praat-6.2.03/sys/praat.cpp

/* praat.cpp
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1992-2021 Paul Boersma
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
 * your option) any later version.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 * See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this work. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

#include "melder.h"
#include <stdarg.h>
#if defined (UNIX) || defined (macintosh)
	#include <sys/types.h>
	#include <sys/stat.h>
	#include <signal.h>
#endif
#include <locale.h>
#if defined (UNIX)
	#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#if defined (_WIN32)
	#include <windows.h>
	#include <fcntl.h>
	#include <io.h>
#endif

#include "praatP.h"
#include "praatM.h"
#include "praat_script.h"
#include "praat_version.h"
#include "site.h"
#include "machine.h"
#include "Printer.h"
#include "ScriptEditor.h"
#include "Strings_.h"
#include "../kar/UnicodeData.h"
#include "InfoEditor.h"

Thing_implement (Praat_Command, Thing, 0);

#define EDITOR  theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. editors

#define WINDOW_WIDTH 520
#define WINDOW_HEIGHT 700

/*
	Six globals, not `inline` (see praat.h 2021-04-15).
*/
structPraatApplication theForegroundPraatApplication;
PraatApplication theCurrentPraatApplication = & theForegroundPraatApplication;
structPraatObjects theForegroundPraatObjects;
PraatObjects theCurrentPraatObjects = & theForegroundPraatObjects;
structPraatPicture theForegroundPraatPicture;
PraatPicture theCurrentPraatPicture = & theForegroundPraatPicture;

static char32 programName [64];
static structMelderDir homeDir { };

/*
 * Melder_preferencesFolder: a folder containing preferences file, buttons file, message files, tracing file, plugins.
 *    Unix:   /home/miep/.praat-dir   (without slash)
 *    Windows XP/Vista/7/8/10:   \\myserver\myshare\Miep\Praat
 *                         or:   C:\Users\Miep\Praat
 *    MacOS:   /Users/Miep/Library/Preferences/Praat Prefs
 */
// inline structMelderDir Melder_preferencesFolder { };   // already declared in Melder_files.h (checked 2021-03-07)

/*
 * prefsFile: preferences file.
 *    Unix:   /home/miep/.praat-dir/prefs5
 *    Windows XP/Vista/7/8/10:   \\myserver\myshare\Miep\Praat\Preferences5.ini
 *                         or:   C:\Users\Miep\Praat\Preferences5.ini
 *    MacOS:   /Users/Miep/Library/Preferences/Praat Prefs/Prefs5
 */
static structMelderFile prefsFile { };

/*
 * buttonsFile: buttons file.
 *    Unix:   /home/miep/.praat-dir/buttons
 *    Windows XP/Vista/7/8/10:   \\myserver\myshare\Miep\Praat\Buttons5.ini
 *                         or:   C:\Users\Miep\Praat\Buttons5.ini
 *    MacOS:   /Users/Miep/Library/Preferences/Praat Prefs/Buttons5
 */
static structMelderFile buttonsFile { };

#if defined (UNIX)
	static structMelderFile pidFile { };   // like /home/miep/.praat-dir/pid
	static structMelderFile messageFile { };   // like /home/miep/.praat-dir/message
#elif defined (_WIN32)
	static structMelderFile messageFile { };   // like C:\Users\Miep\Praat\Message.txt
#endif

/*
 * tracingFile: tracing file.
 *    Unix:   /home/miep/.praat-dir/tracing
 *    Windows XP/Vista/7/8/10:   \\myserver\myshare\Miep\Praat\Tracing.txt
 *                         or:   C:\Users\Miep\Praat\Tracing.txt
 *    MacOS:   /Users/Miep/Library/Preferences/Praat Prefs/Tracing.txt
 */
static structMelderFile tracingFile { };

static GuiList praatList_objects;

/***** selection *****/

integer praat_idOfSelected (ClassInfo klas, integer inplace) {
	integer place = inplace, IOBJECT;
	if (place == 0)
		place = 1;
	if (place > 0) {
		WHERE (SELECTED && (! klas || CLASS == klas)) {
			if (place == 1)
				return ID;
			place --;
		}
	} else {
		WHERE_DOWN (SELECTED && (! klas || CLASS == klas)) {
			if (place == -1)
				return ID;
			place ++;
		}
	}
	if (inplace)
		Melder_throw (U"No ", klas ? klas -> className : U"object", U" #", inplace, U" selected.");
	else
		Melder_throw (U"No ", klas ? klas -> className : U"object", U" selected.");
	return 0;
}

autoVEC praat_idsOfAllSelected (ClassInfo klas) {
	autoVEC result = raw_VEC (praat_numberOfSelected (klas));
	integer selectedObjectNumber = 0, IOBJECT;
	WHERE (SELECTED && (! klas || CLASS == klas))
		result [++ selectedObjectNumber] = ID;
	return result;
}

char32 * praat_nameOfSelected (ClassInfo klas, integer inplace) {
	integer place = inplace, IOBJECT;
	if (place == 0)
		place = 1;
	if (place > 0) {
		WHERE (SELECTED && (! klas || CLASS == klas)) {
			if (place == 1)
				return klas ? NAME : FULL_NAME;
			place --;
		}
	} else {
		WHERE_DOWN (SELECTED && (! klas || CLASS == klas)) {
			if (place == -1)
				return klas ? NAME : FULL_NAME;
			place ++;
		}
	}
	if (inplace)
		Melder_throw (U"No ", klas ? klas -> className : U"object", U" #", inplace, U" selected.");
	else
		Melder_throw (U"No ", klas ? klas -> className : U"object", U" selected.");
	return nullptr;   // failure, but never reached anyway
}

integer praat_numberOfSelected (ClassInfo klas) {
	if (! klas)
		return theCurrentPraatObjects -> totalSelection;
	integer readableClassId = klas -> sequentialUniqueIdOfReadableClass;
	if (readableClassId == 0)
		Melder_fatal (U"No sequential unique ID for class ", klas -> className, U".");
	return theCurrentPraatObjects -> numberOfSelected [readableClassId];
}

void praat_deselect (integer IOBJECT) {
	if (! SELECTED)
		return;
	SELECTED = false;
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> totalSelection -= 1;
	integer readableClassId = theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. object -> classInfo -> sequentialUniqueIdOfReadableClass;
	Melder_assert (readableClassId != 0);
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> numberOfSelected [readableClassId] -= 1;
	if (! theCurrentPraatApplication -> batch && ! Melder_backgrounding) {
		trace (U"deselecting object ", IOBJECT);
		GuiList_deselectItem (praatList_objects, IOBJECT);
		trace (U"deselected object ", IOBJECT);
	}
}

void praat_deselectAll () {
	integer IOBJECT;
	WHERE (1)
		praat_deselect (IOBJECT);
}

void praat_select (integer IOBJECT) {
	if (SELECTED)
		return;
	SELECTED = true;
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> totalSelection += 1;
	Thing object = theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. object;
	Melder_assert (object);
	integer readableClassId = object -> classInfo -> sequentialUniqueIdOfReadableClass;
	if (readableClassId == 0)
		Melder_fatal (U"No sequential unique ID for class ", object -> classInfo -> className, U".");
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> numberOfSelected [readableClassId] += 1;
	if (! theCurrentPraatApplication -> batch && ! Melder_backgrounding)
		GuiList_selectItem (praatList_objects, IOBJECT);
}

void praat_selectAll () {
	integer IOBJECT;
	WHERE (true)
		praat_select (IOBJECT);
}

void praat_list_background () {
	integer IOBJECT;
	WHERE (SELECTED)
		GuiList_deselectItem (praatList_objects, IOBJECT);
}
void praat_list_foreground () {
	integer IOBJECT;
	WHERE (SELECTED)
		GuiList_selectItem (praatList_objects, IOBJECT);
}

autoCollection praat_getSelectedObjects () {
	autoCollection thee = Collection_create ();
	integer IOBJECT;
	LOOP {
		iam_LOOP (Daata);
		thy addItem_ref (me);
	}
	return thee;
}

char32 *praat_name (integer IOBJECT) { return str32chr (FULL_NAME, U' ') + 1; }

void praat_write_do (UiForm dia, conststring32 extension) {
	static MelderString defaultFileName;
	if (extension && str32chr (extension, U'.')) {
		/*
			Apparently, the "extension" is a complete file name.
			This should be used as the default file name.
			(This case typically occurs when saving a picture.)
		*/
		MelderString_copy (& defaultFileName, extension);
	} else {
		/*
			Apparently, the "extension" is not a complete file name.
			We are expected to prepend the "extension" with the name of a selected object.
		*/
		integer IOBJECT, found = 0;
		Daata data = nullptr;
		WHERE (SELECTED) {
			if (! data)
				data = (Daata) OBJECT;
			found += 1;
		}
		if (found == 1) {
			MelderString_copy (& defaultFileName, data -> name.get());
			if (defaultFileName.length > 200) {
				defaultFileName.string [200] = U'\0';
				defaultFileName.length = 200;
			}
			MelderString_append (& defaultFileName, U".", extension ? extension : Thing_className (data));
		} else if (! extension) {
			MelderString_copy (& defaultFileName, U"praat.Collection");
		} else {
			MelderString_copy (& defaultFileName, U"praat.", extension);
		}
	}
	UiOutfile_do (dia, defaultFileName.string);
}

static void removeAllReferencesToMoribundEditor (Editor editor) {
	/*
		Remove all references to this editor.
		It may be editing multiple objects.
	*/
	for (integer iobject = 1; iobject <= theCurrentPraatObjects -> n; iobject ++)
		for (integer ieditor = 0; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++)
			if (theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. editors [ieditor] == editor)
				theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. editors [ieditor] = nullptr;
	if (praatP. editor == editor)
		praatP. editor = nullptr;
}

/**
	Remove the "object" from the list,
	killing everything that has to do with the selection.
*/
static void praat_remove (integer iobject, bool removeVisibly) {
	Melder_assert (iobject >= 1 && iobject <= theCurrentPraatObjects -> n);
	if (theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. isBeingCreated) {
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. isBeingCreated = false;
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> totalBeingCreated --;
	}
	trace (U"deselect object ", iobject);
	if (removeVisibly)
		praat_deselect (iobject);
	trace (U"deselected object ", iobject);

	/*
		To prevent synchronization problems, kill editors before killing the data.
	*/
	for (integer ieditor = 0; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++) {
		Editor editor = theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. editors [ieditor];   // save this one reference
		if (editor) {
			trace (U"remove references to editor ", ieditor);
			removeAllReferencesToMoribundEditor (editor);
			trace (U"forget editor ", ieditor);
			if (removeVisibly)
				forget (editor);   // TODO: doesn't this call removeAllReferencesToMoribundEditor() again?
			trace (U"forgotten editor ", ieditor);
		}
	}
	MelderFile_setToNull (& theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. file);
	trace (U"free name");
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. name. reset();
	trace (U"forget object");
	forget (theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. object);   // note: this might save a file-based object to file
	trace (U"forgotten object");
}

void praat_cleanUpName (char32 *name) {
/*
	Replaces spaces and special characters by underscores.
*/
	for (; *name; name ++)
		if (str32chr (U" ,.:;\\/()[]{}~`\'<>*&^%#@!?$\"|", *name))
			*name = U'_';
}

/***** objects + commands *****/

static void praat_new_unpackCollection (autoCollection me, const char32* myName) {
	for (integer idata = 1; idata <= my size; idata ++) {
		autoDaata object;
		object. adoptFromAmbiguousOwner ((Daata) my at [idata]);
		my at [idata] = nullptr;   // disown; once the elements are autoThings, the move will handle this
		const conststring32 name = ( object -> name ? object -> name.get() : myName );
		Melder_assert (name);
		praat_new (object.move(), name);   // recurse
	}
}

void praat_newWithFile (autoDaata me, MelderFile file, conststring32 myName) {
	if (! me)
		Melder_throw (U"No object was put into the list.");

	if (my classInfo == classCollection) {
		praat_new_unpackCollection (me.static_cast_move<structCollection>(), myName);
		return;
	}

	autoMelderString name, givenName;
	if (myName && myName [0]) {
		MelderString_copy (& givenName, myName);
		/*
		 * Remove extension.
		 */
		char32 *p = str32rchr (givenName.string, U'.');
		if (p)
			*p = U'\0';
	} else {
		MelderString_copy (& givenName, my name && my name [0] ? my name.get() : U"untitled");
	}
	praat_cleanUpName (givenName.string);
	MelderString_append (& name, Thing_className (me.get()), U" ", givenName.string);

	if (theCurrentPraatObjects -> n == praat_MAXNUM_OBJECTS) {
		//forget (me);
		Melder_throw (U"The Object Window cannot contain more than ", praat_MAXNUM_OBJECTS, U" objects. You could remove some objects.");
	}

	integer IOBJECT = ++ theCurrentPraatObjects -> n;
	Melder_assert (FULL_NAME == nullptr);
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. name = Melder_dup_f (name.string);   // all right to crash if out of memory
	++ theCurrentPraatObjects -> uniqueId;

	if (! theCurrentPraatApplication -> batch)   // put a new object on the screen, at the bottom of the list
		GuiList_insertItem (
			praatList_objects,
			Melder_cat (theCurrentPraatObjects -> uniqueId, U". ", name.string),
			theCurrentPraatObjects -> n
		);
	CLASS = my classInfo;
	OBJECT = me.releaseToAmbiguousOwner();   // FIXME: should be move()
	SELECTED = false;
	for (int ieditor = 0; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++)
		EDITOR [ieditor] = nullptr;
	if (file)
		MelderFile_copy (file, & theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. file);
	else
		MelderFile_setToNull (& theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. file);
	ID = theCurrentPraatObjects -> uniqueId;
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. isBeingCreated = true;
	Thing_setName (OBJECT, givenName.string);
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> totalBeingCreated ++;
}

static MelderString thePraatNewName;
void praat_new (autoDaata me) {
	praat_newWithFile (me.move(), nullptr, U"");
}
void praat_new (autoDaata me, const MelderArg& arg) {
	praat_newWithFile (me.move(), nullptr, arg._arg);
}
void praat_new (autoDaata me,
	const MelderArg& arg1, const MelderArg& arg2, const MelderArg& arg3,
	const MelderArg& arg4, const MelderArg& arg5)
{
	MelderString_copy (& thePraatNewName, arg1._arg, arg2._arg, arg3._arg, arg4._arg, arg5._arg);
	praat_new (me.move(), thePraatNewName.string);
}

void praat_updateSelection () {
	if (theCurrentPraatObjects -> totalBeingCreated > 0) {
		integer IOBJECT;
		praat_deselectAll ();
		WHERE (theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. isBeingCreated) {
			praat_select (IOBJECT);
			theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. isBeingCreated = false;
		}
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> totalBeingCreated = 0;
		praat_show ();
	}
}

static void gui_cb_list_selectionChanged (Thing /* boss */, GuiList_SelectionChangedEvent event) {
	Melder_assert (event -> list == praatList_objects);
	integer IOBJECT;
	bool first = true;
	WHERE (SELECTED) {
		SELECTED = false;
		integer readableClassId = theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. object -> classInfo -> sequentialUniqueIdOfReadableClass;
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> numberOfSelected [readableClassId] --;
		Melder_assert (theCurrentPraatObjects -> numberOfSelected [readableClassId] >= 0);
	}
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> totalSelection = 0;
	autoINTVEC selected = GuiList_getSelectedPositions (praatList_objects);
	for (integer iselected = 1; iselected <= selected.size; iselected ++) {
		IOBJECT = selected [iselected];
		SELECTED = true;
		integer readableClassId = theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. object -> classInfo -> sequentialUniqueIdOfReadableClass;
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> numberOfSelected [readableClassId] ++;
		Melder_assert (theCurrentPraatObjects -> numberOfSelected [readableClassId] > 0);
		UiHistory_write (first ? U"\nselectObject: \"" : U"\nplusObject: \"");
		UiHistory_write_expandQuotes (FULL_NAME);
		UiHistory_write (U"\"");
		first = false;
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> totalSelection += 1;
	}
	praat_show ();
}

void praat_list_renameAndSelect (integer position, conststring32 name) {
	if (! theCurrentPraatApplication -> batch) {
		GuiList_replaceItem (praatList_objects, name, position);   // void if name equal
		if (! Melder_backgrounding)
			GuiList_selectItem (praatList_objects, position);
	}
}

/***** objects *****/

void praat_name2 (char32 *name, ClassInfo klas1, ClassInfo klas2) {
	int i1 = 1;
	while (theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i1]. isSelected == 0 || theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i1]. klas != klas1)
		i1 ++;
	int i2 = 1;
	while (theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i2]. isSelected == 0 || theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i2]. klas != klas2)
		i2 ++;
	char32 *name1 = str32chr (theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i1]. name.get(), U' ') + 1;
	char32 *name2 = str32chr (theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i2]. name.get(), U' ') + 1;
	if (str32equ (name1, name2))
		Melder_sprint (name,200, name1);
	else
		Melder_sprint (name,200, name1, U"_", name2);
}

void praat_removeObject (integer i) {
	praat_remove (i, true);   // dangle
	for (integer j = i; j < theCurrentPraatObjects -> n; j ++)
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [j] = std::move (theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [j + 1]);   // undangle but create second references
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [theCurrentPraatObjects -> n]. name. reset ();
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [theCurrentPraatObjects -> n]. object = nullptr;   // undangle or remove second reference
	theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [theCurrentPraatObjects -> n]. isSelected = 0;
	for (int ieditor = 0; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++)
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [theCurrentPraatObjects -> n]. editors [ieditor] = nullptr;   // undangle or remove second reference
	MelderFile_setToNull (& theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [theCurrentPraatObjects -> n]. file);   // undangle or remove second reference
	-- theCurrentPraatObjects -> n;
	if (! theCurrentPraatApplication -> batch)
		GuiList_deleteItem (praatList_objects, i);
}

static void praat_exit (int exit_code) {
//Melder_setTracing (true);
	integer IOBJECT;
	trace (U"destroy the picture window");
	praat_picture_exit ();
	praat_statistics_exit ();   // record total memory use across sessions

	if (! praatP.ignorePreferenceFiles) {
		trace (U"stop receiving messages");
		#if defined (UNIX)
			/*
			 * We are going to delete the process id ("pid") file, if it's ours.
			 */
			if (pidFile. path [0]) {
				try {
					/*
					 * To see whether we own the pid file,
					 * we look into it to see whether its pid equals our pid.
					 * If not, then we are probably living in an old invocation of the program,
					 * and the pid file was written by the latest invocation of the program,
					 * which owns the pid (this means sendpraat can only send to the latest Praat if more than one are open).
					 */
					autofile f = Melder_fopen (& pidFile, "r");
					long_not_integer pid;
					if (fscanf (f, "%ld", & pid) < 1)
						throw MelderError ();
					f.close (& pidFile);
					if (pid == getpid ())   // is the pid in the pid file equal to our pid?
						MelderFile_delete (& pidFile);   // ...then we own the pid file and can delete it
				} catch (MelderError) {
					Melder_clearError ();   // if the pid file is somehow missing or corrupted, we just ignore that
				}
			}
		#endif

		trace (U"save the preferences");
		Melder_assert (str32equ (Melder_double (1.5), U"1.5"));   // refuse to write the preferences if the locale is wrong (even if tracing is on)
		Preferences_write (& prefsFile);

		trace (U"save the script buttons");
		if (! theCurrentPraatApplication -> batch) {
			try {
				autoMelderString buffer;
				MelderString_append (& buffer, U"# Buttons (1).\n");
				MelderString_append (& buffer, U"# This file is generated automatically when you quit the ", praatP.title.get(), U" program.\n");
				MelderString_append (& buffer, U"# It contains the buttons that you added interactively to the fixed or dynamic menus,\n");
				MelderString_append (& buffer, U"# and the buttons that you hid or showed.\n\n");
				praat_saveAddedMenuCommands (& buffer);
				praat_saveToggledMenuCommands (& buffer);
				praat_saveAddedActions (& buffer);
				praat_saveToggledActions (& buffer);
				MelderFile_writeText (& buttonsFile, buffer.string, kMelder_textOutputEncoding::ASCII_THEN_UTF16);
			} catch (MelderError) {
				Melder_clearError ();
			}
		}
	}

	trace (U"flush the file-based objects");
	WHERE_DOWN (! MelderFile_isNull (& theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. file)) {
		trace (U"removing object based on file ", & theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [IOBJECT]. file);
		praat_remove (IOBJECT, false);
	}
	Melder_files_cleanUp ();   // in case a URL is open

	trace (U"leave the program");
	praat_menuCommands_exit_optimizeByLeaking ();   // these calls are superflous if subsequently _Exit() is called instead of exit()
	praat_actions_exit_optimizeByLeaking ();
	Preferences_exit_optimizeByLeaking ();
	/*
		OPTIMIZE with an exercise in self-documenting code
	*/
	constexpr bool weWouldLikeToOptimizeExitingSpeed = ((true));
	constexpr bool callingExitTimeDestructorsIsSlow = (true);
	constexpr bool notCallingExitTimeDestructorsCausesCorrectBehaviour = (true);
	constexpr bool weAreReallySureAboutThat = (true);
	constexpr bool weWillUseUnderscoreExitInsteadOfExit =
			weWouldLikeToOptimizeExitingSpeed &&
			callingExitTimeDestructorsIsSlow &&
			notCallingExitTimeDestructorsCausesCorrectBehaviour &&
			weAreReallySureAboutThat;
	if ((weWillUseUnderscoreExitInsteadOfExit)) {
		constexpr bool underscoreExitHasMoreSideEffectsThanJustNotCallingExitTimeDestructors = (true);
		constexpr bool avoidOtherSideEffectsOfUnderscoreExit =
				underscoreExitHasMoreSideEffectsThanJustNotCallingExitTimeDestructors;
		if ((avoidOtherSideEffectsOfUnderscoreExit)) {
			constexpr bool oneSideEffectIsThatOpenOutputFilesAreNotFlushed = true;
			constexpr bool weShouldFlushAllOpenOutputFilesWhoseNonflushingWouldCauseIncorrectBehaviour =
					oneSideEffectIsThatOpenOutputFilesAreNotFlushed;
			if ((weShouldFlushAllOpenOutputFilesWhoseNonflushingWouldCauseIncorrectBehaviour)) {
				constexpr bool stdoutIsOpen = (true);
				constexpr bool stderrIsOpen = (true);
				constexpr bool stdoutIsBufferedByDefault = true;
				constexpr bool stderrIsBufferedByDefault = false;
				constexpr bool weKnowThatSetbufHasNotBeenCalledOnStdout = (false);
				constexpr bool weKnowThatSetbufHasNotBeenCalledOnStderr = (false);
				constexpr bool stdoutHasCertainlyBeenFlushed =
						! stdoutIsBufferedByDefault && weKnowThatSetbufHasNotBeenCalledOnStdout;
				constexpr bool stderrHasCertainlyBeenFlushed =
						! stderrIsBufferedByDefault && weKnowThatSetbufHasNotBeenCalledOnStderr;
				constexpr bool notFlushingStdoutCouldCauseIncorrectBehaviour =
						stdoutIsOpen && ! stdoutHasCertainlyBeenFlushed;
				constexpr bool notFlushingStderrCouldCauseIncorrectBehaviour =
						stderrIsOpen && ! stderrHasCertainlyBeenFlushed;
				constexpr bool shouldFlushStdout = notFlushingStdoutCouldCauseIncorrectBehaviour;
				constexpr bool shouldFlushStderr = notFlushingStderrCouldCauseIncorrectBehaviour;
				if ((shouldFlushStdout))
					fflush (stdout);
				if ((shouldFlushStderr))
					fflush (stderr);
				constexpr bool thereAreOtherOpenFiles = (false);
				constexpr bool thereAreOtherOpenFilesWhoseNonflushingCouldCauseIncorrectBehaviour =
						thereAreOtherOpenFiles;
				if ((! thereAreOtherOpenFilesWhoseNonflushingCouldCauseIncorrectBehaviour)) {}
			}
			constexpr bool thereAreNoOtherSideEffectsBesideNotCallingExitDestructorsAndNotFlushingOpenFiles = (true);
			if ((thereAreNoOtherSideEffectsBesideNotCallingExitDestructorsAndNotFlushingOpenFiles)) {}
		}
		_Exit (exit_code);
	} else {
		exit (exit_code);
	}
}

static void cb_Editor_destruction (Editor me) {
	removeAllReferencesToMoribundEditor (me);
}

static void cb_Editor_dataChanged (Editor me) {
	for (integer iobject = 1; iobject <= theCurrentPraatObjects -> n; iobject ++) {
		/*
			Am I editing this object?
		*/
		bool editingThisObject = false;
		for (int ieditor = 0; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++)
			editingThisObject |= ( theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. editors [ieditor] == me );
		if (editingThisObject) {
			/*
				Notify all other editors associated with this object.
			*/
			for (int ieditor = 0; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++) {
				Editor otherEditor = theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iobject]. editors [ieditor];
				if (otherEditor && otherEditor != me)
					Editor_dataChanged (otherEditor);
			}
		}
	}
}

static void cb_Editor_publication (Editor /* me */, autoDaata publication) {
/*
   The default publish callback.
   Works nicely if the publisher invents a name.
*/
	try {
		praat_new (publication.move(), U"");
	} catch (MelderError) {
		Melder_flushError ();
	}
	praat_updateSelection ();
}

void praat_installEditor (Editor editor, integer IOBJECT) {
	if (! editor)
		return;
	for (integer ieditor = 0; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++) {
		if (! EDITOR [ieditor]) {
			EDITOR [ieditor] = editor;
			Editor_setDestructionCallback (editor, cb_Editor_destruction);
			Editor_setDataChangedCallback (editor, cb_Editor_dataChanged);
			if (! editor -> d_publicationCallback)
				Editor_setPublicationCallback (editor, cb_Editor_publication);
			//Thing_setName (editor, Melder_cat (editor -> name.get(), U" [", ieditor + 1, U"]"));   // would break existing scripts
			return;
		}
	}
	Melder_throw (U"(praat_installEditor:) Cannot have more than ", praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS, U" editors with one object.");
}

void praat_installEditor2 (Editor editor, integer i1, integer i2) {
	if (! editor)
		return;
	integer ieditor1 = 0;
	for (; ieditor1 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor1 ++)
		if (! theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i1]. editors [ieditor1])
			break;
	integer ieditor2 = 0;
	for (; ieditor2 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor2 ++)
		if (! theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i2]. editors [ieditor2])
			break;
	if (ieditor1 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS && ieditor2 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS) {
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i1]. editors [ieditor1] = theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i2]. editors [ieditor2] = editor;
		Editor_setDestructionCallback (editor, cb_Editor_destruction);
		Editor_setDataChangedCallback (editor, cb_Editor_dataChanged);
		if (! editor -> d_publicationCallback)
			Editor_setPublicationCallback (editor, cb_Editor_publication);
	} else {
		Melder_throw (U"(praat_installEditor2:) Cannot have more than ", praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS, U" editors with one object.");
	}
}

void praat_installEditor3 (Editor editor, integer i1, integer i2, integer i3) {
	if (! editor)
		return;
	integer ieditor1 = 0;
	for (; ieditor1 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor1 ++)
		if (! theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i1]. editors [ieditor1])
			break;
	integer ieditor2 = 0;
	for (; ieditor2 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor2 ++)
		if (! theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i2]. editors [ieditor2])
			break;
	integer ieditor3 = 0;
	for (; ieditor3 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor3 ++)
		if (! theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i3]. editors [ieditor3])
			break;
	if (ieditor1 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS && ieditor2 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS && ieditor3 < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS) {
		theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i1]. editors [ieditor1] = theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i2]. editors [ieditor2] = theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [i3]. editors [ieditor3] = editor;
		Editor_setDestructionCallback (editor, cb_Editor_destruction);
		Editor_setDataChangedCallback (editor, cb_Editor_dataChanged);
		if (! editor -> d_publicationCallback)
			Editor_setPublicationCallback (editor, cb_Editor_publication);
	} else {
		Melder_throw (U"(praat_installEditor3:) Cannot have more than ", praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS, U" editors with one object.");
	}
}

void praat_installEditorN (Editor editor, DaataList objects) {
	if (! editor)
		return;
	/*
		First check whether all objects in the Ordered are also in the List of Objects (Praat crashes if not),
		and check whether there is room to add an editor for each.
	*/
	for (integer iOrderedObject = 1; iOrderedObject <= objects->size; iOrderedObject ++) {
		Daata object = objects->at [iOrderedObject];
		integer iPraatObject = 1;
		for (; iPraatObject <= theCurrentPraatObjects -> n; iPraatObject ++) {
			if (object == theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iPraatObject]. object) {
				int ieditor = 0;
				for (; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++)
					if (! theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iPraatObject]. editors [ieditor])
						break;
				if (ieditor >= praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS)
					Melder_throw (U"Cannot view the same object in more than ", praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS, U" windows.");
				break;
			}
		}
		Melder_assert (iPraatObject <= theCurrentPraatObjects -> n);   // an element of the Ordered does not occur in the List of Objects
	}
	/*
		There appears to be room for all elements of the Ordered. The editor window can appear. Install the editor in all objects.
	*/
	for (integer iOrderedObject = 1; iOrderedObject <= objects->size; iOrderedObject ++) {
		Daata object = objects->at [iOrderedObject];
		integer iPraatObject = 1;
		for (; iPraatObject <= theCurrentPraatObjects -> n; iPraatObject ++) {
			if (object == theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iPraatObject]. object) {
				int ieditor = 0;
				for (; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++) {
					if (! theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iPraatObject]. editors [ieditor]) {
						theCurrentPraatObjects -> list [iPraatObject]. editors [ieditor] = editor;
						Editor_setDestructionCallback (editor, cb_Editor_destruction);
						Editor_setDataChangedCallback (editor, cb_Editor_dataChanged);
						if (! editor -> d_publicationCallback)
							Editor_setPublicationCallback (editor, cb_Editor_publication);
						break;
					}
				}
				Melder_assert (ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS);   // we just checked, but nevertheless
				break;
			}
		}
		Melder_assert (iPraatObject <= theCurrentPraatObjects -> n);   // we already checked, but still
	}
}

void praat_dataChanged (Daata object) {
	/*
		This function can be called at error time, which is weird.
	*/
	autostring32 saveError;
	const bool duringError = Melder_hasError ();
	if (duringError) {
		if (Melder_hasCrash ())
			return;   // straight to the exit, without attempting to notify any editors of any data, which might well be corrupted
		saveError = Melder_dup_f (Melder_getError ());
		Melder_clearError ();
	}
	integer IOBJECT;
	WHERE (OBJECT == object) {
		for (int ieditor = 0; ieditor < praat_MAXNUM_EDITORS; ieditor ++) {
			Editor editor = EDITOR [ieditor];
			if (editor) {
				Editor_dataChanged (editor);
				if (duringError)
					Melder_clearError ();   // accept only the original error, and not the extra ones generated in the editors
			}
		}
	}
	if (duringError) {
		Melder_appendError_noLine (saveError.get());   // restore the original error message
		/*
			If we are during error time, then this error should be caught
			either by `throw` (see praatM.h, two occurrences) or by Melder_flushError (also see praatM.h, one occurrence).
			LAST CHECKED 2021-12-02
		*/
	}
}

static void helpProc (conststring32 query) {
	if (theCurrentPraatApplication -> batch) {
		Melder_flushError (U"Cannot view manual from batch.");
		return;
	}
	try {
		autoManual manual = Manual_create (query, theCurrentPraatApplication -> manPages, false);
		manual.releaseToUser();
	} catch (MelderError) {
		Melder_flushError (U"help: no help on \"", query, U"\".");
	}
}

static int publishProc (autoDaata me) {
	try {
		praat_new (me.move(), U"");
		praat_updateSelection ();
		return 1;
	} catch (MelderError) {
		Melder_throw (U"Not published.");
	}
}

/***** QUIT *****/

FORM (DO_Quit, U"Confirm Quit", U"Quit") {
	MUTABLE_LABEL (label, U"You have objects in your list!")
	OK
{
	char32 prompt [300];
	if (ScriptEditors_dirty ()) {
		if (theCurrentPraatObjects -> n)
			Melder_sprint (prompt,300, U"You have objects and unsaved scripts! Do you still want to quit ", praatP.title.get(), U"?");
		else
			Melder_sprint (prompt,300, U"You have unsaved scripts! Do you still want to quit ", praatP.title.get(), U"?");
		SET_STRING (label, prompt)
	} else if (theCurrentPraatObjects -> n) {
		Melder_sprint (prompt,300, U"You have objects in your list! Do you still want to quit ", praatP.title.get(), U"?");
		SET_STRING (label, prompt)
	} else {
		praat_exit (0);
	}
}
DO
	praat_exit (0);
	END_NO_NEW_DATA
}

static void gui_cb_quit (Thing /* me */) {
	DO_Quit (nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, false, nullptr);
}

void praat_dontUsePictureWindow () { praatP.dontUsePictureWindow = true; }

/********** INITIALIZATION OF THE PRAAT SHELL **********/

#if defined (UNIX) && ! defined (NO_GUI)
	/*
		sendpraat messages can only enter via SIGUSR1 at interrupt time.
		We generate an event that should enter the main event loop at loop time.
	*/
	static void cb_sigusr1 (int signum) {
		Melder_assert (signum == SIGUSR1);
		signal (SIGUSR1, cb_sigusr1);   // keep this handler in the air
		GdkEventProperty gevent;   // or GdkEventSetting, once we can find its signal name
		gevent. type = GDK_PROPERTY_NOTIFY;   // or GDK_SETTING
		gevent. window = gtk_widget_get_window (GTK_WIDGET (theCurrentPraatApplication -> topShell -> d_gtkWindow));
		gevent. send_event = 1;
		gevent. atom = gdk_atom_intern_static_string ("SENDPRAAT");
		gevent. time = 0;
		gevent. state = GDK_PROPERTY_NEW_VALUE;
		// Melder_casual (U"event put");
		gdk_event_put ((GdkEvent *) & gevent);   // this is safe only if gdk_event_put is reentrant, which is unlikely because the event queue is global
	}
#endif

#if defined (UNIX)
	#if ! defined (NO_GUI)
		static gboolean cb_userMessage (GtkWidget /* widget */, GdkEventProperty * /* event */, gpointer /* userData */) {
			trace (U"client event called");
			autofile f;
			try {
				f.reset (Melder_fopen (& messageFile, "r"));
			} catch (MelderError) {
				Melder_clearError ();
				return true;   // OK
			}
			long_not_integer pid = 0;
			int narg = fscanf (f, "#%ld", & pid);
			f.close (& messageFile);
			{// scope
				autoPraatBackground background;
				try {
					praat_executeScriptFromFile (& messageFile, nullptr);
				} catch (MelderError) {
					Melder_flushError (praatP.title.get(), U": message not completely handled.");
				}
			}
			if (narg != 0 && pid != 0)
				kill (pid, SIGUSR2);
			return true;
		}
	#endif
#elif defined (_WIN32)
	static int cb_userMessage () {
		autoPraatBackground background;
		try {
			praat_executeScriptFromFile (& messageFile, nullptr);
		} catch (MelderError) {
			Melder_flushError (praatP.title.get(), U": message not completely handled.");
		}
		return 0;
	}
	extern "C" char *sendpraat (void *display, const char *programName, long timeOut, const char *text);
	static void cb_openDocument (MelderFile file) {
		char32 text [kMelder_MAXPATH+25];
		/*
			The user dropped a file on the Praat icon,
			or double-clicked a Praat file,
			while Praat is already running.
		*/
		Melder_sprint (text,500, U"Read from file: ~", file -> path);
		sendpraat (nullptr, Melder_peek32to8 (praatP.title.get()), 0, Melder_peek32to8 (text));
	}
	static void cb_finishedOpeningDocuments () {
		praat_updateSelection ();
	}
#elif macintosh
	static int (*theUserMessageCallback) (char32 *message);
	static void mac_setUserMessageCallback (int (*userMessageCallback) (char32 *message)) {
		theUserMessageCallback = userMessageCallback;
	}
	static pascal OSErr mac_processSignal8 (const AppleEvent *theAppleEvent, AppleEvent * /* reply */, long /* handlerRefCon */) {
		static bool duringAppleEvent = false;   // FIXME: may have to be atomic?
		if (! duringAppleEvent) {
			char *buffer;
			Size actualSize;
			duringAppleEvent = true;
			//AEInteractWithUser (kNoTimeOut, nullptr, nullptr);   // use time out of 0 to execute immediately (without bringing to foreground)
			ProcessSerialNumber psn;
			GetCurrentProcess (& psn);
			SetFrontProcess (& psn);
			AEGetParamPtr (theAppleEvent, 1, typeUTF8Text, nullptr, nullptr, 0, & actualSize);
			buffer = (char *) malloc ((size_t) actualSize);
			AEGetParamPtr (theAppleEvent, 1, typeUTF8Text, nullptr, & buffer [0], actualSize, nullptr);
			if (theUserMessageCallback) {
				autostring32 buffer32 = Melder_8to32 (buffer);
				theUserMessageCallback (buffer32.get());
			}
			free (buffer);
			duringAppleEvent = false;
		}
		return noErr;
	}
	static int cb_userMessage (char32 *message) {
		autoPraatBackground background;
		try {
			praat_executeScriptFromText (message);
		} catch (MelderError) {
			Melder_flushError (praatP.title.get(), U": message not completely handled.");
		}
		return 0;
	}
	static int cb_quitApplication () {
		DO_Quit (nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, false, nullptr);
		return 0;
	}
#endif

static conststring32 thePraatStandAloneScriptText = nullptr;

void praat_setStandAloneScriptText (conststring32 text) {
	thePraatStandAloneScriptText = text;
}

static bool tryToAttachToTheCommandLine ()
{
	bool weHaveSucceeded = false;
	#if defined (_WIN32)
		/*
		 * On Windows, console applications are automatically attached to the command line,
		 * but Praat is always a Windows application instead, so command line attachment
		 * has to be handled explicitly, as here.
		 */
		if (AttachConsole (ATTACH_PARENT_PROCESS)) {   // was Praat called from either a console window or a "system" command?
			weHaveSucceeded = true;
		}
	#else
		weHaveSucceeded = isatty (fileno (stdin)) || isatty (fileno (stdout)) || isatty (fileno (stderr));
		/*
			The result is `true` if Praat was called from a terminal window or some system() commands or Xcode,
			and `false` if Praat was called from the Finder by double-clicking or dropping a file.

			FIXME:
			The result is incorrectly `false` if the output is redirected to a file or pipe.
			A proposed improvement is therefore:
				isatty (fileno (stdin)) || isatty (fileno (stdout)) || isatty (fileno (stderr))
			This might be incorrectly false only if all three streams are redirected, but this hasn't been tested yet.
		*/
	#endif
	return weHaveSucceeded;
}

static void setThePraatLocale () {
	#if defined (UNIX)
		setlocale (LC_ALL, "C");
		//setenv ("PULSE_LATENCY_MSEC", "1", 0);   // Rafael Laboissiere, August 2014
	#elif defined (_WIN32)
		setlocale (LC_ALL, "C");   // said to be superfluous
	#elif defined (macintosh)
		setlocale (LC_ALL, "en_US");   // required to make swprintf work correctly; the default "C" locale does not do that!
	#endif
}

static void installPraatShellPreferences () {
	praat_statistics_prefs ();   // number of sessions, memory used...
	praat_picture_prefs ();   // font...
	Graphics_prefs ();
	Ui_prefs ();
	structEditor     :: f_preferences ();   // erase picture first...
	structHyperPage  :: f_preferences ();   // font...
	Site_prefs ();   // print command...
	Melder_audio_prefs ();   // asynchronicity, silence after...
	Melder_textEncoding_prefs ();
	Printer_prefs ();   // paper size, printer command...
	structTextEditor :: f_preferences ();   // font size...
}

extern "C" void praatlib_init () {
	setThePraatLocale ();   // FIXME: don't use the global locale
	Melder_init ();
	Melder_rememberShellDirectory ();
	installPraatShellPreferences ();   // needed in the library, because this sets the defaults
	praatP.argc = 0;
	praatP.argv = nullptr;
	praatP.argumentNumber = 1;
	Melder_batch = true;
	praatP.userWantsToOpen = false;
	praatP.title = Melder_dup (U"Praatlib");
	theCurrentPraatApplication -> batch = true;
	Melder_getHomeDir (& homeDir);
	praat_actions_init ();
	praat_menuCommands_init ();
	Thing_recognizeClassesByName (classCollection, classStrings, classManPages, classStringSet, nullptr);
	Thing_recognizeClassByOtherName (classStringSet, U"SortedSetOfString");
	Melder_backgrounding = true;
	praat_addMenus (nullptr);
	praat_addFixedButtons (nullptr);
	praat_addMenus2 ();
}

static void injectMessageAndInformationProcs (GuiWindow parent) {
	Gui_injectMessageProcs (parent);
	InfoEditor_injectInformationProc ();
}

void praat_init (conststring32 title, int argc, char **argv)
{
	bool weWereStartedFromTheCommandLine = tryToAttachToTheCommandLine ();

	for (int iarg = 0; iarg < argc; iarg ++) {
		//Melder_casual (U"arg ", iarg, U": <<", Melder_peek8to32 (argv [iarg]), U">>");
	}
	setThePraatLocale ();
	Melder_init ();

	/*
		Remember the current directory. Useful only for scripts run from batch.
	*/
	Melder_rememberShellDirectory ();

	installPraatShellPreferences ();

	praatP.argc = argc;
	praatP.argv = argv;
	praatP.argumentNumber = 1;
	autostring32 unknownCommandLineOption;

	/*
	 * Running Praat from the command line.
	 */
	bool foundTheOpenOption = false, foundTheRunOption = false, foundTheTraceOption = false;
	while (praatP.argumentNumber < argc && argv [praatP.argumentNumber] [0] == '-') {
		if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-")) {
			praatP.hasCommandLineInput = true;
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--open")) {
			foundTheOpenOption = true;
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--run")) {
			foundTheRunOption = true;
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--no-pref-files")) {
			praatP.ignorePreferenceFiles = true;
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--no-plugins")) {
			praatP.ignorePlugins = true;
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else if (strnequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--pref-dir=", 11)) {
			Melder_pathToDir (Melder_peek8to32 (argv [praatP.argumentNumber] + 11), & Melder_preferencesFolder);
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--version")) {
			#define xstr(s) str(s)
			#define str(s) #s
			Melder_information (title, U" " xstr (PRAAT_VERSION_STR) " (" xstr (PRAAT_MONTH) " ", PRAAT_DAY, U" ", PRAAT_YEAR, U")");
			exit (0);
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--trace")) {
			foundTheTraceOption = true;
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--help")) {
			MelderInfo_open ();
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"Usage: praat [options] script-file-name [script-arguments]");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"Options:");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  --open           regard the command line as files to be opened in the GUI");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  --run            regard the command line as a script to run, with its arguments");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"                   (--run is superfluous when you use a Console or Terminal)");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  --no-pref-files  don't read or write the preferences file and the buttons file");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  --no-plugins     don't activate the plugins");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  --pref-dir=DIR   set the preferences directory to DIR");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  --version        print the Praat version");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  --help           print this list of command line options");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  -u, --utf16      use UTF-16LE output encoding, no BOM (the default on Windows)");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  -8, --utf8       use UTF-8 output encoding (the default on MacOS and Linux)");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  -a, --ansi       use ISO Latin-1 output encoding (lossy, hence not recommended)");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"                   (on Windows, use -8 or -a when you redirect to a pipe or file)");
			MelderInfo_writeLine (U"  --trace          switch tracing on at start-up (see Praat > Technical > Debug)");
			MelderInfo_close ();
			exit (0);
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-8") || strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--utf8")) {
			MelderConsole::setEncoding (MelderConsole::Encoding::UTF8);
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-u") || strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--utf16")) {
			MelderConsole::setEncoding (MelderConsole::Encoding::UTF16);
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-a") || strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "--ansi")) {
			MelderConsole::setEncoding (MelderConsole::Encoding::ANSI);
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		#if defined (macintosh)
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-NSDocumentRevisionsDebugMode")) {
			(void) 0;   // ignore this option, which was added by Xcode
			praatP.argumentNumber += 2;   // jump over the argument, which is usually "YES" (this jump works correctly even if this argument is missing)
		} else if (strnequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-psn_", 5)) {
			(void) 0;   // ignore this option, which was added by the Finder, perhaps when dragging a file on Praat (Process Serial Number)
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		#endif
		} else if (strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-sgi") ||
			strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-motif") ||
			strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-solaris") ||
			strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-hp") ||
			strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-sum4") ||
			strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-mac") ||
			strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-win32") ||
			strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-linux") ||
			strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-cocoa") ||
			strequ (argv [praatP.argumentNumber], "-chrome")
		) {
			praatP.argumentNumber += 1;
		} else {
			unknownCommandLineOption = Melder_8to32 (argv [praatP.argumentNumber]);
			praatP.argumentNumber = INT32_MAX;   // ignore all other command line options
			break;
		}
	}
	weWereStartedFromTheCommandLine |= foundTheRunOption;   // some external system()-like commands don't make isatty return true, so we have to help

	const bool thereIsAFileNameInTheArgumentList = ( praatP.argumentNumber < argc );
	Melder_batch = weWereStartedFromTheCommandLine && thereIsAFileNameInTheArgumentList && ! foundTheOpenOption;
	const bool fileNamesCameInByDropping = ( thereIsAFileNameInTheArgumentList && ! weWereStartedFromTheCommandLine );   // doesn't happen on the Mac
	praatP.userWantsToOpen = foundTheOpenOption || fileNamesCameInByDropping;

	if (Melder_batch) {
		Melder_assert (praatP.argumentNumber < argc);
		/*
		 * We now get the script file name. It is next on the command line
		 * (not necessarily *last* on the line, because there may be script arguments after it).
		 */
		MelderString_copy (& theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName, Melder_peek8to32 (argv [praatP.argumentNumber ++]));
		if (praatP.hasCommandLineInput)
			Melder_throw (U"Cannot have both command line input and a script file.");
	} else {
		MelderString_copy (& theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName, U"");
	}
	//Melder_casual (U"Script file name <<", theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName.string, U">>");

	Melder_batch |= !! thePraatStandAloneScriptText;

	/*
	 * Running the Praat shell from the command line:
	 *    praat -
	 */
	Melder_batch |= praatP.hasCommandLineInput;

	praatP.title = Melder_dup (title && title [0] != U'\0' ? title : U"Praat");

	theCurrentPraatApplication -> batch = Melder_batch;

	/*
	 * Construct a program name like "Praat" for file and directory names.
	 */
	str32cpy (programName, praatP.title.get());

	/*
	 * Construct a main-window title like "Praat 6.1".
	 */
	programName [0] = Melder_toLowerCase (programName [0]);

	/*
	 * Get home directory, e.g. "/home/miep/", or "/Users/miep/", or just "/".
	 */
	Melder_getHomeDir (& homeDir);

	/*
	 * Get the program's private directory (if not yet set by the --pref-dir option):
	 *    "/home/miep/.praat-dir" (Unix)
	 *    "/Users/miep/Library/Preferences/Praat Prefs" (MacOS)
	 *    "C:\Users\Miep\Praat" (Windows)
	 * and construct a preferences-file name and a script-buttons-file name like
	 *    /home/miep/.praat-dir/prefs5
	 *    /home/miep/.praat-dir/buttons5
	 * or
	 *    /Users/miep/Library/Preferences/Praat Prefs/Prefs5
	 *    /Users/miep/Library/Preferences/Praat Prefs/Buttons5
	 * or
	 *    C:\Users\Miep\Praat\Preferences5.ini
	 *    C:\Users\Miep\Praat\Buttons5.ini
	 * Also create names for message and tracing files.
	 */
	if (MelderDir_isNull (& Melder_preferencesFolder)) {   // not yet set by the --pref-dir option?
		structMelderDir prefParentDir { };   // directory under which to store our preferences directory
		Melder_getPrefDir (& prefParentDir);

		/*
		 * Make sure that the program's private directory exists.
		 */
		char32 name [256];
		#if defined (UNIX)
			Melder_sprint (name,256, U".", programName, U"-dir");   // for example .praat-dir
		#elif defined (macintosh)
			Melder_sprint (name,256, praatP.title.get(), U" Prefs");   // for example Praat Prefs
		#elif defined (_WIN32)
			Melder_sprint (name,256, praatP.title.get());   // for example Praat
		#endif
		try {
			#if defined (UNIX) || defined (macintosh)
				Melder_createDirectory (& prefParentDir, name, S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IROTH | S_IXOTH);
			#else
				Melder_createDirectory (& prefParentDir, name, 0);
			#endif
			MelderDir_getSubdir (& prefParentDir, name, & Melder_preferencesFolder);
		} catch (MelderError) {
			/*
			 * If we arrive here, the directory could not be created,
			 * and all the files are null. Praat should nevertheless start up.
			 */
			Melder_clearError ();
		}
	}
	if (! MelderDir_isNull (& Melder_preferencesFolder)) {
		#if defined (UNIX)
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"prefs5", & prefsFile);
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"buttons5", & buttonsFile);
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"pid", & pidFile);
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"message", & messageFile);
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"tracing", & tracingFile);
		#elif defined (_WIN32)
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"Preferences5.ini", & prefsFile);
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"Buttons5.ini", & buttonsFile);
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"Message.txt", & messageFile);
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"Tracing.txt", & tracingFile);
		#elif defined (macintosh)
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"Prefs5", & prefsFile);
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"Buttons5", & buttonsFile);
			MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"Tracing.txt", & tracingFile);
		#endif
		Melder_tracingToFile (& tracingFile);
		if (foundTheTraceOption)
			Melder_setTracing (true);
	}

	#if defined (NO_GUI)
		if (! Melder_batch) {
			fprintf (stderr, "A no-GUI edition of Praat cannot be used interactively. "
				"Supply \"--run\" and a script file name on the command line.\n");
			exit (1);
		}
	#endif
	#if defined (UNIX)
		if (! Melder_batch) {
			/*
			 * Make sure that the directory /home/miep/.praat-dir exists,
			 * and write our process id into the pid file.
			 * Messages from "sendpraat" are caught very early this way,
			 * though they will be responded to much later.
			 */
			try {
				autofile f = Melder_fopen (& pidFile, "w");
				fprintf (f, "%s", Melder8_integer (getpid ()));
				f.close (& pidFile);
			} catch (MelderError) {
				Melder_clearError ();
			}
		}
	#elif defined (_WIN32)
		if (! Melder_batch)
			motif_win_setUserMessageCallback (cb_userMessage);
	#elif defined (macintosh)
		if (! Melder_batch) {
			mac_setUserMessageCallback (cb_userMessage);
			Gui_setQuitApplicationCallback (cb_quitApplication);   // BUG: the Quit Application message (from the system) is never actually handled
		}
	#endif

	/*
	 * Make room for commands.
	 */
	trace (U"initing actions");
	praat_actions_init ();
	trace (U"initing menu commands");
	praat_menuCommands_init ();

	GuiWindow raam = nullptr;
	if (Melder_batch) {
		MelderString_empty (& theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName);
		for (int i = praatP.argumentNumber - 1; i < argc; i ++) {
			if (i >= praatP.argumentNumber)
				MelderString_append (& theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName, U" ");
			bool needsQuoting = !! strchr (argv [i], ' ') && (i == praatP.argumentNumber - 1 || i < argc - 1);
			if (needsQuoting)
				MelderString_append (& theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName, U"\"");
			MelderString_append (& theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName, Melder_peek8to32 (argv [i]));
			if (needsQuoting)
				MelderString_append (& theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName, U"\"");
		}
	} else {
		trace (U"starting the application");
		Machine_initLookAndFeel (argc, argv);
		/*
		 * Start the application.
		 */
		#if gtk
			trace (U"locale ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
			g_set_application_name (Melder_peek32to8 (title));
			trace (U"locale ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
		#elif motif
			argv [0] = Melder_32to8 (praatP. title.get()).transfer();   // argc == 4
			Gui_setOpenDocumentCallback (cb_openDocument, cb_finishedOpeningDocuments);
			GuiAppInitialize ("Praatwulg", argc, argv);
		#elif cocoa
			//[NSApplication sharedApplication];
			NSApplication *theApp = [GuiCocoaApplication sharedApplication];
			/*
				We want to get rid of the Search field in the help menu.
				By default, such a Search field will come up automatically when we create a menu with the title "Help".
				By changing this title to "SomeFakeTitleOfAMenuThatWillNeverBeInstantiated",
				we trick macOS into thinking that our help menu is called "SomeFakeTitleOfAMenuThatWillNeverBeInstantiated".
				As a result, the Search field will come up only when we create a menu
				titled "SomeFakeTitleOfAMenuThatWillNeverBeInstantiated", which is never.
			*/
			theApp.helpMenu = [[NSMenu alloc] initWithTitle:@"SomeFakeTitleOfAMenuThatWillNeverBeInstantiated"];
		#endif

		trace (U"creating and installing the Objects window");
		char32 objectWindowTitle [100];
		Melder_sprint (objectWindowTitle,100, praatP.title.get(), U" Objects");
		double x, y;
		trace (U"locale ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
		Gui_getWindowPositioningBounds (& x, & y, nullptr, nullptr);
		trace (U"locale ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
		theCurrentPraatApplication -> topShell = raam =
			GuiWindow_create (x + 10, y, WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT, 450, 250,
				objectWindowTitle, gui_cb_quit, nullptr, 0);
		trace (U"locale ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
		#if motif
			GuiApp_setApplicationShell (theCurrentPraatApplication -> topShell -> d_xmShell);
		#endif
		trace (U"before objects window shows locale ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
		GuiThing_show (raam);
		trace (U"after objects window shows locale ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
	}
	Thing_recognizeClassesByName (classCollection, classStrings, classManPages, classStringSet, nullptr);
	Thing_recognizeClassByOtherName (classStringSet, U"SortedSetOfString");
	if (Melder_batch) {
		Melder_backgrounding = true;
		trace (U"adding menus without GUI");
		praat_addMenus (nullptr);
		trace (U"adding fixed buttons without GUI");
		praat_addFixedButtons (nullptr);
	} else {

		#ifdef macintosh
			AEInstallEventHandler (758934755, 0, (AEEventHandlerProcPtr) (mac_processSignal8), 0, false);   // for receiving sendpraat
			injectMessageAndInformationProcs (raam);   // BUG: default Melder_assert would call printf recursively!!!
		#endif
		trace (U"creating the menu bar in the Objects window");
		GuiWindow_addMenuBar (raam);
		praatP.menuBar = raam;
		praat_addMenus (praatP.menuBar);

		trace (U"creating the object list in the Objects window");
		GuiLabel_createShown (raam, 3, -250, Machine_getMenuBarBottom () + 5, Machine_getMenuBarBottom () + 5 + Gui_LABEL_HEIGHT, U"Objects:", 0);
		praatList_objects = GuiList_create (raam, 0, -250, Machine_getMenuBarBottom () + 26, -100, true, U" Objects ");
		GuiList_setSelectionChangedCallback (praatList_objects, gui_cb_list_selectionChanged, nullptr);
		GuiThing_show (praatList_objects);
		praat_addFixedButtons (raam);

		trace (U"creating the dynamic menu in the Objects window");
		praat_actions_createDynamicMenu (raam);
		trace (U"showing the Objects window");
		GuiThing_show (raam);
		#ifdef UNIX
			if (! praatP.ignorePreferenceFiles)
				Preferences_read (& prefsFile);
		#endif
		#if ! defined (macintosh)
			trace (U"initializing the Gui late");
			injectMessageAndInformationProcs (theCurrentPraatApplication -> topShell);   // Mac: done this earlier
		#endif
		Melder_setHelpProc (helpProc);
	}
	Data_setPublishProc (publishProc);
	theCurrentPraatApplication -> manPages = ManPages_create ().releaseToAmbiguousOwner();

	trace (U"creating the Picture window");
	trace (U"before picture window shows: locale is ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
	if (! praatP.dontUsePictureWindow)
		praat_picture_init ();
	trace (U"after picture window shows: locale is ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));

	if (unknownCommandLineOption)
		Melder_fatal (U"Unrecognized command line option ", unknownCommandLineOption.get());
}

static void executeStartUpFile (MelderDir startUpDirectory, conststring32 fileNameHead, conststring32 fileNameTail) {
	char32 name [256];
	Melder_sprint (name,256, fileNameHead, programName, fileNameTail);
	if (! MelderDir_isNull (startUpDirectory)) {   // should not occur on modern systems
		structMelderFile startUp { };
		MelderDir_getFile (startUpDirectory, name, & startUp);
		if (! MelderFile_readable (& startUp))
			return;   // it's OK if the file doesn't exist
		try {
			praat_executeScriptFromFile (& startUp, nullptr);
		} catch (MelderError) {
			Melder_flushError (praatP.title.get(), U": start-up file ", & startUp, U" not completed.");
		}
	}
}

#if gtk
	#include <gdk/gdkkeysyms.h>
	static gint theKeySnooper (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventKey *event, gpointer data) {
		trace (U"keyval ", event -> keyval, U", type ", event -> type);
		if ((event -> keyval == GDK_KEY_Tab || event -> keyval == GDK_KEY_ISO_Left_Tab) && event -> type == GDK_KEY_PRESS) {
			using TabCallback = void (*) (GuiObject, gpointer);
			trace (U"tab key pressed in window ", Melder_pointer (widget));
			constexpr bool theTabKeyShouldWorkEvenIfNumLockIsOn = true;
			constexpr uint32 theProbableNumLockModifierMask = GDK_MOD2_MASK;
			constexpr uint32 modifiersToIgnore = ( theTabKeyShouldWorkEvenIfNumLockIsOn ? theProbableNumLockModifierMask : 0 );
			constexpr uint32 modifiersNotToIgnore = GDK_MODIFIER_MASK & ~ modifiersToIgnore;
			if ((event -> state & modifiersNotToIgnore) == 0) {
				if (GTK_IS_WINDOW (widget)) {
					GtkWidget *shell = gtk_widget_get_toplevel (GTK_WIDGET (widget));
					trace (U"tab pressed in GTK window ", Melder_pointer (shell));
					TabCallback tabCallback = (TabCallback) g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT (widget), "tabCallback");
					if (tabCallback) {
						trace (U"a tab callback exists");
						void *tabClosure = g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT (widget), "tabClosure");
						tabCallback (widget, tabClosure);
						return true;
					}
				}
			} else if ((event -> state & modifiersNotToIgnore) == GDK_SHIFT_MASK) {
				if (GTK_IS_WINDOW (widget)) {
					GtkWidget *shell = gtk_widget_get_toplevel (GTK_WIDGET (widget));
					trace (U"shift-tab pressed in GTK window ", Melder_pointer (shell));
					TabCallback tabCallback = (TabCallback) g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT (widget), "shiftTabCallback");
					if (tabCallback) {
						trace (U"a shift tab callback exists");
						void *tabClosure = g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT (widget), "shiftTabClosure");
						tabCallback (widget, tabClosure);
						return true;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		trace (U"end");
		return false;   // pass event on
	}
#endif

void praat_run () {
	trace (U"adding menus, second round");
	praat_addMenus2 ();
	trace (U"locale is ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));

	trace (U"adding the Quit command");
	praat_addMenuCommand (U"Objects", U"Praat", U"-- quit --", nullptr, 0, nullptr);
	praat_addMenuCommand (U"Objects", U"Praat", U"Quit", nullptr, praat_UNHIDABLE | 'Q' | praat_NO_API, DO_Quit);

	trace (U"read the preferences file, and notify those who want to be notified of this");
	/* ...namely, those who already have a window (namely, the Picture window),
	 * and those that regard the start of a new session as a meaningful event
	 * (namely, the session counter and the cross-session memory counter).
	 */
	if (! praatP.ignorePreferenceFiles) {
		Preferences_read (& prefsFile);
		if (! praatP.dontUsePictureWindow)
			praat_picture_prefsChanged ();
		praat_statistics_prefsChanged ();
	}

	praatP.phase = praat_STARTING_UP;

	trace (U"execute start-up file(s)");
	/*
	 * On Unix and the Mac, we try no less than three start-up file names.
	 */
	#if defined (UNIX) || defined (macintosh)
		structMelderDir usrLocal { };
		Melder_pathToDir (U"/usr/local", & usrLocal);
		executeStartUpFile (& usrLocal, U"", U"-startUp");
	#endif
	#if defined (UNIX) || defined (macintosh)
		executeStartUpFile (& homeDir, U".", U"-user-startUp");   // not on Windows (empty file name error)
	#endif
	#if defined (UNIX) || defined (macintosh) || defined (_WIN32)
		executeStartUpFile (& homeDir, U"", U"-user-startUp");
	#endif

	if (! MelderDir_isNull (& Melder_preferencesFolder) && ! praatP.ignorePlugins) {
		trace (U"install plug-ins");
		trace (U"locale is ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
		/* The Praat phase should remain praat_STARTING_UP,
		 * because any added commands must not be included in the buttons file.
		 */
		structMelderFile searchPattern { };
		MelderDir_getFile (& Melder_preferencesFolder, U"plugin_*", & searchPattern);
		try {
			autoSTRVEC folderNames = folderNames_STRVEC (Melder_fileToPath (& searchPattern));
			for (integer i = 1; i <= folderNames.size; i ++) {
				structMelderDir pluginDir { };
				structMelderFile plugin { };
				MelderDir_getSubdir (& Melder_preferencesFolder, folderNames [i].get(), & pluginDir);
				MelderDir_getFile (& pluginDir, U"setup.praat", & plugin);
				if (MelderFile_readable (& plugin)) {
					Melder_backgrounding = true;
					try {
						praat_executeScriptFromFile (& plugin, nullptr);
					} catch (MelderError) {
						Melder_flushError (praatP.title.get(), U": plugin ", & plugin, U" contains an error.");
					}
					Melder_backgrounding = false;
				}
			}
		} catch (MelderError) {
			Melder_clearError ();   // in case Strings_createAsDirectoryList () threw an error
		}
	}

	/*
		Check the locale, to ensure identical behaviour on all computers.
	*/
	Melder_assert (str32equ (Melder_double (1.5), U"1.5"));   // check locale settings; because of the required file portability Praat cannot stand "1,5"
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (' '));
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace ('\r'));
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace ('\n'));
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace ('\t'));
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace ('\f'));
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace ('\v'));

	{
		double *a = nullptr;
		double *b = & a [0];
		Melder_assert (! b);
	}

	/*
		According to ISO 30112, a non-breaking space is not a space.
		We do not agree, as long as spaces are assumed to be word breakers:
		non-breaking spaces are used to prevent line breaks, not to prevent word breaks.
		For instance, in English it's possible to insert a non-breaking space
		after "e.g." in "...take drastic measures, e.g. pose a ban on...",
		just because otherwise a line would end in a period that does not signal end of sentence;
		this use does not mean that "e.g." and "pose" aren't separate words.
	*/
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_NO_BREAK_SPACE));

	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_OGHAM_SPACE_MARK));   // ISO 30112

	/*
		According to ISO 30112, a Mongolian vowel separator is a space.
		However, this character is used to separate vowels *within* a word,
		so it should not be a word breaker.
		This means that as long as all spaces are assumed to be word breakers,
		this character cannot be a space.
	*/
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_MONGOLIAN_VOWEL_SEPARATOR));

	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_EN_QUAD));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_EM_QUAD));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_EN_SPACE));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_EM_SPACE));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_THREE_PER_EM_SPACE));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_FOUR_PER_EM_SPACE));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_SIX_PER_EM_SPACE));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_FIGURE_SPACE));   // questionable
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_PUNCTUATION_SPACE));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_THIN_SPACE));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_HAIR_SPACE));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_ZERO_WIDTH_SPACE));   // questionable
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_ZERO_WIDTH_NON_JOINER));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_ZERO_WIDTH_JOINER));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_ZERO_WIDTH_NO_BREAK_SPACE));   // this is the byte-order mark!
	//Melder_assert (iswspace (UNICODE_LEFT_TO_RIGHT_MARK));
	//Melder_assert (iswspace (UNICODE_RIGHT_TO_LEFT_MARK));
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_LINE_SEPARATOR));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_NARROW_NO_BREAK_SPACE));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_LEFT_TO_RIGHT_EMBEDDING));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_RIGHT_TO_LEFT_EMBEDDING));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_POP_DIRECTIONAL_FORMATTING));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_LEFT_TO_RIGHT_OVERRIDE));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_RIGHT_TO_LEFT_OVERRIDE));
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_MEDIUM_MATHEMATICAL_SPACE));   // ISO 30112
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_WORD_JOINER));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_FUNCTION_APPLICATION));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_INVISIBLE_TIMES));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_INVISIBLE_SEPARATOR));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_INHIBIT_SYMMETRIC_SWAPPING));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_ACTIVATE_SYMMETRIC_SWAPPING));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_INHIBIT_ARABIC_FORM_SHAPING));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_ACTIVATE_ARABIC_FORM_SHAPING));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_NATIONAL_DIGIT_SHAPES));
	Melder_assert (! Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_NOMINAL_DIGIT_SHAPES));
	Melder_assert (Melder_isHorizontalOrVerticalSpace (UNICODE_IDEOGRAPHIC_SPACE));   // ISO 30112; occurs on Japanese computers

	{ unsigned char dummy = 200;
		Melder_assert ((int) dummy == 200);
	}
	Melder_assert (integer_abs (-1000) == integer (1000));
	{ int dummy = 200;
		Melder_assert ((int) (signed char) dummy == -56);   // bingeti8 relies on this
		Melder_assert ((int) (unsigned char) dummy == 200);
		Melder_assert ((double) dummy == 200.0);
		Melder_assert ((double) (signed char) dummy == -56.0);
		Melder_assert ((double) (unsigned char) dummy == 200.0);
	}
	{ int64 dummy = 200;
		Melder_assert ((int) (signed char) dummy == -56);
		Melder_assert ((int) (unsigned char) dummy == 200);
		Melder_assert ((double) dummy == 200.0);
		Melder_assert ((double) (signed char) dummy == -56.0);
		Melder_assert ((double) (unsigned char) dummy == 200.0);
	}
	{ uint16 dummy = 40000;
		Melder_assert ((int) (int16) dummy == -25536);   // bingeti16 relies on this
		Melder_assert ((short) (int16) dummy == -25536);   // bingete16 relies on this
		Melder_assert ((integer) dummy == 40000);   // Melder_integer relies on this
		Melder_assert ((double) dummy == 40000.0);
		Melder_assert ((double) (int16) dummy == -25536.0);
	}
	{ unsigned int dummy = 40000;
		Melder_assert ((int) (int16) dummy == -25536);
		Melder_assert ((short) (int16) dummy == -25536);
		Melder_assert ((integer) dummy == 40000);   // Melder_integer relies on this
		Melder_assert ((double) dummy == 40000.0);
		Melder_assert ((double) (int16) dummy == -25536.0);
	}
	{
		int64 dummy = 1000000000000;
		if (! str32equ (Melder_integer (dummy), U"1000000000000"))
			Melder_fatal (U"The number 1000000000000 is mistakenly written on this machine as ", dummy, U".");
	}
	{ uint32 dummy = 0xffffffff;
		Melder_assert ((int64) dummy == 4294967295LL);
		Melder_assert (str32equ (Melder_integer (dummy), U"4294967295"));
		Melder_assert (double (dummy) == 4294967295.0);
	}
	{ double dummy = 3000000000.0;
		Melder_assert ((uint32) dummy == 3000000000);
	}
	{
		Melder_assert (str32len (U"hello") == 5);
		Melder_assert (str32ncmp (U"hellogoodbye", U"hellogee", 6) == 0);
		Melder_assert (str32ncmp (U"hellogoodbye", U"hellogee", 7) > 0);
		Melder_assert (str32str (U"hellogoodbye", U"ogo"));
		Melder_assert (! str32str (U"hellogoodbye", U"oygo"));
	}
	Melder_assert (isundef (undefined));
	Melder_assert (std::isinf (1.0 / 0.0));
	Melder_assert (std::isnan (0.0 / 0.0));
	{
		double x = sqrt (-10.0);
		//if (! std::isnan (x)) printf ("sqrt (-10.0) = %g\n", x);   // -10.0 on Windows
		x = NUMsqrt (-10.0);
		Melder_assert (isundef (x));
	}
	Melder_assert (isdefined (0.0));
	Melder_assert (isdefined (1e300));
	Melder_assert (isundef (double (1e160 * 1e160)));
	Melder_assert (isundef (pow (10.0, 330)));
	Melder_assert (isundef (0.0 / 0.0));
	Melder_assert (isundef (1.0 / 0.0));
	Melder_assert (undefined != undefined);
	Melder_assert (undefined - undefined != 0.0);
	Melder_assert ((1.0/0.0) == (1.0/0.0));
	Melder_assert ((1.0/0.0) - (1.0/0.0) != 0.0);
	{
		/*
			Assumptions made in abcio.cpp:
			`frexp()` returns an infinity if its argument is an infinity,
			and not-a-number if its argument is not-a-number.
		*/
		int exponent;
		Melder_assert (isundef (frexp (HUGE_VAL, & exponent)));
		Melder_assert (isundef (frexp (0.0/0.0, & exponent)));
		Melder_assert (isundef (frexp (undefined, & exponent)));
		/*
			The following relies on the facts that:
			- positive infinity is not less than 1.0 (because it is greater than 1.0)
			- NaN is not less than 1.0 (because it is not ordered)

			Note: we cannot replace `! (... < 1.0)` with `... >= 1.0`,
			because `! (NaN < 1.0)` is true but `NaN >= 1.0` is false.
		*/
		Melder_assert (! (frexp (HUGE_VAL, & exponent) < 1.0));
		Melder_assert (! (frexp (0.0/0.0, & exponent) < 1.0));
		Melder_assert (! (frexp (undefined, & exponent) < 1.0));
	}
	Melder_assert (str32equ (Melder_integer (1234567), U"1234567"));
	Melder_assert (str32equ (Melder_integer (-1234567), U"-1234567"));
	MelderColour notExplicitlyIniitialized;
	Melder_assert (str32equ (Melder_colour (notExplicitlyIniitialized), U"{0,0,0}"));
	Melder_assert (str32equ (Melder_colour (MelderColour (0.25, 0.50, 0.875)), U"{0.25,0.5,0.875}"));
	{
		VEC xn;   // "uninitialized", but initializes x.cells to nullptr and x.size to 0
		Melder_assert (! xn.cells);
		Melder_assert (xn.size == 0);
		VEC xn2 = xn;   // copy construction
		xn2 = xn;   // copy assignment
		VEC x { };
		Melder_assert (! x.cells);
		Melder_assert (x.size == 0);
		constVEC xnc;   // zero-initialized
		Melder_assert (! xnc.cells);
		Melder_assert (xnc.size == 0);
		constVEC xc { };
		Melder_assert (! xc.cells);
		Melder_assert (xc.size == 0);
		MAT yn;
		Melder_assert (! yn.cells);
		Melder_assert (yn.nrow == 0);
		Melder_assert (yn.ncol == 0);
		MAT y { };
		Melder_assert (! y.cells);
		Melder_assert (y.nrow == 0);
		Melder_assert (y.ncol == 0);
		//autoMAT z {y.cells,y.nrow,y.ncol};   // "No matching constructor for initialization of autoMAT" (2021-04-05)
		autoMAT a = autoMAT { };
		Melder_assert (! a.cells);
		Melder_assert (a.nrow == 0);
		Melder_assert (a.ncol == 0);
		//a = z.move();
		//double q [11];
		//autoVEC s { & q [1], 10 };   // "No matching constructor for initialization of autoVEC" (2021-04-05)
		//autoVEC b { x };   // "No matching constructor for initialization of autoVEC" (2021-04-05)
		//autoVEC c = x;   // "No viable conversion from VEC to autoVEC" (2021-04-05)
		double aa [] = { 3.14, 2.718 };
		VEC x3 (aa, 2);   // initializes x3 to 2 values from a base-0 array
		Melder_assert (x3 [2] == 2.718);
		autoVEC x4 = { 3.14, 2.718 };
		Melder_assert (x4 [2] == 2.718);
	}
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (-10) == 1);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (-1) == 1);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (0) == 1);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (1) == 1);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (2) == 2);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (3) == 4);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (4) == 4);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (5) == 8);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (6) == 8);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (7) == 8);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (8) == 8);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (9) == 16);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (44100) == 65536);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (131071) == 131072);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (131072) == 131072);
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (131073) == 262144);
	if (sizeof (integer) == 4) {
		Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (1073741823) == 1073741824);   // 2^30 - 1
		Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (1073741824) == 1073741824);   // 2^30
		Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (1073741825) == 0);   // 2^30 + 1
		Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (2147483647) == 0);   // 2^31 - 1, i.e. INTEGER_MAX
	} else {
		Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (4611686018427387903LL) == 4611686018427387904LL);   // 2^62 - 1
		Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (4611686018427387904LL) == 4611686018427387904LL);   // 2^62
		Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (4611686018427387905LL) == 0);   // 2^62 + 1
		Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (9223372036854775807LL) == 0);   // 2^63 - 1, i.e. INTEGER_MAX
	}
	Melder_assert (Melder_iroundUpToPowerOfTwo (4) == 4);
	{
		autoMAT mat = { { 10, 20, 30, 40 }, { 60, 70, 80, 90 }, { 170, 180, 190, -300 } };
		Melder_assert (mat [1] [1] == 10.0);
		Melder_assert (mat [1] [4] == 40.0);
		Melder_assert (mat [2] [3] == 80.0);
		Melder_assert (mat [3] [1] == 170.0);
		Melder_assert (mat [3] [4] == -300.0);
	}
	static_assert (sizeof (float) == 4,
		"sizeof(float) should be 4");
	static_assert (sizeof (double) == 8,
		"sizeof(double) should be 8");
	static_assert (sizeof (longdouble) >= 8,
		"sizeof(longdouble) should be at least 8");   // this can be 8, 12 or 16
	static_assert (sizeof (integer) == sizeof (void *),
		"sizeof(integer) should equal the size of a pointer");
	static_assert (sizeof (off_t) >= 8,
		"sizeof(off_t) is less than 8. Compile Praat with -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64.");

	if (Melder_batch) {
		if (thePraatStandAloneScriptText) {
			try {
				praat_executeScriptFromText (thePraatStandAloneScriptText);
				praat_exit (0);
			} catch (MelderError) {
				Melder_flushError (praatP.title.get(), U": stand-alone script session interrupted.");
				praat_exit (-1);
			}
		} else if (praatP.hasCommandLineInput) {
			try {
				praat_executeCommandFromStandardInput (praatP.title.get());
				praat_exit (0);
			} catch (MelderError) {
				Melder_flushError (praatP.title.get(), U": command line session interrupted.");
				praat_exit (-1);
			}
		} else {
			try {
				//Melder_casual (U"Script <<", theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName.string, U">>");
				praat_executeScriptFromFileNameWithArguments (theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName.string);
				praat_exit (0);
			} catch (MelderError) {
				Melder_flushError (praatP.title.get(), U": script command <<",
					theCurrentPraatApplication -> batchName.string, U">> not completed.");
				praat_exit (-1);
			}
		}
	} else /* GUI */ {
		if (! praatP.ignorePreferenceFiles) {
			trace (U"reading the added script buttons");
			/* Each line separately: every error should be ignored.
			 */
			praatP.phase = praat_READING_BUTTONS;
			{// scope
				autostring32 buttons;
				try {
					buttons = MelderFile_readText (& buttonsFile);
				} catch (MelderError) {
					Melder_clearError ();
				}
				if (buttons) {
					char32 *line = buttons.get();
					for (;;) {
						char32 *newline = str32chr (line, U'\n');
						if (newline) *newline = U'\0';
						try {
							(void) praat_executeCommand (nullptr, line);   // should contain no cases of "nocheck"
						} catch (MelderError) {
							Melder_clearError ();   // ignore this line, but not necessarily the next
						}
						if (! newline)
							break;
						line = newline + 1;
					}
				}
			}
		}

		trace (U"sorting the commands");
		trace (U"locale is ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
		praat_sortMenuCommands ();
		praat_sortActions ();

		praatP.phase = praat_HANDLING_EVENTS;

		if (praatP.userWantsToOpen) {
			for (; praatP.argumentNumber < praatP.argc; praatP.argumentNumber ++) {
				//Melder_casual (U"File to open <<", Melder_peek8to32 (theArgv [iarg]), U">>");
				/*
					The use double-clicked a Praat file,
					or dropped a file on the Praat icon,
					while Praat was not yet running.
				*/
				autostring32 text = Melder_dup (Melder_cat (U"Read from file... ",
															Melder_peek8to32 (praatP.argv [praatP.argumentNumber])));
				try {
					praat_executeScriptFromText (text.get());
				} catch (MelderError) {
					Melder_flushError ();
				}
			}
		}

		#if gtk
			//gtk_widget_add_events (G_OBJECT (theCurrentPraatApplication -> topShell), GDK_ALL_EVENTS_MASK);
			trace (U"install GTK key snooper");
			trace (U"locale is ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
			//g_signal_newv ("SENDPRAAT", G_TYPE_FROM_CLASS (gobject_class), G_SIGNAL_RUN_LAST, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, G_TYPE_NONE, 0, NULL);
			g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (theCurrentPraatApplication -> topShell -> d_gtkWindow), "property-notify-event",
					G_CALLBACK (cb_userMessage), nullptr);
			signal (SIGUSR1, cb_sigusr1);
			gtk_key_snooper_install (theKeySnooper, 0);
			trace (U"start the GTK event loop");
			trace (U"locale is ", Melder_peek8to32 (setlocale (LC_ALL, nullptr)));
			gtk_main ();
		#elif motif
			for (;;) {
				XEvent event;
				GuiNextEvent (& event);
				XtDispatchEvent (& event);
			}
		#elif cocoa
			[NSApp run];
		#endif
	}
}

/* End of file praat.cpp */