lib/Sema/SemaConcept.cpp

//===-- SemaConcept.cpp - Semantic Analysis for Constraints and Concepts --===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//  This file implements semantic analysis for C++ constraints and concepts.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "clang/Sema/SemaConcept.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Sema.h"
#include "clang/Sema/SemaInternal.h"
#include "clang/Sema/SemaDiagnostic.h"
#include "clang/Sema/TemplateDeduction.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Template.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Overload.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Initialization.h"
#include "clang/Sema/SemaInternal.h"
#include "clang/AST/ExprConcepts.h"
#include "clang/AST/RecursiveASTVisitor.h"
#include "clang/Basic/OperatorPrecedence.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/PointerUnion.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"

using namespace clang;
using namespace sema;

namespace {
class LogicalBinOp {
  OverloadedOperatorKind Op = OO_None;
  const Expr *LHS = nullptr;
  const Expr *RHS = nullptr;

public:
  LogicalBinOp(const Expr *E) {
    if (auto *BO = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(E)) {
      Op = BinaryOperator::getOverloadedOperator(BO->getOpcode());
      LHS = BO->getLHS();
      RHS = BO->getRHS();
    } else if (auto *OO = dyn_cast<CXXOperatorCallExpr>(E)) {
      // If OO is not || or && it might not have exactly 2 arguments.
      if (OO->getNumArgs() == 2) {
        Op = OO->getOperator();
        LHS = OO->getArg(0);
        RHS = OO->getArg(1);
      }
    }
  }

  bool isAnd() const { return Op == OO_AmpAmp; }
  bool isOr() const { return Op == OO_PipePipe; }
  explicit operator bool() const { return isAnd() || isOr(); }

  const Expr *getLHS() const { return LHS; }
  const Expr *getRHS() const { return RHS; }
};
}

bool Sema::CheckConstraintExpression(const Expr *ConstraintExpression,
                                     Token NextToken, bool *PossibleNonPrimary,
                                     bool IsTrailingRequiresClause) {
  // C++2a [temp.constr.atomic]p1
  // ..E shall be a constant expression of type bool.

  ConstraintExpression = ConstraintExpression->IgnoreParenImpCasts();

  if (LogicalBinOp BO = ConstraintExpression) {
    return CheckConstraintExpression(BO.getLHS(), NextToken,
                                     PossibleNonPrimary) &&
           CheckConstraintExpression(BO.getRHS(), NextToken,
                                     PossibleNonPrimary);
  } else if (auto *C = dyn_cast<ExprWithCleanups>(ConstraintExpression))
    return CheckConstraintExpression(C->getSubExpr(), NextToken,
                                     PossibleNonPrimary);

  QualType Type = ConstraintExpression->getType();

  auto CheckForNonPrimary = [&] {
    if (PossibleNonPrimary)
      *PossibleNonPrimary =
          // We have the following case:
          // template<typename> requires func(0) struct S { };
          // The user probably isn't aware of the parentheses required around
          // the function call, and we're only going to parse 'func' as the
          // primary-expression, and complain that it is of non-bool type.
          (NextToken.is(tok::l_paren) &&
           (IsTrailingRequiresClause ||
            (Type->isDependentType() &&
             isa<UnresolvedLookupExpr>(ConstraintExpression)) ||
            Type->isFunctionType() ||
            Type->isSpecificBuiltinType(BuiltinType::Overload))) ||
          // We have the following case:
          // template<typename T> requires size_<T> == 0 struct S { };
          // The user probably isn't aware of the parentheses required around
          // the binary operator, and we're only going to parse 'func' as the
          // first operand, and complain that it is of non-bool type.
          getBinOpPrecedence(NextToken.getKind(),
                             /*GreaterThanIsOperator=*/true,
                             getLangOpts().CPlusPlus11) > prec::LogicalAnd;
  };

  // An atomic constraint!
  if (ConstraintExpression->isTypeDependent()) {
    CheckForNonPrimary();
    return true;
  }

  if (!Context.hasSameUnqualifiedType(Type, Context.BoolTy)) {
    Diag(ConstraintExpression->getExprLoc(),
         diag::err_non_bool_atomic_constraint) << Type
        << ConstraintExpression->getSourceRange();
    CheckForNonPrimary();
    return false;
  }

  if (PossibleNonPrimary)
      *PossibleNonPrimary = false;
  return true;
}

template <typename AtomicEvaluator>
static bool
calculateConstraintSatisfaction(Sema &S, const Expr *ConstraintExpr,
                                ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction,
                                AtomicEvaluator &&Evaluator) {
  ConstraintExpr = ConstraintExpr->IgnoreParenImpCasts();

  if (LogicalBinOp BO = ConstraintExpr) {
    if (calculateConstraintSatisfaction(S, BO.getLHS(), Satisfaction,
                                        Evaluator))
      return true;

    bool IsLHSSatisfied = Satisfaction.IsSatisfied;

    if (BO.isOr() && IsLHSSatisfied)
      // [temp.constr.op] p3
      //    A disjunction is a constraint taking two operands. To determine if
      //    a disjunction is satisfied, the satisfaction of the first operand
      //    is checked. If that is satisfied, the disjunction is satisfied.
      //    Otherwise, the disjunction is satisfied if and only if the second
      //    operand is satisfied.
      return false;

    if (BO.isAnd() && !IsLHSSatisfied)
      // [temp.constr.op] p2
      //    A conjunction is a constraint taking two operands. To determine if
      //    a conjunction is satisfied, the satisfaction of the first operand
      //    is checked. If that is not satisfied, the conjunction is not
      //    satisfied. Otherwise, the conjunction is satisfied if and only if
      //    the second operand is satisfied.
      return false;

    return calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
        S, BO.getRHS(), Satisfaction, std::forward<AtomicEvaluator>(Evaluator));
  } else if (auto *C = dyn_cast<ExprWithCleanups>(ConstraintExpr)) {
    return calculateConstraintSatisfaction(S, C->getSubExpr(), Satisfaction,
        std::forward<AtomicEvaluator>(Evaluator));
  }

  // An atomic constraint expression
  ExprResult SubstitutedAtomicExpr = Evaluator(ConstraintExpr);

  if (SubstitutedAtomicExpr.isInvalid())
    return true;

  if (!SubstitutedAtomicExpr.isUsable())
    // Evaluator has decided satisfaction without yielding an expression.
    return false;

  EnterExpressionEvaluationContext ConstantEvaluated(
      S, Sema::ExpressionEvaluationContext::ConstantEvaluated);
  SmallVector<PartialDiagnosticAt, 2> EvaluationDiags;
  Expr::EvalResult EvalResult;
  EvalResult.Diag = &EvaluationDiags;
  if (!SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get()->EvaluateAsConstantExpr(EvalResult,
                                                           S.Context) ||
      !EvaluationDiags.empty()) {
    // C++2a [temp.constr.atomic]p1
    //   ...E shall be a constant expression of type bool.
    S.Diag(SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get()->getBeginLoc(),
           diag::err_non_constant_constraint_expression)
        << SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get()->getSourceRange();
    for (const PartialDiagnosticAt &PDiag : EvaluationDiags)
      S.Diag(PDiag.first, PDiag.second);
    return true;
  }

  assert(EvalResult.Val.isInt() &&
         "evaluating bool expression didn't produce int");
  Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = EvalResult.Val.getInt().getBoolValue();
  if (!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied)
    Satisfaction.Details.emplace_back(ConstraintExpr,
                                      SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get());

  return false;
}

static bool calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
    Sema &S, const NamedDecl *Template, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
    SourceLocation TemplateNameLoc, MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL,
    const Expr *ConstraintExpr, ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  return calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
      S, ConstraintExpr, Satisfaction, [&](const Expr *AtomicExpr) {
        EnterExpressionEvaluationContext ConstantEvaluated(
            S, Sema::ExpressionEvaluationContext::ConstantEvaluated);

        // Atomic constraint - substitute arguments and check satisfaction.
        ExprResult SubstitutedExpression;
        {
          TemplateDeductionInfo Info(TemplateNameLoc);
          Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(S, AtomicExpr->getBeginLoc(),
              Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintSubstitution{},
              const_cast<NamedDecl *>(Template), Info,
              AtomicExpr->getSourceRange());
          if (Inst.isInvalid())
            return ExprError();
          // We do not want error diagnostics escaping here.
          Sema::SFINAETrap Trap(S);
          SubstitutedExpression = S.SubstExpr(const_cast<Expr *>(AtomicExpr),
                                              MLTAL);
          // Substitution might have stripped off a contextual conversion to
          // bool if this is the operand of an '&&' or '||'. For example, we
          // might lose an lvalue-to-rvalue conversion here. If so, put it back
          // before we try to evaluate.
          if (!SubstitutedExpression.isInvalid())
            SubstitutedExpression =
                S.PerformContextuallyConvertToBool(SubstitutedExpression.get());
          if (SubstitutedExpression.isInvalid() || Trap.hasErrorOccurred()) {
            // C++2a [temp.constr.atomic]p1
            //   ...If substitution results in an invalid type or expression, the
            //   constraint is not satisfied.
            if (!Trap.hasErrorOccurred())
              // A non-SFINAE error has occurred as a result of this
              // substitution.
              return ExprError();

            PartialDiagnosticAt SubstDiag{SourceLocation(),
                                          PartialDiagnostic::NullDiagnostic()};
            Info.takeSFINAEDiagnostic(SubstDiag);
            // FIXME: Concepts: This is an unfortunate consequence of there
            //  being no serialization code for PartialDiagnostics and the fact
            //  that serializing them would likely take a lot more storage than
            //  just storing them as strings. We would still like, in the
            //  future, to serialize the proper PartialDiagnostic as serializing
            //  it as a string defeats the purpose of the diagnostic mechanism.
            SmallString<128> DiagString;
            DiagString = ": ";
            SubstDiag.second.EmitToString(S.getDiagnostics(), DiagString);
            unsigned MessageSize = DiagString.size();
            char *Mem = new (S.Context) char[MessageSize];
            memcpy(Mem, DiagString.c_str(), MessageSize);
            Satisfaction.Details.emplace_back(
                AtomicExpr,
                new (S.Context) ConstraintSatisfaction::SubstitutionDiagnostic{
                        SubstDiag.first, StringRef(Mem, MessageSize)});
            Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = false;
            return ExprEmpty();
          }
        }

        if (!S.CheckConstraintExpression(SubstitutedExpression.get()))
          return ExprError();

        return SubstitutedExpression;
      });
}

static bool CheckConstraintSatisfaction(Sema &S, const NamedDecl *Template,
                                        ArrayRef<const Expr *> ConstraintExprs,
                                        ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
                                        SourceRange TemplateIDRange,
                                        ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  if (ConstraintExprs.empty()) {
    Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
    return false;
  }

  for (auto& Arg : TemplateArgs)
    if (Arg.isInstantiationDependent()) {
      // No need to check satisfaction for dependent constraint expressions.
      Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
      return false;
    }

  Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(S, TemplateIDRange.getBegin(),
      Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintsCheck{},
      const_cast<NamedDecl *>(Template), TemplateArgs, TemplateIDRange);
  if (Inst.isInvalid())
    return true;

  MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList MLTAL;
  MLTAL.addOuterTemplateArguments(TemplateArgs);

  for (const Expr *ConstraintExpr : ConstraintExprs) {
    if (calculateConstraintSatisfaction(S, Template, TemplateArgs,
                                        TemplateIDRange.getBegin(), MLTAL,
                                        ConstraintExpr, Satisfaction))
      return true;
    if (!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied)
      // [temp.constr.op] p2
      //   [...] To determine if a conjunction is satisfied, the satisfaction
      //   of the first operand is checked. If that is not satisfied, the
      //   conjunction is not satisfied. [...]
      return false;
  }
  return false;
}

bool Sema::CheckConstraintSatisfaction(
    const NamedDecl *Template, ArrayRef<const Expr *> ConstraintExprs,
    ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs, SourceRange TemplateIDRange,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &OutSatisfaction) {
  if (ConstraintExprs.empty()) {
    OutSatisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
    return false;
  }

  llvm::FoldingSetNodeID ID;
  void *InsertPos;
  ConstraintSatisfaction *Satisfaction = nullptr;
  bool ShouldCache = LangOpts.ConceptSatisfactionCaching && Template;
  if (ShouldCache) {
    ConstraintSatisfaction::Profile(ID, Context, Template, TemplateArgs);
    Satisfaction = SatisfactionCache.FindNodeOrInsertPos(ID, InsertPos);
    if (Satisfaction) {
      OutSatisfaction = *Satisfaction;
      return false;
    }
    Satisfaction = new ConstraintSatisfaction(Template, TemplateArgs);
  } else {
    Satisfaction = &OutSatisfaction;
  }
  if (::CheckConstraintSatisfaction(*this, Template, ConstraintExprs,
                                    TemplateArgs, TemplateIDRange,
                                    *Satisfaction)) {
    if (ShouldCache)
      delete Satisfaction;
    return true;
  }

  if (ShouldCache) {
    // We cannot use InsertNode here because CheckConstraintSatisfaction might
    // have invalidated it.
    SatisfactionCache.InsertNode(Satisfaction);
    OutSatisfaction = *Satisfaction;
  }
  return false;
}

bool Sema::CheckConstraintSatisfaction(const Expr *ConstraintExpr,
                                       ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  return calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
      *this, ConstraintExpr, Satisfaction,
      [](const Expr *AtomicExpr) -> ExprResult {
        return ExprResult(const_cast<Expr *>(AtomicExpr));
      });
}

bool Sema::CheckFunctionConstraints(const FunctionDecl *FD,
                                    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction,
                                    SourceLocation UsageLoc) {
  const Expr *RC = FD->getTrailingRequiresClause();
  if (RC->isInstantiationDependent()) {
    Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
    return false;
  }
  Qualifiers ThisQuals;
  CXXRecordDecl *Record = nullptr;
  if (auto *Method = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(FD)) {
    ThisQuals = Method->getMethodQualifiers();
    Record = const_cast<CXXRecordDecl *>(Method->getParent());
  }
  CXXThisScopeRAII ThisScope(*this, Record, ThisQuals, Record != nullptr);
  // We substitute with empty arguments in order to rebuild the atomic
  // constraint in a constant-evaluated context.
  // FIXME: Should this be a dedicated TreeTransform?
  return CheckConstraintSatisfaction(
      FD, {RC}, /*TemplateArgs=*/{},
      SourceRange(UsageLoc.isValid() ? UsageLoc : FD->getLocation()),
      Satisfaction);
}

bool Sema::EnsureTemplateArgumentListConstraints(
    TemplateDecl *TD, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
    SourceRange TemplateIDRange) {
  ConstraintSatisfaction Satisfaction;
  llvm::SmallVector<const Expr *, 3> AssociatedConstraints;
  TD->getAssociatedConstraints(AssociatedConstraints);
  if (CheckConstraintSatisfaction(TD, AssociatedConstraints, TemplateArgs,
                                  TemplateIDRange, Satisfaction))
    return true;

  if (!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied) {
    SmallString<128> TemplateArgString;
    TemplateArgString = " ";
    TemplateArgString += getTemplateArgumentBindingsText(
        TD->getTemplateParameters(), TemplateArgs.data(), TemplateArgs.size());

    Diag(TemplateIDRange.getBegin(),
         diag::err_template_arg_list_constraints_not_satisfied)
        << (int)getTemplateNameKindForDiagnostics(TemplateName(TD)) << TD
        << TemplateArgString << TemplateIDRange;
    DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(Satisfaction);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

static void diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(Sema &S,
                                           concepts::ExprRequirement *Req,
                                           bool First) {
  assert(!Req->isSatisfied()
         && "Diagnose() can only be used on an unsatisfied requirement");
  switch (Req->getSatisfactionStatus()) {
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_Dependent:
      llvm_unreachable("Diagnosing a dependent requirement");
      break;
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_ExprSubstitutionFailure: {
      auto *SubstDiag = Req->getExprSubstitutionDiagnostic();
      if (!SubstDiag->DiagMessage.empty())
        S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
               diag::note_expr_requirement_expr_substitution_error)
               << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity
               << SubstDiag->DiagMessage;
      else
        S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
               diag::note_expr_requirement_expr_unknown_substitution_error)
            << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity;
      break;
    }
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_NoexceptNotMet:
      S.Diag(Req->getNoexceptLoc(),
             diag::note_expr_requirement_noexcept_not_met)
          << (int)First << Req->getExpr();
      break;
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_TypeRequirementSubstitutionFailure: {
      auto *SubstDiag =
          Req->getReturnTypeRequirement().getSubstitutionDiagnostic();
      if (!SubstDiag->DiagMessage.empty())
        S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
               diag::note_expr_requirement_type_requirement_substitution_error)
            << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity
            << SubstDiag->DiagMessage;
      else
        S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
               diag::note_expr_requirement_type_requirement_unknown_substitution_error)
            << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity;
      break;
    }
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_ConstraintsNotSatisfied: {
      ConceptSpecializationExpr *ConstraintExpr =
          Req->getReturnTypeRequirementSubstitutedConstraintExpr();
      if (ConstraintExpr->getTemplateArgsAsWritten()->NumTemplateArgs == 1) {
        // A simple case - expr type is the type being constrained and the concept
        // was not provided arguments.
        Expr *e = Req->getExpr();
        S.Diag(e->getBeginLoc(),
               diag::note_expr_requirement_constraints_not_satisfied_simple)
            << (int)First << S.Context.getReferenceQualifiedType(e)
            << ConstraintExpr->getNamedConcept();
      } else {
        S.Diag(ConstraintExpr->getBeginLoc(),
               diag::note_expr_requirement_constraints_not_satisfied)
            << (int)First << ConstraintExpr;
      }
      S.DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(ConstraintExpr->getSatisfaction());
      break;
    }
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_Satisfied:
      llvm_unreachable("We checked this above");
  }
}

static void diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(Sema &S,
                                           concepts::TypeRequirement *Req,
                                           bool First) {
  assert(!Req->isSatisfied()
         && "Diagnose() can only be used on an unsatisfied requirement");
  switch (Req->getSatisfactionStatus()) {
  case concepts::TypeRequirement::SS_Dependent:
    llvm_unreachable("Diagnosing a dependent requirement");
    return;
  case concepts::TypeRequirement::SS_SubstitutionFailure: {
    auto *SubstDiag = Req->getSubstitutionDiagnostic();
    if (!SubstDiag->DiagMessage.empty())
      S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
             diag::note_type_requirement_substitution_error) << (int)First
          << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity << SubstDiag->DiagMessage;
    else
      S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
             diag::note_type_requirement_unknown_substitution_error)
          << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity;
    return;
  }
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Unknown satisfaction status");
    return;
  }
}

static void diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(Sema &S,
                                           concepts::NestedRequirement *Req,
                                           bool First) {
  if (Req->isSubstitutionFailure()) {
    concepts::Requirement::SubstitutionDiagnostic *SubstDiag =
        Req->getSubstitutionDiagnostic();
    if (!SubstDiag->DiagMessage.empty())
      S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
             diag::note_nested_requirement_substitution_error)
             << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity
             << SubstDiag->DiagMessage;
    else
      S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
             diag::note_nested_requirement_unknown_substitution_error)
          << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity;
    return;
  }
  S.DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(Req->getConstraintSatisfaction(), First);
}


static void diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(Sema &S,
                                                        Expr *SubstExpr,
                                                        bool First = true) {
  SubstExpr = SubstExpr->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
  if (BinaryOperator *BO = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(SubstExpr)) {
    switch (BO->getOpcode()) {
    // These two cases will in practice only be reached when using fold
    // expressions with || and &&, since otherwise the || and && will have been
    // broken down into atomic constraints during satisfaction checking.
    case BO_LOr:
      // Or evaluated to false - meaning both RHS and LHS evaluated to false.
      diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getLHS(), First);
      diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getRHS(),
                                                  /*First=*/false);
      return;
    case BO_LAnd: {
      bool LHSSatisfied =
          BO->getLHS()->EvaluateKnownConstInt(S.Context).getBoolValue();
      if (LHSSatisfied) {
        // LHS is true, so RHS must be false.
        diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getRHS(), First);
        return;
      }
      // LHS is false
      diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getLHS(), First);

      // RHS might also be false
      bool RHSSatisfied =
          BO->getRHS()->EvaluateKnownConstInt(S.Context).getBoolValue();
      if (!RHSSatisfied)
        diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getRHS(),
                                                    /*First=*/false);
      return;
    }
    case BO_GE:
    case BO_LE:
    case BO_GT:
    case BO_LT:
    case BO_EQ:
    case BO_NE:
      if (BO->getLHS()->getType()->isIntegerType() &&
          BO->getRHS()->getType()->isIntegerType()) {
        Expr::EvalResult SimplifiedLHS;
        Expr::EvalResult SimplifiedRHS;
        BO->getLHS()->EvaluateAsInt(SimplifiedLHS, S.Context,
                                    Expr::SE_NoSideEffects,
                                    /*InConstantContext=*/true);
        BO->getRHS()->EvaluateAsInt(SimplifiedRHS, S.Context,
                                    Expr::SE_NoSideEffects,
                                    /*InConstantContext=*/true);
        if (!SimplifiedLHS.Diag && ! SimplifiedRHS.Diag) {
          S.Diag(SubstExpr->getBeginLoc(),
                 diag::note_atomic_constraint_evaluated_to_false_elaborated)
              << (int)First << SubstExpr
              << toString(SimplifiedLHS.Val.getInt(), 10)
              << BinaryOperator::getOpcodeStr(BO->getOpcode())
              << toString(SimplifiedRHS.Val.getInt(), 10);
          return;
        }
      }
      break;

    default:
      break;
    }
  } else if (auto *CSE = dyn_cast<ConceptSpecializationExpr>(SubstExpr)) {
    if (CSE->getTemplateArgsAsWritten()->NumTemplateArgs == 1) {
      S.Diag(
          CSE->getSourceRange().getBegin(),
          diag::
          note_single_arg_concept_specialization_constraint_evaluated_to_false)
          << (int)First
          << CSE->getTemplateArgsAsWritten()->arguments()[0].getArgument()
          << CSE->getNamedConcept();
    } else {
      S.Diag(SubstExpr->getSourceRange().getBegin(),
             diag::note_concept_specialization_constraint_evaluated_to_false)
          << (int)First << CSE;
    }
    S.DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(CSE->getSatisfaction());
    return;
  } else if (auto *RE = dyn_cast<RequiresExpr>(SubstExpr)) {
    for (concepts::Requirement *Req : RE->getRequirements())
      if (!Req->isDependent() && !Req->isSatisfied()) {
        if (auto *E = dyn_cast<concepts::ExprRequirement>(Req))
          diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(S, E, First);
        else if (auto *T = dyn_cast<concepts::TypeRequirement>(Req))
          diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(S, T, First);
        else
          diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(
              S, cast<concepts::NestedRequirement>(Req), First);
        break;
      }
    return;
  }

  S.Diag(SubstExpr->getSourceRange().getBegin(),
         diag::note_atomic_constraint_evaluated_to_false)
      << (int)First << SubstExpr;
}

template<typename SubstitutionDiagnostic>
static void diagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(
    Sema &S, const Expr *E,
    const llvm::PointerUnion<Expr *, SubstitutionDiagnostic *> &Record,
    bool First = true) {
  if (auto *Diag = Record.template dyn_cast<SubstitutionDiagnostic *>()){
    S.Diag(Diag->first, diag::note_substituted_constraint_expr_is_ill_formed)
        << Diag->second;
    return;
  }

  diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S,
      Record.template get<Expr *>(), First);
}

void
Sema::DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(const ConstraintSatisfaction& Satisfaction,
                                    bool First) {
  assert(!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied &&
         "Attempted to diagnose a satisfied constraint");
  for (auto &Pair : Satisfaction.Details) {
    diagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(*this, Pair.first, Pair.second, First);
    First = false;
  }
}

void Sema::DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(
    const ASTConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction,
    bool First) {
  assert(!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied &&
         "Attempted to diagnose a satisfied constraint");
  for (auto &Pair : Satisfaction) {
    diagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(*this, Pair.first, Pair.second, First);
    First = false;
  }
}

const NormalizedConstraint *
Sema::getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(
    NamedDecl *ConstrainedDecl, ArrayRef<const Expr *> AssociatedConstraints) {
  auto CacheEntry = NormalizationCache.find(ConstrainedDecl);
  if (CacheEntry == NormalizationCache.end()) {
    auto Normalized =
        NormalizedConstraint::fromConstraintExprs(*this, ConstrainedDecl,
                                                  AssociatedConstraints);
    CacheEntry =
        NormalizationCache
            .try_emplace(ConstrainedDecl,
                         Normalized
                             ? new (Context) NormalizedConstraint(
                                 std::move(*Normalized))
                             : nullptr)
            .first;
  }
  return CacheEntry->second;
}

static bool substituteParameterMappings(Sema &S, NormalizedConstraint &N,
    ConceptDecl *Concept, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
    const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *ArgsAsWritten) {
  if (!N.isAtomic()) {
    if (substituteParameterMappings(S, N.getLHS(), Concept, TemplateArgs,
                                    ArgsAsWritten))
      return true;
    return substituteParameterMappings(S, N.getRHS(), Concept, TemplateArgs,
                                       ArgsAsWritten);
  }
  TemplateParameterList *TemplateParams = Concept->getTemplateParameters();

  AtomicConstraint &Atomic = *N.getAtomicConstraint();
  TemplateArgumentListInfo SubstArgs;
  MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList MLTAL;
  MLTAL.addOuterTemplateArguments(TemplateArgs);
  if (!Atomic.ParameterMapping) {
    llvm::SmallBitVector OccurringIndices(TemplateParams->size());
    S.MarkUsedTemplateParameters(Atomic.ConstraintExpr, /*OnlyDeduced=*/false,
                                 /*Depth=*/0, OccurringIndices);
    Atomic.ParameterMapping.emplace(
        MutableArrayRef<TemplateArgumentLoc>(
            new (S.Context) TemplateArgumentLoc[OccurringIndices.count()],
            OccurringIndices.count()));
    for (unsigned I = 0, J = 0, C = TemplateParams->size(); I != C; ++I)
      if (OccurringIndices[I])
        new (&(*Atomic.ParameterMapping)[J++]) TemplateArgumentLoc(
            S.getIdentityTemplateArgumentLoc(TemplateParams->begin()[I],
                // Here we assume we do not support things like
                // template<typename A, typename B>
                // concept C = ...;
                //
                // template<typename... Ts> requires C<Ts...>
                // struct S { };
                // The above currently yields a diagnostic.
                // We still might have default arguments for concept parameters.
                ArgsAsWritten->NumTemplateArgs > I ?
                ArgsAsWritten->arguments()[I].getLocation() :
                SourceLocation()));
  }
  Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(
      S, ArgsAsWritten->arguments().front().getSourceRange().getBegin(),
      Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ParameterMappingSubstitution{}, Concept,
      SourceRange(ArgsAsWritten->arguments()[0].getSourceRange().getBegin(),
                  ArgsAsWritten->arguments().back().getSourceRange().getEnd()));
  if (S.SubstTemplateArguments(*Atomic.ParameterMapping, MLTAL, SubstArgs))
    return true;
  Atomic.ParameterMapping.emplace(
        MutableArrayRef<TemplateArgumentLoc>(
            new (S.Context) TemplateArgumentLoc[SubstArgs.size()],
            SubstArgs.size()));
  std::copy(SubstArgs.arguments().begin(), SubstArgs.arguments().end(),
            N.getAtomicConstraint()->ParameterMapping->begin());
  return false;
}

Optional<NormalizedConstraint>
NormalizedConstraint::fromConstraintExprs(Sema &S, NamedDecl *D,
                                          ArrayRef<const Expr *> E) {
  assert(E.size() != 0);
  auto Conjunction = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, E[0]);
  if (!Conjunction)
    return None;
  for (unsigned I = 1; I < E.size(); ++I) {
    auto Next = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, E[I]);
    if (!Next)
      return None;
    *Conjunction = NormalizedConstraint(S.Context, std::move(*Conjunction),
                                        std::move(*Next), CCK_Conjunction);
  }
  return Conjunction;
}

llvm::Optional<NormalizedConstraint>
NormalizedConstraint::fromConstraintExpr(Sema &S, NamedDecl *D, const Expr *E) {
  assert(E != nullptr);

  // C++ [temp.constr.normal]p1.1
  // [...]
  // - The normal form of an expression (E) is the normal form of E.
  // [...]
  E = E->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
  if (LogicalBinOp BO = E) {
    auto LHS = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, BO.getLHS());
    if (!LHS)
      return None;
    auto RHS = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, BO.getRHS());
    if (!RHS)
      return None;

    return NormalizedConstraint(S.Context, std::move(*LHS), std::move(*RHS),
                                BO.isAnd() ? CCK_Conjunction : CCK_Disjunction);
  } else if (auto *CSE = dyn_cast<const ConceptSpecializationExpr>(E)) {
    const NormalizedConstraint *SubNF;
    {
      Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(
          S, CSE->getExprLoc(),
          Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintNormalization{}, D,
          CSE->getSourceRange());
      // C++ [temp.constr.normal]p1.1
      // [...]
      // The normal form of an id-expression of the form C<A1, A2, ..., AN>,
      // where C names a concept, is the normal form of the
      // constraint-expression of C, after substituting A1, A2, ..., AN for C’s
      // respective template parameters in the parameter mappings in each atomic
      // constraint. If any such substitution results in an invalid type or
      // expression, the program is ill-formed; no diagnostic is required.
      // [...]
      ConceptDecl *CD = CSE->getNamedConcept();
      SubNF = S.getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(CD,
                                                   {CD->getConstraintExpr()});
      if (!SubNF)
        return None;
    }

    Optional<NormalizedConstraint> New;
    New.emplace(S.Context, *SubNF);

    if (substituteParameterMappings(
            S, *New, CSE->getNamedConcept(),
            CSE->getTemplateArguments(), CSE->getTemplateArgsAsWritten()))
      return None;

    return New;
  }
  return NormalizedConstraint{new (S.Context) AtomicConstraint(S, E)};
}

using NormalForm =
    llvm::SmallVector<llvm::SmallVector<AtomicConstraint *, 2>, 4>;

static NormalForm makeCNF(const NormalizedConstraint &Normalized) {
  if (Normalized.isAtomic())
    return {{Normalized.getAtomicConstraint()}};

  NormalForm LCNF = makeCNF(Normalized.getLHS());
  NormalForm RCNF = makeCNF(Normalized.getRHS());
  if (Normalized.getCompoundKind() == NormalizedConstraint::CCK_Conjunction) {
    LCNF.reserve(LCNF.size() + RCNF.size());
    while (!RCNF.empty())
      LCNF.push_back(RCNF.pop_back_val());
    return LCNF;
  }

  // Disjunction
  NormalForm Res;
  Res.reserve(LCNF.size() * RCNF.size());
  for (auto &LDisjunction : LCNF)
    for (auto &RDisjunction : RCNF) {
      NormalForm::value_type Combined;
      Combined.reserve(LDisjunction.size() + RDisjunction.size());
      std::copy(LDisjunction.begin(), LDisjunction.end(),
                std::back_inserter(Combined));
      std::copy(RDisjunction.begin(), RDisjunction.end(),
                std::back_inserter(Combined));
      Res.emplace_back(Combined);
    }
  return Res;
}

static NormalForm makeDNF(const NormalizedConstraint &Normalized) {
  if (Normalized.isAtomic())
    return {{Normalized.getAtomicConstraint()}};

  NormalForm LDNF = makeDNF(Normalized.getLHS());
  NormalForm RDNF = makeDNF(Normalized.getRHS());
  if (Normalized.getCompoundKind() == NormalizedConstraint::CCK_Disjunction) {
    LDNF.reserve(LDNF.size() + RDNF.size());
    while (!RDNF.empty())
      LDNF.push_back(RDNF.pop_back_val());
    return LDNF;
  }

  // Conjunction
  NormalForm Res;
  Res.reserve(LDNF.size() * RDNF.size());
  for (auto &LConjunction : LDNF) {
    for (auto &RConjunction : RDNF) {
      NormalForm::value_type Combined;
      Combined.reserve(LConjunction.size() + RConjunction.size());
      std::copy(LConjunction.begin(), LConjunction.end(),
                std::back_inserter(Combined));
      std::copy(RConjunction.begin(), RConjunction.end(),
                std::back_inserter(Combined));
      Res.emplace_back(Combined);
    }
  }
  return Res;
}

template<typename AtomicSubsumptionEvaluator>
static bool subsumes(NormalForm PDNF, NormalForm QCNF,
                     AtomicSubsumptionEvaluator E) {
  // C++ [temp.constr.order] p2
  //   Then, P subsumes Q if and only if, for every disjunctive clause Pi in the
  //   disjunctive normal form of P, Pi subsumes every conjunctive clause Qj in
  //   the conjuctive normal form of Q, where [...]
  for (const auto &Pi : PDNF) {
    for (const auto &Qj : QCNF) {
      // C++ [temp.constr.order] p2
      //   - [...] a disjunctive clause Pi subsumes a conjunctive clause Qj if
      //     and only if there exists an atomic constraint Pia in Pi for which
      //     there exists an atomic constraint, Qjb, in Qj such that Pia
      //     subsumes Qjb.
      bool Found = false;
      for (const AtomicConstraint *Pia : Pi) {
        for (const AtomicConstraint *Qjb : Qj) {
          if (E(*Pia, *Qjb)) {
            Found = true;
            break;
          }
        }
        if (Found)
          break;
      }
      if (!Found)
        return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

template<typename AtomicSubsumptionEvaluator>
static bool subsumes(Sema &S, NamedDecl *DP, ArrayRef<const Expr *> P,
                     NamedDecl *DQ, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Q, bool &Subsumes,
                     AtomicSubsumptionEvaluator E) {
  // C++ [temp.constr.order] p2
  //   In order to determine if a constraint P subsumes a constraint Q, P is
  //   transformed into disjunctive normal form, and Q is transformed into
  //   conjunctive normal form. [...]
  auto *PNormalized = S.getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(DP, P);
  if (!PNormalized)
    return true;
  const NormalForm PDNF = makeDNF(*PNormalized);

  auto *QNormalized = S.getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(DQ, Q);
  if (!QNormalized)
    return true;
  const NormalForm QCNF = makeCNF(*QNormalized);

  Subsumes = subsumes(PDNF, QCNF, E);
  return false;
}

bool Sema::IsAtLeastAsConstrained(NamedDecl *D1, ArrayRef<const Expr *> AC1,
                                  NamedDecl *D2, ArrayRef<const Expr *> AC2,
                                  bool &Result) {
  if (AC1.empty()) {
    Result = AC2.empty();
    return false;
  }
  if (AC2.empty()) {
    // TD1 has associated constraints and TD2 does not.
    Result = true;
    return false;
  }

  std::pair<NamedDecl *, NamedDecl *> Key{D1, D2};
  auto CacheEntry = SubsumptionCache.find(Key);
  if (CacheEntry != SubsumptionCache.end()) {
    Result = CacheEntry->second;
    return false;
  }

  if (subsumes(*this, D1, AC1, D2, AC2, Result,
        [this] (const AtomicConstraint &A, const AtomicConstraint &B) {
          return A.subsumes(Context, B);
        }))
    return true;
  SubsumptionCache.try_emplace(Key, Result);
  return false;
}

bool Sema::MaybeEmitAmbiguousAtomicConstraintsDiagnostic(NamedDecl *D1,
    ArrayRef<const Expr *> AC1, NamedDecl *D2, ArrayRef<const Expr *> AC2) {
  if (isSFINAEContext())
    // No need to work here because our notes would be discarded.
    return false;

  if (AC1.empty() || AC2.empty())
    return false;

  auto NormalExprEvaluator =
      [this] (const AtomicConstraint &A, const AtomicConstraint &B) {
        return A.subsumes(Context, B);
      };

  const Expr *AmbiguousAtomic1 = nullptr, *AmbiguousAtomic2 = nullptr;
  auto IdenticalExprEvaluator =
      [&] (const AtomicConstraint &A, const AtomicConstraint &B) {
        if (!A.hasMatchingParameterMapping(Context, B))
          return false;
        const Expr *EA = A.ConstraintExpr, *EB = B.ConstraintExpr;
        if (EA == EB)
          return true;

        // Not the same source level expression - are the expressions
        // identical?
        llvm::FoldingSetNodeID IDA, IDB;
        EA->Profile(IDA, Context, /*Canonical=*/true);
        EB->Profile(IDB, Context, /*Canonical=*/true);
        if (IDA != IDB)
          return false;

        AmbiguousAtomic1 = EA;
        AmbiguousAtomic2 = EB;
        return true;
      };

  {
    // The subsumption checks might cause diagnostics
    SFINAETrap Trap(*this);
    auto *Normalized1 = getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(D1, AC1);
    if (!Normalized1)
      return false;
    const NormalForm DNF1 = makeDNF(*Normalized1);
    const NormalForm CNF1 = makeCNF(*Normalized1);

    auto *Normalized2 = getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(D2, AC2);
    if (!Normalized2)
      return false;
    const NormalForm DNF2 = makeDNF(*Normalized2);
    const NormalForm CNF2 = makeCNF(*Normalized2);

    bool Is1AtLeastAs2Normally = subsumes(DNF1, CNF2, NormalExprEvaluator);
    bool Is2AtLeastAs1Normally = subsumes(DNF2, CNF1, NormalExprEvaluator);
    bool Is1AtLeastAs2 = subsumes(DNF1, CNF2, IdenticalExprEvaluator);
    bool Is2AtLeastAs1 = subsumes(DNF2, CNF1, IdenticalExprEvaluator);
    if (Is1AtLeastAs2 == Is1AtLeastAs2Normally &&
        Is2AtLeastAs1 == Is2AtLeastAs1Normally)
      // Same result - no ambiguity was caused by identical atomic expressions.
      return false;
  }

  // A different result! Some ambiguous atomic constraint(s) caused a difference
  assert(AmbiguousAtomic1 && AmbiguousAtomic2);

  Diag(AmbiguousAtomic1->getBeginLoc(), diag::note_ambiguous_atomic_constraints)
      << AmbiguousAtomic1->getSourceRange();
  Diag(AmbiguousAtomic2->getBeginLoc(),
       diag::note_ambiguous_atomic_constraints_similar_expression)
      << AmbiguousAtomic2->getSourceRange();
  return true;
}

concepts::ExprRequirement::ExprRequirement(
    Expr *E, bool IsSimple, SourceLocation NoexceptLoc,
    ReturnTypeRequirement Req, SatisfactionStatus Status,
    ConceptSpecializationExpr *SubstitutedConstraintExpr) :
    Requirement(IsSimple ? RK_Simple : RK_Compound, Status == SS_Dependent,
                Status == SS_Dependent &&
                (E->containsUnexpandedParameterPack() ||
                 Req.containsUnexpandedParameterPack()),
                Status == SS_Satisfied), Value(E), NoexceptLoc(NoexceptLoc),
    TypeReq(Req), SubstitutedConstraintExpr(SubstitutedConstraintExpr),
    Status(Status) {
  assert((!IsSimple || (Req.isEmpty() && NoexceptLoc.isInvalid())) &&
         "Simple requirement must not have a return type requirement or a "
         "noexcept specification");
  assert((Status > SS_TypeRequirementSubstitutionFailure && Req.isTypeConstraint()) ==
         (SubstitutedConstraintExpr != nullptr));
}

concepts::ExprRequirement::ExprRequirement(
    SubstitutionDiagnostic *ExprSubstDiag, bool IsSimple,
    SourceLocation NoexceptLoc, ReturnTypeRequirement Req) :
    Requirement(IsSimple ? RK_Simple : RK_Compound, Req.isDependent(),
                Req.containsUnexpandedParameterPack(), /*IsSatisfied=*/false),
    Value(ExprSubstDiag), NoexceptLoc(NoexceptLoc), TypeReq(Req),
    Status(SS_ExprSubstitutionFailure) {
  assert((!IsSimple || (Req.isEmpty() && NoexceptLoc.isInvalid())) &&
         "Simple requirement must not have a return type requirement or a "
         "noexcept specification");
}

concepts::ExprRequirement::ReturnTypeRequirement::
ReturnTypeRequirement(TemplateParameterList *TPL) :
    TypeConstraintInfo(TPL, 0) {
  assert(TPL->size() == 1);
  const TypeConstraint *TC =
      cast<TemplateTypeParmDecl>(TPL->getParam(0))->getTypeConstraint();
  assert(TC &&
         "TPL must have a template type parameter with a type constraint");
  auto *Constraint =
      cast<ConceptSpecializationExpr>(TC->getImmediatelyDeclaredConstraint());
  bool Dependent =
      Constraint->getTemplateArgsAsWritten() &&
      TemplateSpecializationType::anyInstantiationDependentTemplateArguments(
          Constraint->getTemplateArgsAsWritten()->arguments().drop_front(1));
  TypeConstraintInfo.setInt(Dependent ? 1 : 0);
}

concepts::TypeRequirement::TypeRequirement(TypeSourceInfo *T) :
    Requirement(RK_Type, T->getType()->isInstantiationDependentType(),
                T->getType()->containsUnexpandedParameterPack(),
                // We reach this ctor with either dependent types (in which
                // IsSatisfied doesn't matter) or with non-dependent type in
                // which the existence of the type indicates satisfaction.
                /*IsSatisfied=*/true),
    Value(T),
    Status(T->getType()->isInstantiationDependentType() ? SS_Dependent
                                                        : SS_Satisfied) {}