1<h1>Greek (Almagest)</h1> 2 3<p>This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of 4astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from 5observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius 6Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in 7Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical 8work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title 9<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek. The name <i>Almagest</i>, 10meaning “The Largest [Book]”, was developed from Arabian 11translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by 12Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal 13translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we 14made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright.</p> 15 16<p>Almagest se sastoji od 13 dijelova, nazvanih knjigama. Ptolomej je u sedmoj 17i osmoj knjizi naveo ukupno 1022 zvijezde u 48 zviježđa (među kojima je i 5 18objekata sličnih zvijezdama poslije definiranih kao kuglasti zvjezdani 19skupovi). To je tablica koordinata zvijezda s opisom njihovog položaja u 20zviježđu (poput "zvijezda na laktu X, širine, dužine i magnitude"). S 21obzirom na precesiju, Ptolomej je koristio ekliptičke koordinate. Ptolomej 22je jedan od prvih u to vrijeme uključio magnitudu, kvantitativnu ljestvicu 23zvjezdanog sjaja, vjerojatno usvojenu od Hipparha (što nije sigurno jer 24Hiparhov&rsquo katalog nije sačuvan). Ljestvica započinje najsjajnijom 25zvijezdom magnitude 1, postepeno se spuštajući se na 6. magnitudu za jedva 26vidljive zvijezde.</p> 27 28<p>Za izračunavanje položaja planeta Ptolomej je koristio geocentrični model 29(što je 'dopušteno' jer promatrač uvijek stoji na Zemlji) i tako pridonio 30znanstvenom uvjerenju da heliocentrični model Aristarha nije potreban. 31Međutim, za <i>Almagest</i> katalog zvijezda, to uopće nije važno jer 32katalog zvijezda uvijek predstavlja svojevrsni popis nepokretnih točaka na 33nebu, a Ptolomejev proklamirani cilj kataloga bio je pružiti popis za 34izradu nebeskog globusa (vidi Alm., VIII, 3). Budući da je bio svjestan 35postojanja precesije, želio je olakšati posao budućim proizvođačima globusa 36koristeći ekliptične koordinate: Ptolomeju tada poznata precesija pomicala 37je sve zvijezde paralelno s ekliptikom, pa su se korekcije, za buduća 38razdoblja kad se globus izrađivao, mogle primijeniti jednostavnim 39oduzimanjem vrijednosti ekliptičke dužine.</p> 40 41<h2>Kako se izradila ova kultura zviježđa</h2> 42 43<h3>Nazivi zvijezda</h3> 44 45Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15. 46The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as "The star on the 47end of the tail" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such long 48strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for all 49Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they appear 50in the catalogue. For example, Polaris is given a designation "UMi 1" 51because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi). See 52the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations and 53IAU abbreviations. In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying 54outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding 55label. To see the long description for a given star, users should enable 56"Use additional names of stars" in the "View [F4]/Sky" settings and click on 57the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the 58screen. 59 60<h3>Constellation lines</h3> 61 62<p>Proces se može opisati uz pomoć ovdje predstavljene skice za Corvus</p> 63 64<p>U zviježđu Corvus (Gavran), α Crv je zvijezda "glave 65gavrana". Spojena je s "zvijezdom vrata", ε Crv. Ta 66je spojena s "zvijezdom na prsima " ζ Crv. Iz te točke dvije 67linije idu vrhova krila. γ Crv je zvijezda prednjeg krila a δ 68Crv zvijezda zadnjeg krila. Od zvijezde na prsima još jedna linija ide do 69"nožice gavrana ", zvijezde β Crv.</p> 70 71<p><img width="800" src="corvus_s.png" /></p> 72 73<p>Nakon identificiranja zvijezda temeljem njihovih koordinata i naziva, 74spojili smo zvijezde linijama prema opisima danim u tablici 75<i>Almagesta</i>.</p> 76 77<p>The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, 78e.g. Ptolemy uses the name 79"λαμπαδίας (The 80Torch-like)" for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, 81but this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up 82in the Almagest.</p> 83 84<p>Sljedeća tablica prikazuje izvorno ime zviježđa na grčkom i njegov prijevod 85(stupac 2 i 3) a (stupac 6) označava našu nesigurnost u rekonstrukciji 86zviježđa prema dostupnim opisima.</p> 87 88<table class="nomenclature"> 89<tr valign="top"> 90 <td><b>Skraćenica</b></td> 91 <td><b>Izvorni naziv</b></td> 92 <td><b>Prijevod</b>(direktni)</td> 93 <td><b>IAU (latinski) naziv</b></td> 94 <td><b>pomoć pri određivanju zviježđa</b></td> 95 <td><b>umjetnička sloboda</b></td> 96</tr> 97<tr valign="top"> 98 <td><notr>UMi</notr></td> 99 <td><notr>Μικρή ʾˊΑρκτος</notr></td> 100 <td>Small She-Bear</td> 101 <td><notr>Ursa Minor</notr></td> 102 <td>kao IAU zviježđe</td> 103 <td></td> 104</tr> 105<tr valign="top"> 106 <td><notr>UMa</notr></td> 107 <td><notr>Μεγαλή ʾˊΑρκτος</notr></td> 108 <td>Great She-Bear</td> 109 <td><notr>Ursa Major</notr></td> 110 <td>kao IAU zviježđe</td> 111 <td></td> 112</tr> 113<tr valign="top"> 114 <td><notr>Dra</notr></td> 115 <td><notr>Δράκων</notr></td> 116 <td>Zmaj</td> 117 <td><notr>Draco</notr></td> 118 <td>svi trokuti i četverokuti su kralješci ili dijelovi tijela; linija iz glave 119predstavlja jezik</td> 120 <td></td> 121</tr> 122 <tr valign="top"> 123 <td><notr>Cep</notr></td> 124 <td><notr>Κηφεύς</notr></td> 125 <td>Cefej</td> 126 <td><notr>Cepheus</notr></td> 127 <td>kralj, naglavce </td> 128 <td>tri zvijezde glave predstavljaju tijaru; β viđenu kao dio pojasa, iako 129Almagest kaže ispod pojasa</td> 130</tr> 131<tr valign="top"> 132 <td><notr>Boo</notr></td> 133 <td><notr>Βοώτης</notr></td> 134 <td>Orač</td> 135 <td><notr>Boötes</notr></td> 136 <td>u ruci ima pastirski štap (ω)</td> 137 <td>zvijezda HIP 72582 dodana kao zvijezda vrata</td> 138</tr> 139<tr valign="top"> 140 <td><notr>CrB</notr></td> 141 <td><notr>Στέφανος</notr></td> 142 <td>Kruna</td> 143 <td><notr>Corona Borealis</notr></td> 144 <td>like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text</td> 145 <td></td> 146</tr> 147<tr valign="top"> 148 <td><notr>Her</notr></td> 149 <td><notr>ʿΕνγόνασιν</notr></td> 150 <td>Klečatelj</td> 151 <td><notr>Hercules</notr></td> 152 <td>jedna od zvijezda nogu je najviša točka štapa u Bootesu</td> 153 <td>zvijezda HIP 82764 dodana kao zvijezda vrata</td> 154</tr> 155<tr valign="top"> 156 <td><notr>Lyr</notr></td> 157 <td><notr>Λύρα</notr></td> 158 <td>Lira</td> 159 <td><notr>Lyra</notr></td> 160 <td></td> 161 <td></td> 162</tr> 163<tr valign="top"> 164 <td><notr>Cyg</notr></td> 165 <td><notr>ʾˊΟρνις</notr></td> 166 <td>Ptica</td> 167 <td><notr>Cygnus</notr></td> 168 <td>Labud s nogama</td> 169 <td>Tips of wings connected with tail</td> 170</tr> 171<tr valign="top"> 172 <td><notr>Cas</notr></td> 173 <td><notr>Κασσιέπεια</notr></td> 174 <td>Kasiopeja</td> 175 <td><notr>Cassiopeia</notr></td> 176 <td>Kraljica koja sjedi na prijestolju</td> 177 <td>kako bi izbjegli pomutnju prijestolje nije iscrtano</td> 178</tr> 179<tr valign="top"> 180 <td><notr>Per</notr></td> 181 <td><notr>Περσεύς</notr></td> 182 <td>Perseus</td> 183 <td><notr>Perseus</notr></td> 184 <td>Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - >one of the 185stars in the cluster was used for drawing</td> 186 <td>one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more 187spherical</td> 188</tr> 189<tr valign="top"> 190 <td><notr>Aur</notr></td> 191 <td><notr>ʿΗνίοχος</notr></td> 192 <td>Kočijaš</td> 193 <td><notr>Auriga</notr></td> 194 <td>Nosi dugi ogrtač, ogrtač je ograničen na ramena i porub</td> 195 <td>o Aur dodana kao zvijezda vrata; 1 Aur je dodana kao rubna zvijezda</td> 196</tr> 197<tr valign="top"> 198 <td><notr>Oph</notr></td> 199 <td><notr>ʾΟφιούχος</notr></td> 200 <td>Zmijonosac</td> 201 <td><notr>Ophiuchus</notr></td> 202 <td>nosi zmiju u ruci</td> 203 <td>a star added as neck star</td> 204</tr> 205<tr valign="top"> 206 <td><notr>Ser</notr></td> 207 <td><notr>ʾˊΟφις</notr></td> 208 <td>Zmija</td> 209 <td><notr>Serpens</notr></td> 210 <td>dva odvojena dijela zmije (glava i rep); kvadrat je glava</td> 211 <td></td> 212</tr> 213<tr valign="top"> 214 <td><notr>Sge</notr></td> 215 <td><notr>ʾΟιστός</notr></td> 216 <td>Strelica</td> 217 <td><notr>Sagitta</notr></td> 218 <td>kao IAU zviježđe, η Sge nedostaje </td> 219 <td></td> 220</tr> 221<tr valign="top"> 222 <td><notr>Aql</notr></td> 223 <td><notr>ʾΑετός</notr></td> 224 <td>Orao</td> 225 <td><notr>Aquila</notr></td> 226 <td>τ Aql as head star, β as neck, Altair is between shoulders, γ 227and μ are shoulders</td> 228 <td></td> 229</tr> 230<tr valign="top"> 231 <td><notr>Del</notr></td> 232 <td><notr>Δελφίς</notr></td> 233 <td>Delfin</td> 234 <td><notr>Delphinus</notr></td> 235 <td></td> 236 <td>uglađeni oblik</td> 237</tr> 238<tr valign="top"> 239 <td><notr>Equ</notr></td> 240 <td><notr>Προτομή</notr></td> 241 <td>Prsa [konja]</td> 242 <td><notr>Equuleus</notr></td> 243 <td></td> 244 <td></td> 245</tr> 246<tr valign="top"> 247 <td><notr>Peg</notr></td> 248 <td><notr>ʿˊΙππος</notr></td> 249 <td>Konj</td> 250 <td><notr>Pegasus</notr></td> 251 <td>s grivom i jednim krilom</td> 252 <td></td> 253</tr> 254<tr valign="top"> 255 <td><notr>And</notr></td> 256 <td><notr>ʾΑνδρομέδα</notr></td> 257 <td>Andromeda</td> 258 <td class='latin'><notr>Andromeda</notr></td> 259 <td>haljina i pojas</td> 260 <td></td> 261</tr> 262<tr valign="top"> 263 <td><notr>Tri</notr></td> 264 <td><notr>Τρίγωνος</notr></td> 265 <td>Trokut</td> 266 <td><notr>Triangulum</notr></td> 267 <td>četiri dane zvijezde  srednja zvijezda pomaknuta u jednu stranu</td> 268 <td></td> 269</tr> 270<tr valign="top"> 271 <td><notr>Ari</notr></td> 272 <td><notr>Κριός</notr></td> 273 <td>Ovan</td> 274 <td><notr>Aries</notr></td> 275 <td>okrenuta glava, samo jedan rog</td> 276 <td></td> 277</tr> 278<tr valign="top"> 279 <td><notr>Tau</notr></td> 280 <td><notr>Ταυ̃ρος</notr></td> 281 <td>Bik</td> 282 <td><notr>Taurus</notr></td> 283 <td>pola tijela, samo dvije noge vidljive; smjer pogleda prema promatraču</td> 284 <td></td> 285</tr> 286<tr valign="top"> 287 <td><notr>Gem</notr></td> 288 <td><notr>Δίδυμοι</notr></td> 289 <td>Blizanci</td> 290 <td><notr>Gemini</notr></td> 291 <td>jedna zajednička zvijezda; međusobni dodir rukama</td> 292 <td></td> 293</tr> 294<tr valign="top"> 295 <td><notr>Cnc</notr></td> 296 <td><notr>Καρκίνος</notr></td> 297 <td>Rak</td> 298 <td><notr>Cancer</notr></td> 299 <td>kvadratno tijelo</td> 300 <td></td> 301</tr> 302<tr valign="top"> 303 <td><notr>Leo</notr></td> 304 <td><notr>Λέων</notr></td> 305 <td>Lav</td> 306 <td><notr>Leo</notr></td> 307 <td>otvara čeljust</td> 308 <td></td> 309</tr> 310<tr valign="top"> 311 <td><notr>Vir</notr></td> 312 <td><notr>Παρθένος</notr></td> 313 <td>Djevica</td> 314 <td><notr>Virgo</notr></td> 315 <td>nema odvojene glave</td> 316 <td>slabije sjajne zvijezde dodane kako bi iscrtali krila</td> 317</tr> 318<tr valign="top"> 319 <td><notr>Lib</notr></td> 320 <td><notr>Χηλαί</notr></td> 321 <td>Kliješta [Škorpiona]</td> 322 <td><notr>Libra</notr></td> 323 <td>Ptolomej je uvijek koristio termin "kliješta", 324nikad"krakovi".</td> 325 <td></td> 326</tr> 327<tr valign="top"> 328 <td><notr>Sco</notr></td> 329 <td><notr>Σκορπίος</notr></td> 330 <td>Škorpion</td> 331 <td><notr>Scorpius</notr></td> 332 <td></td> 333 <td>ruke dodane oko glave ν i ρ</td> 334</tr> 335<tr valign="top"> 336 <td><notr>Sgr</notr></td> 337 <td><notr>Τοξότης</notr></td> 338 <td>Strijelac</td> 339 <td><notr>Sagittarius</notr></td> 340 <td>kentaur s lukom naprijed; „plaštem“ odostraga</td> 341 <td>uključeno je mnogo slabije sjajnih zvijezda u lik kako bi slika bila 342jasnija.</td> 343</tr> 344<tr valign="top"> 345 <td><notr>Cap</notr></td> 346 <td><notr>Αίγόκερος</notr></td> 347 <td>Onaj s kozjim rogom</td> 348 <td><notr>Capricornus</notr></td> 349 <td>riblji rep; dvije vidljive noge</td> 350 <td></td> 351</tr> 352<tr valign="top"> 353 <td><notr>Aqr</notr></td> 354 <td><notr>ʿΥδροχόος</notr></td> 355 <td>Vodenjak</td> 356 <td><notr>Aquarius</notr></td> 357 <td>voda izvan vrča</td> 358 <td></td> 359</tr> 360<tr valign="top"> 361 <td><notr>Psc</notr></td> 362 <td><notr>ʾΙχθύες</notr></td> 363 <td>[2] Ribe</td> 364 <td><notr>Pisces</notr></td> 365 <td></td> 366 <td>northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we 367took them as fin because mouth should be at g and τ Psc. Additional 368change on tail fin: extended to ρ</td> 369</tr> 370<tr valign="top"> 371 <td><notr>Cet</notr></td> 372 <td><notr>Κη̃τος</notr></td> 373 <td>Morsko čudovište</td> 374 <td><notr>Cetus</notr></td> 375 <td></td> 376 <td>Tijelo ne ide kroz zvijezdu τ, nego kroz zvijezdu υ</td> 377</tr> 378<tr valign="top"> 379 <td><notr>Ori</notr></td> 380 <td><notr>ʾΩρίων</notr></td> 381 <td>Orion</td> 382 <td class='latin'><notr>Orion</notr></td> 383 <td></td> 384 <td>The "head" is labeled as "nebulous" which means Ptolemy 385interpreted φ<sub>1</sub>, φ<sub>2</sub>, and λ, together 386with fainter stars between them as a "cluster" (or association 387which is more extended than the modern "λ Ori 388Assoc."). Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars 389anymore, but a connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders.</td> 390</tr> 391<tr valign="top"> 392 <td><notr>Eri</notr></td> 393 <td><notr>Ποταμοός</notr></td> 394 <td>Rijeka [bezimena]</td> 395 <td><notr>Eridanus</notr></td> 396 <td>Like IAU constellation, but shorter</td> 397 <td></td> 398</tr> 399<tr valign="top"> 400 <td><notr>Lep</notr></td> 401 <td><notr>Λαγω̃ς</notr></td> 402 <td>Zec</td> 403 <td><notr>Lepus</notr></td> 404 <td></td> 405 <td>uzete su "4 zvijezde iznad ušiju" kao uho</td> 406</tr> 407<tr valign="top"> 408 <td><notr>CMa</notr></td> 409 <td><notr>Κύων</notr></td> 410 <td>Pas</td> 411 <td><notr>Canis Major</notr></td> 412 <td></td> 413 <td></td> 414</tr> 415<tr valign="top"> 416 <td><notr>CMi</notr></td> 417 <td><notr>Προκύων</notr></td> 418 <td>Onaj prije Psa</td> 419 <td><notr>Canis Minor</notr></td> 420 <td></td> 421 <td>In Almagest, the name of the constellation is "The One before the 422Dog" or "Harbinger of Sirius" as Toomer puts it. However, 423β CMi is called "the neck" (of whom is unknown). We drew a 424little dog with γ and ε as head; α, β, η and 425HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with 426δ<sub>2</sub> and δ<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634</td> 427</tr> 428<tr valign="top"> 429 <td><notr>Arg</notr></td> 430 <td><notr>ʾΑργω</notr></td> 431 <td>Brod "Argo"</td> 432 <td><notr>Argo</notr></td> 433 <td>smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel</td> 434 <td>Mnoge zvijezde nisu integrirane u zviježđe kako bi tvorile oblik nalik 435brodu; u mnogim je prikazima (uključujući drevni farnski globus) naslikana 436samo polovica broda.</td> 437</tr> 438<tr valign="top"> 439 <td><notr>Hya</notr></td> 440 <td><notr>ʿˊΥδρος</notr></td> 441 <td>Vodena zmija</td> 442 <td><notr>Hydra</notr></td> 443 <td>kao IAU zviježđe</td> 444 <td></td> 445</tr> 446<tr valign="top"> 447 <td><notr>Crt</notr></td> 448 <td><notr>Κρατ̀ηρ</notr></td> 449 <td>Vrč (posuda)</td> 450 <td><notr>Crater</notr></td> 451 <td></td> 452 <td>Krater je posebna grčka posuda za mješanje vina koja izgleda poput amfore 453ili vaze: <a 454href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a> 455Ptolomej opisuje samo jednu zvijezdu u podnožju (α Crt) te dvije ručke 456(η, θ Crt)</td> 457</tr> 458<tr valign="top"> 459 <td><notr>Crv</notr></td> 460 <td><notr>Κóραξ</notr></td> 461 <td>Gavran</td> 462 <td><notr>Corvus</notr></td> 463 <td>kao IAU zviježđe</td> 464 <td></td> 465</tr> 466<tr valign="top"> 467 <td><notr>Cen</notr></td> 468 <td><notr>Κένταυρος</notr></td> 469 <td>Kentaur</td> 470 <td><notr>Centaurus</notr></td> 471 <td></td> 472 <td>deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of ω Cen (cluster) taken 473as star on the back. ‘Thyrsus‘ not drawn (to avoid confusion), 474backward arm added.</td> 475</tr> 476<tr valign="top"> 477 <td><notr>Lup</notr></td> 478 <td><notr>Θηρίον</notr></td> 479 <td>Zvijer</td> 480 <td><notr>Lupus</notr></td> 481 <td></td> 482 <td>β described as ‘End of hind leg‘ -> taken as star in the 483belly; τ<sub>1</sub> as hindleg Χ removed from head, because 484otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg</td> 485</tr> 486<tr valign="top"> 487 <td><notr>Ara</notr></td> 488 <td><notr>Θυμιατήριον</notr></td> 489 <td>Oltar</td> 490 <td><notr>Ara</notr></td> 491 <td>kao IAU zviježđe</td> 492 <td></td> 493</tr> 494<tr valign="top"> 495 <td><notr>CrA</notr></td> 496 <td><notr>Στέφανος Νότιος</notr></td> 497 <td>Južna Kruna</td> 498 <td><notr>Corona Australis</notr></td> 499 <td>like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC 500number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in 501Stellarium</td> 502 <td></td> 503</tr> 504<tr valign="top"> 505 <td><notr>PsA</notr></td> 506 <td><notr>Νότιος ʾΙχθύς</notr></td> 507 <td>Južna Riba</td> 508 <td><notr>Piscis Austrinus</notr></td> 509 <td>the fish is laying on his back</td> 510 <td>we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (β should be the tip of 511the tail but we used it as its root)</td> 512</tr> 513</table> 514 515<h2>Reference</h2> 516 <ul> 517 <li>Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, 5181990</li> 519 <li>Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, 520Leipzig, 1898</li> 521 <li>Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, 5222017</li> 523 <li>Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984</li> 524 <li>Ernie Wright: <a href="http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat" 525class='external text' rel="nofollow"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of 526the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006</li> 527 </ul> 528 529<h2>Pravo korištenja</h2> 530<p>Ova kultura zviježđa potječe od jednogodišnjeg studentskog 531istraživanja. Materijal pružamo besplatno, ali autori priloga svakako 532zaslužuju da ih citiramo prema uobičajenim pravilima. Ova kultura zviježđa 533je pružena prema Međunarodnoj javnoj licenci CC BY-ND 4.0 (dijelite ali ne 534radite izmjene bez savjetovanja sa autorima koji se uvijek moraju 535navoditi). Hvala Vam.</p> 536 537<h2>Zahvala</h2> 538<p>Autori zahvaljuju Patricku Gleasonu and Georgu Zotti za gramatičku provjeru 539i interesantne rasprave.</p> 540 541<h2>Autori</h2> 542<p>Kulturu zviježđa su sastavile i dodale u Stellarium Alina Schmidt, Lea 543Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern i Susanne M. Hoffmann: 544service@uhura-uraniae.com</p> 545<p>Written in English: the authors</p> 546
