xref: /dports/lang/python310/Python-3.10.1/Doc/library/tkinter.rst

:mod:`tkinter` --- Python interface to Tcl/Tk
=============================================

.. module:: tkinter
   :synopsis: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces

.. moduleauthor:: Guido van Rossum <guido@Python.org>

**Source code:** :source:`Lib/tkinter/__init__.py`

--------------

The :mod:`tkinter` package ("Tk interface") is the standard Python interface to
the Tcl/Tk GUI toolkit.  Both Tk and :mod:`tkinter` are available on most Unix
platforms, including macOS, as well as on Windows systems.

Running ``python -m tkinter`` from the command line should open a window
demonstrating a simple Tk interface, letting you know that :mod:`tkinter` is
properly installed on your system, and also showing what version of Tcl/Tk is
installed, so you can read the Tcl/Tk documentation specific to that version.

Tkinter supports a range of Tcl/Tk versions, built either with or
without thread support. The official Python binary release bundles Tcl/Tk 8.6
threaded. See the source code for the :mod:`_tkinter` module
for more information about supported versions.

Tkinter is not a thin wrapper, but adds a fair amount of its own logic to
make the experience more pythonic. This documentation will concentrate on these
additions and changes, and refer to the official Tcl/Tk documentation for
details that are unchanged.

.. note::

   Tcl/Tk 8.5 (2007) introduced a modern set of themed user interface components
   along with a new API to use them. Both old and new APIs are still available.
   Most documentation you will find online still uses the old API and
   can be woefully outdated.

.. seealso::

   * `TkDocs <http://tkdocs.com/>`_
      Extensive tutorial on creating user interfaces with Tkinter.  Explains key concepts,
      and illustrates recommended approaches using the modern API.

   * `Tkinter 8.5 reference: a GUI for Python <https://www.tkdocs.com/shipman/>`_
      Reference documentation for Tkinter 8.5 detailing available classes, methods, and options.

   Tcl/Tk Resources:

   * `Tk commands <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/contents.htm>`_
      Comprehensive reference to each of the underlying Tcl/Tk commands used by Tkinter.

   * `Tcl/Tk Home Page <https://www.tcl.tk>`_
      Additional documentation, and links to Tcl/Tk core development.

   Books:

   * `Modern Tkinter for Busy Python Developers <https://tkdocs.com/book.html>`_
      By Mark Roseman. (ISBN 978-1999149567)

   * `Python and Tkinter Programming <https://www.packtpub.com/product/python-gui-programming-with-tkinter/9781788835886>`_
      By Alan Moore. (ISBN 978-1788835886)

   * `Programming Python <http://learning-python.com/about-pp4e.html>`_
      By Mark Lutz; has excellent coverage of Tkinter. (ISBN 978-0596158101)

   * `Tcl and the Tk Toolkit (2nd edition)  <https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/032133633X>`_
      By John Ousterhout, inventor of Tcl/Tk, and Ken Jones; does not cover Tkinter. (ISBN 978-0321336330)


Architecture
------------

Tcl/Tk is not a single library but rather consists of a few distinct
modules, each with separate functionality and its own official
documentation. Python's binary releases also ship an add-on module
together with it.

Tcl
   Tcl is a dynamic interpreted programming language, just like Python. Though
   it can be used on its own as a general-purpose programming language, it is
   most commonly embedded into C applications as a scripting engine or an
   interface to the Tk toolkit. The Tcl library has a C interface to
   create and manage one or more instances of a Tcl interpreter, run Tcl
   commands and scripts in those instances, and add custom commands
   implemented in either Tcl or C. Each interpreter has an event queue,
   and there are facilities to send events to it and process them.
   Unlike Python, Tcl's execution model is designed around cooperative
   multitasking, and Tkinter bridges this difference
   (see `Threading model`_ for details).

Tk
   Tk is a `Tcl package <http://wiki.tcl.tk/37432>`_ implemented in C
   that adds custom commands to create and manipulate GUI widgets. Each
   :class:`Tk` object embeds its own Tcl interpreter instance with Tk loaded into
   it. Tk's widgets are very customizable, though at the cost of a dated appearance.
   Tk uses Tcl's event queue to generate and process GUI events.

Ttk
   Themed Tk (Ttk) is a newer family of Tk widgets that provide a much better
   appearance on different platforms than many of the classic Tk widgets.
   Ttk is distributed as part of Tk, starting with Tk version 8.5. Python
   bindings are provided in a separate module, :mod:`tkinter.ttk`.

Internally, Tk and Ttk use facilities of the underlying operating system,
i.e., Xlib on Unix/X11, Cocoa on macOS, GDI on Windows.

When your Python application uses a class in Tkinter, e.g., to create a widget,
the :mod:`tkinter` module first assembles a Tcl/Tk command string. It passes that
Tcl command string to an internal :mod:`_tkinter` binary module, which then
calls the Tcl interpreter to evaluate it. The Tcl interpreter will then call into the
Tk and/or Ttk packages, which will in turn make calls to Xlib, Cocoa, or GDI.


Tkinter Modules
---------------

Support for Tkinter is spread across several modules. Most applications will need the
main :mod:`tkinter` module, as well as the :mod:`tkinter.ttk` module, which provides
the modern themed widget set and API::


   from tkinter import *
   from tkinter import ttk


.. class:: Tk(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=1)

   The :class:`Tk` class is instantiated without arguments. This creates a toplevel
   widget of Tk which usually is the main window of an application. Each instance
   has its own associated Tcl interpreter.

   .. FIXME: The following keyword arguments are currently recognized:


.. function:: Tcl(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=0)

   The :func:`Tcl` function is a factory function which creates an object much like
   that created by the :class:`Tk` class, except that it does not initialize the Tk
   subsystem.  This is most often useful when driving the Tcl interpreter in an
   environment where one doesn't want to create extraneous toplevel windows, or
   where one cannot (such as Unix/Linux systems without an X server).  An object
   created by the :func:`Tcl` object can have a Toplevel window created (and the Tk
   subsystem initialized) by calling its :meth:`loadtk` method.


The modules that provide Tk support include:

:mod:`tkinter`
   Main Tkinter module.

:mod:`tkinter.colorchooser`
   Dialog to let the user choose a color.

:mod:`tkinter.commondialog`
   Base class for the dialogs defined in the other modules listed here.

:mod:`tkinter.filedialog`
   Common dialogs to allow the user to specify a file to open or save.

:mod:`tkinter.font`
   Utilities to help work with fonts.

:mod:`tkinter.messagebox`
   Access to standard Tk dialog boxes.

:mod:`tkinter.scrolledtext`
   Text widget with a vertical scroll bar built in.

:mod:`tkinter.simpledialog`
   Basic dialogs and convenience functions.

:mod:`tkinter.ttk`
   Themed widget set introduced in Tk 8.5, providing modern alternatives
   for many of the classic widgets in the main :mod:`tkinter` module.

Additional modules:

:mod:`_tkinter`
   A binary module that contains the low-level interface to Tcl/Tk.
   It is automatically imported by the main :mod:`tkinter` module,
   and should never be used directly by application programmers.
   It is usually a shared library (or DLL), but might in some cases be
   statically linked with the Python interpreter.

:mod:`idlelib`
   Python's Integrated Development and Learning Environment (IDLE). Based
   on :mod:`tkinter`.

:mod:`tkinter.constants`
   Symbolic constants that can be used in place of strings when passing
   various parameters to Tkinter calls. Automatically imported by the
   main :mod:`tkinter` module.

:mod:`tkinter.dnd`
   (experimental) Drag-and-drop support for :mod:`tkinter`. This will
   become deprecated when it is replaced with the Tk DND.

:mod:`tkinter.tix`
   (deprecated) An older third-party Tcl/Tk package that adds several new
   widgets. Better alternatives for most can be found in :mod:`tkinter.ttk`.

:mod:`turtle`
   Turtle graphics in a Tk window.


Tkinter Life Preserver
----------------------

This section is not designed to be an exhaustive tutorial on either Tk or
Tkinter.  For that, refer to one of the external resources noted earlier.
Instead, this section provides a very quick orientation to what a Tkinter
application looks like, identifies foundational Tk concepts, and
explains how the Tkinter wrapper is structured.

The remainder of this section will help you to identify the classes,
methods, and options you'll need in your Tkinter application, and where to
find more detailed documentation on them, including in the official Tcl/Tk
reference manual.


A Hello World Program
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

We'll start by walking through a "Hello World" application in Tkinter. This
isn't the smallest one we could write, but has enough to illustrate some
key concepts you'll need to know.

::

    from tkinter import *
    from tkinter import ttk
    root = Tk()
    frm = ttk.Frame(root, padding=10)
    frm.grid()
    ttk.Label(frm, text="Hello World!").grid(column=0, row=0)
    ttk.Button(frm, text="Quit", command=root.destroy).grid(column=1, row=0)
    root.mainloop()


After the imports, the next line creates an instance of the :class:`Tk` class,
which initializes Tk and creates its associated Tcl interpreter. It also
creates a toplevel window, known as the root window, which serves as the main
window of the application.

The following line creates a frame widget, which in this case will contain
a label and a button we'll create next. The frame is fit inside the root
window.

The next line creates a label widget holding a static text string. The
:meth:`grid` method is used to specify the relative layout (position) of the
label within its containing frame widget, similar to how tables in HTML work.

A button widget is then created, and placed to the right of the label. When
pressed, it will call the :meth:`destroy` method of the root window.

Finally, the :meth:`mainloop` method puts everything on the display, and
responds to user input until the program terminates.



Important Tk Concepts
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Even this simple program illustrates the following key Tk concepts:

widgets
  A Tkinter user interface is made up of individual *widgets*. Each widget is
  represented as a Python object, instantiated from classes like
  :class:`ttk.Frame`, :class:`ttk.Label`, and :class:`ttk.Button`.

widget hierarchy
  Widgets are arranged in a *hierarchy*. The label and button were contained
  within a frame, which in turn was contained within the root window. When
  creating each *child* widget, its *parent* widget is passed as the first
  argument to the widget constructor.

configuration options
  Widgets have *configuration options*, which modify their appearance and
  behavior, such as the text to display in a label or button. Different
  classes of widgets will have different sets of options.

geometry management
  Widgets aren't automatically added to the user interface when they are
  created. A *geometry manager* like ``grid`` controls where in the
  user interface they are placed.

event loop
  Tkinter reacts to user input, changes from your program, and even refreshes
  the display only when actively running an *event loop*. If your program
  isn't running the event loop, your user interface won't update.


Understanding How Tkinter Wraps Tcl/Tk
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

When your application uses Tkinter's classes and methods, internally Tkinter
is assembling strings representing Tcl/Tk commands, and executing those
commands in the Tcl interpreter attached to your applicaton's :class:`Tk`
instance.

Whether it's trying to navigate reference documentation, trying to find
the right method or option, adapting some existing code, or debugging your
Tkinter application, there are times that it will be useful to understand
what those underlying Tcl/Tk commands look like.

To illustrate, here is the Tcl/Tk equivalent of the main part of the Tkinter
script above.

::

    ttk::frame .frm -padding 10
    grid .frm
    grid [ttk::label .frm.lbl -text "Hello World!"] -column 0 -row 0
    grid [ttk::button .frm.btn -text "Quit" -command "destroy ."] -column 1 -row 0


Tcl's syntax is similar to many shell languages, where the first word is the
command to be executed, with arguments to that command following it, separated
by spaces. Without getting into too many details, notice the following:

* The commands used to create widgets (like ``ttk::frame``) correspond to
  widget classes in Tkinter.

* Tcl widget options (like ``-text``) correspond to keyword arguments in
  Tkinter.

* Widgets are referred to by a *pathname* in Tcl (like ``.frm.btn``),
  whereas Tkinter doesn't use names but object references.

* A widget's place in the widget hierarchy is encoded in its (hierarchical)
  pathname, which uses a ``.`` (dot) as a path separator. The pathname for
  the root window is just ``.`` (dot). In Tkinter, the hierarchy is defined
  not by pathname but by specifying the parent widget when creating each
  child widget.

* Operations which are implemented as separate *commands* in Tcl (like
  ``grid`` or ``destroy``) are represented as *methods* on Tkinter widget
  objects. As you'll see shortly, at other times Tcl uses what appear to be
  method calls on widget objects, which more closely mirror what would is
  used in Tkinter.


How do I...? What option does...?
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If you're not sure how to do something in Tkinter, and you can't immediately
find it in the tutorial or reference documentation you're using, there are a
few strategies that can be helpful.

First, remember that the details of how individual widgets work may vary
across different versions of both Tkinter and Tcl/Tk. If you're searching
documentation, make sure it corresponds to the Python and Tcl/Tk versions
installed on your system.

When searching for how to use an API, it helps to know the exact name of the
class, option, or method that you're using. Introspection, either in an
interactive Python shell or with :func:`print`, can help you identify what
you need.

To find out what configuration options are available on any widget, call its
:meth:`configure` method, which returns a dictionary containing a variety of
information about each object, including its default and current values. Use
:meth:`keys` to get just the names of each option.

::

    btn = ttk.Button(frm, ...)
    print(btn.configure().keys())

As most widgets have many configuration options in common, it can be useful
to find out which are specific to a particular widget class. Comparing the
list of options to that of a simpler widget, like a frame, is one way to
do that.

::

    print(set(btn.configure().keys()) - set(frm.configure().keys()))

Similarly, you can find the available methods for a widget object using the
standard :func:`dir` function. If you try it, you'll see there are over 200
common widget methods, so again identifying those specific to a widget class
is helpful.

::

    print(dir(btn))
    print(set(dir(btn)) - set(dir(frm)))


Navigating the Tcl/Tk Reference Manual
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

As noted, the official `Tk commands <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/contents.htm>`_
reference manual (man pages) is often the most accurate description of what
specific operations on widgets do. Even when you know the name of the option
or method that you need, you may still have a few places to look.

While all operations in Tkinter are implemented as method calls on widget
objects, you've seen that many Tcl/Tk operations appear as commands that
take a widget pathname as its first parameter, followed by optional
parameters, e.g.

::

    destroy .
    grid .frm.btn -column 0 -row 0

Others, however, look more like methods called on a widget object (in fact,
when you create a widget in Tcl/Tk, it creates a Tcl command with the name
of the widget pathname, with the first parameter to that command being the
name of a method to call).

::

    .frm.btn invoke
    .frm.lbl configure -text "Goodbye"


In the official Tcl/Tk reference documentation, you'll find most operations
that look like method calls on the man page for a specific widget (e.g.,
you'll find the :meth:`invoke` method on the
`ttk::button <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/ttk_button.htm>`_
man page), while functions that take a widget as a parameter often have
their own man page (e.g.,
`grid <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/grid.htm>`_).

You'll find many common options and methods in the
`options <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/options.htm>`_ or
`ttk::widget <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/ttk_widget.htm>`_ man
pages, while others are found in the man page for a specific widget class.

You'll also find that many Tkinter methods have compound names, e.g.,
:func:`winfo_x`, :func:`winfo_height`, :func:`winfo_viewable`. You'd find
documentation for all of these in the
`winfo <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/winfo.htm>`_ man page.

.. note::
   Somewhat confusingly, there are also methods on all Tkinter widgets
   that don't actually operate on the widget, but operate at a global
   scope, independent of any widget. Examples are methods for accessing
   the clipboard or the system bell. (They happen to be implemented as
   methods in the base :class:`Widget` class that all Tkinter widgets
   inherit from).


Threading model
---------------

Python and Tcl/Tk have very different threading models, which :mod:`tkinter`
tries to bridge. If you use threads, you may need to be aware of this.

A Python interpreter may have many threads associated with it. In Tcl, multiple
threads can be created, but each thread has a separate Tcl interpreter instance
associated with it. Threads can also create more than one interpreter instance,
though each interpreter instance can be used only by the one thread that created it.

Each :class:`Tk` object created by :mod:`tkinter` contains a Tcl interpreter.
It also keeps track of which thread created that interpreter. Calls to
:mod:`tkinter` can be made from any Python thread. Internally, if a call comes
from a thread other than the one that created the :class:`Tk` object, an event
is posted to the interpreter's event queue, and when executed, the result is
returned to the calling Python thread.

Tcl/Tk applications are normally event-driven, meaning that after initialization,
the interpreter runs an event loop (i.e. :func:`Tk.mainloop`) and responds to events.
Because it is single-threaded, event handlers must respond quickly, otherwise they
will block other events from being processed. To avoid this, any long-running
computations should not run in an event handler, but are either broken into smaller
pieces using timers, or run in another thread. This is different from many GUI
toolkits where the GUI runs in a completely separate thread from all application
code including event handlers.

If the Tcl interpreter is not running the event loop and processing events, any
:mod:`tkinter` calls made from threads other than the one running the Tcl
interpreter will fail.

A number of special cases exist:

  * Tcl/Tk libraries can be built so they are not thread-aware. In this case,
    :mod:`tkinter` calls the library from the originating Python thread, even
    if this is different than the thread that created the Tcl interpreter. A global
    lock ensures only one call occurs at a time.

  * While :mod:`tkinter` allows you to create more than one instance of a :class:`Tk`
    object (with its own interpreter), all interpreters that are part of the same
    thread share a common event queue, which gets ugly fast. In practice, don't create
    more than one instance of :class:`Tk` at a time. Otherwise, it's best to create
    them in separate threads and ensure you're running a thread-aware Tcl/Tk build.

  * Blocking event handlers are not the only way to prevent the Tcl interpreter from
    reentering the event loop. It is even possible to run multiple nested event loops
    or abandon the event loop entirely. If you're doing anything tricky when it comes
    to events or threads, be aware of these possibilities.

  * There are a few select :mod:`tkinter` functions that presently work only when
    called from the thread that created the Tcl interpreter.


Handy Reference
---------------


.. _tkinter-setting-options:

Setting Options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Options control things like the color and border width of a widget. Options can
be set in three ways:

At object creation time, using keyword arguments
   ::

      fred = Button(self, fg="red", bg="blue")

After object creation, treating the option name like a dictionary index
   ::

      fred["fg"] = "red"
      fred["bg"] = "blue"

Use the config() method to update multiple attrs subsequent to object creation
   ::

      fred.config(fg="red", bg="blue")

For a complete explanation of a given option and its behavior, see the Tk man
pages for the widget in question.

Note that the man pages list "STANDARD OPTIONS" and "WIDGET SPECIFIC OPTIONS"
for each widget.  The former is a list of options that are common to many
widgets, the latter are the options that are idiosyncratic to that particular
widget.  The Standard Options are documented on the :manpage:`options(3)` man
page.

No distinction between standard and widget-specific options is made in this
document.  Some options don't apply to some kinds of widgets. Whether a given
widget responds to a particular option depends on the class of the widget;
buttons have a ``command`` option, labels do not.

The options supported by a given widget are listed in that widget's man page, or
can be queried at runtime by calling the :meth:`config` method without
arguments, or by calling the :meth:`keys` method on that widget.  The return
value of these calls is a dictionary whose key is the name of the option as a
string (for example, ``'relief'``) and whose values are 5-tuples.

Some options, like ``bg`` are synonyms for common options with long names
(``bg`` is shorthand for "background"). Passing the ``config()`` method the name
of a shorthand option will return a 2-tuple, not 5-tuple. The 2-tuple passed
back will contain the name of the synonym and the "real" option (such as
``('bg', 'background')``).

+-------+---------------------------------+--------------+
| Index | Meaning                         | Example      |
+=======+=================================+==============+
| 0     | option name                     | ``'relief'`` |
+-------+---------------------------------+--------------+
| 1     | option name for database lookup | ``'relief'`` |
+-------+---------------------------------+--------------+
| 2     | option class for database       | ``'Relief'`` |
|       | lookup                          |              |
+-------+---------------------------------+--------------+
| 3     | default value                   | ``'raised'`` |
+-------+---------------------------------+--------------+
| 4     | current value                   | ``'groove'`` |
+-------+---------------------------------+--------------+

Example::

   >>> print(fred.config())
   {'relief': ('relief', 'relief', 'Relief', 'raised', 'groove')}

Of course, the dictionary printed will include all the options available and
their values.  This is meant only as an example.


The Packer
^^^^^^^^^^

.. index:: single: packing (widgets)

The packer is one of Tk's geometry-management mechanisms.    Geometry managers
are used to specify the relative positioning of widgets within their container -
their mutual *master*.  In contrast to the more cumbersome *placer* (which is
used less commonly, and we do not cover here), the packer takes qualitative
relationship specification - *above*, *to the left of*, *filling*, etc - and
works everything out to determine the exact placement coordinates for you.

The size of any *master* widget is determined by the size of the "slave widgets"
inside.  The packer is used to control where slave widgets appear inside the
master into which they are packed.  You can pack widgets into frames, and frames
into other frames, in order to achieve the kind of layout you desire.
Additionally, the arrangement is dynamically adjusted to accommodate incremental
changes to the configuration, once it is packed.

Note that widgets do not appear until they have had their geometry specified
with a geometry manager.  It's a common early mistake to leave out the geometry
specification, and then be surprised when the widget is created but nothing
appears.  A widget will appear only after it has had, for example, the packer's
:meth:`pack` method applied to it.

The pack() method can be called with keyword-option/value pairs that control
where the widget is to appear within its container, and how it is to behave when
the main application window is resized.  Here are some examples::

   fred.pack()                     # defaults to side = "top"
   fred.pack(side="left")
   fred.pack(expand=1)


Packer Options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

For more extensive information on the packer and the options that it can take,
see the man pages and page 183 of John Ousterhout's book.

anchor
   Anchor type.  Denotes where the packer is to place each slave in its parcel.

expand
   Boolean, ``0`` or ``1``.

fill
   Legal values: ``'x'``, ``'y'``, ``'both'``, ``'none'``.

ipadx and ipady
   A distance - designating internal padding on each side of the slave widget.

padx and pady
   A distance - designating external padding on each side of the slave widget.

side
   Legal values are: ``'left'``, ``'right'``, ``'top'``, ``'bottom'``.


Coupling Widget Variables
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The current-value setting of some widgets (like text entry widgets) can be
connected directly to application variables by using special options.  These
options are ``variable``, ``textvariable``, ``onvalue``, ``offvalue``, and
``value``.  This connection works both ways: if the variable changes for any
reason, the widget it's connected to will be updated to reflect the new value.

Unfortunately, in the current implementation of :mod:`tkinter` it is not
possible to hand over an arbitrary Python variable to a widget through a
``variable`` or ``textvariable`` option.  The only kinds of variables for which
this works are variables that are subclassed from a class called Variable,
defined in :mod:`tkinter`.

There are many useful subclasses of Variable already defined:
:class:`StringVar`, :class:`IntVar`, :class:`DoubleVar`, and
:class:`BooleanVar`.  To read the current value of such a variable, call the
:meth:`get` method on it, and to change its value you call the :meth:`!set`
method.  If you follow this protocol, the widget will always track the value of
the variable, with no further intervention on your part.

For example::

   import tkinter as tk

   class App(tk.Frame):
       def __init__(self, master):
           super().__init__(master)
           self.pack()

           self.entrythingy = tk.Entry()
           self.entrythingy.pack()

           # Create the application variable.
           self.contents = tk.StringVar()
           # Set it to some value.
           self.contents.set("this is a variable")
           # Tell the entry widget to watch this variable.
           self.entrythingy["textvariable"] = self.contents

           # Define a callback for when the user hits return.
           # It prints the current value of the variable.
           self.entrythingy.bind('<Key-Return>',
                                self.print_contents)

       def print_contents(self, event):
           print("Hi. The current entry content is:",
                 self.contents.get())

   root = tk.Tk()
   myapp = App(root)
   myapp.mainloop()

The Window Manager
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. index:: single: window manager (widgets)

In Tk, there is a utility command, ``wm``, for interacting with the window
manager.  Options to the ``wm`` command allow you to control things like titles,
placement, icon bitmaps, and the like.  In :mod:`tkinter`, these commands have
been implemented as methods on the :class:`Wm` class.  Toplevel widgets are
subclassed from the :class:`Wm` class, and so can call the :class:`Wm` methods
directly.

To get at the toplevel window that contains a given widget, you can often just
refer to the widget's master.  Of course if the widget has been packed inside of
a frame, the master won't represent a toplevel window.  To get at the toplevel
window that contains an arbitrary widget, you can call the :meth:`_root` method.
This method begins with an underscore to denote the fact that this function is
part of the implementation, and not an interface to Tk functionality.

Here are some examples of typical usage::

   import tkinter as tk

   class App(tk.Frame):
       def __init__(self, master=None):
           super().__init__(master)
           self.pack()

   # create the application
   myapp = App()

   #
   # here are method calls to the window manager class
   #
   myapp.master.title("My Do-Nothing Application")
   myapp.master.maxsize(1000, 400)

   # start the program
   myapp.mainloop()


Tk Option Data Types
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. index:: single: Tk Option Data Types

anchor
   Legal values are points of the compass: ``"n"``, ``"ne"``, ``"e"``, ``"se"``,
   ``"s"``, ``"sw"``, ``"w"``, ``"nw"``, and also ``"center"``.

bitmap
   There are eight built-in, named bitmaps: ``'error'``, ``'gray25'``,
   ``'gray50'``, ``'hourglass'``, ``'info'``, ``'questhead'``, ``'question'``,
   ``'warning'``.  To specify an X bitmap filename, give the full path to the file,
   preceded with an ``@``, as in ``"@/usr/contrib/bitmap/gumby.bit"``.

boolean
   You can pass integers 0 or 1 or the strings ``"yes"`` or ``"no"``.

callback
   This is any Python function that takes no arguments.  For example::

      def print_it():
          print("hi there")
      fred["command"] = print_it

color
   Colors can be given as the names of X colors in the rgb.txt file, or as strings
   representing RGB values in 4 bit: ``"#RGB"``, 8 bit: ``"#RRGGBB"``, 12 bit"
   ``"#RRRGGGBBB"``, or 16 bit ``"#RRRRGGGGBBBB"`` ranges, where R,G,B here
   represent any legal hex digit.  See page 160 of Ousterhout's book for details.

cursor
   The standard X cursor names from :file:`cursorfont.h` can be used, without the
   ``XC_`` prefix.  For example to get a hand cursor (:const:`XC_hand2`), use the
   string ``"hand2"``.  You can also specify a bitmap and mask file of your own.
   See page 179 of Ousterhout's book.

distance
   Screen distances can be specified in either pixels or absolute distances.
   Pixels are given as numbers and absolute distances as strings, with the trailing
   character denoting units: ``c`` for centimetres, ``i`` for inches, ``m`` for
   millimetres, ``p`` for printer's points.  For example, 3.5 inches is expressed
   as ``"3.5i"``.

font
   Tk uses a list font name format, such as ``{courier 10 bold}``. Font sizes with
   positive numbers are measured in points; sizes with negative numbers are
   measured in pixels.

geometry
   This is a string of the form ``widthxheight``, where width and height are
   measured in pixels for most widgets (in characters for widgets displaying text).
   For example: ``fred["geometry"] = "200x100"``.

justify
   Legal values are the strings: ``"left"``, ``"center"``, ``"right"``, and
   ``"fill"``.

region
   This is a string with four space-delimited elements, each of which is a legal
   distance (see above).  For example: ``"2 3 4 5"`` and ``"3i 2i 4.5i 2i"`` and
   ``"3c 2c 4c 10.43c"``  are all legal regions.

relief
   Determines what the border style of a widget will be.  Legal values are:
   ``"raised"``, ``"sunken"``, ``"flat"``, ``"groove"``, and ``"ridge"``.

scrollcommand
   This is almost always the :meth:`!set` method of some scrollbar widget, but can
   be any widget method that takes a single argument.

wrap
   Must be one of: ``"none"``, ``"char"``, or ``"word"``.

.. _Bindings-and-Events:

Bindings and Events
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. index::
   single: bind (widgets)
   single: events (widgets)

The bind method from the widget command allows you to watch for certain events
and to have a callback function trigger when that event type occurs.  The form
of the bind method is::

   def bind(self, sequence, func, add=''):

where:

sequence
   is a string that denotes the target kind of event.  (See the bind man page and
   page 201 of John Ousterhout's book for details).

func
   is a Python function, taking one argument, to be invoked when the event occurs.
   An Event instance will be passed as the argument. (Functions deployed this way
   are commonly known as *callbacks*.)

add
   is optional, either ``''`` or ``'+'``.  Passing an empty string denotes that
   this binding is to replace any other bindings that this event is associated
   with.  Passing a ``'+'`` means that this function is to be added to the list
   of functions bound to this event type.

For example::

   def turn_red(self, event):
       event.widget["activeforeground"] = "red"

   self.button.bind("<Enter>", self.turn_red)

Notice how the widget field of the event is being accessed in the
``turn_red()`` callback.  This field contains the widget that caught the X
event.  The following table lists the other event fields you can access, and how
they are denoted in Tk, which can be useful when referring to the Tk man pages.

+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
| Tk | Tkinter Event Field | Tk | Tkinter Event Field |
+====+=====================+====+=====================+
| %f | focus               | %A | char                |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
| %h | height              | %E | send_event          |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
| %k | keycode             | %K | keysym              |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
| %s | state               | %N | keysym_num          |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
| %t | time                | %T | type                |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
| %w | width               | %W | widget              |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
| %x | x                   | %X | x_root              |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
| %y | y                   | %Y | y_root              |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+


The index Parameter
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A number of widgets require "index" parameters to be passed.  These are used to
point at a specific place in a Text widget, or to particular characters in an
Entry widget, or to particular menu items in a Menu widget.

Entry widget indexes (index, view index, etc.)
   Entry widgets have options that refer to character positions in the text being
   displayed.  You can use these :mod:`tkinter` functions to access these special
   points in text widgets:

Text widget indexes
   The index notation for Text widgets is very rich and is best described in the Tk
   man pages.

Menu indexes (menu.invoke(), menu.entryconfig(), etc.)
   Some options and methods for menus manipulate specific menu entries. Anytime a
   menu index is needed for an option or a parameter, you may pass in:

   * an integer which refers to the numeric position of the entry in the widget,
     counted from the top, starting with 0;

   * the string ``"active"``, which refers to the menu position that is currently
     under the cursor;

   * the string ``"last"`` which refers to the last menu item;

   * An integer preceded by ``@``, as in ``@6``, where the integer is interpreted
     as a y pixel coordinate in the menu's coordinate system;

   * the string ``"none"``, which indicates no menu entry at all, most often used
     with menu.activate() to deactivate all entries, and finally,

   * a text string that is pattern matched against the label of the menu entry, as
     scanned from the top of the menu to the bottom.  Note that this index type is
     considered after all the others, which means that matches for menu items
     labelled ``last``, ``active``, or ``none`` may be interpreted as the above
     literals, instead.


Images
^^^^^^

Images of different formats can be created through the corresponding subclass
of :class:`tkinter.Image`:

* :class:`BitmapImage` for images in XBM format.

* :class:`PhotoImage` for images in PGM, PPM, GIF and PNG formats. The latter
  is supported starting with Tk 8.6.

Either type of image is created through either the ``file`` or the ``data``
option (other options are available as well).

The image object can then be used wherever an ``image`` option is supported by
some widget (e.g. labels, buttons, menus). In these cases, Tk will not keep a
reference to the image. When the last Python reference to the image object is
deleted, the image data is deleted as well, and Tk will display an empty box
wherever the image was used.

.. seealso::

    The `Pillow <http://python-pillow.org/>`_ package adds support for
    formats such as BMP, JPEG, TIFF, and WebP, among others.

.. _tkinter-file-handlers:

File Handlers
-------------

Tk allows you to register and unregister a callback function which will be
called from the Tk mainloop when I/O is possible on a file descriptor.
Only one handler may be registered per file descriptor. Example code::

   import tkinter
   widget = tkinter.Tk()
   mask = tkinter.READABLE | tkinter.WRITABLE
   widget.tk.createfilehandler(file, mask, callback)
   ...
   widget.tk.deletefilehandler(file)

This feature is not available on Windows.

Since you don't know how many bytes are available for reading, you may not
want to use the :class:`~io.BufferedIOBase` or :class:`~io.TextIOBase`
:meth:`~io.BufferedIOBase.read` or :meth:`~io.IOBase.readline` methods,
since these will insist on reading a predefined number of bytes.
For sockets, the :meth:`~socket.socket.recv` or
:meth:`~socket.socket.recvfrom` methods will work fine; for other files,
use raw reads or ``os.read(file.fileno(), maxbytecount)``.


.. method:: Widget.tk.createfilehandler(file, mask, func)

   Registers the file handler callback function *func*. The *file* argument
   may either be an object with a :meth:`~io.IOBase.fileno` method (such as
   a file or socket object), or an integer file descriptor. The *mask*
   argument is an ORed combination of any of the three constants below.
   The callback is called as follows::

      callback(file, mask)


.. method:: Widget.tk.deletefilehandler(file)

   Unregisters a file handler.


.. data:: READABLE
          WRITABLE
          EXCEPTION

   Constants used in the *mask* arguments.