1.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.24.2.7 2002/06/20 22:43:33 charnier Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.17 2007/05/25 00:59:06 dillon Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd April 6, 2006 37.Dt PS 1 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm ps 41.Nd process status 42.Sh SYNOPSIS 43.Nm 44.Op Fl aCcefhjlmrSTuvwx 45.Op Fl M Ar core 46.Op Fl N Ar system 47.Op Fl O Ar fmt 48.Op Fl o Ar fmt 49.Op Fl p Ar pid 50.Op Fl t Ar tty 51.Op Fl U Ar username 52.Nm 53.Op Fl L 54.Sh DESCRIPTION 55The 56.Nm 57utility 58displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your 59processes that have controlling terminals. 60This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process ID. 61.Pp 62The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the 63.Fl L 64.Fl O 65and 66.Fl o 67options). 68The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID, 69controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time), 70state, and associated command. 71.Pp 72The process file system (see 73.Xr procfs 5 ) 74should be mounted when 75.Nm 76is executed, otherwise not all information will be available. 77.Pp 78The options are as follows: 79.Bl -tag -width indent 80.It Fl a 81Display information about other users' processes as well as your own. 82This can be disabled by setting the 83.Va kern.ps_showallprocs 84sysctl to zero. 85.It Fl c 86Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the executable name, 87rather than the full command line. 88.It Fl C 89Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a ``raw'' 90CPU calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has 91no effect). 92.It Fl e 93Display the environment as well. 94.It Fl f 95Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes. 96This option is honored only if the uid of the user is 0. 97.It Fl h 98Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one 99header per page of information. 100.It Fl j 101Print information associated with the following keywords: 102.Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sess , jobc , state , tt , time , 103and 104.Cm command . 105.It Fl L 106List the set of available keywords. 107.It Fl l 108Display information associated with the following keywords: 109.Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , wchan , state , 110.Cm tt , time , 111and 112.Cm command . 113.It Fl M 114Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core 115instead of the default 116.Pa /dev/kmem . 117.It Fl m 118Sort by memory usage, instead of by process ID. 119.It Fl N 120Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default 121.Pa /kernel . 122.It Fl O 123Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list 124of keywords specified, after the process ID, 125in the default information 126display. 127Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string. 128This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of 129the standard header. 130.It Fl o 131Display information associated with the space or comma separated list 132of keywords specified. 133Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string. 134This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of 135the standard header. 136.It Fl p 137Display information associated with the specified process ID. 138.It Fl r 139Sort by current CPU usage, instead of by process ID. 140.It Fl S 141Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited 142children to their parent process. 143.It Fl T 144Display information about processes attached to the device associated 145with the standard input. 146.It Fl t 147Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal 148device. 149.It Fl U 150Display the processes belonging to the specified 151.Ar username . 152.It Fl u 153Display information associated with the following keywords: 154.Cm user , pid, %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time , 155and 156.Cm command . 157The 158.Fl u 159option implies the 160.Fl r 161option. 162.It Fl v 163Display information associated with the following keywords: 164.Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz , 165.Cm %cpu , %mem 166and 167.Cm command . 168The 169.Fl v 170option implies the 171.Fl m 172option. 173.It Fl w 174Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which 175is your window size. 176If the 177.Fl w 178option is specified more than once, 179.Nm 180will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size. 181.It Fl x 182Display information about processes without controlling terminals. 183.El 184.Pp 185A complete list of the available keywords are listed below. 186Some of these keywords are further specified as follows: 187.Bl -tag -width ".Cm lstart" 188.It Cm %cpu 189The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to 190a minute of previous (real) time. 191Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may 192be very young) it is possible for the sum of all 193.Cm %cpu 194fields to exceed 100%. 195.It Cm %mem 196The percentage of real memory used by this process. 197.It Cm flags 198The flags associated with the process as in 199the include file 200.In sys/proc.h . 201.It Cm lim 202The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to 203.Xr setrlimit 2 . 204.It Cm lstart 205The exact time the command started, using the ``%c'' format described in 206.Xr strftime 3 . 207.It Cm nice 208The process scheduling increment (see 209.Xr setpriority 2 ) . 210.It Cm rss 211the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units). 212.It Cm start 213The time the command started. 214If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is 215displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in 216.Xr strftime 3 . 217If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is 218displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format. 219Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format. 220.It Cm state 221The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example, 222.Dq Li RWNA . 223The first letter indicates the run state of the process: 224.Pp 225.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 226.It Li B 227Marks a blocked kernel thread. 228.It Li D 229Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait. 230.It Li I 231Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds). 232.It Li J 233Marks a process which is in 234.Xr jail 2 . 235The hostname of the prison can be found in 236.Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status . 237.It Li R 238Marks a runnable process and is followed by the CPU number. 239.It Li S 240Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds. 241.It Li T 242Marks a stopped process. 243.It Li Z 244Marks a dead process (a 245.Dq zombie ) . 246.El 247.Pp 248Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state 249information: 250.Pp 251.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 252.It Li + 253The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal. 254.It Li < 255The process has raised CPU scheduling priority. 256.It Li > 257The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is 258currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not 259swapped. 260.It Li A 261the process has asked for random page replacement 262.Pf ( Dv MADV_RANDOM , 263from 264.Xr madvise 2 , 265for example, 266.Xr lisp 1 267in a garbage collect). 268.It Li E 269The process is trying to exit. 270.It Li L 271The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw 272.Tn I/O ) . 273.It Li M 274On SMP systems indicates a process or thread which is 275.Em not 276holding the MP lock (the Big Giant Lock). 277.It Li N 278The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see 279.Xr setpriority 2 ) . 280.It Li S 281The process has asked for FIFO page replacement 282.Pf ( Dv MADV_SEQUENTIAL , 283from 284.Xr madvise 2 , 285for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to 286sequentially address voluminous data). 287.It Li s 288The process is a session leader. 289.It Li V 290The process is suspended during a 291.Xr vfork 2 . 292.It Li W 293The process is swapped out. 294.It Li X 295The process is being traced or debugged. 296.El 297.It Cm tt 298An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any. 299The abbreviation consists of the three letters following 300.Pa /dev/tty , 301or, for the console, ``con''. 302This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that 303controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked). 304.It Cm wchan 305The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits. 306When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is 307trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints 308as 324000. Note that blocked threads often only have ascii wchan's. 309.El 310.Pp 311When printing using the 312.Cm command 313keyword, a process that has exited and 314has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie) 315is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying 316to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''. 317The 318.Nm 319utility 320makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the 321process was created by examining memory or the swap area. 322The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process 323is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended 324on too much. 325The 326.Cm ucomm 327(accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on. 328.Sh KEYWORDS 329The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their 330meanings. 331Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms). 332.Pp 333.Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact 334.It Cm %cpu 335percentage CPU usage (alias 336.Cm pcpu ) 337.It Cm %mem 338percentage memory usage (alias 339.Cm pmem ) 340.It Cm acflag 341accounting flag (alias 342.Cm acflg ) 343.It Cm batch 344batchness of the process (higher numbers mean less interactivity) 345.It Cm command 346command and arguments 347.It Cm cpu 348short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling) 349.It Cm f 350the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias 351.Cm flags ) 352.It Cm inblk 353total blocks read (alias 354.Cm inblock ) 355.It Cm jail 356jail ID 357.It Cm jobc 358job control count 359.It Cm ktrace 360tracing flags 361.\" .It Cm ktracep 362.\" tracing vnode 363.It Cm lastcpu 364CPU ID the process was last scheduled on 365.It Cm lim 366memoryuse limit 367.It Cm login 368login name of user who started the process (alias 369.Cm logname ) 370.It Cm lstart 371time started 372.It Cm majflt 373total page faults 374.It Cm minflt 375total page reclaims 376.It Cm msgrcv 377total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets) 378.It Cm msgsnd 379total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets) 380.It Cm nice 381nice value (alias 382.Cm ni ) 383.It Cm nivcsw 384total involuntary context switches 385.It Cm nsigs 386total signals taken (alias 387.Cm nsignals ) 388.It Cm nswap 389total swaps in/out 390.It Cm nvcsw 391total voluntary context switches 392.It Cm nwchan 393wait channel (as an address) 394.It Cm oublk 395total blocks written (alias 396.Cm oublock ) 397.It Cm p_ru 398resource usage (valid only for zombie) 399.It Cm paddr 400swap address 401.It Cm pagein 402pageins (same as 403.Cm majflt ) 404.It Cm pgid 405process group number 406.It Cm pid 407process ID 408.It Cm ppid 409parent process ID 410.It Cm pri 411scheduling priority (lower == better) 412.It Cm re 413core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity) 414.It Cm rgid 415real group ID 416.\" .It Cm rlink 417.\" reverse link on run queue, or 0 418.It Cm rss 419resident set size 420.It Cm rsz 421resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias 422.Cm rssize ) 423.It Cm rtprio 424realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process) 425.It Cm ruid 426real user ID 427.It Cm ruser 428user name (from ruid) 429.It Cm sess 430session pointer 431.It Cm sig 432pending signals (alias 433.Cm pending ) 434.It Cm sigcatch 435caught signals (alias 436.Cm caught ) 437.It Cm sigignore 438ignored signals (alias 439.Cm ignored ) 440.It Cm sigmask 441blocked signals (alias 442.Cm blocked ) 443.It Cm sl 444sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity) 445.It Cm start 446time started 447.It Cm state 448symbolic process state (alias 449.Cm stat ) 450.It Cm svgid 451saved gid from a setgid executable 452.It Cm svuid 453saved uid from a setuid executable 454.It Cm tdev 455control terminal device number 456.It Cm tdpri 457LWKT thread priority (0-31, 31 highest), and critical section count 458.It Cm time 459accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias 460.Cm cputime ) 461.It Cm tpgid 462control terminal process group ID 463.\".It Cm trss 464.\"text resident set size (in Kbytes) 465.It Cm tsess 466control terminal session pointer 467.It Cm tsig 468pending thread signals 469.It Cm tsiz 470text size (in Kbytes) 471.It Cm tt 472control terminal name (two letter abbreviation) 473.It Cm tty 474full name of control terminal 475.It Cm ucomm 476name to be used for accounting 477.It Cm uid 478effective user ID 479.It Cm user 480user name (from uid) 481.It Cm vsz 482virtual size in Kbytes (alias 483.Cm vsize ) 484.It Cm wchan 485wait channel (as a symbolic name) 486.It Cm xstat 487exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process) 488.El 489.Sh FILES 490.Bl -tag -width /var/db/kvm_kernel.db -compact 491.It Pa /dev/kmem 492default kernel memory 493.It Pa /var/run/dev.db 494/dev name database 495.It Pa /var/db/kvm_kernel.db 496system namelist database 497.It Pa /kernel 498default system namelist 499.It Pa /proc 500the mount point of 501.Xr procfs 5 502.El 503.Sh SEE ALSO 504.Xr kill 1 , 505.Xr w 1 , 506.Xr kvm 3 , 507.Xr strftime 3 , 508.Xr procfs 5 , 509.Xr pstat 8 , 510.Xr sysctl 8 511.Sh HISTORY 512The 513.Nm 514command appeared in 515.At v4 . 516.Sh BUGS 517Since 518.Nm 519cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled 520process, the information it displays can never be exact. 521