
17241"answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To "
17242"See Them</em>."
17243msgstr ""
17244
17245#. type: Content of: <h4>
17246#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:22
17247msgid "The Constellations"
17248msgstr ""
17249
17250#. type: Content of: <p>
17251#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:24
17252msgid ""
17253"In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey "
17254"connected the stars of every constellation \"in such a way that the "
17255"resulting shape makes sense.\" What surprised him was \"that nobody has done"
17256" it before. The basic idea is so simple.\""
17257msgstr ""
17258
17259#. type: Content of: <p>
17260#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:29
17261msgid ""
17262"Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted"
17263" constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, "
17264"therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick"
17265" figures.  The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey."
17266" If you switch to \"Native\" name display mode, you may see exactly the "
17267"spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those "
17268"included in the book."
17269msgstr ""
17270
17271#. type: Content of: <h4>
17272#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:37
17273msgid "Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations"
17274msgstr ""
17275
17276#. type: Content of: <p>
17277#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:39
17278msgid ""
17279"Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and "
17280"describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of "
17281"asterisms of the two Dippers and the \"Great Square\" (of Pegasus).  "
17282"However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures "
17283"described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of"
17284" the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For "
17285"example,"
17286msgstr ""
17287
17288#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17289#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:47
17290msgid ""
17291"Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>)  to look "
17292"like a polar bear scenting prey.  This on one hand does not have the usual "
17293"problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown "
17294"to walk around the pole in this orientation."
17295msgstr ""
17296
17297#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17298#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:53
17299msgid ""
17300"The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long "
17301"upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including "
17302"its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye "
17303"<em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck."
17304msgstr ""
17305
17306#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17307#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:58
17308msgid ""
17309"The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of "
17310"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "
17311"\"keystone\" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the "
17312"star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet."
17313msgstr ""
17314
17315#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17316#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:63
17317msgid ""
17318"The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now "
17319"forming a tail fin."
17320msgstr ""
17321
17322#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17323#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:66
17324msgid "<em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head."
17325msgstr ""
17326
17327#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17328#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:68
17329msgid ""
17330"<em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace"
17331" of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)"
17332msgstr ""
17333
17334#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17335#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:75
17336msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)</a>"
17337msgstr ""
17338
17339#. type: Content of: <p>
17340#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:80
17341msgid ""
17342"This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon "
17343"example contributed by Mike Richards.  It has been reworked following the "
17344"41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti."
17345msgstr ""
17346