1.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.24.2.7 2002/06/20 22:43:33 charnier Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.16 2007/03/23 10:11:54 swildner Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd April 6, 2006 37.Dt PS 1 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm ps 41.Nd process status 42.Sh SYNOPSIS 43.Nm 44.Op Fl aCcefhjlmrSTuvwx 45.Op Fl M Ar core 46.Op Fl N Ar system 47.Op Fl O Ar fmt 48.Op Fl o Ar fmt 49.Op Fl p Ar pid 50.Op Fl t Ar tty 51.Op Fl U Ar username 52.Nm 53.Op Fl L 54.Sh DESCRIPTION 55The 56.Nm 57utility 58displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your 59processes that have controlling terminals. 60This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process ID. 61.Pp 62The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the 63.Fl L 64.Fl O 65and 66.Fl o 67options). 68The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID, 69controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time), 70state, and associated command. 71.Pp 72The process file system (see 73.Xr procfs 5 ) 74should be mounted when 75.Nm 76is executed, otherwise not all information will be available. 77.Pp 78The options are as follows: 79.Bl -tag -width indent 80.It Fl a 81Display information about other users' processes as well as your own. 82This can be disabled by setting the 83.Va kern.ps_showallprocs 84sysctl to zero. 85.It Fl c 86Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the executable name, 87rather than the full command line. 88.It Fl C 89Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a ``raw'' 90CPU calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has 91no effect). 92.It Fl e 93Display the environment as well. 94.It Fl f 95Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes. 96This option is honored only if the uid of the user is 0. 97.It Fl h 98Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one 99header per page of information. 100.It Fl j 101Print information associated with the following keywords: 102.Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sess , jobc , state , tt , time , 103and 104.Cm command . 105.It Fl L 106List the set of available keywords. 107.It Fl l 108Display information associated with the following keywords: 109.Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , wchan , state , 110.Cm tt , time , 111and 112.Cm command . 113.It Fl M 114Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core 115instead of the default 116.Pa /dev/kmem . 117.It Fl m 118Sort by memory usage, instead of by process ID. 119.It Fl N 120Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default 121.Pa /kernel . 122.It Fl O 123Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list 124of keywords specified, after the process ID, 125in the default information 126display. 127Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string. 128This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of 129the standard header. 130.It Fl o 131Display information associated with the space or comma separated list 132of keywords specified. 133Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string. 134This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of 135the standard header. 136.It Fl p 137Display information associated with the specified process ID. 138.It Fl r 139Sort by current CPU usage, instead of by process ID. 140.It Fl S 141Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited 142children to their parent process. 143.It Fl T 144Display information about processes attached to the device associated 145with the standard input. 146.It Fl t 147Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal 148device. 149.It Fl U 150Display the processes belonging to the specified 151.Ar username . 152.It Fl u 153Display information associated with the following keywords: 154.Cm user , pid, %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time , 155and 156.Cm command . 157The 158.Fl u 159option implies the 160.Fl r 161option. 162.It Fl v 163Display information associated with the following keywords: 164.Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz , 165.Cm %cpu , %mem 166and 167.Cm command . 168The 169.Fl v 170option implies the 171.Fl m 172option. 173.It Fl w 174Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which 175is your window size. 176If the 177.Fl w 178option is specified more than once, 179.Nm 180will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size. 181.It Fl x 182Display information about processes without controlling terminals. 183.El 184.Pp 185A complete list of the available keywords are listed below. 186Some of these keywords are further specified as follows: 187.Bl -tag -width ".Cm lstart" 188.It Cm %cpu 189The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to 190a minute of previous (real) time. 191Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may 192be very young) it is possible for the sum of all 193.Cm %cpu 194fields to exceed 100%. 195.It Cm %mem 196The percentage of real memory used by this process. 197.It Cm flags 198The flags associated with the process as in 199the include file 200.In sys/proc.h . 201.It Cm lim 202The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to 203.Xr setrlimit 2 . 204.It Cm lstart 205The exact time the command started, using the ``%c'' format described in 206.Xr strftime 3 . 207.It Cm nice 208The process scheduling increment (see 209.Xr setpriority 2 ) . 210.It Cm rss 211the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units). 212.It Cm start 213The time the command started. 214If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is 215displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in 216.Xr strftime 3 . 217If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is 218displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format. 219Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format. 220.It Cm state 221The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example, 222.Dq Li RWNA . 223The first letter indicates the run state of the process: 224.Pp 225.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 226.It Li D 227Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait. 228.It Li I 229Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds). 230.It Li J 231Marks a process which is in 232.Xr jail 2 . 233The hostname of the prison can be found in 234.Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status . 235.It Li R 236Marks a runnable process and is followed by the CPU number. 237.It Li S 238Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds. 239.It Li T 240Marks a stopped process. 241.It Li Z 242Marks a dead process (a 243.Dq zombie ) . 244.El 245.Pp 246Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state 247information: 248.Pp 249.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 250.It Li + 251The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal. 252.It Li < 253The process has raised CPU scheduling priority. 254.It Li > 255The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is 256currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not 257swapped. 258.It Li A 259the process has asked for random page replacement 260.Pf ( Dv MADV_RANDOM , 261from 262.Xr madvise 2 , 263for example, 264.Xr lisp 1 265in a garbage collect). 266.It Li E 267The process is trying to exit. 268.It Li L 269The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw 270.Tn I/O ) . 271.It Li M 272On SMP systems indicates a process or thread which is 273.Em not 274holding the MP lock (the Big Giant Lock). 275.It Li N 276The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see 277.Xr setpriority 2 ) . 278.It Li S 279The process has asked for FIFO page replacement 280.Pf ( Dv MADV_SEQUENTIAL , 281from 282.Xr madvise 2 , 283for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to 284sequentially address voluminous data). 285.It Li s 286The process is a session leader. 287.It Li V 288The process is suspended during a 289.Xr vfork 2 . 290.It Li W 291The process is swapped out. 292.It Li X 293The process is being traced or debugged. 294.El 295.It Cm tt 296An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any. 297The abbreviation consists of the three letters following 298.Pa /dev/tty , 299or, for the console, ``con''. 300This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that 301controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked). 302.It Cm wchan 303The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits. 304When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is 305trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints 306as 324000. 307.El 308.Pp 309When printing using the 310.Cm command 311keyword, a process that has exited and 312has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie) 313is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying 314to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''. 315The 316.Nm 317utility 318makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the 319process was created by examining memory or the swap area. 320The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process 321is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended 322on too much. 323The 324.Cm ucomm 325(accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on. 326.Sh KEYWORDS 327The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their 328meanings. 329Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms). 330.Pp 331.Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact 332.It Cm %cpu 333percentage CPU usage (alias 334.Cm pcpu ) 335.It Cm %mem 336percentage memory usage (alias 337.Cm pmem ) 338.It Cm acflag 339accounting flag (alias 340.Cm acflg ) 341.It Cm batch 342batchness of the process (higher numbers mean less interactivity) 343.It Cm command 344command and arguments 345.It Cm cpu 346short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling) 347.It Cm f 348the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias 349.Cm flags ) 350.It Cm inblk 351total blocks read (alias 352.Cm inblock ) 353.It Cm jail 354jail ID 355.It Cm jobc 356job control count 357.It Cm ktrace 358tracing flags 359.\" .It Cm ktracep 360.\" tracing vnode 361.It Cm lastcpu 362CPU ID the process was last scheduled on 363.It Cm lim 364memoryuse limit 365.It Cm login 366login name of user who started the process (alias 367.Cm logname ) 368.It Cm lstart 369time started 370.It Cm majflt 371total page faults 372.It Cm minflt 373total page reclaims 374.It Cm msgrcv 375total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets) 376.It Cm msgsnd 377total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets) 378.It Cm nice 379nice value (alias 380.Cm ni ) 381.It Cm nivcsw 382total involuntary context switches 383.It Cm nsigs 384total signals taken (alias 385.Cm nsignals ) 386.It Cm nswap 387total swaps in/out 388.It Cm nvcsw 389total voluntary context switches 390.It Cm nwchan 391wait channel (as an address) 392.It Cm oublk 393total blocks written (alias 394.Cm oublock ) 395.It Cm p_ru 396resource usage (valid only for zombie) 397.It Cm paddr 398swap address 399.It Cm pagein 400pageins (same as 401.Cm majflt ) 402.It Cm pgid 403process group number 404.It Cm pid 405process ID 406.It Cm ppid 407parent process ID 408.It Cm pri 409scheduling priority (lower == better) 410.It Cm re 411core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity) 412.It Cm rgid 413real group ID 414.\" .It Cm rlink 415.\" reverse link on run queue, or 0 416.It Cm rss 417resident set size 418.It Cm rsz 419resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias 420.Cm rssize ) 421.It Cm rtprio 422realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process) 423.It Cm ruid 424real user ID 425.It Cm ruser 426user name (from ruid) 427.It Cm sess 428session pointer 429.It Cm sig 430pending signals (alias 431.Cm pending ) 432.It Cm sigcatch 433caught signals (alias 434.Cm caught ) 435.It Cm sigignore 436ignored signals (alias 437.Cm ignored ) 438.It Cm sigmask 439blocked signals (alias 440.Cm blocked ) 441.It Cm sl 442sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity) 443.It Cm start 444time started 445.It Cm state 446symbolic process state (alias 447.Cm stat ) 448.It Cm svgid 449saved gid from a setgid executable 450.It Cm svuid 451saved uid from a setuid executable 452.It Cm tdev 453control terminal device number 454.It Cm tdpri 455LWKT thread priority (0-31, 31 highest), and critical section count 456.It Cm time 457accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias 458.Cm cputime ) 459.It Cm tpgid 460control terminal process group ID 461.\".It Cm trss 462.\"text resident set size (in Kbytes) 463.It Cm tsess 464control terminal session pointer 465.It Cm tsig 466pending thread signals 467.It Cm tsiz 468text size (in Kbytes) 469.It Cm tt 470control terminal name (two letter abbreviation) 471.It Cm tty 472full name of control terminal 473.It Cm ucomm 474name to be used for accounting 475.It Cm uid 476effective user ID 477.It Cm user 478user name (from uid) 479.It Cm vsz 480virtual size in Kbytes (alias 481.Cm vsize ) 482.It Cm wchan 483wait channel (as a symbolic name) 484.It Cm xstat 485exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process) 486.El 487.Sh FILES 488.Bl -tag -width /var/db/kvm_kernel.db -compact 489.It Pa /dev/kmem 490default kernel memory 491.It Pa /var/run/dev.db 492/dev name database 493.It Pa /var/db/kvm_kernel.db 494system namelist database 495.It Pa /kernel 496default system namelist 497.It Pa /proc 498the mount point of 499.Xr procfs 5 500.El 501.Sh SEE ALSO 502.Xr kill 1 , 503.Xr w 1 , 504.Xr kvm 3 , 505.Xr strftime 3 , 506.Xr procfs 5 , 507.Xr pstat 8 , 508.Xr sysctl 8 509.Sh HISTORY 510The 511.Nm 512command appeared in 513.At v4 . 514.Sh BUGS 515Since 516.Nm 517cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled 518process, the information it displays can never be exact. 519