xref: /dragonfly/bin/sh/expand.c (revision ad9f8794)
1 /*-
2  * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
3  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
4  * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
5  *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8  * Kenneth Almquist.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
19  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
20  *	This product includes software developed by the University of
21  *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
22  * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
23  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
24  *    without specific prior written permission.
25  *
26  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
27  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
28  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
29  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
30  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
31  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
32  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
33  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
34  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
35  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
36  * SUCH DAMAGE.
37  *
38  * @(#)expand.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 5/15/95
39  * $FreeBSD: src/bin/sh/expand.c,v 1.83 2011/02/21 09:01:34 brucec Exp $
40  */
41 
42 #include <sys/types.h>
43 #include <sys/time.h>
44 #include <sys/stat.h>
45 #include <dirent.h>
46 #include <errno.h>
47 #include <inttypes.h>
48 #include <limits.h>
49 #include <pwd.h>
50 #include <stdio.h>
51 #include <stdlib.h>
52 #include <string.h>
53 #include <unistd.h>
54 
55 /*
56  * Routines to expand arguments to commands.  We have to deal with
57  * backquotes, shell variables, and file metacharacters.
58  */
59 
60 #include "shell.h"
61 #include "main.h"
62 #include "nodes.h"
63 #include "eval.h"
64 #include "expand.h"
65 #include "syntax.h"
66 #include "parser.h"
67 #include "jobs.h"
68 #include "options.h"
69 #include "var.h"
70 #include "input.h"
71 #include "output.h"
72 #include "memalloc.h"
73 #include "error.h"
74 #include "mystring.h"
75 #include "arith.h"
76 #include "show.h"
77 
78 /*
79  * Structure specifying which parts of the string should be searched
80  * for IFS characters.
81  */
82 
83 struct ifsregion {
84 	struct ifsregion *next;	/* next region in list */
85 	int begoff;		/* offset of start of region */
86 	int endoff;		/* offset of end of region */
87 	int inquotes;		/* search for nul bytes only */
88 };
89 
90 
91 static char *expdest;			/* output of current string */
92 static struct nodelist *argbackq;	/* list of back quote expressions */
93 static struct ifsregion ifsfirst;	/* first struct in list of ifs regions */
94 static struct ifsregion *ifslastp;	/* last struct in list */
95 static struct arglist exparg;		/* holds expanded arg list */
96 
97 static void argstr(char *, int);
98 static char *exptilde(char *, int);
99 static void expbackq(union node *, int, int);
100 static int subevalvar(char *, char *, int, int, int, int, int);
101 static char *evalvar(char *, int);
102 static int varisset(char *, int);
103 static void varvalue(char *, int, int, int);
104 static void recordregion(int, int, int);
105 static void removerecordregions(int);
106 static void ifsbreakup(char *, struct arglist *);
107 static void expandmeta(struct strlist *, int);
108 static void expmeta(char *, char *);
109 static void addfname(char *);
110 static struct strlist *expsort(struct strlist *);
111 static struct strlist *msort(struct strlist *, int);
112 static char *cvtnum(int, char *);
113 static int collate_range_cmp(int, int);
114 
115 static int
116 collate_range_cmp(int c1, int c2)
117 {
118 	static char s1[2], s2[2];
119 
120 	s1[0] = c1;
121 	s2[0] = c2;
122 	return (strcoll(s1, s2));
123 }
124 
125 /*
126  * Expand shell variables and backquotes inside a here document.
127  *	union node *arg		the document
128  *	int fd;			where to write the expanded version
129  */
130 
131 void
132 expandhere(union node *arg, int fd)
133 {
134 	expandarg(arg, NULL, 0);
135 	xwrite(fd, stackblock(), expdest - stackblock());
136 }
137 
138 static char *
139 stputs_quotes(const char *data, const char *syntax, char *p)
140 {
141 	while (*data) {
142 		CHECKSTRSPACE(2, p);
143 		if (syntax[(int)*data] == CCTL)
144 			USTPUTC(CTLESC, p);
145 		USTPUTC(*data++, p);
146 	}
147 	return (p);
148 }
149 #define STPUTS_QUOTES(data, syntax, p) p = stputs_quotes((data), syntax, p)
150 
151 /*
152  * Perform expansions on an argument, placing the resulting list of arguments
153  * in arglist.  Parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
154  * expansion are always performed; additional expansions can be requested
155  * via flag (EXP_*).
156  * The result is left in the stack string.
157  * When arglist is NULL, perform here document expansion.
158  *
159  * Caution: this function uses global state and is not reentrant.
160  * However, a new invocation after an interrupted invocation is safe
161  * and will reset the global state for the new call.
162  */
163 void
164 expandarg(union node *arg, struct arglist *arglist, int flag)
165 {
166 	struct strlist *sp;
167 	char *p;
168 
169 	argbackq = arg->narg.backquote;
170 	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
171 	ifsfirst.next = NULL;
172 	ifslastp = NULL;
173 	argstr(arg->narg.text, flag);
174 	if (arglist == NULL) {
175 		return;			/* here document expanded */
176 	}
177 	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
178 	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
179 	exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
180 	/*
181 	 * TODO - EXP_REDIR
182 	 */
183 	if (flag & EXP_FULL) {
184 		ifsbreakup(p, &exparg);
185 		*exparg.lastp = NULL;
186 		exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
187 		expandmeta(exparg.list, flag);
188 	} else {
189 		if (flag & EXP_REDIR) /*XXX - for now, just remove escapes */
190 			rmescapes(p);
191 		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct strlist));
192 		sp->text = p;
193 		*exparg.lastp = sp;
194 		exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
195 	}
196 	while (ifsfirst.next != NULL) {
197 		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
198 		INTOFF;
199 		ifsp = ifsfirst.next->next;
200 		ckfree(ifsfirst.next);
201 		ifsfirst.next = ifsp;
202 		INTON;
203 	}
204 	*exparg.lastp = NULL;
205 	if (exparg.list) {
206 		*arglist->lastp = exparg.list;
207 		arglist->lastp = exparg.lastp;
208 	}
209 }
210 
211 
212 
213 /*
214  * Perform parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
215  * expansion, and tilde expansion if requested via EXP_TILDE/EXP_VARTILDE.
216  * Processing ends at a CTLENDVAR character as well as '\0'.
217  * This is used to expand word in ${var+word} etc.
218  * If EXP_FULL, EXP_CASE or EXP_REDIR are set, keep and/or generate CTLESC
219  * characters to allow for further processing.
220  * If EXP_FULL is set, also preserve CTLQUOTEMARK characters.
221  */
222 static void
223 argstr(char *p, int flag)
224 {
225 	char c;
226 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);	/* do CTLESC */
227 	int firsteq = 1;
228 	int split_lit;
229 	int lit_quoted;
230 
231 	split_lit = flag & EXP_SPLIT_LIT;
232 	lit_quoted = flag & EXP_LIT_QUOTED;
233 	flag &= ~(EXP_SPLIT_LIT | EXP_LIT_QUOTED);
234 	if (*p == '~' && (flag & (EXP_TILDE | EXP_VARTILDE)))
235 		p = exptilde(p, flag);
236 	for (;;) {
237 		CHECKSTRSPACE(2, expdest);
238 		switch (c = *p++) {
239 		case '\0':
240 		case CTLENDVAR:
241 			goto breakloop;
242 		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
243 			lit_quoted = 1;
244 			/* "$@" syntax adherence hack */
245 			if (p[0] == CTLVAR && p[2] == '@' && p[3] == '=')
246 				break;
247 			if ((flag & EXP_FULL) != 0)
248 				USTPUTC(c, expdest);
249 			break;
250 		case CTLQUOTEEND:
251 			lit_quoted = 0;
252 			break;
253 		case CTLESC:
254 			if (quotes)
255 				USTPUTC(c, expdest);
256 			c = *p++;
257 			USTPUTC(c, expdest);
258 			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted)
259 				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() -
260 				    (quotes ? 2 : 1),
261 				    expdest - stackblock(), 0);
262 			break;
263 		case CTLVAR:
264 			p = evalvar(p, flag);
265 			break;
266 		case CTLBACKQ:
267 		case CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE:
268 			expbackq(argbackq->n, c & CTLQUOTE, flag);
269 			argbackq = argbackq->next;
270 			break;
271 		case CTLENDARI:
272 			expari(flag);
273 			break;
274 		case ':':
275 		case '=':
276 			/*
277 			 * sort of a hack - expand tildes in variable
278 			 * assignments (after the first '=' and after ':'s).
279 			 */
280 			USTPUTC(c, expdest);
281 			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted)
282 				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() - 1,
283 				    expdest - stackblock(), 0);
284 			if (flag & EXP_VARTILDE && *p == '~' &&
285 			    (c != '=' || firsteq)) {
286 				if (c == '=')
287 					firsteq = 0;
288 				p = exptilde(p, flag);
289 			}
290 			break;
291 		default:
292 			USTPUTC(c, expdest);
293 			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted)
294 				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() - 1,
295 				    expdest - stackblock(), 0);
296 		}
297 	}
298 breakloop:;
299 }
300 
301 /*
302  * Perform tilde expansion, placing the result in the stack string and
303  * returning the next position in the input string to process.
304  */
305 static char *
306 exptilde(char *p, int flag)
307 {
308 	char c, *startp = p;
309 	struct passwd *pw;
310 	char *home;
311 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
312 
313 	while ((c = *p) != '\0') {
314 		switch(c) {
315 		case CTLESC: /* This means CTL* are always considered quoted. */
316 		case CTLVAR:
317 		case CTLBACKQ:
318 		case CTLBACKQ | CTLQUOTE:
319 		case CTLARI:
320 		case CTLENDARI:
321 		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
322 			return (startp);
323 		case ':':
324 			if (flag & EXP_VARTILDE)
325 				goto done;
326 			break;
327 		case '/':
328 		case CTLENDVAR:
329 			goto done;
330 		}
331 		p++;
332 	}
333 done:
334 	*p = '\0';
335 	if (*(startp+1) == '\0') {
336 		if ((home = lookupvar("HOME")) == NULL)
337 			goto lose;
338 	} else {
339 		if ((pw = getpwnam(startp+1)) == NULL)
340 			goto lose;
341 		home = pw->pw_dir;
342 	}
343 	if (*home == '\0')
344 		goto lose;
345 	*p = c;
346 	if (quotes)
347 		STPUTS_QUOTES(home, SQSYNTAX, expdest);
348 	else
349 		STPUTS(home, expdest);
350 	return (p);
351 lose:
352 	*p = c;
353 	return (startp);
354 }
355 
356 
357 static void
358 removerecordregions(int endoff)
359 {
360 	if (ifslastp == NULL)
361 		return;
362 
363 	if (ifsfirst.endoff > endoff) {
364 		while (ifsfirst.next != NULL) {
365 			struct ifsregion *ifsp;
366 			INTOFF;
367 			ifsp = ifsfirst.next->next;
368 			ckfree(ifsfirst.next);
369 			ifsfirst.next = ifsp;
370 			INTON;
371 		}
372 		if (ifsfirst.begoff > endoff)
373 			ifslastp = NULL;
374 		else {
375 			ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
376 			ifsfirst.endoff = endoff;
377 		}
378 		return;
379 	}
380 
381 	ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
382 	while (ifslastp->next && ifslastp->next->begoff < endoff)
383 		ifslastp=ifslastp->next;
384 	while (ifslastp->next != NULL) {
385 		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
386 		INTOFF;
387 		ifsp = ifslastp->next->next;
388 		ckfree(ifslastp->next);
389 		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
390 		INTON;
391 	}
392 	if (ifslastp->endoff > endoff)
393 		ifslastp->endoff = endoff;
394 }
395 
396 /*
397  * Expand arithmetic expression.  Backup to start of expression,
398  * evaluate, place result in (backed up) result, adjust string position.
399  */
400 void
401 expari(int flag)
402 {
403 	char *p, *q, *start;
404 	arith_t result;
405 	int begoff;
406 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
407 	int quoted;
408 
409 	/*
410 	 * This routine is slightly over-complicated for
411 	 * efficiency.  First we make sure there is
412 	 * enough space for the result, which may be bigger
413 	 * than the expression.  Next we
414 	 * scan backwards looking for the start of arithmetic.  If the
415 	 * next previous character is a CTLESC character, then we
416 	 * have to rescan starting from the beginning since CTLESC
417 	 * characters have to be processed left to right.
418 	 */
419 	CHECKSTRSPACE(DIGITS(result) - 2, expdest);
420 	USTPUTC('\0', expdest);
421 	start = stackblock();
422 	p = expdest - 2;
423 	while (p >= start && *p != CTLARI)
424 		--p;
425 	if (p < start || *p != CTLARI)
426 		error("missing CTLARI (shouldn't happen)");
427 	if (p > start && *(p - 1) == CTLESC)
428 		for (p = start; *p != CTLARI; p++)
429 			if (*p == CTLESC)
430 				p++;
431 
432 	if (p[1] == '"')
433 		quoted=1;
434 	else
435 		quoted=0;
436 	begoff = p - start;
437 	removerecordregions(begoff);
438 	if (quotes)
439 		rmescapes(p+2);
440 	q = grabstackstr(expdest);
441 	result = arith(p+2);
442 	ungrabstackstr(q, expdest);
443 	fmtstr(p, DIGITS(result), ARITH_FORMAT_STR, result);
444 	while (*p++)
445 		;
446 	if (quoted == 0)
447 		recordregion(begoff, p - 1 - start, 0);
448 	result = expdest - p + 1;
449 	STADJUST(-result, expdest);
450 }
451 
452 
453 /*
454  * Perform command substitution.
455  */
456 static void
457 expbackq(union node *cmd, int quoted, int flag)
458 {
459 	struct backcmd in;
460 	int i;
461 	char buf[128];
462 	char *p;
463 	char *dest = expdest;
464 	struct ifsregion saveifs, *savelastp;
465 	struct nodelist *saveargbackq;
466 	char lastc;
467 	int startloc = dest - stackblock();
468 	char const *syntax = quoted? DQSYNTAX : BASESYNTAX;
469 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
470 	int nnl;
471 
472 	INTOFF;
473 	saveifs = ifsfirst;
474 	savelastp = ifslastp;
475 	saveargbackq = argbackq;
476 	p = grabstackstr(dest);
477 	evalbackcmd(cmd, &in);
478 	ungrabstackstr(p, dest);
479 	ifsfirst = saveifs;
480 	ifslastp = savelastp;
481 	argbackq = saveargbackq;
482 
483 	p = in.buf;
484 	lastc = '\0';
485 	nnl = 0;
486 	/* Don't copy trailing newlines */
487 	for (;;) {
488 		if (--in.nleft < 0) {
489 			if (in.fd < 0)
490 				break;
491 			while ((i = read(in.fd, buf, sizeof buf)) < 0 && errno == EINTR);
492 			TRACE(("expbackq: read returns %d\n", i));
493 			if (i <= 0)
494 				break;
495 			p = buf;
496 			in.nleft = i - 1;
497 		}
498 		lastc = *p++;
499 		if (lastc != '\0') {
500 			if (lastc == '\n') {
501 				nnl++;
502 			} else {
503 				CHECKSTRSPACE(nnl + 2, dest);
504 				while (nnl > 0) {
505 					nnl--;
506 					USTPUTC('\n', dest);
507 				}
508 				if (quotes && syntax[(int)lastc] == CCTL)
509 					USTPUTC(CTLESC, dest);
510 				USTPUTC(lastc, dest);
511 			}
512 		}
513 	}
514 
515 	if (in.fd >= 0)
516 		close(in.fd);
517 	if (in.buf)
518 		ckfree(in.buf);
519 	if (in.jp)
520 		exitstatus = waitforjob(in.jp, NULL);
521 	if (quoted == 0)
522 		recordregion(startloc, dest - stackblock(), 0);
523 	TRACE(("expbackq: size=%td: \"%.*s\"\n",
524 		((dest - stackblock()) - startloc),
525 		(int)((dest - stackblock()) - startloc),
526 		stackblock() + startloc));
527 	expdest = dest;
528 	INTON;
529 }
530 
531 
532 
533 static int
534 subevalvar(char *p, char *str, int strloc, int subtype, int startloc,
535   int varflags, int quotes)
536 {
537 	char *startp;
538 	char *loc = NULL;
539 	char *q;
540 	int c = 0;
541 	struct nodelist *saveargbackq = argbackq;
542 	int amount;
543 
544 	argstr(p, (subtype == VSTRIMLEFT || subtype == VSTRIMLEFTMAX ||
545 	    subtype == VSTRIMRIGHT || subtype == VSTRIMRIGHTMAX ?
546 	    EXP_CASE : 0) | EXP_TILDE);
547 	STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
548 	argbackq = saveargbackq;
549 	startp = stackblock() + startloc;
550 	if (str == NULL)
551 	    str = stackblock() + strloc;
552 
553 	switch (subtype) {
554 	case VSASSIGN:
555 		setvar(str, startp, 0);
556 		amount = startp - expdest;
557 		STADJUST(amount, expdest);
558 		varflags &= ~VSNUL;
559 		return 1;
560 
561 	case VSQUESTION:
562 		if (*p != CTLENDVAR) {
563 			outfmt(out2, "%s\n", startp);
564 			error(NULL);
565 		}
566 		error("%.*s: parameter %snot set", (int)(p - str - 1),
567 		      str, (varflags & VSNUL) ? "null or "
568 					      : nullstr);
569 		return 0;
570 
571 	case VSTRIMLEFT:
572 		for (loc = startp; loc < str; loc++) {
573 			c = *loc;
574 			*loc = '\0';
575 			if (patmatch(str, startp, quotes)) {
576 				*loc = c;
577 				goto recordleft;
578 			}
579 			*loc = c;
580 			if (quotes && *loc == CTLESC)
581 				loc++;
582 		}
583 		return 0;
584 
585 	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
586 		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
587 			c = *loc;
588 			*loc = '\0';
589 			if (patmatch(str, startp, quotes)) {
590 				*loc = c;
591 				goto recordleft;
592 			}
593 			*loc = c;
594 			loc--;
595 			if (quotes && loc > startp && *(loc - 1) == CTLESC) {
596 				for (q = startp; q < loc; q++)
597 					if (*q == CTLESC)
598 						q++;
599 				if (q > loc)
600 					loc--;
601 			}
602 		}
603 		return 0;
604 
605 	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
606 		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
607 			if (patmatch(str, loc, quotes)) {
608 				amount = loc - expdest;
609 				STADJUST(amount, expdest);
610 				return 1;
611 			}
612 			loc--;
613 			if (quotes && loc > startp && *(loc - 1) == CTLESC) {
614 				for (q = startp; q < loc; q++)
615 					if (*q == CTLESC)
616 						q++;
617 				if (q > loc)
618 					loc--;
619 			}
620 		}
621 		return 0;
622 
623 	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
624 		for (loc = startp; loc < str - 1; loc++) {
625 			if (patmatch(str, loc, quotes)) {
626 				amount = loc - expdest;
627 				STADJUST(amount, expdest);
628 				return 1;
629 			}
630 			if (quotes && *loc == CTLESC)
631 				loc++;
632 		}
633 		return 0;
634 
635 
636 	default:
637 		abort();
638 	}
639 
640 recordleft:
641 	amount = ((str - 1) - (loc - startp)) - expdest;
642 	STADJUST(amount, expdest);
643 	while (loc != str - 1)
644 		*startp++ = *loc++;
645 	return 1;
646 }
647 
648 
649 /*
650  * Expand a variable, and return a pointer to the next character in the
651  * input string.
652  */
653 
654 static char *
655 evalvar(char *p, int flag)
656 {
657 	int subtype;
658 	int varflags;
659 	char *var;
660 	char *val;
661 	int patloc;
662 	int c;
663 	int set;
664 	int special;
665 	int startloc;
666 	int varlen;
667 	int easy;
668 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
669 
670 	varflags = (unsigned char)*p++;
671 	subtype = varflags & VSTYPE;
672 	var = p;
673 	special = 0;
674 	if (! is_name(*p))
675 		special = 1;
676 	p = strchr(p, '=') + 1;
677 again: /* jump here after setting a variable with ${var=text} */
678 	if (varflags & VSLINENO) {
679 		set = 1;
680 		special = 0;
681 		val = var;
682 		p[-1] = '\0';	/* temporarily overwrite '=' to have \0
683 				   terminated string */
684 	} else if (special) {
685 		set = varisset(var, varflags & VSNUL);
686 		val = NULL;
687 	} else {
688 		val = bltinlookup(var, 1);
689 		if (val == NULL || ((varflags & VSNUL) && val[0] == '\0')) {
690 			val = NULL;
691 			set = 0;
692 		} else
693 			set = 1;
694 	}
695 	varlen = 0;
696 	startloc = expdest - stackblock();
697 	if (!set && uflag && *var != '@' && *var != '*') {
698 		switch (subtype) {
699 		case VSNORMAL:
700 		case VSTRIMLEFT:
701 		case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
702 		case VSTRIMRIGHT:
703 		case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
704 		case VSLENGTH:
705 			error("%.*s: parameter not set", (int)(p - var - 1),
706 			    var);
707 		}
708 	}
709 	if (set && subtype != VSPLUS) {
710 		/* insert the value of the variable */
711 		if (special) {
712 			varvalue(var, varflags & VSQUOTE, subtype, flag);
713 			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
714 				varlen = expdest - stackblock() - startloc;
715 				STADJUST(-varlen, expdest);
716 			}
717 		} else {
718 			char const *syntax = (varflags & VSQUOTE) ? DQSYNTAX
719 								  : BASESYNTAX;
720 
721 			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
722 				for (;*val; val++)
723 					varlen++;
724 			}
725 			else {
726 				if (quotes)
727 					STPUTS_QUOTES(val, syntax, expdest);
728 				else
729 					STPUTS(val, expdest);
730 
731 			}
732 		}
733 	}
734 
735 	if (subtype == VSPLUS)
736 		set = ! set;
737 
738 	easy = ((varflags & VSQUOTE) == 0 ||
739 		(*var == '@' && shellparam.nparam != 1));
740 
741 
742 	switch (subtype) {
743 	case VSLENGTH:
744 		expdest = cvtnum(varlen, expdest);
745 		goto record;
746 
747 	case VSNORMAL:
748 		if (!easy)
749 			break;
750 record:
751 		recordregion(startloc, expdest - stackblock(),
752 			     varflags & VSQUOTE);
753 		break;
754 
755 	case VSPLUS:
756 	case VSMINUS:
757 		if (!set) {
758 			argstr(p, flag | (flag & EXP_FULL ? EXP_SPLIT_LIT : 0) |
759 			    (varflags & VSQUOTE ? EXP_LIT_QUOTED : 0));
760 			break;
761 		}
762 		if (easy)
763 			goto record;
764 		break;
765 
766 	case VSTRIMLEFT:
767 	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
768 	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
769 	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
770 		if (!set)
771 			break;
772 		/*
773 		 * Terminate the string and start recording the pattern
774 		 * right after it
775 		 */
776 		STPUTC('\0', expdest);
777 		patloc = expdest - stackblock();
778 		if (subevalvar(p, NULL, patloc, subtype,
779 		    startloc, varflags, quotes) == 0) {
780 			int amount = (expdest - stackblock() - patloc) + 1;
781 			STADJUST(-amount, expdest);
782 		}
783 		/* Remove any recorded regions beyond start of variable */
784 		removerecordregions(startloc);
785 		goto record;
786 
787 	case VSASSIGN:
788 	case VSQUESTION:
789 		if (!set) {
790 			if (subevalvar(p, var, 0, subtype, startloc, varflags,
791 			    quotes)) {
792 				varflags &= ~VSNUL;
793 				/*
794 				 * Remove any recorded regions beyond
795 				 * start of variable
796 				 */
797 				removerecordregions(startloc);
798 				goto again;
799 			}
800 			break;
801 		}
802 		if (easy)
803 			goto record;
804 		break;
805 
806 	case VSERROR:
807 		c = p - var - 1;
808 		error("${%.*s%s}: Bad substitution", c, var,
809 		    (c > 0 && *p != CTLENDVAR) ? "..." : "");
810 
811 	default:
812 		abort();
813 	}
814 	p[-1] = '=';	/* recover overwritten '=' */
815 
816 	if (subtype != VSNORMAL) {	/* skip to end of alternative */
817 		int nesting = 1;
818 		for (;;) {
819 			if ((c = *p++) == CTLESC)
820 				p++;
821 			else if (c == CTLBACKQ || c == (CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE)) {
822 				if (set)
823 					argbackq = argbackq->next;
824 			} else if (c == CTLVAR) {
825 				if ((*p++ & VSTYPE) != VSNORMAL)
826 					nesting++;
827 			} else if (c == CTLENDVAR) {
828 				if (--nesting == 0)
829 					break;
830 			}
831 		}
832 	}
833 	return p;
834 }
835 
836 
837 
838 /*
839  * Test whether a specialized variable is set.
840  */
841 
842 static int
843 varisset(char *name, int nulok)
844 {
845 
846 	if (*name == '!')
847 		return backgndpidset();
848 	else if (*name == '@' || *name == '*') {
849 		if (*shellparam.p == NULL)
850 			return 0;
851 
852 		if (nulok) {
853 			char **av;
854 
855 			for (av = shellparam.p; *av; av++)
856 				if (**av != '\0')
857 					return 1;
858 			return 0;
859 		}
860 	} else if (is_digit(*name)) {
861 		char *ap;
862 		int num = atoi(name);
863 
864 		if (num > shellparam.nparam)
865 			return 0;
866 
867 		if (num == 0)
868 			ap = arg0;
869 		else
870 			ap = shellparam.p[num - 1];
871 
872 		if (nulok && (ap == NULL || *ap == '\0'))
873 			return 0;
874 	}
875 	return 1;
876 }
877 
878 static void
879 strtodest(const char *p, int flag, int subtype, int quoted)
880 {
881 	if (flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE) && subtype != VSLENGTH)
882 		STPUTS_QUOTES(p, quoted ? DQSYNTAX : BASESYNTAX, expdest);
883 	else
884 		STPUTS(p, expdest);
885 }
886 
887 /*
888  * Add the value of a specialized variable to the stack string.
889  */
890 
891 static void
892 varvalue(char *name, int quoted, int subtype, int flag)
893 {
894 	int num;
895 	char *p;
896 	int i;
897 	char sep;
898 	char **ap;
899 
900 	switch (*name) {
901 	case '$':
902 		num = rootpid;
903 		goto numvar;
904 	case '?':
905 		num = oexitstatus;
906 		goto numvar;
907 	case '#':
908 		num = shellparam.nparam;
909 		goto numvar;
910 	case '!':
911 		num = backgndpidval();
912 numvar:
913 		expdest = cvtnum(num, expdest);
914 		break;
915 	case '-':
916 		for (i = 0 ; i < NOPTS ; i++) {
917 			if (optlist[i].val)
918 				STPUTC(optlist[i].letter, expdest);
919 		}
920 		break;
921 	case '@':
922 		if (flag & EXP_FULL && quoted) {
923 			for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
924 				strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted);
925 				if (*ap)
926 					STPUTC('\0', expdest);
927 			}
928 			break;
929 		}
930 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
931 	case '*':
932 		if (ifsset())
933 			sep = ifsval()[0];
934 		else
935 			sep = ' ';
936 		for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
937 			strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted);
938 			if (*ap && sep)
939 				STPUTC(sep, expdest);
940 		}
941 		break;
942 	case '0':
943 		p = arg0;
944 		strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted);
945 		break;
946 	default:
947 		if (is_digit(*name)) {
948 			num = atoi(name);
949 			if (num > 0 && num <= shellparam.nparam) {
950 				p = shellparam.p[num - 1];
951 				strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted);
952 			}
953 		}
954 		break;
955 	}
956 }
957 
958 
959 
960 /*
961  * Record the fact that we have to scan this region of the
962  * string for IFS characters.
963  */
964 
965 static void
966 recordregion(int start, int end, int inquotes)
967 {
968 	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
969 
970 	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
971 		ifsp = &ifsfirst;
972 	} else {
973 		if (ifslastp->endoff == start
974 		    && ifslastp->inquotes == inquotes) {
975 			/* extend previous area */
976 			ifslastp->endoff = end;
977 			return;
978 		}
979 		ifsp = (struct ifsregion *)ckmalloc(sizeof (struct ifsregion));
980 		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
981 	}
982 	ifslastp = ifsp;
983 	ifslastp->next = NULL;
984 	ifslastp->begoff = start;
985 	ifslastp->endoff = end;
986 	ifslastp->inquotes = inquotes;
987 }
988 
989 
990 
991 /*
992  * Break the argument string into pieces based upon IFS and add the
993  * strings to the argument list.  The regions of the string to be
994  * searched for IFS characters have been stored by recordregion.
995  * CTLESC characters are preserved but have little effect in this pass
996  * other than escaping CTL* characters.  In particular, they do not escape
997  * IFS characters: that should be done with the ifsregion mechanism.
998  * CTLQUOTEMARK characters are used to preserve empty quoted strings.
999  * This pass treats them as a regular character, making the string non-empty.
1000  * Later, they are removed along with the other CTL* characters.
1001  */
1002 static void
1003 ifsbreakup(char *string, struct arglist *arglist)
1004 {
1005 	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
1006 	struct strlist *sp;
1007 	char *start;
1008 	char *p;
1009 	char *q;
1010 	const char *ifs;
1011 	const char *ifsspc;
1012 	int had_param_ch = 0;
1013 
1014 	start = string;
1015 
1016 	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
1017 		/* Return entire argument, IFS doesn't apply to any of it */
1018 		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1019 		sp->text = start;
1020 		*arglist->lastp = sp;
1021 		arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1022 		return;
1023 	}
1024 
1025 	ifs = ifsset() ? ifsval() : " \t\n";
1026 
1027 	for (ifsp = &ifsfirst; ifsp != NULL; ifsp = ifsp->next) {
1028 		p = string + ifsp->begoff;
1029 		while (p < string + ifsp->endoff) {
1030 			q = p;
1031 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1032 				p++;
1033 			if (ifsp->inquotes) {
1034 				/* Only NULs (should be from "$@") end args */
1035 				had_param_ch = 1;
1036 				if (*p != 0) {
1037 					p++;
1038 					continue;
1039 				}
1040 				ifsspc = NULL;
1041 			} else {
1042 				if (!strchr(ifs, *p)) {
1043 					had_param_ch = 1;
1044 					p++;
1045 					continue;
1046 				}
1047 				ifsspc = strchr(" \t\n", *p);
1048 
1049 				/* Ignore IFS whitespace at start */
1050 				if (q == start && ifsspc != NULL) {
1051 					p++;
1052 					start = p;
1053 					continue;
1054 				}
1055 				had_param_ch = 0;
1056 			}
1057 
1058 			/* Save this argument... */
1059 			*q = '\0';
1060 			sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1061 			sp->text = start;
1062 			*arglist->lastp = sp;
1063 			arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1064 			p++;
1065 
1066 			if (ifsspc != NULL) {
1067 				/* Ignore further trailing IFS whitespace */
1068 				for (; p < string + ifsp->endoff; p++) {
1069 					q = p;
1070 					if (*p == CTLESC)
1071 						p++;
1072 					if (strchr(ifs, *p) == NULL) {
1073 						p = q;
1074 						break;
1075 					}
1076 					if (strchr(" \t\n", *p) == NULL) {
1077 						p++;
1078 						break;
1079 					}
1080 				}
1081 			}
1082 			start = p;
1083 		}
1084 	}
1085 
1086 	/*
1087 	 * Save anything left as an argument.
1088 	 * Traditionally we have treated 'IFS=':'; set -- x$IFS' as
1089 	 * generating 2 arguments, the second of which is empty.
1090 	 * Some recent clarification of the Posix spec say that it
1091 	 * should only generate one....
1092 	 */
1093 	if (had_param_ch || *start != 0) {
1094 		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1095 		sp->text = start;
1096 		*arglist->lastp = sp;
1097 		arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1098 	}
1099 }
1100 
1101 
1102 static char expdir[PATH_MAX];
1103 #define expdir_end (expdir + sizeof(expdir))
1104 
1105 /*
1106  * Perform pathname generation and remove control characters.
1107  * At this point, the only control characters should be CTLESC and CTLQUOTEMARK.
1108  * The results are stored in the list exparg.
1109  */
1110 static void
1111 expandmeta(struct strlist *str, int flag __unused)
1112 {
1113 	char *p;
1114 	struct strlist **savelastp;
1115 	struct strlist *sp;
1116 	char c;
1117 	/* TODO - EXP_REDIR */
1118 
1119 	while (str) {
1120 		if (fflag)
1121 			goto nometa;
1122 		p = str->text;
1123 		for (;;) {			/* fast check for meta chars */
1124 			if ((c = *p++) == '\0')
1125 				goto nometa;
1126 			if (c == '*' || c == '?' || c == '[')
1127 				break;
1128 		}
1129 		savelastp = exparg.lastp;
1130 		INTOFF;
1131 		expmeta(expdir, str->text);
1132 		INTON;
1133 		if (exparg.lastp == savelastp) {
1134 			/*
1135 			 * no matches
1136 			 */
1137 nometa:
1138 			*exparg.lastp = str;
1139 			rmescapes(str->text);
1140 			exparg.lastp = &str->next;
1141 		} else {
1142 			*exparg.lastp = NULL;
1143 			*savelastp = sp = expsort(*savelastp);
1144 			while (sp->next != NULL)
1145 				sp = sp->next;
1146 			exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
1147 		}
1148 		str = str->next;
1149 	}
1150 }
1151 
1152 
1153 /*
1154  * Do metacharacter (i.e. *, ?, [...]) expansion.
1155  */
1156 
1157 static void
1158 expmeta(char *enddir, char *name)
1159 {
1160 	char *p;
1161 	char *q;
1162 	char *start;
1163 	char *endname;
1164 	int metaflag;
1165 	struct stat statb;
1166 	DIR *dirp;
1167 	struct dirent *dp;
1168 	int atend;
1169 	int matchdot;
1170 	int esc;
1171 
1172 	metaflag = 0;
1173 	start = name;
1174 	for (p = name; esc = 0, *p; p += esc + 1) {
1175 		if (*p == '*' || *p == '?')
1176 			metaflag = 1;
1177 		else if (*p == '[') {
1178 			q = p + 1;
1179 			if (*q == '!' || *q == '^')
1180 				q++;
1181 			for (;;) {
1182 				while (*q == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1183 					q++;
1184 				if (*q == CTLESC)
1185 					q++;
1186 				if (*q == '/' || *q == '\0')
1187 					break;
1188 				if (*++q == ']') {
1189 					metaflag = 1;
1190 					break;
1191 				}
1192 			}
1193 		} else if (*p == '\0')
1194 			break;
1195 		else if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1196 			continue;
1197 		else {
1198 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1199 				esc++;
1200 			if (p[esc] == '/') {
1201 				if (metaflag)
1202 					break;
1203 				start = p + esc + 1;
1204 			}
1205 		}
1206 	}
1207 	if (metaflag == 0) {	/* we've reached the end of the file name */
1208 		if (enddir != expdir)
1209 			metaflag++;
1210 		for (p = name ; ; p++) {
1211 			if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1212 				continue;
1213 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1214 				p++;
1215 			*enddir++ = *p;
1216 			if (*p == '\0')
1217 				break;
1218 			if (enddir == expdir_end)
1219 				return;
1220 		}
1221 		if (metaflag == 0 || lstat(expdir, &statb) >= 0)
1222 			addfname(expdir);
1223 		return;
1224 	}
1225 	endname = p;
1226 	if (start != name) {
1227 		p = name;
1228 		while (p < start) {
1229 			while (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1230 				p++;
1231 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1232 				p++;
1233 			*enddir++ = *p++;
1234 			if (enddir == expdir_end)
1235 				return;
1236 		}
1237 	}
1238 	if (enddir == expdir) {
1239 		p = __DECONST(char *, ".");
1240 	} else if (enddir == expdir + 1 && *expdir == '/') {
1241 		p = __DECONST(char *, "/");
1242 	} else {
1243 		p = expdir;
1244 		enddir[-1] = '\0';
1245 	}
1246 	if ((dirp = opendir(p)) == NULL)
1247 		return;
1248 	if (enddir != expdir)
1249 		enddir[-1] = '/';
1250 	if (*endname == 0) {
1251 		atend = 1;
1252 	} else {
1253 		atend = 0;
1254 		*endname = '\0';
1255 		endname += esc + 1;
1256 	}
1257 	matchdot = 0;
1258 	p = start;
1259 	while (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1260 		p++;
1261 	if (*p == CTLESC)
1262 		p++;
1263 	if (*p == '.')
1264 		matchdot++;
1265 	while (! int_pending() && (dp = readdir(dirp)) != NULL) {
1266 		if (dp->d_name[0] == '.' && ! matchdot)
1267 			continue;
1268 		if (patmatch(start, dp->d_name, 0)) {
1269 			if (enddir + dp->d_namlen + 1 > expdir_end)
1270 				continue;
1271 			memcpy(enddir, dp->d_name, dp->d_namlen + 1);
1272 			if (atend)
1273 				addfname(expdir);
1274 			else {
1275 				if (enddir + dp->d_namlen + 2 > expdir_end)
1276 					continue;
1277 				enddir[dp->d_namlen] = '/';
1278 				enddir[dp->d_namlen + 1] = '\0';
1279 				expmeta(enddir + dp->d_namlen + 1, endname);
1280 			}
1281 		}
1282 	}
1283 	closedir(dirp);
1284 	if (! atend)
1285 		endname[-esc - 1] = esc ? CTLESC : '/';
1286 }
1287 
1288 
1289 /*
1290  * Add a file name to the list.
1291  */
1292 
1293 static void
1294 addfname(char *name)
1295 {
1296 	char *p;
1297 	struct strlist *sp;
1298 
1299 	p = stalloc(strlen(name) + 1);
1300 	scopy(name, p);
1301 	sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1302 	sp->text = p;
1303 	*exparg.lastp = sp;
1304 	exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
1305 }
1306 
1307 
1308 /*
1309  * Sort the results of file name expansion.  It calculates the number of
1310  * strings to sort and then calls msort (short for merge sort) to do the
1311  * work.
1312  */
1313 
1314 static struct strlist *
1315 expsort(struct strlist *str)
1316 {
1317 	int len;
1318 	struct strlist *sp;
1319 
1320 	len = 0;
1321 	for (sp = str ; sp ; sp = sp->next)
1322 		len++;
1323 	return msort(str, len);
1324 }
1325 
1326 
1327 static struct strlist *
1328 msort(struct strlist *list, int len)
1329 {
1330 	struct strlist *p, *q = NULL;
1331 	struct strlist **lpp;
1332 	int half;
1333 	int n;
1334 
1335 	if (len <= 1)
1336 		return list;
1337 	half = len >> 1;
1338 	p = list;
1339 	for (n = half ; --n >= 0 ; ) {
1340 		q = p;
1341 		p = p->next;
1342 	}
1343 	q->next = NULL;			/* terminate first half of list */
1344 	q = msort(list, half);		/* sort first half of list */
1345 	p = msort(p, len - half);		/* sort second half */
1346 	lpp = &list;
1347 	for (;;) {
1348 		if (strcmp(p->text, q->text) < 0) {
1349 			*lpp = p;
1350 			lpp = &p->next;
1351 			if ((p = *lpp) == NULL) {
1352 				*lpp = q;
1353 				break;
1354 			}
1355 		} else {
1356 			*lpp = q;
1357 			lpp = &q->next;
1358 			if ((q = *lpp) == NULL) {
1359 				*lpp = p;
1360 				break;
1361 			}
1362 		}
1363 	}
1364 	return list;
1365 }
1366 
1367 
1368 
1369 /*
1370  * Returns true if the pattern matches the string.
1371  */
1372 
1373 int
1374 patmatch(const char *pattern, const char *string, int squoted)
1375 {
1376 	const char *p, *q;
1377 	char c;
1378 
1379 	p = pattern;
1380 	q = string;
1381 	for (;;) {
1382 		switch (c = *p++) {
1383 		case '\0':
1384 			goto breakloop;
1385 		case CTLESC:
1386 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1387 				q++;
1388 			if (*q++ != *p++)
1389 				return 0;
1390 			break;
1391 		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
1392 			continue;
1393 		case '?':
1394 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1395 				q++;
1396 			if (*q++ == '\0')
1397 				return 0;
1398 			break;
1399 		case '*':
1400 			c = *p;
1401 			while (c == CTLQUOTEMARK || c == '*')
1402 				c = *++p;
1403 			if (c != CTLESC &&  c != CTLQUOTEMARK &&
1404 			    c != '?' && c != '*' && c != '[') {
1405 				while (*q != c) {
1406 					if (squoted && *q == CTLESC &&
1407 					    q[1] == c)
1408 						break;
1409 					if (*q == '\0')
1410 						return 0;
1411 					if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1412 						q++;
1413 					q++;
1414 				}
1415 			}
1416 			do {
1417 				if (patmatch(p, q, squoted))
1418 					return 1;
1419 				if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1420 					q++;
1421 			} while (*q++ != '\0');
1422 			return 0;
1423 		case '[': {
1424 			const char *endp;
1425 			int invert, found;
1426 			char chr;
1427 
1428 			endp = p;
1429 			if (*endp == '!' || *endp == '^')
1430 				endp++;
1431 			for (;;) {
1432 				while (*endp == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1433 					endp++;
1434 				if (*endp == '\0')
1435 					goto dft;		/* no matching ] */
1436 				if (*endp == CTLESC)
1437 					endp++;
1438 				if (*++endp == ']')
1439 					break;
1440 			}
1441 			invert = 0;
1442 			if (*p == '!' || *p == '^') {
1443 				invert++;
1444 				p++;
1445 			}
1446 			found = 0;
1447 			chr = *q++;
1448 			if (squoted && chr == CTLESC)
1449 				chr = *q++;
1450 			if (chr == '\0')
1451 				return 0;
1452 			c = *p++;
1453 			do {
1454 				if (c == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1455 					continue;
1456 				if (c == CTLESC)
1457 					c = *p++;
1458 				if (*p == '-' && p[1] != ']') {
1459 					p++;
1460 					while (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1461 						p++;
1462 					if (*p == CTLESC)
1463 						p++;
1464 					if (   collate_range_cmp(chr, c) >= 0
1465 					    && collate_range_cmp(chr, *p) <= 0
1466 					   )
1467 						found = 1;
1468 					p++;
1469 				} else {
1470 					if (chr == c)
1471 						found = 1;
1472 				}
1473 			} while ((c = *p++) != ']');
1474 			if (found == invert)
1475 				return 0;
1476 			break;
1477 		}
1478 dft:	        default:
1479 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1480 				q++;
1481 			if (*q++ != c)
1482 				return 0;
1483 			break;
1484 		}
1485 	}
1486 breakloop:
1487 	if (*q != '\0')
1488 		return 0;
1489 	return 1;
1490 }
1491 
1492 
1493 
1494 /*
1495  * Remove any CTLESC and CTLQUOTEMARK characters from a string.
1496  */
1497 
1498 void
1499 rmescapes(char *str)
1500 {
1501 	char *p, *q;
1502 
1503 	p = str;
1504 	while (*p != CTLESC && *p != CTLQUOTEMARK && *p != CTLQUOTEEND) {
1505 		if (*p++ == '\0')
1506 			return;
1507 	}
1508 	q = p;
1509 	while (*p) {
1510 		if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK || *p == CTLQUOTEEND) {
1511 			p++;
1512 			continue;
1513 		}
1514 		if (*p == CTLESC)
1515 			p++;
1516 		*q++ = *p++;
1517 	}
1518 	*q = '\0';
1519 }
1520 
1521 
1522 
1523 /*
1524  * See if a pattern matches in a case statement.
1525  */
1526 
1527 int
1528 casematch(union node *pattern, const char *val)
1529 {
1530 	struct stackmark smark;
1531 	int result;
1532 	char *p;
1533 
1534 	setstackmark(&smark);
1535 	argbackq = pattern->narg.backquote;
1536 	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
1537 	ifslastp = NULL;
1538 	argstr(pattern->narg.text, EXP_TILDE | EXP_CASE);
1539 	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
1540 	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
1541 	result = patmatch(p, val, 0);
1542 	popstackmark(&smark);
1543 	return result;
1544 }
1545 
1546 /*
1547  * Our own itoa().
1548  */
1549 
1550 static char *
1551 cvtnum(int num, char *buf)
1552 {
1553 	char temp[32];
1554 	int neg = num < 0;
1555 	char *p = temp + 31;
1556 
1557 	temp[31] = '\0';
1558 
1559 	do {
1560 		*--p = num % 10 + '0';
1561 	} while ((num /= 10) != 0);
1562 
1563 	if (neg)
1564 		*--p = '-';
1565 
1566 	STPUTS(p, buf);
1567 	return buf;
1568 }
1569 
1570 /*
1571  * Check statically if expanding a string may have side effects.
1572  */
1573 int
1574 expandhassideeffects(const char *p)
1575 {
1576 	int c;
1577 	int arinest;
1578 
1579 	arinest = 0;
1580 	while ((c = *p++) != '\0') {
1581 		switch (c) {
1582 		case CTLESC:
1583 			p++;
1584 			break;
1585 		case CTLVAR:
1586 			c = *p++;
1587 			/* Expanding $! sets the job to remembered. */
1588 			if (*p == '!')
1589 				return 1;
1590 			if ((c & VSTYPE) == VSASSIGN)
1591 				return 1;
1592 			/*
1593 			 * If we are in arithmetic, the parameter may contain
1594 			 * '=' which may cause side effects. Exceptions are
1595 			 * the length of a parameter and $$, $# and $? which
1596 			 * are always numeric.
1597 			 */
1598 			if ((c & VSTYPE) == VSLENGTH) {
1599 				while (*p != '=')
1600 					p++;
1601 				p++;
1602 				break;
1603 			}
1604 			if ((*p == '$' || *p == '#' || *p == '?') &&
1605 			    p[1] == '=') {
1606 				p += 2;
1607 				break;
1608 			}
1609 			if (arinest > 0)
1610 				return 1;
1611 			break;
1612 		case CTLBACKQ:
1613 		case CTLBACKQ | CTLQUOTE:
1614 			if (arinest > 0)
1615 				return 1;
1616 			break;
1617 		case CTLARI:
1618 			arinest++;
1619 			break;
1620 		case CTLENDARI:
1621 			arinest--;
1622 			break;
1623 		case '=':
1624 			if (*p == '=') {
1625 				/* Allow '==' operator. */
1626 				p++;
1627 				continue;
1628 			}
1629 			if (arinest > 0)
1630 				return 1;
1631 			break;
1632 		case '!': case '<': case '>':
1633 			/* Allow '!=', '<=', '>=' operators. */
1634 			if (*p == '=')
1635 				p++;
1636 			break;
1637 		}
1638 	}
1639 	return 0;
1640 }
1641 
1642 /*
1643  * Do most of the work for wordexp(3).
1644  */
1645 
1646 int
1647 wordexpcmd(int argc, char **argv)
1648 {
1649 	size_t len;
1650 	int i;
1651 
1652 	out1fmt("%08x", argc - 1);
1653 	for (i = 1, len = 0; i < argc; i++)
1654 		len += strlen(argv[i]);
1655 	out1fmt("%08x", (int)len);
1656 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
1657 		outbin(argv[i], strlen(argv[i]) + 1, out1);
1658         return (0);
1659 }
1660