1 // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
2 // Copyright (c) 2009-2020 The Bitcoin Core developers
3 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
4 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
5 
6 #include <util/strencodings.h>
7 #include <util/string.h>
8 
9 #include <tinyformat.h>
10 
11 #include <algorithm>
12 #include <cstdlib>
13 #include <cstring>
14 #include <errno.h>
15 #include <limits>
16 
17 static const std::string CHARS_ALPHA_NUM = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";
18 
19 static const std::string SAFE_CHARS[] =
20 {
21     CHARS_ALPHA_NUM + " .,;-_/:?@()", // SAFE_CHARS_DEFAULT
22     CHARS_ALPHA_NUM + " .,;-_?@", // SAFE_CHARS_UA_COMMENT
23     CHARS_ALPHA_NUM + ".-_", // SAFE_CHARS_FILENAME
24     CHARS_ALPHA_NUM + "!*'();:@&=+$,/?#[]-_.~%", // SAFE_CHARS_URI
25 };
26 
SanitizeString(const std::string & str,int rule)27 std::string SanitizeString(const std::string& str, int rule)
28 {
29     std::string strResult;
30     for (std::string::size_type i = 0; i < str.size(); i++)
31     {
32         if (SAFE_CHARS[rule].find(str[i]) != std::string::npos)
33             strResult.push_back(str[i]);
34     }
35     return strResult;
36 }
37 
38 const signed char p_util_hexdigit[256] =
39 { -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
40   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
41   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
42   0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
43   -1,0xa,0xb,0xc,0xd,0xe,0xf,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
44   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
45   -1,0xa,0xb,0xc,0xd,0xe,0xf,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
46   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
47   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
48   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
49   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
50   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
51   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
52   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
53   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
54   -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1, };
55 
HexDigit(char c)56 signed char HexDigit(char c)
57 {
58     return p_util_hexdigit[(unsigned char)c];
59 }
60 
IsHex(const std::string & str)61 bool IsHex(const std::string& str)
62 {
63     for(std::string::const_iterator it(str.begin()); it != str.end(); ++it)
64     {
65         if (HexDigit(*it) < 0)
66             return false;
67     }
68     return (str.size() > 0) && (str.size()%2 == 0);
69 }
70 
IsHexNumber(const std::string & str)71 bool IsHexNumber(const std::string& str)
72 {
73     size_t starting_location = 0;
74     if (str.size() > 2 && *str.begin() == '0' && *(str.begin()+1) == 'x') {
75         starting_location = 2;
76     }
77     for (const char c : str.substr(starting_location)) {
78         if (HexDigit(c) < 0) return false;
79     }
80     // Return false for empty string or "0x".
81     return (str.size() > starting_location);
82 }
83 
ParseHex(const char * psz)84 std::vector<unsigned char> ParseHex(const char* psz)
85 {
86     // convert hex dump to vector
87     std::vector<unsigned char> vch;
88     while (true)
89     {
90         while (IsSpace(*psz))
91             psz++;
92         signed char c = HexDigit(*psz++);
93         if (c == (signed char)-1)
94             break;
95         unsigned char n = (c << 4);
96         c = HexDigit(*psz++);
97         if (c == (signed char)-1)
98             break;
99         n |= c;
100         vch.push_back(n);
101     }
102     return vch;
103 }
104 
ParseHex(const std::string & str)105 std::vector<unsigned char> ParseHex(const std::string& str)
106 {
107     return ParseHex(str.c_str());
108 }
109 
SplitHostPort(std::string in,int & portOut,std::string & hostOut)110 void SplitHostPort(std::string in, int &portOut, std::string &hostOut) {
111     size_t colon = in.find_last_of(':');
112     // if a : is found, and it either follows a [...], or no other : is in the string, treat it as port separator
113     bool fHaveColon = colon != in.npos;
114     bool fBracketed = fHaveColon && (in[0]=='[' && in[colon-1]==']'); // if there is a colon, and in[0]=='[', colon is not 0, so in[colon-1] is safe
115     bool fMultiColon = fHaveColon && (in.find_last_of(':',colon-1) != in.npos);
116     if (fHaveColon && (colon==0 || fBracketed || !fMultiColon)) {
117         int32_t n;
118         if (ParseInt32(in.substr(colon + 1), &n) && n > 0 && n < 0x10000) {
119             in = in.substr(0, colon);
120             portOut = n;
121         }
122     }
123     if (in.size()>0 && in[0] == '[' && in[in.size()-1] == ']')
124         hostOut = in.substr(1, in.size()-2);
125     else
126         hostOut = in;
127 }
128 
EncodeBase64(Span<const unsigned char> input)129 std::string EncodeBase64(Span<const unsigned char> input)
130 {
131     static const char *pbase64 = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
132 
133     std::string str;
134     str.reserve(((input.size() + 2) / 3) * 4);
135     ConvertBits<8, 6, true>([&](int v) { str += pbase64[v]; }, input.begin(), input.end());
136     while (str.size() % 4) str += '=';
137     return str;
138 }
139 
EncodeBase64(const std::string & str)140 std::string EncodeBase64(const std::string& str)
141 {
142     return EncodeBase64(MakeUCharSpan(str));
143 }
144 
DecodeBase64(const char * p,bool * pf_invalid)145 std::vector<unsigned char> DecodeBase64(const char* p, bool* pf_invalid)
146 {
147     static const int decode64_table[256] =
148     {
149         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
150         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
151         -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1, -1, 63, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1,
152         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
153         15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 26, 27, 28,
154         29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
155         49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
156         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
157         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
158         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
159         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
160         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
161         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1
162     };
163 
164     const char* e = p;
165     std::vector<uint8_t> val;
166     val.reserve(strlen(p));
167     while (*p != 0) {
168         int x = decode64_table[(unsigned char)*p];
169         if (x == -1) break;
170         val.push_back(x);
171         ++p;
172     }
173 
174     std::vector<unsigned char> ret;
175     ret.reserve((val.size() * 3) / 4);
176     bool valid = ConvertBits<6, 8, false>([&](unsigned char c) { ret.push_back(c); }, val.begin(), val.end());
177 
178     const char* q = p;
179     while (valid && *p != 0) {
180         if (*p != '=') {
181             valid = false;
182             break;
183         }
184         ++p;
185     }
186     valid = valid && (p - e) % 4 == 0 && p - q < 4;
187     if (pf_invalid) *pf_invalid = !valid;
188 
189     return ret;
190 }
191 
DecodeBase64(const std::string & str,bool * pf_invalid)192 std::string DecodeBase64(const std::string& str, bool* pf_invalid)
193 {
194     if (!ValidAsCString(str)) {
195         if (pf_invalid) {
196             *pf_invalid = true;
197         }
198         return {};
199     }
200     std::vector<unsigned char> vchRet = DecodeBase64(str.c_str(), pf_invalid);
201     return std::string((const char*)vchRet.data(), vchRet.size());
202 }
203 
EncodeBase32(Span<const unsigned char> input,bool pad)204 std::string EncodeBase32(Span<const unsigned char> input, bool pad)
205 {
206     static const char *pbase32 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz234567";
207 
208     std::string str;
209     str.reserve(((input.size() + 4) / 5) * 8);
210     ConvertBits<8, 5, true>([&](int v) { str += pbase32[v]; }, input.begin(), input.end());
211     if (pad) {
212         while (str.size() % 8) {
213             str += '=';
214         }
215     }
216     return str;
217 }
218 
EncodeBase32(const std::string & str,bool pad)219 std::string EncodeBase32(const std::string& str, bool pad)
220 {
221     return EncodeBase32(MakeUCharSpan(str), pad);
222 }
223 
DecodeBase32(const char * p,bool * pf_invalid)224 std::vector<unsigned char> DecodeBase32(const char* p, bool* pf_invalid)
225 {
226     static const int decode32_table[256] =
227     {
228         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
229         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
230         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, -1, -1, -1, -1,
231         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
232         15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,  0,  1,  2,
233          3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
234         23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
235         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
236         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
237         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
238         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
239         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
240         -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1
241     };
242 
243     const char* e = p;
244     std::vector<uint8_t> val;
245     val.reserve(strlen(p));
246     while (*p != 0) {
247         int x = decode32_table[(unsigned char)*p];
248         if (x == -1) break;
249         val.push_back(x);
250         ++p;
251     }
252 
253     std::vector<unsigned char> ret;
254     ret.reserve((val.size() * 5) / 8);
255     bool valid = ConvertBits<5, 8, false>([&](unsigned char c) { ret.push_back(c); }, val.begin(), val.end());
256 
257     const char* q = p;
258     while (valid && *p != 0) {
259         if (*p != '=') {
260             valid = false;
261             break;
262         }
263         ++p;
264     }
265     valid = valid && (p - e) % 8 == 0 && p - q < 8;
266     if (pf_invalid) *pf_invalid = !valid;
267 
268     return ret;
269 }
270 
DecodeBase32(const std::string & str,bool * pf_invalid)271 std::string DecodeBase32(const std::string& str, bool* pf_invalid)
272 {
273     if (!ValidAsCString(str)) {
274         if (pf_invalid) {
275             *pf_invalid = true;
276         }
277         return {};
278     }
279     std::vector<unsigned char> vchRet = DecodeBase32(str.c_str(), pf_invalid);
280     return std::string((const char*)vchRet.data(), vchRet.size());
281 }
282 
ParsePrechecks(const std::string & str)283 NODISCARD static bool ParsePrechecks(const std::string& str)
284 {
285     if (str.empty()) // No empty string allowed
286         return false;
287     if (str.size() >= 1 && (IsSpace(str[0]) || IsSpace(str[str.size()-1]))) // No padding allowed
288         return false;
289     if (!ValidAsCString(str)) // No embedded NUL characters allowed
290         return false;
291     return true;
292 }
293 
ParseInt32(const std::string & str,int32_t * out)294 bool ParseInt32(const std::string& str, int32_t *out)
295 {
296     if (!ParsePrechecks(str))
297         return false;
298     char *endp = nullptr;
299     errno = 0; // strtol will not set errno if valid
300     long int n = strtol(str.c_str(), &endp, 10);
301     if(out) *out = (int32_t)n;
302     // Note that strtol returns a *long int*, so even if strtol doesn't report an over/underflow
303     // we still have to check that the returned value is within the range of an *int32_t*. On 64-bit
304     // platforms the size of these types may be different.
305     return endp && *endp == 0 && !errno &&
306         n >= std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min() &&
307         n <= std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max();
308 }
309 
ParseInt64(const std::string & str,int64_t * out)310 bool ParseInt64(const std::string& str, int64_t *out)
311 {
312     if (!ParsePrechecks(str))
313         return false;
314     char *endp = nullptr;
315     errno = 0; // strtoll will not set errno if valid
316     long long int n = strtoll(str.c_str(), &endp, 10);
317     if(out) *out = (int64_t)n;
318     // Note that strtoll returns a *long long int*, so even if strtol doesn't report an over/underflow
319     // we still have to check that the returned value is within the range of an *int64_t*.
320     return endp && *endp == 0 && !errno &&
321         n >= std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min() &&
322         n <= std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
323 }
324 
ParseUInt8(const std::string & str,uint8_t * out)325 bool ParseUInt8(const std::string& str, uint8_t *out)
326 {
327     uint32_t u32;
328     if (!ParseUInt32(str, &u32) || u32 > std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()) {
329         return false;
330     }
331     if (out != nullptr) {
332         *out = static_cast<uint8_t>(u32);
333     }
334     return true;
335 }
336 
ParseUInt32(const std::string & str,uint32_t * out)337 bool ParseUInt32(const std::string& str, uint32_t *out)
338 {
339     if (!ParsePrechecks(str))
340         return false;
341     if (str.size() >= 1 && str[0] == '-') // Reject negative values, unfortunately strtoul accepts these by default if they fit in the range
342         return false;
343     char *endp = nullptr;
344     errno = 0; // strtoul will not set errno if valid
345     unsigned long int n = strtoul(str.c_str(), &endp, 10);
346     if(out) *out = (uint32_t)n;
347     // Note that strtoul returns a *unsigned long int*, so even if it doesn't report an over/underflow
348     // we still have to check that the returned value is within the range of an *uint32_t*. On 64-bit
349     // platforms the size of these types may be different.
350     return endp && *endp == 0 && !errno &&
351         n <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
352 }
353 
ParseUInt64(const std::string & str,uint64_t * out)354 bool ParseUInt64(const std::string& str, uint64_t *out)
355 {
356     if (!ParsePrechecks(str))
357         return false;
358     if (str.size() >= 1 && str[0] == '-') // Reject negative values, unfortunately strtoull accepts these by default if they fit in the range
359         return false;
360     char *endp = nullptr;
361     errno = 0; // strtoull will not set errno if valid
362     unsigned long long int n = strtoull(str.c_str(), &endp, 10);
363     if(out) *out = (uint64_t)n;
364     // Note that strtoull returns a *unsigned long long int*, so even if it doesn't report an over/underflow
365     // we still have to check that the returned value is within the range of an *uint64_t*.
366     return endp && *endp == 0 && !errno &&
367         n <= std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
368 }
369 
370 
ParseDouble(const std::string & str,double * out)371 bool ParseDouble(const std::string& str, double *out)
372 {
373     if (!ParsePrechecks(str))
374         return false;
375     if (str.size() >= 2 && str[0] == '0' && str[1] == 'x') // No hexadecimal floats allowed
376         return false;
377     std::istringstream text(str);
378     text.imbue(std::locale::classic());
379     double result;
380     text >> result;
381     if(out) *out = result;
382     return text.eof() && !text.fail();
383 }
384 
FormatParagraph(const std::string & in,size_t width,size_t indent)385 std::string FormatParagraph(const std::string& in, size_t width, size_t indent)
386 {
387     std::stringstream out;
388     size_t ptr = 0;
389     size_t indented = 0;
390     while (ptr < in.size())
391     {
392         size_t lineend = in.find_first_of('\n', ptr);
393         if (lineend == std::string::npos) {
394             lineend = in.size();
395         }
396         const size_t linelen = lineend - ptr;
397         const size_t rem_width = width - indented;
398         if (linelen <= rem_width) {
399             out << in.substr(ptr, linelen + 1);
400             ptr = lineend + 1;
401             indented = 0;
402         } else {
403             size_t finalspace = in.find_last_of(" \n", ptr + rem_width);
404             if (finalspace == std::string::npos || finalspace < ptr) {
405                 // No place to break; just include the entire word and move on
406                 finalspace = in.find_first_of("\n ", ptr);
407                 if (finalspace == std::string::npos) {
408                     // End of the string, just add it and break
409                     out << in.substr(ptr);
410                     break;
411                 }
412             }
413             out << in.substr(ptr, finalspace - ptr) << "\n";
414             if (in[finalspace] == '\n') {
415                 indented = 0;
416             } else if (indent) {
417                 out << std::string(indent, ' ');
418                 indented = indent;
419             }
420             ptr = finalspace + 1;
421         }
422     }
423     return out.str();
424 }
425 
atoi64(const std::string & str)426 int64_t atoi64(const std::string& str)
427 {
428 #ifdef _MSC_VER
429     return _atoi64(str.c_str());
430 #else
431     return strtoll(str.c_str(), nullptr, 10);
432 #endif
433 }
434 
atoi(const std::string & str)435 int atoi(const std::string& str)
436 {
437     return atoi(str.c_str());
438 }
439 
440 /** Upper bound for mantissa.
441  * 10^18-1 is the largest arbitrary decimal that will fit in a signed 64-bit integer.
442  * Larger integers cannot consist of arbitrary combinations of 0-9:
443  *
444  *   999999999999999999  1^18-1
445  *  9223372036854775807  (1<<63)-1  (max int64_t)
446  *  9999999999999999999  1^19-1     (would overflow)
447  */
448 static const int64_t UPPER_BOUND = 1000000000000000000LL - 1LL;
449 
450 /** Helper function for ParseFixedPoint */
ProcessMantissaDigit(char ch,int64_t & mantissa,int & mantissa_tzeros)451 static inline bool ProcessMantissaDigit(char ch, int64_t &mantissa, int &mantissa_tzeros)
452 {
453     if(ch == '0')
454         ++mantissa_tzeros;
455     else {
456         for (int i=0; i<=mantissa_tzeros; ++i) {
457             if (mantissa > (UPPER_BOUND / 10LL))
458                 return false; /* overflow */
459             mantissa *= 10;
460         }
461         mantissa += ch - '0';
462         mantissa_tzeros = 0;
463     }
464     return true;
465 }
466 
ParseFixedPoint(const std::string & val,int decimals,int64_t * amount_out)467 bool ParseFixedPoint(const std::string &val, int decimals, int64_t *amount_out)
468 {
469     int64_t mantissa = 0;
470     int64_t exponent = 0;
471     int mantissa_tzeros = 0;
472     bool mantissa_sign = false;
473     bool exponent_sign = false;
474     int ptr = 0;
475     int end = val.size();
476     int point_ofs = 0;
477 
478     if (ptr < end && val[ptr] == '-') {
479         mantissa_sign = true;
480         ++ptr;
481     }
482     if (ptr < end)
483     {
484         if (val[ptr] == '0') {
485             /* pass single 0 */
486             ++ptr;
487         } else if (val[ptr] >= '1' && val[ptr] <= '9') {
488             while (ptr < end && IsDigit(val[ptr])) {
489                 if (!ProcessMantissaDigit(val[ptr], mantissa, mantissa_tzeros))
490                     return false; /* overflow */
491                 ++ptr;
492             }
493         } else return false; /* missing expected digit */
494     } else return false; /* empty string or loose '-' */
495     if (ptr < end && val[ptr] == '.')
496     {
497         ++ptr;
498         if (ptr < end && IsDigit(val[ptr]))
499         {
500             while (ptr < end && IsDigit(val[ptr])) {
501                 if (!ProcessMantissaDigit(val[ptr], mantissa, mantissa_tzeros))
502                     return false; /* overflow */
503                 ++ptr;
504                 ++point_ofs;
505             }
506         } else return false; /* missing expected digit */
507     }
508     if (ptr < end && (val[ptr] == 'e' || val[ptr] == 'E'))
509     {
510         ++ptr;
511         if (ptr < end && val[ptr] == '+')
512             ++ptr;
513         else if (ptr < end && val[ptr] == '-') {
514             exponent_sign = true;
515             ++ptr;
516         }
517         if (ptr < end && IsDigit(val[ptr])) {
518             while (ptr < end && IsDigit(val[ptr])) {
519                 if (exponent > (UPPER_BOUND / 10LL))
520                     return false; /* overflow */
521                 exponent = exponent * 10 + val[ptr] - '0';
522                 ++ptr;
523             }
524         } else return false; /* missing expected digit */
525     }
526     if (ptr != end)
527         return false; /* trailing garbage */
528 
529     /* finalize exponent */
530     if (exponent_sign)
531         exponent = -exponent;
532     exponent = exponent - point_ofs + mantissa_tzeros;
533 
534     /* finalize mantissa */
535     if (mantissa_sign)
536         mantissa = -mantissa;
537 
538     /* convert to one 64-bit fixed-point value */
539     exponent += decimals;
540     if (exponent < 0)
541         return false; /* cannot represent values smaller than 10^-decimals */
542     if (exponent >= 18)
543         return false; /* cannot represent values larger than or equal to 10^(18-decimals) */
544 
545     for (int i=0; i < exponent; ++i) {
546         if (mantissa > (UPPER_BOUND / 10LL) || mantissa < -(UPPER_BOUND / 10LL))
547             return false; /* overflow */
548         mantissa *= 10;
549     }
550     if (mantissa > UPPER_BOUND || mantissa < -UPPER_BOUND)
551         return false; /* overflow */
552 
553     if (amount_out)
554         *amount_out = mantissa;
555 
556     return true;
557 }
558 
ToLower(const std::string & str)559 std::string ToLower(const std::string& str)
560 {
561     std::string r;
562     for (auto ch : str) r += ToLower((unsigned char)ch);
563     return r;
564 }
565 
ToUpper(const std::string & str)566 std::string ToUpper(const std::string& str)
567 {
568     std::string r;
569     for (auto ch : str) r += ToUpper((unsigned char)ch);
570     return r;
571 }
572 
Capitalize(std::string str)573 std::string Capitalize(std::string str)
574 {
575     if (str.empty()) return str;
576     str[0] = ToUpper(str.front());
577     return str;
578 }
579 
HexStr(const Span<const uint8_t> s)580 std::string HexStr(const Span<const uint8_t> s)
581 {
582     std::string rv;
583     static constexpr char hexmap[16] = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
584                                          '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' };
585     rv.reserve(s.size() * 2);
586     for (uint8_t v: s) {
587         rv.push_back(hexmap[v >> 4]);
588         rv.push_back(hexmap[v & 15]);
589     }
590     return rv;
591 }
592