tracing-0.1.17/src/span.rs

//! Spans represent periods of time in which a program was executing in a
//! particular context.
//!
//! A span consists of [fields], user-defined key-value pairs of arbitrary data
//! that describe the context the span represents, and a set of fixed attributes
//! that describe all `tracing` spans and events. Attributes describing spans
//! include:
//!
//! - An [`Id`] assigned by the subscriber that uniquely identifies it in relation
//!   to other spans.
//! - The span's [parent] in the trace tree.
//! - [Metadata] that describes static characteristics of all spans
//!   originating from that callsite, such as its name, source code location,
//!   [verbosity level], and the names of its fields.
//!
//! # Creating Spans
//!
//! Spans are created using the [`span!`] macro. This macro is invoked with the
//! following arguments, in order:
//!
//! - The [`target`] and/or [`parent`][parent] attributes, if the user wishes to
//!   override their default values.
//! - The span's [verbosity level]
//! - A string literal providing the span's name.
//! - Finally, between zero and 32 arbitrary key/value fields.
//!
//! [`target`]: ../struct.Metadata.html#method.target
//!
//! For example:
//! ```rust
//! use tracing::{span, Level};
//!
//! /// Construct a new span at the `INFO` level named "my_span", with a single
//! /// field named answer , with the value `42`.
//! let my_span = span!(Level::INFO, "my_span", answer = 42);
//! ```
//!
//! The documentation for the [`span!`] macro provides additional examples of
//! the various options that exist when creating spans.
//!
//! The [`trace_span!`], [`debug_span!`], [`info_span!`], [`warn_span!`], and
//! [`error_span!`] exist as shorthand for constructing spans at various
//! verbosity levels.
//!
//! ## Recording Span Creation
//!
//! The [`Attributes`] type contains data associated with a span, and is
//! provided to the [`Subscriber`] when a new span is created. It contains
//! the span's metadata, the ID of [the span's parent][parent] if one was
//! explicitly set, and any fields whose values were recorded when the span was
//! constructed. The subscriber, which is responsible for recording `tracing`
//! data, can then store or record these values.
//!
//! # The Span Lifecycle
//!
//! ## Entering a Span
//!
//! A thread of execution is said to _enter_ a span when it begins executing,
//! and _exit_ the span when it switches to another context. Spans may be
//! entered through the [`enter`] and [`in_scope`] methods.
//!
//! The `enter` method enters a span, returning a [guard] that exits the span
//! when dropped
//! ```
//! # #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
//! # use tracing::Level;
//! let my_var: u64 = 5;
//! let my_span = span!(Level::TRACE, "my_span", my_var);
//!
//! // `my_span` exists but has not been entered.
//!
//! // Enter `my_span`...
//! let _enter = my_span.enter();
//!
//! // Perform some work inside of the context of `my_span`...
//! // Dropping the `_enter` guard will exit the span.
//!```
//!
//! <div class="information">
//!     <div class="tooltip compile_fail" style="">&#x26a0; &#xfe0f;<span class="tooltiptext">Warning</span></div>
//! </div><div class="example-wrap" style="display:inline-block"><pre class="compile_fail" style="white-space:normal;font:inherit;">
//!     <strong>Warning</strong>: In asynchronous code that uses async/await syntax,
//!     <code>Span::enter</code> may produce incorrect traces if the returned drop
//!     guard is held across an await point. See
//!     <a href="struct.Span.html#in-asynchronous-code">the method documentation</a>
//!     for details.
//! </pre></div>
//!
//! `in_scope` takes a closure or function pointer and executes it inside the
//! span.
//! ```
//! # #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
//! # use tracing::Level;
//! let my_var: u64 = 5;
//! let my_span = span!(Level::TRACE, "my_span", my_var = &my_var);
//!
//! my_span.in_scope(|| {
//!     // perform some work in the context of `my_span`...
//! });
//!
//! // Perform some work outside of the context of `my_span`...
//!
//! my_span.in_scope(|| {
//!     // Perform some more work in the context of `my_span`.
//! });
//! ```
//!
//! <div class="information">
//!     <div class="tooltip ignore" style="">ⓘ<span class="tooltiptext">Note</span></div>
//! </div>
//! <div class="example-wrap" style="display:inline-block">
//! <pre class="ignore" style="white-space:normal;font:inherit;">
//! <strong>Note</strong>: Since entering a span takes <code>&self</code<, and
//! <code>Span</code>s are <code>Clone</code>, <code>Send</code>, and
//! <code>Sync</code>, it is entirely valid for multiple threads to enter the
//! same span concurrently.
//! </pre></div>
//!
//! ## Span Relationships
//!
//! Spans form a tree structure — unless it is a root span, all spans have a
//! _parent_, and may have one or more _children_. When a new span is created,
//! the current span becomes the new span's parent. The total execution time of
//! a span consists of the time spent in that span and in the entire subtree
//! represented by its children. Thus, a parent span always lasts for at least
//! as long as the longest-executing span in its subtree.
//!
//! ```
//! # #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
//! # use tracing::Level;
//! // this span is considered the "root" of a new trace tree:
//! span!(Level::INFO, "root").in_scope(|| {
//!     // since we are now inside "root", this span is considered a child
//!     // of "root":
//!     span!(Level::DEBUG, "outer_child").in_scope(|| {
//!         // this span is a child of "outer_child", which is in turn a
//!         // child of "root":
//!         span!(Level::TRACE, "inner_child").in_scope(|| {
//!             // and so on...
//!         });
//!     });
//!     // another span created here would also be a child of "root".
//! });
//!```
//!
//! In addition, the parent of a span may be explicitly specified in
//! the `span!` macro. For example:
//!
//! ```rust
//! # #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
//! # use tracing::Level;
//! // Create, but do not enter, a span called "foo".
//! let foo = span!(Level::INFO, "foo");
//!
//! // Create and enter a span called "bar".
//! let bar = span!(Level::INFO, "bar");
//! let _enter = bar.enter();
//!
//! // Although we have currently entered "bar", "baz"'s parent span
//! // will be "foo".
//! let baz = span!(parent: &foo, Level::INFO, "baz");
//! ```
//!
//! A child span should typically be considered _part_ of its parent. For
//! example, if a subscriber is recording the length of time spent in various
//! spans, it should generally include the time spent in a span's children as
//! part of that span's duration.
//!
//! In addition to having zero or one parent, a span may also _follow from_ any
//! number of other spans. This indicates a causal relationship between the span
//! and the spans that it follows from, but a follower is *not* typically
//! considered part of the duration of the span it follows. Unlike the parent, a
//! span may record that it follows from another span after it is created, using
//! the [`follows_from`] method.
//!
//! As an example, consider a listener task in a server. As the listener accepts
//! incoming connections, it spawns new tasks that handle those connections. We
//! might want to have a span representing the listener, and instrument each
//! spawned handler task with its own span. We would want our instrumentation to
//! record that the handler tasks were spawned as a result of the listener task.
//! However, we might not consider the handler tasks to be _part_ of the time
//! spent in the listener task, so we would not consider those spans children of
//! the listener span. Instead, we would record that the handler tasks follow
//! from the listener, recording the causal relationship but treating the spans
//! as separate durations.
//!
//! ## Closing Spans
//!
//! Execution may enter and exit a span multiple times before that span is
//! _closed_. Consider, for example, a future which has an associated
//! span and enters that span every time it is polled:
//! ```rust
//! # extern crate tracing;
//! # extern crate futures;
//! # use futures::{Future, Poll, Async};
//! struct MyFuture {
//!    // data
//!    span: tracing::Span,
//! }
//!
//! impl Future for MyFuture {
//!     type Item = ();
//!     type Error = ();
//!
//!     fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
//!         let _enter = self.span.enter();
//!         // Do actual future work...
//! # Ok(Async::Ready(()))
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! If this future was spawned on an executor, it might yield one or more times
//! before `poll` returns `Ok(Async::Ready)`. If the future were to yield, then
//! the executor would move on to poll the next future, which may _also_ enter
//! an associated span or series of spans. Therefore, it is valid for a span to
//! be entered repeatedly before it completes. Only the time when that span or
//! one of its children was the current span is considered to be time spent in
//! that span. A span which is not executing and has not yet been closed is said
//! to be _idle_.
//!
//! Because spans may be entered and exited multiple times before they close,
//! [`Subscriber`]s have separate trait methods which are called to notify them
//! of span exits and when span handles are dropped. When execution exits a
//! span, [`exit`] will always be called with that span's ID to notify the
//! subscriber that the span has been exited. When span handles are dropped, the
//! [`drop_span`] method is called with that span's ID. The subscriber may use
//! this to determine whether or not the span will be entered again.
//!
//! If there is only a single handle with the capacity to exit a span, dropping
//! that handle "closes" the span, since the capacity to enter it no longer
//! exists. For example:
//! ```
//! # #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
//! # use tracing::Level;
//! {
//!     span!(Level::TRACE, "my_span").in_scope(|| {
//!         // perform some work in the context of `my_span`...
//!     }); // --> Subscriber::exit(my_span)
//!
//!     // The handle to `my_span` only lives inside of this block; when it is
//!     // dropped, the subscriber will be informed via `drop_span`.
//!
//! } // --> Subscriber::drop_span(my_span)
//! ```
//!
//! However, if multiple handles exist, the span can still be re-entered even if
//! one or more is dropped. For determining when _all_ handles to a span have
//! been dropped, `Subscriber`s have a [`clone_span`] method, which is called
//! every time a span handle is cloned. Combined with `drop_span`, this may be
//! used to track the number of handles to a given span — if `drop_span` has
//! been called one more time than the number of calls to `clone_span` for a
//! given ID, then no more handles to the span with that ID exist. The
//! subscriber may then treat it as closed.
//!
//! # When to use spans
//!
//! As a rule of thumb, spans should be used to represent discrete units of work
//! (e.g., a given request's lifetime in a server) or periods of time spent in a
//! given context (e.g., time spent interacting with an instance of an external
//! system, such as a database).
//!
//! Which scopes in a program correspond to new spans depend somewhat on user
//! intent. For example, consider the case of a loop in a program. Should we
//! construct one span and perform the entire loop inside of that span, like:
//!
//! ```rust
//! # #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
//! # use tracing::Level;
//! # let n = 1;
//! let span = span!(Level::TRACE, "my_loop");
//! let _enter = span.enter();
//! for i in 0..n {
//!     # let _ = i;
//!     // ...
//! }
//! ```
//! Or, should we create a new span for each iteration of the loop, as in:
//! ```rust
//! # #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
//! # use tracing::Level;
//! # let n = 1u64;
//! for i in 0..n {
//!     let span = span!(Level::TRACE, "my_loop", iteration = i);
//!     let _enter = span.enter();
//!     // ...
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! Depending on the circumstances, we might want to do either, or both. For
//! example, if we want to know how long was spent in the loop overall, we would
//! create a single span around the entire loop; whereas if we wanted to know how
//! much time was spent in each individual iteration, we would enter a new span
//! on every iteration.
//!
//! [fields]: ../field/index.html
//! [Metadata]: ../struct.Metadata.html
//! [`Id`]: struct.Id.html
//! [verbosity level]: ../struct.Level.html
//! [`span!`]: ../macro.span.html
//! [`trace_span!`]: ../macro.trace_span.html
//! [`debug_span!`]: ../macro.debug_span.html
//! [`info_span!`]: ../macro.info_span.html
//! [`warn_span!`]: ../macro.warn_span.html
//! [`error_span!`]: ../macro.error_span.html
//! [`clone_span`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.clone_span
//! [`drop_span`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.drop_span
//! [`exit`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#tymethod.exit
//! [`Subscriber`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html
//! [`Attributes`]: struct.Attributes.html
//! [`enter`]: struct.Span.html#method.enter
//! [`in_scope`]: struct.Span.html#method.in_scope
//! [`follows_from`]: struct.Span.html#method.follows_from
//! [guard]: struct.Entered.html
//! [parent]: #span-relationships
pub use tracing_core::span::{Attributes, Id, Record};

use crate::stdlib::{
    cmp, fmt,
    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
};
use crate::{
    dispatcher::{self, Dispatch},
    field, Metadata,
};

/// Trait implemented by types which have a span `Id`.
pub trait AsId: crate::sealed::Sealed {
    /// Returns the `Id` of the span that `self` corresponds to, or `None` if
    /// this corresponds to a disabled span.
    fn as_id(&self) -> Option<&Id>;
}

/// A handle representing a span, with the capability to enter the span if it
/// exists.
///
/// If the span was rejected by the current `Subscriber`'s filter, entering the
/// span will silently do nothing. Thus, the handle can be used in the same
/// manner regardless of whether or not the trace is currently being collected.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Span {
    /// A handle used to enter the span when it is not executing.
    ///
    /// If this is `None`, then the span has either closed or was never enabled.
    inner: Option<Inner>,
    /// Metadata describing the span.
    ///
    /// This might be `Some` even if `inner` is `None`, in the case that the
    /// span is disabled but the metadata is needed for `log` support.
    meta: Option<&'static Metadata<'static>>,
}

/// A handle representing the capacity to enter a span which is known to exist.
///
/// Unlike `Span`, this type is only constructed for spans which _have_ been
/// enabled by the current filter. This type is primarily used for implementing
/// span handles; users should typically not need to interact with it directly.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) struct Inner {
    /// The span's ID, as provided by `subscriber`.
    id: Id,

    /// The subscriber that will receive events relating to this span.
    ///
    /// This should be the same subscriber that provided this span with its
    /// `id`.
    subscriber: Dispatch,
}

/// A guard representing a span which has been entered and is currently
/// executing.
///
/// When the guard is dropped, the span will be exited.
///
/// This is returned by the [`Span::enter`] function.
///
/// [`Span::enter`]: ../struct.Span.html#method.enter
#[derive(Debug)]
#[must_use = "once a span has been entered, it should be exited"]
pub struct Entered<'a> {
    span: &'a Span,
}

/// `log` target for all span lifecycle (creation/enter/exit/close) records.
#[cfg(feature = "log")]
const LIFECYCLE_LOG_TARGET: &str = "tracing::span";
/// `log` target for span activity (enter/exit) records.
#[cfg(feature = "log")]
const ACTIVITY_LOG_TARGET: &str = "tracing::span::active";

// ===== impl Span =====

impl Span {
    /// Constructs a new `Span` with the given [metadata] and set of
    /// [field values].
    ///
    /// The new span will be constructed by the currently-active [`Subscriber`],
    /// with the current span as its parent (if one exists).
    ///
    /// After the span is constructed, [field values] and/or [`follows_from`]
    /// annotations may be added to it.
    ///
    /// [metadata]: ../metadata
    /// [`Subscriber`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html
    /// [field values]: ../field/struct.ValueSet.html
    /// [`follows_from`]: ../struct.Span.html#method.follows_from
    #[inline]
    pub fn new(meta: &'static Metadata<'static>, values: &field::ValueSet<'_>) -> Span {
        let new_span = Attributes::new(meta, values);
        Self::make(meta, new_span)
    }

    /// Constructs a new `Span` as the root of its own trace tree, with the
    /// given [metadata] and set of [field values].
    ///
    /// After the span is constructed, [field values] and/or [`follows_from`]
    /// annotations may be added to it.
    ///
    /// [metadata]: ../metadata
    /// [field values]: ../field/struct.ValueSet.html
    /// [`follows_from`]: ../struct.Span.html#method.follows_from
    #[inline]
    pub fn new_root(meta: &'static Metadata<'static>, values: &field::ValueSet<'_>) -> Span {
        Self::make(meta, Attributes::new_root(meta, values))
    }

    /// Constructs a new `Span` as child of the given parent span, with the
    /// given [metadata] and set of [field values].
    ///
    /// After the span is constructed, [field values] and/or [`follows_from`]
    /// annotations may be added to it.
    ///
    /// [metadata]: ../metadata
    /// [field values]: ../field/struct.ValueSet.html
    /// [`follows_from`]: ../struct.Span.html#method.follows_from
    pub fn child_of(
        parent: impl Into<Option<Id>>,
        meta: &'static Metadata<'static>,
        values: &field::ValueSet<'_>,
    ) -> Span {
        let new_span = match parent.into() {
            Some(parent) => Attributes::child_of(parent, meta, values),
            None => Attributes::new_root(meta, values),
        };
        Self::make(meta, new_span)
    }

    /// Constructs a new disabled span with the given `Metadata`.
    ///
    /// This should be used when a span is constructed from a known callsite,
    /// but the subscriber indicates that it is disabled.
    ///
    /// Entering, exiting, and recording values on this span will not notify the
    /// `Subscriber` but _may_ record log messages if the `log` feature flag is
    /// enabled.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn new_disabled(meta: &'static Metadata<'static>) -> Span {
        Self {
            inner: None,
            meta: Some(meta),
        }
    }

    /// Constructs a new span that is *completely disabled*.
    ///
    /// This can be used rather than `Option<Span>` to represent cases where a
    /// span is not present.
    ///
    /// Entering, exiting, and recording values on this span will do nothing.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub const fn none() -> Span {
        Self {
            inner: None,
            meta: None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns a handle to the span [considered by the `Subscriber`] to be the
    /// current span.
    ///
    /// If the subscriber indicates that it does not track the current span, or
    /// that the thread from which this function is called is not currently
    /// inside a span, the returned span will be disabled.
    ///
    /// [considered by the `Subscriber`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.current
    pub fn current() -> Span {
        dispatcher::get_default(|dispatch| {
            if let Some((id, meta)) = dispatch.current_span().into_inner() {
                let id = dispatch.clone_span(&id);
                Self {
                    inner: Some(Inner::new(id, dispatch)),
                    meta: Some(meta),
                }
            } else {
                Self::none()
            }
        })
    }

    fn make(meta: &'static Metadata<'static>, new_span: Attributes<'_>) -> Span {
        let attrs = &new_span;
        let inner = dispatcher::get_default(move |dispatch| {
            let id = dispatch.new_span(attrs);
            Some(Inner::new(id, dispatch))
        });

        let span = Self {
            inner,
            meta: Some(meta),
        };

        if_log_enabled! {{
            let target = if attrs.is_empty() {
                LIFECYCLE_LOG_TARGET
            } else {
                meta.target()
            };
            span.log(target, level_to_log!(meta.level()), format_args!("++ {}{}", meta.name(), FmtAttrs(attrs)));
        }}

        span
    }

    /// Enters this span, returning a guard that will exit the span when dropped.
    ///
    /// If this span is enabled by the current subscriber, then this function will
    /// call [`Subscriber::enter`] with the span's [`Id`], and dropping the guard
    /// will call [`Subscriber::exit`]. If the span is disabled, this does
    /// nothing.
    ///
    /// # In Asynchronous Code
    ///
    /// **Warning**: in asynchronous code that uses [async/await syntax][syntax],
    /// `Span::enter` should be used very carefully or avoided entirely. Holding
    /// the drop guard returned by `Span::enter` across `.await` points will
    /// result in incorrect traces.
    ///
    /// For example,
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use tracing::info_span;
    /// # async fn some_other_async_function() {}
    /// async fn my_async_function() {
    ///     let span = info_span!("my_async_function");
    ///
    ///     // THIS WILL RESULT IN INCORRECT TRACES
    ///     let _enter = span.enter();
    ///     some_other_async_function().await;
    ///
    ///     // ...
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The drop guard returned by `Span::enter` exits the span when it is
    /// dropped. When an async function or async block yields at an `.await`
    /// point, the current scope is _exited_, but values in that scope are
    /// **not** dropped (because the async block will eventually resume
    /// execution from that await point). This means that _another_ task will
    /// begin executing while _remaining_ in the entered span. This results in
    /// an incorrect trace.
    ///
    /// Instead of using `Span::enter` in asynchronous code, prefer the
    /// following:
    ///
    /// * To enter a span for a synchronous section of code within an async
    ///   block or function, prefer [`Span::in_scope`]. Since `in_scope` takes a
    ///   synchronous closure and exits the span when the closure returns, the
    ///   span will always be exited before the next await point. For example:
    ///   ```
    ///   # use tracing::info_span;
    ///   # async fn some_other_async_function(_: ()) {}
    ///   async fn my_async_function() {
    ///       let span = info_span!("my_async_function");
    ///
    ///       let some_value = span.in_scope(|| {
    ///           // run some synchronous code inside the span...
    ///       });
    ///
    ///       // This is okay! The span has already been exited before we reach
    ///       // the await point.
    ///       some_other_async_function(some_value).await;
    ///
    ///       // ...
    ///   }
    ///   ```
    /// * For instrumenting asynchronous code, the [`tracing-futures` crate]
    ///   provides the [`Future::instrument` combinator][instrument] for
    ///   attaching a span to a future (async function or block). This will
    ///   enter the span _every_ time the future is polled, and exit it whenever
    ///   the future yields.
    ///
    ///   `Instrument` can be used with an async block inside an async function:
    ///   ```ignore
    ///   # use tracing::info_span;
    ///   use tracing_futures::Instrument;
    ///
    ///   # async fn some_other_async_function() {}
    ///   async fn my_async_function() {
    ///       let span = info_span!("my_async_function");
    ///       async move {
    ///          // This is correct! If we yield here, the span will be exited,
    ///          // and re-entered when we resume.
    ///          some_other_async_function().await;
    ///
    ///          //more asynchronous code inside the span...
    ///
    ///       }
    ///         // instrument the async block with the span...
    ///         .instrument(span)
    ///         // ...and await it.
    ///         .await
    ///   }
    ///   ```
    ///
    ///   It can also be used to instrument calls to async functions at the
    ///   callsite:
    ///   ```ignore
    ///   # use tracing::debug_span;
    ///   use tracing_futures::Instrument;
    ///
    ///   # async fn some_other_async_function() {}
    ///   async fn my_async_function() {
    ///       let some_value = some_other_async_function()
    ///          .instrument(debug_span!("some_other_async_function"))
    ///          .await;
    ///
    ///       // ...
    ///   }
    ///   ```
    ///
    /// * Finally, if your crate depends on the `tracing-futures` crate, the
    ///   [`#[instrument]` attribute macro][attr] will automatically generate
    ///   correct code when used on an async function:
    ///
    ///   ```ignore
    ///   # async fn some_other_async_function() {}
    ///   #[tracing::instrument(level = "info")]
    ///   async fn my_async_function() {
    ///
    ///       // This is correct! If we yield here, the span will be exited,
    ///       // and re-entered when we resume.
    ///       some_other_async_function().await;
    ///
    ///       // ...
    ///
    ///   }
    ///   ```
    ///
    /// [syntax]: https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/01_getting_started/04_async_await_primer.html
    /// [`Span::in_scope`]: #method.in_scope
    /// [`tracing-futures` crate]: https://docs.rs/tracing-futures/
    /// [instrument]: https://docs.rs/tracing-futures/latest/tracing_futures/trait.Instrument.html
    /// [attr]: ../../attr.instrument.html
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
    /// # use tracing::Level;
    /// let span = span!(Level::INFO, "my_span");
    /// let guard = span.enter();
    ///
    /// // code here is within the span
    ///
    /// drop(guard);
    ///
    /// // code here is no longer within the span
    ///
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Guards need not be explicitly dropped:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
    /// fn my_function() -> String {
    ///     // enter a span for the duration of this function.
    ///     let span = trace_span!("my_function");
    ///     let _enter = span.enter();
    ///
    ///     // anything happening in functions we call is still inside the span...
    ///     my_other_function();
    ///
    ///     // returning from the function drops the guard, exiting the span.
    ///     return "Hello world".to_owned();
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn my_other_function() {
    ///     // ...
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Sub-scopes may be created to limit the duration for which the span is
    /// entered:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
    /// let span = info_span!("my_great_span");
    ///
    /// {
    ///     let _enter = span.enter();
    ///
    ///     // this event occurs inside the span.
    ///     info!("i'm in the span!");
    ///
    ///     // exiting the scope drops the guard, exiting the span.
    /// }
    ///
    /// // this event is not inside the span.
    /// info!("i'm outside the span!")
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`Subscriber::enter`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.enter
    /// [`Subscriber::exit`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.exit
    /// [`Id`]: ../struct.Id.html
    pub fn enter(&self) -> Entered<'_> {
        if let Some(ref inner) = self.inner.as_ref() {
            inner.subscriber.enter(&inner.id);
        }

        if_log_enabled! {{
            if let Some(ref meta) = self.meta {
                self.log(ACTIVITY_LOG_TARGET, log::Level::Trace, format_args!("-> {}", meta.name()));
            }
        }}

        Entered { span: self }
    }

    /// Executes the given function in the context of this span.
    ///
    /// If this span is enabled, then this function enters the span, invokes `f`
    /// and then exits the span. If the span is disabled, `f` will still be
    /// invoked, but in the context of the currently-executing span (if there is
    /// one).
    ///
    /// Returns the result of evaluating `f`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # #[macro_use] extern crate tracing;
    /// # use tracing::Level;
    /// let my_span = span!(Level::TRACE, "my_span");
    ///
    /// my_span.in_scope(|| {
    ///     // this event occurs within the span.
    ///     trace!("i'm in the span!");
    /// });
    ///
    /// // this event occurs outside the span.
    /// trace!("i'm not in the span!");
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Calling a function and returning the result:
    /// ```
    /// # use tracing::{info_span, Level};
    /// fn hello_world() -> String {
    ///     "Hello world!".to_owned()
    /// }
    ///
    /// let span = info_span!("hello_world");
    /// // the span will be entered for the duration of the call to
    /// // `hello_world`.
    /// let a_string = span.in_scope(hello_world);
    ///
    pub fn in_scope<F: FnOnce() -> T, T>(&self, f: F) -> T {
        let _enter = self.enter();
        f()
    }

    /// Returns a [`Field`](../field/struct.Field.html) for the field with the
    /// given `name`, if one exists,
    pub fn field<Q: ?Sized>(&self, field: &Q) -> Option<field::Field>
    where
        Q: field::AsField,
    {
        self.metadata().and_then(|meta| field.as_field(meta))
    }

    /// Returns true if this `Span` has a field for the given
    /// [`Field`](../field/struct.Field.html) or field name.
    #[inline]
    pub fn has_field<Q: ?Sized>(&self, field: &Q) -> bool
    where
        Q: field::AsField,
    {
        self.field(field).is_some()
    }

    /// Records that the field described by `field` has the value `value`.
    ///
    /// This may be used with [`field::Empty`] to declare fields whose values
    /// are not known when the span is created, and record them later:
    /// ```
    /// use tracing::{trace_span, field};
    ///
    /// // Create a span with two fields: `greeting`, with the value "hello world", and
    /// // `parting`, without a value.
    /// let span = trace_span!("my_span", greeting = "hello world", parting = field::Empty);
    ///
    /// // ...
    ///
    /// // Now, record a value for parting as well.
    /// // (note that the field name is passed as a string slice)
    /// span.record("parting", &"goodbye world!");
    /// ```
    /// However, it may also be used to record a _new_ value for a field whose
    /// value was already recorded:
    /// ```
    /// use tracing::info_span;
    /// # fn do_something() -> Result<(), ()> { Err(()) }
    ///
    /// // Initially, let's assume that our attempt to do something is going okay...
    /// let span = info_span!("doing_something", is_okay = true);
    /// let _e = span.enter();
    ///
    /// match do_something() {
    ///     Ok(something) => {
    ///         // ...
    ///     }
    ///     Err(_) => {
    ///         // Things are no longer okay!
    ///         span.record("is_okay", &false);
    ///     }
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// <div class="information">
    ///     <div class="tooltip ignore" style="">ⓘ<span class="tooltiptext">Note</span></div>
    /// </div>
    /// <div class="example-wrap" style="display:inline-block">
    /// <pre class="ignore" style="white-space:normal;font:inherit;">
    /// <strong>Note</strong>: The fields associated with a span are part of its
    /// <a href="../struct.Metadata.html"><code>Metadata</code></a>.
    /// The <a href="../struct.Metadata.html"><code>Metadata</code></a>. describing a particular
    /// span is constructed statically when the span is created and cannot be extended later to
    /// add new fields. Therefore, you cannot record a value for a field that was not specified
    /// when the span was created:</pre></div>
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tracing::{trace_span, field};
    ///
    /// // Create a span with two fields: `greeting`, with the value "hello world", and
    /// // `parting`, without a value.
    /// let span = trace_span!("my_span", greeting = "hello world", parting = field::Empty);
    ///
    /// // ...
    ///
    /// // Now, you try to record a value for a new field, `new_field`, which was not
    /// // declared as `Empty` or populated when you created `span`.
    /// // You won't get any error, but the assignment will have no effect!
    /// span.record("new_field", &"interesting_value_you_really_need");
    ///
    /// // Instead, all fields that may be recorded after span creation should be declared up front,
    /// // using field::Empty when a value is not known, as we did for `parting`.
    /// // This `record` call will indeed replace field::Empty with "you will be remembered".
    /// span.record("parting", &"you will be remembered");
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`field::Empty`]: ../field/struct.Empty.html
    /// [`Metadata`]: ../struct.Metadata.html
    pub fn record<Q: ?Sized, V>(&self, field: &Q, value: &V) -> &Self
    where
        Q: field::AsField,
        V: field::Value,
    {
        if let Some(ref meta) = self.meta {
            if let Some(field) = field.as_field(meta) {
                self.record_all(
                    &meta
                        .fields()
                        .value_set(&[(&field, Some(value as &dyn field::Value))]),
                );
            }
        }

        self
    }

    /// Records all the fields in the provided `ValueSet`.
    pub fn record_all(&self, values: &field::ValueSet<'_>) -> &Self {
        let record = Record::new(values);
        if let Some(ref inner) = self.inner {
            inner.record(&record);
        }

        if_log_enabled! {{
            if let Some(ref meta) = self.meta {
                let target = if record.is_empty() {
                    LIFECYCLE_LOG_TARGET
                } else {
                    meta.target()
                };
                self.log(target, level_to_log!(meta.level()), format_args!("{}{}", meta.name(), FmtValues(&record)));
            }
        }}

        self
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this span was disabled by the subscriber and does not
    /// exist.
    ///
    /// See also [`is_none`].
    ///
    /// [`is_none`]: #method.is_none
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_disabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.is_none()
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this span was constructed by [`Span::none`] and is
    /// empty.
    ///
    /// If `is_none` returns `true` for a given span, then [`is_disabled`] will
    /// also return `true`. However, when a span is disabled by the subscriber
    /// rather than constructed by `Span::none`, this method will return
    /// `false`, while `is_disabled` will return `true`.
    ///
    /// [`Span::none`]: #method.none
    /// [`is_disabled`]: #method.is_disabled
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_disabled() && self.meta.is_none()
    }

    /// Indicates that the span with the given ID has an indirect causal
    /// relationship with this span.
    ///
    /// This relationship differs somewhat from the parent-child relationship: a
    /// span may have any number of prior spans, rather than a single one; and
    /// spans are not considered to be executing _inside_ of the spans they
    /// follow from. This means that a span may close even if subsequent spans
    /// that follow from it are still open, and time spent inside of a
    /// subsequent span should not be included in the time its precedents were
    /// executing. This is used to model causal relationships such as when a
    /// single future spawns several related background tasks, et cetera.
    ///
    /// If this span is disabled, or the resulting follows-from relationship
    /// would be invalid, this function will do nothing.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// Setting a `follows_from` relationship with a `Span`:
    /// ```
    /// # use tracing::{span, Id, Level, Span};
    /// let span1 = span!(Level::INFO, "span_1");
    /// let span2 = span!(Level::DEBUG, "span_2");
    /// span2.follows_from(span1);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Setting a `follows_from` relationship with the current span:
    /// ```
    /// # use tracing::{span, Id, Level, Span};
    /// let span = span!(Level::INFO, "hello!");
    /// span.follows_from(Span::current());
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Setting a `follows_from` relationship with a `Span` reference:
    /// ```
    /// # use tracing::{span, Id, Level, Span};
    /// let span = span!(Level::INFO, "hello!");
    /// let curr = Span::current();
    /// span.follows_from(&curr);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Setting a `follows_from` relationship with an `Id`:
    /// ```
    /// # use tracing::{span, Id, Level, Span};
    /// let span = span!(Level::INFO, "hello!");
    /// let id = span.id();
    /// span.follows_from(id);
    /// ```
    pub fn follows_from(&self, from: impl Into<Option<Id>>) -> &Self {
        if let Some(ref inner) = self.inner {
            if let Some(from) = from.into() {
                inner.follows_from(&from);
            }
        }
        self
    }

    /// Returns this span's `Id`, if it is enabled.
    pub fn id(&self) -> Option<Id> {
        self.inner.as_ref().map(Inner::id)
    }

    /// Returns this span's `Metadata`, if it is enabled.
    pub fn metadata(&self) -> Option<&'static Metadata<'static>> {
        self.meta
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "log")]
    #[inline]
    fn log(&self, target: &str, level: log::Level, message: fmt::Arguments<'_>) {
        if let Some(ref meta) = self.meta {
            let logger = log::logger();
            let log_meta = log::Metadata::builder().level(level).target(target).build();
            if logger.enabled(&log_meta) {
                if let Some(ref inner) = self.inner {
                    logger.log(
                        &log::Record::builder()
                            .metadata(log_meta)
                            .module_path(meta.module_path())
                            .file(meta.file())
                            .line(meta.line())
                            .args(format_args!("{}; span={}", message, inner.id.into_u64()))
                            .build(),
                    );
                } else {
                    logger.log(
                        &log::Record::builder()
                            .metadata(log_meta)
                            .module_path(meta.module_path())
                            .file(meta.file())
                            .line(meta.line())
                            .args(message)
                            .build(),
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Invokes a function with a reference to this span's ID and subscriber.
    ///
    /// if this span is enabled, the provided function is called, and the result is returned.
    /// If the span is disabled, the function is not called, and this method returns `None`
    /// instead.
    pub fn with_subscriber<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce((&Id, &Dispatch)) -> T) -> Option<T> {
        self.inner
            .as_ref()
            .map(|inner| f((&inner.id, &inner.subscriber)))
    }
}

impl cmp::PartialEq for Span {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        match (&self.meta, &other.meta) {
            (Some(this), Some(that)) => {
                this.callsite() == that.callsite() && self.inner == other.inner
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }
}

impl Hash for Span {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, hasher: &mut H) {
        self.inner.hash(hasher);
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Span {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let mut span = f.debug_struct("Span");
        if let Some(ref meta) = self.meta {
            span.field("name", &meta.name())
                .field("level", &meta.level())
                .field("target", &meta.target());

            if let Some(ref inner) = self.inner {
                span.field("id", &inner.id());
            } else {
                span.field("disabled", &true);
            }

            if let Some(ref path) = meta.module_path() {
                span.field("module_path", &path);
            }

            if let Some(ref line) = meta.line() {
                span.field("line", &line);
            }

            if let Some(ref file) = meta.file() {
                span.field("file", &file);
            }
        } else {
            span.field("none", &true);
        }

        span.finish()
    }
}

impl<'a> Into<Option<&'a Id>> for &'a Span {
    fn into(self) -> Option<&'a Id> {
        self.inner.as_ref().map(|inner| &inner.id)
    }
}

impl<'a> Into<Option<Id>> for &'a Span {
    fn into(self) -> Option<Id> {
        self.inner.as_ref().map(Inner::id)
    }
}

impl Into<Option<Id>> for Span {
    fn into(self) -> Option<Id> {
        self.inner.as_ref().map(Inner::id)
    }
}

impl Drop for Span {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(Inner {
            ref id,
            ref subscriber,
        }) = self.inner
        {
            subscriber.try_close(id.clone());
        }

        if_log_enabled!({
            if let Some(ref meta) = self.meta {
                self.log(
                    LIFECYCLE_LOG_TARGET,
                    log::Level::Trace,
                    format_args!("-- {}", meta.name()),
                );
            }
        })
    }
}

// ===== impl Inner =====

impl Inner {
    /// Indicates that the span with the given ID has an indirect causal
    /// relationship with this span.
    ///
    /// This relationship differs somewhat from the parent-child relationship: a
    /// span may have any number of prior spans, rather than a single one; and
    /// spans are not considered to be executing _inside_ of the spans they
    /// follow from. This means that a span may close even if subsequent spans
    /// that follow from it are still open, and time spent inside of a
    /// subsequent span should not be included in the time its precedents were
    /// executing. This is used to model causal relationships such as when a
    /// single future spawns several related background tasks, et cetera.
    ///
    /// If this span is disabled, this function will do nothing. Otherwise, it
    /// returns `Ok(())` if the other span was added as a precedent of this
    /// span, or an error if this was not possible.
    fn follows_from(&self, from: &Id) {
        self.subscriber.record_follows_from(&self.id, &from)
    }

    /// Returns the span's ID.
    fn id(&self) -> Id {
        self.id.clone()
    }

    fn record(&self, values: &Record<'_>) {
        self.subscriber.record(&self.id, values)
    }

    fn new(id: Id, subscriber: &Dispatch) -> Self {
        Inner {
            id,
            subscriber: subscriber.clone(),
        }
    }
}

impl cmp::PartialEq for Inner {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.id == other.id
    }
}

impl Hash for Inner {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        self.id.hash(state);
    }
}

impl Clone for Inner {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        Inner {
            id: self.subscriber.clone_span(&self.id),
            subscriber: self.subscriber.clone(),
        }
    }
}

// ===== impl Entered =====

impl<'a> Drop for Entered<'a> {
    #[inline]
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Dropping the guard exits the span.
        //
        // Running this behaviour on drop rather than with an explicit function
        // call means that spans may still be exited when unwinding.
        if let Some(inner) = self.span.inner.as_ref() {
            inner.subscriber.exit(&inner.id);
        }

        if_log_enabled! {{
            if let Some(ref meta) = self.span.meta {
                self.span.log(ACTIVITY_LOG_TARGET, log::Level::Trace, format_args!("<- {}", meta.name()));
            }
        }}
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "log")]
struct FmtValues<'a>(&'a Record<'a>);

#[cfg(feature = "log")]
impl<'a> fmt::Display for FmtValues<'a> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let mut res = Ok(());
        let mut is_first = true;
        self.0.record(&mut |k: &field::Field, v: &dyn fmt::Debug| {
            res = write!(f, "{} {}={:?}", if is_first { ";" } else { "" }, k, v);
            is_first = false;
        });
        res
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "log")]
struct FmtAttrs<'a>(&'a Attributes<'a>);

#[cfg(feature = "log")]
impl<'a> fmt::Display for FmtAttrs<'a> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let mut res = Ok(());
        let mut is_first = true;
        self.0.record(&mut |k: &field::Field, v: &dyn fmt::Debug| {
            res = write!(f, "{} {}={:?}", if is_first { ";" } else { "" }, k, v);
            is_first = false;
        });
        res
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::*;

    trait AssertSend: Send {}
    impl AssertSend for Span {}

    trait AssertSync: Sync {}
    impl AssertSync for Span {}
}