xref: /dragonfly/contrib/gcc-4.7/gcc/cp/typeck.c (revision 4d0c54c1)
1 /* Build expressions with type checking for C++ compiler.
2    Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
3    1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
4    2011, 2012
5    Free Software Foundation, Inc.
6    Hacked by Michael Tiemann (tiemann@cygnus.com)
7 
8 This file is part of GCC.
9 
10 GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
11 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
12 the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
13 any later version.
14 
15 GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
16 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
17 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
18 GNU General Public License for more details.
19 
20 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
21 along with GCC; see the file COPYING3.  If not see
22 <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
23 
24 
25 /* This file is part of the C++ front end.
26    It contains routines to build C++ expressions given their operands,
27    including computing the types of the result, C and C++ specific error
28    checks, and some optimization.  */
29 
30 #include "config.h"
31 #include "system.h"
32 #include "coretypes.h"
33 #include "tm.h"
34 #include "tree.h"
35 #include "cp-tree.h"
36 #include "flags.h"
37 #include "output.h"
38 #include "diagnostic.h"
39 #include "intl.h"
40 #include "target.h"
41 #include "convert.h"
42 #include "c-family/c-common.h"
43 #include "c-family/c-objc.h"
44 #include "params.h"
45 
46 static tree pfn_from_ptrmemfunc (tree);
47 static tree delta_from_ptrmemfunc (tree);
48 static tree convert_for_assignment (tree, tree, impl_conv_rhs, tree, int,
49 				    tsubst_flags_t, int);
50 static tree cp_pointer_int_sum (enum tree_code, tree, tree);
51 static tree rationalize_conditional_expr (enum tree_code, tree,
52 					  tsubst_flags_t);
53 static int comp_ptr_ttypes_real (tree, tree, int);
54 static bool comp_except_types (tree, tree, bool);
55 static bool comp_array_types (const_tree, const_tree, bool);
56 static tree pointer_diff (tree, tree, tree);
57 static tree get_delta_difference (tree, tree, bool, bool, tsubst_flags_t);
58 static void casts_away_constness_r (tree *, tree *);
59 static bool casts_away_constness (tree, tree);
60 static void maybe_warn_about_returning_address_of_local (tree);
61 static tree lookup_destructor (tree, tree, tree);
62 static void warn_args_num (location_t, tree, bool);
63 static int convert_arguments (tree, VEC(tree,gc) **, tree, int,
64                               tsubst_flags_t);
65 
66 /* Do `exp = require_complete_type (exp);' to make sure exp
67    does not have an incomplete type.  (That includes void types.)
68    Returns error_mark_node if the VALUE does not have
69    complete type when this function returns.  */
70 
71 tree
72 require_complete_type_sfinae (tree value, tsubst_flags_t complain)
73 {
74   tree type;
75 
76   if (processing_template_decl || value == error_mark_node)
77     return value;
78 
79   if (TREE_CODE (value) == OVERLOAD)
80     type = unknown_type_node;
81   else
82     type = TREE_TYPE (value);
83 
84   if (type == error_mark_node)
85     return error_mark_node;
86 
87   /* First, detect a valid value with a complete type.  */
88   if (COMPLETE_TYPE_P (type))
89     return value;
90 
91   if (complete_type_or_maybe_complain (type, value, complain))
92     return value;
93   else
94     return error_mark_node;
95 }
96 
97 tree
98 require_complete_type (tree value)
99 {
100   return require_complete_type_sfinae (value, tf_warning_or_error);
101 }
102 
103 /* Try to complete TYPE, if it is incomplete.  For example, if TYPE is
104    a template instantiation, do the instantiation.  Returns TYPE,
105    whether or not it could be completed, unless something goes
106    horribly wrong, in which case the error_mark_node is returned.  */
107 
108 tree
109 complete_type (tree type)
110 {
111   if (type == NULL_TREE)
112     /* Rather than crash, we return something sure to cause an error
113        at some point.  */
114     return error_mark_node;
115 
116   if (type == error_mark_node || COMPLETE_TYPE_P (type))
117     ;
118   else if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE && TYPE_DOMAIN (type))
119     {
120       tree t = complete_type (TREE_TYPE (type));
121       unsigned int needs_constructing, has_nontrivial_dtor;
122       if (COMPLETE_TYPE_P (t) && !dependent_type_p (type))
123 	layout_type (type);
124       needs_constructing
125 	= TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t));
126       has_nontrivial_dtor
127 	= TYPE_HAS_NONTRIVIAL_DESTRUCTOR (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t));
128       for (t = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type); t; t = TYPE_NEXT_VARIANT (t))
129 	{
130 	  TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (t) = needs_constructing;
131 	  TYPE_HAS_NONTRIVIAL_DESTRUCTOR (t) = has_nontrivial_dtor;
132 	}
133     }
134   else if (CLASS_TYPE_P (type) && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (type))
135     instantiate_class_template (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type));
136 
137   return type;
138 }
139 
140 /* Like complete_type, but issue an error if the TYPE cannot be completed.
141    VALUE is used for informative diagnostics.
142    Returns NULL_TREE if the type cannot be made complete.  */
143 
144 tree
145 complete_type_or_maybe_complain (tree type, tree value, tsubst_flags_t complain)
146 {
147   type = complete_type (type);
148   if (type == error_mark_node)
149     /* We already issued an error.  */
150     return NULL_TREE;
151   else if (!COMPLETE_TYPE_P (type))
152     {
153       if (complain & tf_error)
154 	cxx_incomplete_type_diagnostic (value, type, DK_ERROR);
155       return NULL_TREE;
156     }
157   else
158     return type;
159 }
160 
161 tree
162 complete_type_or_else (tree type, tree value)
163 {
164   return complete_type_or_maybe_complain (type, value, tf_warning_or_error);
165 }
166 
167 /* Return truthvalue of whether type of EXP is instantiated.  */
168 
169 int
170 type_unknown_p (const_tree exp)
171 {
172   return (TREE_CODE (exp) == TREE_LIST
173 	  || TREE_TYPE (exp) == unknown_type_node);
174 }
175 
176 
177 /* Return the common type of two parameter lists.
178    We assume that comptypes has already been done and returned 1;
179    if that isn't so, this may crash.
180 
181    As an optimization, free the space we allocate if the parameter
182    lists are already common.  */
183 
184 static tree
185 commonparms (tree p1, tree p2)
186 {
187   tree oldargs = p1, newargs, n;
188   int i, len;
189   int any_change = 0;
190 
191   len = list_length (p1);
192   newargs = tree_last (p1);
193 
194   if (newargs == void_list_node)
195     i = 1;
196   else
197     {
198       i = 0;
199       newargs = 0;
200     }
201 
202   for (; i < len; i++)
203     newargs = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, newargs);
204 
205   n = newargs;
206 
207   for (i = 0; p1;
208        p1 = TREE_CHAIN (p1), p2 = TREE_CHAIN (p2), n = TREE_CHAIN (n), i++)
209     {
210       if (TREE_PURPOSE (p1) && !TREE_PURPOSE (p2))
211 	{
212 	  TREE_PURPOSE (n) = TREE_PURPOSE (p1);
213 	  any_change = 1;
214 	}
215       else if (! TREE_PURPOSE (p1))
216 	{
217 	  if (TREE_PURPOSE (p2))
218 	    {
219 	      TREE_PURPOSE (n) = TREE_PURPOSE (p2);
220 	      any_change = 1;
221 	    }
222 	}
223       else
224 	{
225 	  if (1 != simple_cst_equal (TREE_PURPOSE (p1), TREE_PURPOSE (p2)))
226 	    any_change = 1;
227 	  TREE_PURPOSE (n) = TREE_PURPOSE (p2);
228 	}
229       if (TREE_VALUE (p1) != TREE_VALUE (p2))
230 	{
231 	  any_change = 1;
232 	  TREE_VALUE (n) = merge_types (TREE_VALUE (p1), TREE_VALUE (p2));
233 	}
234       else
235 	TREE_VALUE (n) = TREE_VALUE (p1);
236     }
237   if (! any_change)
238     return oldargs;
239 
240   return newargs;
241 }
242 
243 /* Given a type, perhaps copied for a typedef,
244    find the "original" version of it.  */
245 static tree
246 original_type (tree t)
247 {
248   int quals = cp_type_quals (t);
249   while (t != error_mark_node
250 	 && TYPE_NAME (t) != NULL_TREE)
251     {
252       tree x = TYPE_NAME (t);
253       if (TREE_CODE (x) != TYPE_DECL)
254 	break;
255       x = DECL_ORIGINAL_TYPE (x);
256       if (x == NULL_TREE)
257 	break;
258       t = x;
259     }
260   return cp_build_qualified_type (t, quals);
261 }
262 
263 /* Return the common type for two arithmetic types T1 and T2 under the
264    usual arithmetic conversions.  The default conversions have already
265    been applied, and enumerated types converted to their compatible
266    integer types.  */
267 
268 static tree
269 cp_common_type (tree t1, tree t2)
270 {
271   enum tree_code code1 = TREE_CODE (t1);
272   enum tree_code code2 = TREE_CODE (t2);
273   tree attributes;
274 
275 
276   /* In what follows, we slightly generalize the rules given in [expr] so
277      as to deal with `long long' and `complex'.  First, merge the
278      attributes.  */
279   attributes = (*targetm.merge_type_attributes) (t1, t2);
280 
281   if (SCOPED_ENUM_P (t1) || SCOPED_ENUM_P (t2))
282     {
283       if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2))
284 	return build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
285       else
286 	return NULL_TREE;
287     }
288 
289   /* FIXME: Attributes.  */
290   gcc_assert (ARITHMETIC_TYPE_P (t1)
291 	      || TREE_CODE (t1) == VECTOR_TYPE
292 	      || UNSCOPED_ENUM_P (t1));
293   gcc_assert (ARITHMETIC_TYPE_P (t2)
294 	      || TREE_CODE (t2) == VECTOR_TYPE
295 	      || UNSCOPED_ENUM_P (t2));
296 
297   /* If one type is complex, form the common type of the non-complex
298      components, then make that complex.  Use T1 or T2 if it is the
299      required type.  */
300   if (code1 == COMPLEX_TYPE || code2 == COMPLEX_TYPE)
301     {
302       tree subtype1 = code1 == COMPLEX_TYPE ? TREE_TYPE (t1) : t1;
303       tree subtype2 = code2 == COMPLEX_TYPE ? TREE_TYPE (t2) : t2;
304       tree subtype
305 	= type_after_usual_arithmetic_conversions (subtype1, subtype2);
306 
307       if (code1 == COMPLEX_TYPE && TREE_TYPE (t1) == subtype)
308 	return build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
309       else if (code2 == COMPLEX_TYPE && TREE_TYPE (t2) == subtype)
310 	return build_type_attribute_variant (t2, attributes);
311       else
312 	return build_type_attribute_variant (build_complex_type (subtype),
313 					     attributes);
314     }
315 
316   if (code1 == VECTOR_TYPE)
317     {
318       /* When we get here we should have two vectors of the same size.
319 	 Just prefer the unsigned one if present.  */
320       if (TYPE_UNSIGNED (t1))
321 	return build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
322       else
323 	return build_type_attribute_variant (t2, attributes);
324     }
325 
326   /* If only one is real, use it as the result.  */
327   if (code1 == REAL_TYPE && code2 != REAL_TYPE)
328     return build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
329   if (code2 == REAL_TYPE && code1 != REAL_TYPE)
330     return build_type_attribute_variant (t2, attributes);
331 
332   /* Both real or both integers; use the one with greater precision.  */
333   if (TYPE_PRECISION (t1) > TYPE_PRECISION (t2))
334     return build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
335   else if (TYPE_PRECISION (t2) > TYPE_PRECISION (t1))
336     return build_type_attribute_variant (t2, attributes);
337 
338   /* The types are the same; no need to do anything fancy.  */
339   if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2))
340     return build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
341 
342   if (code1 != REAL_TYPE)
343     {
344       /* If one is unsigned long long, then convert the other to unsigned
345 	 long long.  */
346       if (same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1), long_long_unsigned_type_node)
347 	  || same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2), long_long_unsigned_type_node))
348 	return build_type_attribute_variant (long_long_unsigned_type_node,
349 					     attributes);
350       /* If one is a long long, and the other is an unsigned long, and
351 	 long long can represent all the values of an unsigned long, then
352 	 convert to a long long.  Otherwise, convert to an unsigned long
353 	 long.  Otherwise, if either operand is long long, convert the
354 	 other to long long.
355 
356 	 Since we're here, we know the TYPE_PRECISION is the same;
357 	 therefore converting to long long cannot represent all the values
358 	 of an unsigned long, so we choose unsigned long long in that
359 	 case.  */
360       if (same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1), long_long_integer_type_node)
361 	  || same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2), long_long_integer_type_node))
362 	{
363 	  tree t = ((TYPE_UNSIGNED (t1) || TYPE_UNSIGNED (t2))
364 		    ? long_long_unsigned_type_node
365 		    : long_long_integer_type_node);
366 	  return build_type_attribute_variant (t, attributes);
367 	}
368       if (int128_integer_type_node != NULL_TREE
369 	  && (same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1),
370 			   int128_integer_type_node)
371 	      || same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2),
372 			      int128_integer_type_node)))
373 	{
374 	  tree t = ((TYPE_UNSIGNED (t1) || TYPE_UNSIGNED (t2))
375 		    ? int128_unsigned_type_node
376 		    : int128_integer_type_node);
377 	  return build_type_attribute_variant (t, attributes);
378 	}
379 
380       /* Go through the same procedure, but for longs.  */
381       if (same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1), long_unsigned_type_node)
382 	  || same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2), long_unsigned_type_node))
383 	return build_type_attribute_variant (long_unsigned_type_node,
384 					     attributes);
385       if (same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1), long_integer_type_node)
386 	  || same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2), long_integer_type_node))
387 	{
388 	  tree t = ((TYPE_UNSIGNED (t1) || TYPE_UNSIGNED (t2))
389 		    ? long_unsigned_type_node : long_integer_type_node);
390 	  return build_type_attribute_variant (t, attributes);
391 	}
392       /* Otherwise prefer the unsigned one.  */
393       if (TYPE_UNSIGNED (t1))
394 	return build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
395       else
396 	return build_type_attribute_variant (t2, attributes);
397     }
398   else
399     {
400       if (same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1), long_double_type_node)
401 	  || same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2), long_double_type_node))
402 	return build_type_attribute_variant (long_double_type_node,
403 					     attributes);
404       if (same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1), double_type_node)
405 	  || same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2), double_type_node))
406 	return build_type_attribute_variant (double_type_node,
407 					     attributes);
408       if (same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1), float_type_node)
409 	  || same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2), float_type_node))
410 	return build_type_attribute_variant (float_type_node,
411 					     attributes);
412 
413       /* Two floating-point types whose TYPE_MAIN_VARIANTs are none of
414 	 the standard C++ floating-point types.  Logic earlier in this
415 	 function has already eliminated the possibility that
416 	 TYPE_PRECISION (t2) != TYPE_PRECISION (t1), so there's no
417 	 compelling reason to choose one or the other.  */
418       return build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
419     }
420 }
421 
422 /* T1 and T2 are arithmetic or enumeration types.  Return the type
423    that will result from the "usual arithmetic conversions" on T1 and
424    T2 as described in [expr].  */
425 
426 tree
427 type_after_usual_arithmetic_conversions (tree t1, tree t2)
428 {
429   gcc_assert (ARITHMETIC_TYPE_P (t1)
430 	      || TREE_CODE (t1) == VECTOR_TYPE
431 	      || UNSCOPED_ENUM_P (t1));
432   gcc_assert (ARITHMETIC_TYPE_P (t2)
433 	      || TREE_CODE (t2) == VECTOR_TYPE
434 	      || UNSCOPED_ENUM_P (t2));
435 
436   /* Perform the integral promotions.  We do not promote real types here.  */
437   if (INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (t1)
438       && INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (t2))
439     {
440       t1 = type_promotes_to (t1);
441       t2 = type_promotes_to (t2);
442     }
443 
444   return cp_common_type (t1, t2);
445 }
446 
447 static void
448 composite_pointer_error (diagnostic_t kind, tree t1, tree t2,
449 			 composite_pointer_operation operation)
450 {
451   switch (operation)
452     {
453     case CPO_COMPARISON:
454       emit_diagnostic (kind, input_location, 0,
455 		       "comparison between "
456 		       "distinct pointer types %qT and %qT lacks a cast",
457 		       t1, t2);
458       break;
459     case CPO_CONVERSION:
460       emit_diagnostic (kind, input_location, 0,
461 		       "conversion between "
462 		       "distinct pointer types %qT and %qT lacks a cast",
463 		       t1, t2);
464       break;
465     case CPO_CONDITIONAL_EXPR:
466       emit_diagnostic (kind, input_location, 0,
467 		       "conditional expression between "
468 		       "distinct pointer types %qT and %qT lacks a cast",
469 		       t1, t2);
470       break;
471     default:
472       gcc_unreachable ();
473     }
474 }
475 
476 /* Subroutine of composite_pointer_type to implement the recursive
477    case.  See that function for documentation of the parameters.  */
478 
479 static tree
480 composite_pointer_type_r (tree t1, tree t2,
481 			  composite_pointer_operation operation,
482 			  tsubst_flags_t complain)
483 {
484   tree pointee1;
485   tree pointee2;
486   tree result_type;
487   tree attributes;
488 
489   /* Determine the types pointed to by T1 and T2.  */
490   if (TREE_CODE (t1) == POINTER_TYPE)
491     {
492       pointee1 = TREE_TYPE (t1);
493       pointee2 = TREE_TYPE (t2);
494     }
495   else
496     {
497       pointee1 = TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (t1);
498       pointee2 = TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (t2);
499     }
500 
501   /* [expr.rel]
502 
503      Otherwise, the composite pointer type is a pointer type
504      similar (_conv.qual_) to the type of one of the operands,
505      with a cv-qualification signature (_conv.qual_) that is the
506      union of the cv-qualification signatures of the operand
507      types.  */
508   if (same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (pointee1, pointee2))
509     result_type = pointee1;
510   else if ((TREE_CODE (pointee1) == POINTER_TYPE
511 	    && TREE_CODE (pointee2) == POINTER_TYPE)
512 	   || (TYPE_PTR_TO_MEMBER_P (pointee1)
513 	       && TYPE_PTR_TO_MEMBER_P (pointee2)))
514     {
515       result_type = composite_pointer_type_r (pointee1, pointee2, operation,
516 					      complain);
517       if (result_type == error_mark_node)
518 	return error_mark_node;
519     }
520   else
521     {
522       if (complain & tf_error)
523 	composite_pointer_error (DK_PERMERROR, t1, t2, operation);
524       else
525 	return error_mark_node;
526       result_type = void_type_node;
527     }
528   result_type = cp_build_qualified_type (result_type,
529 					 (cp_type_quals (pointee1)
530 					  | cp_type_quals (pointee2)));
531   /* If the original types were pointers to members, so is the
532      result.  */
533   if (TYPE_PTR_TO_MEMBER_P (t1))
534     {
535       if (!same_type_p (TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (t1),
536 			TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (t2)))
537 	{
538 	  if (complain & tf_error)
539 	    composite_pointer_error (DK_PERMERROR, t1, t2, operation);
540 	  else
541 	    return error_mark_node;
542 	}
543       result_type = build_ptrmem_type (TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (t1),
544 				       result_type);
545     }
546   else
547     result_type = build_pointer_type (result_type);
548 
549   /* Merge the attributes.  */
550   attributes = (*targetm.merge_type_attributes) (t1, t2);
551   return build_type_attribute_variant (result_type, attributes);
552 }
553 
554 /* Return the composite pointer type (see [expr.rel]) for T1 and T2.
555    ARG1 and ARG2 are the values with those types.  The OPERATION is to
556    describe the operation between the pointer types,
557    in case an error occurs.
558 
559    This routine also implements the computation of a common type for
560    pointers-to-members as per [expr.eq].  */
561 
562 tree
563 composite_pointer_type (tree t1, tree t2, tree arg1, tree arg2,
564 			composite_pointer_operation operation,
565 			tsubst_flags_t complain)
566 {
567   tree class1;
568   tree class2;
569 
570   /* [expr.rel]
571 
572      If one operand is a null pointer constant, the composite pointer
573      type is the type of the other operand.  */
574   if (null_ptr_cst_p (arg1))
575     return t2;
576   if (null_ptr_cst_p (arg2))
577     return t1;
578 
579   /* We have:
580 
581        [expr.rel]
582 
583        If one of the operands has type "pointer to cv1 void*", then
584        the other has type "pointer to cv2T", and the composite pointer
585        type is "pointer to cv12 void", where cv12 is the union of cv1
586        and cv2.
587 
588     If either type is a pointer to void, make sure it is T1.  */
589   if (TREE_CODE (t2) == POINTER_TYPE && VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (t2)))
590     {
591       tree t;
592       t = t1;
593       t1 = t2;
594       t2 = t;
595     }
596 
597   /* Now, if T1 is a pointer to void, merge the qualifiers.  */
598   if (TREE_CODE (t1) == POINTER_TYPE && VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (t1)))
599     {
600       tree attributes;
601       tree result_type;
602 
603       if (TYPE_PTRFN_P (t2) && (complain & tf_error))
604         {
605           switch (operation)
606               {
607               case CPO_COMPARISON:
608                 pedwarn (input_location, OPT_pedantic,
609                          "ISO C++ forbids comparison between "
610                          "pointer of type %<void *%> and pointer-to-function");
611                 break;
612               case CPO_CONVERSION:
613                 pedwarn (input_location, OPT_pedantic,
614                          "ISO C++ forbids conversion between "
615                          "pointer of type %<void *%> and pointer-to-function");
616                 break;
617               case CPO_CONDITIONAL_EXPR:
618                 pedwarn (input_location, OPT_pedantic,
619                          "ISO C++ forbids conditional expression between "
620                          "pointer of type %<void *%> and pointer-to-function");
621                 break;
622               default:
623                 gcc_unreachable ();
624               }
625         }
626       result_type
627 	= cp_build_qualified_type (void_type_node,
628 				   (cp_type_quals (TREE_TYPE (t1))
629 				    | cp_type_quals (TREE_TYPE (t2))));
630       result_type = build_pointer_type (result_type);
631       /* Merge the attributes.  */
632       attributes = (*targetm.merge_type_attributes) (t1, t2);
633       return build_type_attribute_variant (result_type, attributes);
634     }
635 
636   if (c_dialect_objc () && TREE_CODE (t1) == POINTER_TYPE
637       && TREE_CODE (t2) == POINTER_TYPE)
638     {
639       if (objc_have_common_type (t1, t2, -3, NULL_TREE))
640 	return objc_common_type (t1, t2);
641     }
642 
643   /* [expr.eq] permits the application of a pointer conversion to
644      bring the pointers to a common type.  */
645   if (TREE_CODE (t1) == POINTER_TYPE && TREE_CODE (t2) == POINTER_TYPE
646       && CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (t1))
647       && CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (t2))
648       && !same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (TREE_TYPE (t1),
649 						     TREE_TYPE (t2)))
650     {
651       class1 = TREE_TYPE (t1);
652       class2 = TREE_TYPE (t2);
653 
654       if (DERIVED_FROM_P (class1, class2))
655 	t2 = (build_pointer_type
656 	      (cp_build_qualified_type (class1, cp_type_quals (class2))));
657       else if (DERIVED_FROM_P (class2, class1))
658 	t1 = (build_pointer_type
659 	      (cp_build_qualified_type (class2, cp_type_quals (class1))));
660       else
661         {
662           if (complain & tf_error)
663 	    composite_pointer_error (DK_ERROR, t1, t2, operation);
664           return error_mark_node;
665         }
666     }
667   /* [expr.eq] permits the application of a pointer-to-member
668      conversion to change the class type of one of the types.  */
669   else if (TYPE_PTR_TO_MEMBER_P (t1)
670            && !same_type_p (TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (t1),
671 			    TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (t2)))
672     {
673       class1 = TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (t1);
674       class2 = TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (t2);
675 
676       if (DERIVED_FROM_P (class1, class2))
677 	t1 = build_ptrmem_type (class2, TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (t1));
678       else if (DERIVED_FROM_P (class2, class1))
679 	t2 = build_ptrmem_type (class1, TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (t2));
680       else
681         {
682           if (complain & tf_error)
683             switch (operation)
684               {
685               case CPO_COMPARISON:
686                 error ("comparison between distinct "
687                        "pointer-to-member types %qT and %qT lacks a cast",
688                        t1, t2);
689                 break;
690               case CPO_CONVERSION:
691                 error ("conversion between distinct "
692                        "pointer-to-member types %qT and %qT lacks a cast",
693                        t1, t2);
694                 break;
695               case CPO_CONDITIONAL_EXPR:
696                 error ("conditional expression between distinct "
697                        "pointer-to-member types %qT and %qT lacks a cast",
698                        t1, t2);
699                 break;
700               default:
701                 gcc_unreachable ();
702               }
703           return error_mark_node;
704         }
705     }
706 
707   return composite_pointer_type_r (t1, t2, operation, complain);
708 }
709 
710 /* Return the merged type of two types.
711    We assume that comptypes has already been done and returned 1;
712    if that isn't so, this may crash.
713 
714    This just combines attributes and default arguments; any other
715    differences would cause the two types to compare unalike.  */
716 
717 tree
718 merge_types (tree t1, tree t2)
719 {
720   enum tree_code code1;
721   enum tree_code code2;
722   tree attributes;
723 
724   /* Save time if the two types are the same.  */
725   if (t1 == t2)
726     return t1;
727   if (original_type (t1) == original_type (t2))
728     return t1;
729 
730   /* If one type is nonsense, use the other.  */
731   if (t1 == error_mark_node)
732     return t2;
733   if (t2 == error_mark_node)
734     return t1;
735 
736   /* Merge the attributes.  */
737   attributes = (*targetm.merge_type_attributes) (t1, t2);
738 
739   if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (t1))
740     t1 = TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (t1);
741   if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (t2))
742     t2 = TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (t2);
743 
744   code1 = TREE_CODE (t1);
745   code2 = TREE_CODE (t2);
746   if (code1 != code2)
747     {
748       gcc_assert (code1 == TYPENAME_TYPE || code2 == TYPENAME_TYPE);
749       if (code1 == TYPENAME_TYPE)
750 	{
751           t1 = resolve_typename_type (t1, /*only_current_p=*/true);
752 	  code1 = TREE_CODE (t1);
753 	}
754       else
755 	{
756           t2 = resolve_typename_type (t2, /*only_current_p=*/true);
757 	  code2 = TREE_CODE (t2);
758 	}
759     }
760 
761   switch (code1)
762     {
763     case POINTER_TYPE:
764     case REFERENCE_TYPE:
765       /* For two pointers, do this recursively on the target type.  */
766       {
767 	tree target = merge_types (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2));
768 	int quals = cp_type_quals (t1);
769 
770 	if (code1 == POINTER_TYPE)
771 	  t1 = build_pointer_type (target);
772 	else
773 	  t1 = cp_build_reference_type (target, TYPE_REF_IS_RVALUE (t1));
774 	t1 = build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
775 	t1 = cp_build_qualified_type (t1, quals);
776 
777 	if (TREE_CODE (target) == METHOD_TYPE)
778 	  t1 = build_ptrmemfunc_type (t1);
779 
780 	return t1;
781       }
782 
783     case OFFSET_TYPE:
784       {
785 	int quals;
786 	tree pointee;
787 	quals = cp_type_quals (t1);
788 	pointee = merge_types (TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (t1),
789 			       TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (t2));
790 	t1 = build_ptrmem_type (TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (t1),
791 				pointee);
792 	t1 = cp_build_qualified_type (t1, quals);
793 	break;
794       }
795 
796     case ARRAY_TYPE:
797       {
798 	tree elt = merge_types (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2));
799 	/* Save space: see if the result is identical to one of the args.  */
800 	if (elt == TREE_TYPE (t1) && TYPE_DOMAIN (t1))
801 	  return build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
802 	if (elt == TREE_TYPE (t2) && TYPE_DOMAIN (t2))
803 	  return build_type_attribute_variant (t2, attributes);
804 	/* Merge the element types, and have a size if either arg has one.  */
805 	t1 = build_cplus_array_type
806 	  (elt, TYPE_DOMAIN (TYPE_DOMAIN (t1) ? t1 : t2));
807 	break;
808       }
809 
810     case FUNCTION_TYPE:
811       /* Function types: prefer the one that specified arg types.
812 	 If both do, merge the arg types.  Also merge the return types.  */
813       {
814 	tree valtype = merge_types (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2));
815 	tree p1 = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (t1);
816 	tree p2 = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (t2);
817 	tree parms;
818 	tree rval, raises;
819 
820 	/* Save space: see if the result is identical to one of the args.  */
821 	if (valtype == TREE_TYPE (t1) && ! p2)
822 	  return cp_build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
823 	if (valtype == TREE_TYPE (t2) && ! p1)
824 	  return cp_build_type_attribute_variant (t2, attributes);
825 
826 	/* Simple way if one arg fails to specify argument types.  */
827 	if (p1 == NULL_TREE || TREE_VALUE (p1) == void_type_node)
828 	  parms = p2;
829 	else if (p2 == NULL_TREE || TREE_VALUE (p2) == void_type_node)
830 	  parms = p1;
831 	else
832 	  parms = commonparms (p1, p2);
833 
834 	rval = build_function_type (valtype, parms);
835 	gcc_assert (type_memfn_quals (t1) == type_memfn_quals (t2));
836 	rval = apply_memfn_quals (rval, type_memfn_quals (t1));
837 	raises = merge_exception_specifiers (TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (t1),
838 					     TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (t2),
839 					     NULL_TREE);
840 	t1 = build_exception_variant (rval, raises);
841 	break;
842       }
843 
844     case METHOD_TYPE:
845       {
846 	/* Get this value the long way, since TYPE_METHOD_BASETYPE
847 	   is just the main variant of this.  */
848 	tree basetype = class_of_this_parm (t2);
849 	tree raises = merge_exception_specifiers (TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (t1),
850 						  TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (t2),
851 						  NULL_TREE);
852 	tree t3;
853 
854 	/* If this was a member function type, get back to the
855 	   original type of type member function (i.e., without
856 	   the class instance variable up front.  */
857 	t1 = build_function_type (TREE_TYPE (t1),
858 				  TREE_CHAIN (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (t1)));
859 	t2 = build_function_type (TREE_TYPE (t2),
860 				  TREE_CHAIN (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (t2)));
861 	t3 = merge_types (t1, t2);
862 	t3 = build_method_type_directly (basetype, TREE_TYPE (t3),
863 					 TYPE_ARG_TYPES (t3));
864 	t1 = build_exception_variant (t3, raises);
865 	break;
866       }
867 
868     case TYPENAME_TYPE:
869       /* There is no need to merge attributes into a TYPENAME_TYPE.
870 	 When the type is instantiated it will have whatever
871 	 attributes result from the instantiation.  */
872       return t1;
873 
874     default:;
875     }
876 
877   if (attribute_list_equal (TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (t1), attributes))
878     return t1;
879   else if (attribute_list_equal (TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (t2), attributes))
880     return t2;
881   else
882     return cp_build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
883 }
884 
885 /* Return the ARRAY_TYPE type without its domain.  */
886 
887 tree
888 strip_array_domain (tree type)
889 {
890   tree t2;
891   gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE);
892   if (TYPE_DOMAIN (type) == NULL_TREE)
893     return type;
894   t2 = build_cplus_array_type (TREE_TYPE (type), NULL_TREE);
895   return cp_build_type_attribute_variant (t2, TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (type));
896 }
897 
898 /* Wrapper around cp_common_type that is used by c-common.c and other
899    front end optimizations that remove promotions.
900 
901    Return the common type for two arithmetic types T1 and T2 under the
902    usual arithmetic conversions.  The default conversions have already
903    been applied, and enumerated types converted to their compatible
904    integer types.  */
905 
906 tree
907 common_type (tree t1, tree t2)
908 {
909   /* If one type is nonsense, use the other  */
910   if (t1 == error_mark_node)
911     return t2;
912   if (t2 == error_mark_node)
913     return t1;
914 
915   return cp_common_type (t1, t2);
916 }
917 
918 /* Return the common type of two pointer types T1 and T2.  This is the
919    type for the result of most arithmetic operations if the operands
920    have the given two types.
921 
922    We assume that comp_target_types has already been done and returned
923    nonzero; if that isn't so, this may crash.  */
924 
925 tree
926 common_pointer_type (tree t1, tree t2)
927 {
928   gcc_assert ((TYPE_PTR_P (t1) && TYPE_PTR_P (t2))
929               || (TYPE_PTRMEM_P (t1) && TYPE_PTRMEM_P (t2))
930               || (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (t1) && TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (t2)));
931 
932   return composite_pointer_type (t1, t2, error_mark_node, error_mark_node,
933                                  CPO_CONVERSION, tf_warning_or_error);
934 }
935 
936 /* Compare two exception specifier types for exactness or subsetness, if
937    allowed. Returns false for mismatch, true for match (same, or
938    derived and !exact).
939 
940    [except.spec] "If a class X ... objects of class X or any class publicly
941    and unambiguously derived from X. Similarly, if a pointer type Y * ...
942    exceptions of type Y * or that are pointers to any type publicly and
943    unambiguously derived from Y. Otherwise a function only allows exceptions
944    that have the same type ..."
945    This does not mention cv qualifiers and is different to what throw
946    [except.throw] and catch [except.catch] will do. They will ignore the
947    top level cv qualifiers, and allow qualifiers in the pointer to class
948    example.
949 
950    We implement the letter of the standard.  */
951 
952 static bool
953 comp_except_types (tree a, tree b, bool exact)
954 {
955   if (same_type_p (a, b))
956     return true;
957   else if (!exact)
958     {
959       if (cp_type_quals (a) || cp_type_quals (b))
960 	return false;
961 
962       if (TREE_CODE (a) == POINTER_TYPE
963 	  && TREE_CODE (b) == POINTER_TYPE)
964 	{
965 	  a = TREE_TYPE (a);
966 	  b = TREE_TYPE (b);
967 	  if (cp_type_quals (a) || cp_type_quals (b))
968 	    return false;
969 	}
970 
971       if (TREE_CODE (a) != RECORD_TYPE
972 	  || TREE_CODE (b) != RECORD_TYPE)
973 	return false;
974 
975       if (PUBLICLY_UNIQUELY_DERIVED_P (a, b))
976 	return true;
977     }
978   return false;
979 }
980 
981 /* Return true if TYPE1 and TYPE2 are equivalent exception specifiers.
982    If EXACT is ce_derived, T2 can be stricter than T1 (according to 15.4/5).
983    If EXACT is ce_normal, the compatibility rules in 15.4/3 apply.
984    If EXACT is ce_exact, the specs must be exactly the same. Exception lists
985    are unordered, but we've already filtered out duplicates. Most lists will
986    be in order, we should try to make use of that.  */
987 
988 bool
989 comp_except_specs (const_tree t1, const_tree t2, int exact)
990 {
991   const_tree probe;
992   const_tree base;
993   int  length = 0;
994 
995   if (t1 == t2)
996     return true;
997 
998   /* First handle noexcept.  */
999   if (exact < ce_exact)
1000     {
1001       /* noexcept(false) is compatible with no exception-specification,
1002 	 and stricter than any spec.  */
1003       if (t1 == noexcept_false_spec)
1004 	return t2 == NULL_TREE || exact == ce_derived;
1005       /* Even a derived noexcept(false) is compatible with no
1006 	 exception-specification.  */
1007       if (t2 == noexcept_false_spec)
1008 	return t1 == NULL_TREE;
1009 
1010       /* Otherwise, if we aren't looking for an exact match, noexcept is
1011 	 equivalent to throw().  */
1012       if (t1 == noexcept_true_spec)
1013 	t1 = empty_except_spec;
1014       if (t2 == noexcept_true_spec)
1015 	t2 = empty_except_spec;
1016     }
1017 
1018   /* If any noexcept is left, it is only comparable to itself;
1019      either we're looking for an exact match or we're redeclaring a
1020      template with dependent noexcept.  */
1021   if ((t1 && TREE_PURPOSE (t1))
1022       || (t2 && TREE_PURPOSE (t2)))
1023     return (t1 && t2
1024 	    && cp_tree_equal (TREE_PURPOSE (t1), TREE_PURPOSE (t2)));
1025 
1026   if (t1 == NULL_TREE)			   /* T1 is ...  */
1027     return t2 == NULL_TREE || exact == ce_derived;
1028   if (!TREE_VALUE (t1))			   /* t1 is EMPTY */
1029     return t2 != NULL_TREE && !TREE_VALUE (t2);
1030   if (t2 == NULL_TREE)			   /* T2 is ...  */
1031     return false;
1032   if (TREE_VALUE (t1) && !TREE_VALUE (t2)) /* T2 is EMPTY, T1 is not */
1033     return exact == ce_derived;
1034 
1035   /* Neither set is ... or EMPTY, make sure each part of T2 is in T1.
1036      Count how many we find, to determine exactness. For exact matching and
1037      ordered T1, T2, this is an O(n) operation, otherwise its worst case is
1038      O(nm).  */
1039   for (base = t1; t2 != NULL_TREE; t2 = TREE_CHAIN (t2))
1040     {
1041       for (probe = base; probe != NULL_TREE; probe = TREE_CHAIN (probe))
1042 	{
1043 	  tree a = TREE_VALUE (probe);
1044 	  tree b = TREE_VALUE (t2);
1045 
1046 	  if (comp_except_types (a, b, exact))
1047 	    {
1048 	      if (probe == base && exact > ce_derived)
1049 		base = TREE_CHAIN (probe);
1050 	      length++;
1051 	      break;
1052 	    }
1053 	}
1054       if (probe == NULL_TREE)
1055 	return false;
1056     }
1057   return exact == ce_derived || base == NULL_TREE || length == list_length (t1);
1058 }
1059 
1060 /* Compare the array types T1 and T2.  ALLOW_REDECLARATION is true if
1061    [] can match [size].  */
1062 
1063 static bool
1064 comp_array_types (const_tree t1, const_tree t2, bool allow_redeclaration)
1065 {
1066   tree d1;
1067   tree d2;
1068   tree max1, max2;
1069 
1070   if (t1 == t2)
1071     return true;
1072 
1073   /* The type of the array elements must be the same.  */
1074   if (!same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2)))
1075     return false;
1076 
1077   d1 = TYPE_DOMAIN (t1);
1078   d2 = TYPE_DOMAIN (t2);
1079 
1080   if (d1 == d2)
1081     return true;
1082 
1083   /* If one of the arrays is dimensionless, and the other has a
1084      dimension, they are of different types.  However, it is valid to
1085      write:
1086 
1087        extern int a[];
1088        int a[3];
1089 
1090      by [basic.link]:
1091 
1092        declarations for an array object can specify
1093        array types that differ by the presence or absence of a major
1094        array bound (_dcl.array_).  */
1095   if (!d1 || !d2)
1096     return allow_redeclaration;
1097 
1098   /* Check that the dimensions are the same.  */
1099 
1100   if (!cp_tree_equal (TYPE_MIN_VALUE (d1), TYPE_MIN_VALUE (d2)))
1101     return false;
1102   max1 = TYPE_MAX_VALUE (d1);
1103   max2 = TYPE_MAX_VALUE (d2);
1104   if (processing_template_decl && !abi_version_at_least (2)
1105       && !value_dependent_expression_p (max1)
1106       && !value_dependent_expression_p (max2))
1107     {
1108       /* With abi-1 we do not fold non-dependent array bounds, (and
1109 	 consequently mangle them incorrectly).  We must therefore
1110 	 fold them here, to verify the domains have the same
1111 	 value.  */
1112       max1 = fold (max1);
1113       max2 = fold (max2);
1114     }
1115 
1116   if (!cp_tree_equal (max1, max2))
1117     return false;
1118 
1119   return true;
1120 }
1121 
1122 /* Compare the relative position of T1 and T2 into their respective
1123    template parameter list.
1124    T1 and T2 must be template parameter types.
1125    Return TRUE if T1 and T2 have the same position, FALSE otherwise.  */
1126 
1127 static bool
1128 comp_template_parms_position (tree t1, tree t2)
1129 {
1130   tree index1, index2;
1131   gcc_assert (t1 && t2
1132 	      && TREE_CODE (t1) == TREE_CODE (t2)
1133 	      && (TREE_CODE (t1) == BOUND_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM
1134 		  || TREE_CODE (t1) == TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM
1135 		  || TREE_CODE (t1) == TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM));
1136 
1137   index1 = TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM_INDEX (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1));
1138   index2 = TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM_INDEX (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2));
1139 
1140   /* If T1 and T2 belong to template parm lists of different size,
1141      let's assume they are different.  */
1142   if (TEMPLATE_PARM_NUM_SIBLINGS (index1)
1143       != TEMPLATE_PARM_NUM_SIBLINGS (index2))
1144     return false;
1145 
1146   /* Then compare their relative position.  */
1147   if (TEMPLATE_PARM_IDX (index1) != TEMPLATE_PARM_IDX (index2)
1148       || TEMPLATE_PARM_LEVEL (index1) != TEMPLATE_PARM_LEVEL (index2)
1149       || (TEMPLATE_PARM_PARAMETER_PACK (index1)
1150 	  != TEMPLATE_PARM_PARAMETER_PACK (index2)))
1151     return false;
1152 
1153   return true;
1154 }
1155 
1156 /* Subroutine in comptypes.  */
1157 
1158 static bool
1159 structural_comptypes (tree t1, tree t2, int strict)
1160 {
1161   if (t1 == t2)
1162     return true;
1163 
1164   /* Suppress errors caused by previously reported errors.  */
1165   if (t1 == error_mark_node || t2 == error_mark_node)
1166     return false;
1167 
1168   gcc_assert (TYPE_P (t1) && TYPE_P (t2));
1169 
1170   /* TYPENAME_TYPEs should be resolved if the qualifying scope is the
1171      current instantiation.  */
1172   if (TREE_CODE (t1) == TYPENAME_TYPE)
1173     t1 = resolve_typename_type (t1, /*only_current_p=*/true);
1174 
1175   if (TREE_CODE (t2) == TYPENAME_TYPE)
1176     t2 = resolve_typename_type (t2, /*only_current_p=*/true);
1177 
1178   if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (t1))
1179     t1 = TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (t1);
1180   if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (t2))
1181     t2 = TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (t2);
1182 
1183   /* Different classes of types can't be compatible.  */
1184   if (TREE_CODE (t1) != TREE_CODE (t2))
1185     return false;
1186 
1187   /* Qualifiers must match.  For array types, we will check when we
1188      recur on the array element types.  */
1189   if (TREE_CODE (t1) != ARRAY_TYPE
1190       && cp_type_quals (t1) != cp_type_quals (t2))
1191     return false;
1192   if (TREE_CODE (t1) == FUNCTION_TYPE
1193       && type_memfn_quals (t1) != type_memfn_quals (t2))
1194     return false;
1195   if (TYPE_FOR_JAVA (t1) != TYPE_FOR_JAVA (t2))
1196     return false;
1197 
1198   /* Allow for two different type nodes which have essentially the same
1199      definition.  Note that we already checked for equality of the type
1200      qualifiers (just above).  */
1201 
1202   if (TREE_CODE (t1) != ARRAY_TYPE
1203       && TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2))
1204     return true;
1205 
1206 
1207   /* Compare the types.  Break out if they could be the same.  */
1208   switch (TREE_CODE (t1))
1209     {
1210     case VOID_TYPE:
1211     case BOOLEAN_TYPE:
1212       /* All void and bool types are the same.  */
1213       break;
1214 
1215     case INTEGER_TYPE:
1216     case FIXED_POINT_TYPE:
1217     case REAL_TYPE:
1218       /* With these nodes, we can't determine type equivalence by
1219 	 looking at what is stored in the nodes themselves, because
1220 	 two nodes might have different TYPE_MAIN_VARIANTs but still
1221 	 represent the same type.  For example, wchar_t and int could
1222 	 have the same properties (TYPE_PRECISION, TYPE_MIN_VALUE,
1223 	 TYPE_MAX_VALUE, etc.), but have different TYPE_MAIN_VARIANTs
1224 	 and are distinct types. On the other hand, int and the
1225 	 following typedef
1226 
1227            typedef int INT __attribute((may_alias));
1228 
1229 	 have identical properties, different TYPE_MAIN_VARIANTs, but
1230 	 represent the same type.  The canonical type system keeps
1231 	 track of equivalence in this case, so we fall back on it.  */
1232       return TYPE_CANONICAL (t1) == TYPE_CANONICAL (t2);
1233 
1234     case TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM:
1235     case BOUND_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM:
1236       if (!comp_template_parms_position (t1, t2))
1237 	return false;
1238       if (!comp_template_parms
1239 	  (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_TEMPLATE_DECL (t1)),
1240 	   DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_TEMPLATE_DECL (t2))))
1241 	return false;
1242       if (TREE_CODE (t1) == TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM)
1243 	break;
1244       /* Don't check inheritance.  */
1245       strict = COMPARE_STRICT;
1246       /* Fall through.  */
1247 
1248     case RECORD_TYPE:
1249     case UNION_TYPE:
1250       if (TYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (t1) && TYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (t2)
1251 	  && (TYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (t1) == TYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (t2)
1252 	      || TREE_CODE (t1) == BOUND_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM)
1253 	  && comp_template_args (TYPE_TI_ARGS (t1), TYPE_TI_ARGS (t2)))
1254 	break;
1255 
1256       if ((strict & COMPARE_BASE) && DERIVED_FROM_P (t1, t2))
1257 	break;
1258       else if ((strict & COMPARE_DERIVED) && DERIVED_FROM_P (t2, t1))
1259 	break;
1260 
1261       return false;
1262 
1263     case OFFSET_TYPE:
1264       if (!comptypes (TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (t1), TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (t2),
1265 		      strict & ~COMPARE_REDECLARATION))
1266 	return false;
1267       if (!same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2)))
1268 	return false;
1269       break;
1270 
1271     case REFERENCE_TYPE:
1272       if (TYPE_REF_IS_RVALUE (t1) != TYPE_REF_IS_RVALUE (t2))
1273 	return false;
1274       /* fall through to checks for pointer types */
1275 
1276     case POINTER_TYPE:
1277       if (TYPE_MODE (t1) != TYPE_MODE (t2)
1278 	  || TYPE_REF_CAN_ALIAS_ALL (t1) != TYPE_REF_CAN_ALIAS_ALL (t2)
1279 	  || !same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2)))
1280 	return false;
1281       break;
1282 
1283     case METHOD_TYPE:
1284     case FUNCTION_TYPE:
1285       if (!same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2)))
1286 	return false;
1287       if (!compparms (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (t1), TYPE_ARG_TYPES (t2)))
1288 	return false;
1289       break;
1290 
1291     case ARRAY_TYPE:
1292       /* Target types must match incl. qualifiers.  */
1293       if (!comp_array_types (t1, t2, !!(strict & COMPARE_REDECLARATION)))
1294 	return false;
1295       break;
1296 
1297     case TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM:
1298       /* If T1 and T2 don't have the same relative position in their
1299 	 template parameters set, they can't be equal.  */
1300       if (!comp_template_parms_position (t1, t2))
1301 	return false;
1302       break;
1303 
1304     case TYPENAME_TYPE:
1305       if (!cp_tree_equal (TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME (t1),
1306 			  TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME (t2)))
1307 	return false;
1308       /* Qualifiers don't matter on scopes.  */
1309       if (!same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (TYPE_CONTEXT (t1),
1310 						      TYPE_CONTEXT (t2)))
1311 	return false;
1312       break;
1313 
1314     case UNBOUND_CLASS_TEMPLATE:
1315       if (!cp_tree_equal (TYPE_IDENTIFIER (t1), TYPE_IDENTIFIER (t2)))
1316 	return false;
1317       if (!same_type_p (TYPE_CONTEXT (t1), TYPE_CONTEXT (t2)))
1318 	return false;
1319       break;
1320 
1321     case COMPLEX_TYPE:
1322       if (!same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2)))
1323 	return false;
1324       break;
1325 
1326     case VECTOR_TYPE:
1327       if (TYPE_VECTOR_SUBPARTS (t1) != TYPE_VECTOR_SUBPARTS (t2)
1328 	  || !same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2)))
1329 	return false;
1330       break;
1331 
1332     case TYPE_PACK_EXPANSION:
1333       return (same_type_p (PACK_EXPANSION_PATTERN (t1),
1334 			   PACK_EXPANSION_PATTERN (t2))
1335 	      && comp_template_args (PACK_EXPANSION_EXTRA_ARGS (t1),
1336 				     PACK_EXPANSION_EXTRA_ARGS (t2)));
1337 
1338     case DECLTYPE_TYPE:
1339       if (DECLTYPE_TYPE_ID_EXPR_OR_MEMBER_ACCESS_P (t1)
1340           != DECLTYPE_TYPE_ID_EXPR_OR_MEMBER_ACCESS_P (t2)
1341 	  || (DECLTYPE_FOR_LAMBDA_CAPTURE (t1)
1342 	      != DECLTYPE_FOR_LAMBDA_CAPTURE (t2))
1343 	  || (DECLTYPE_FOR_LAMBDA_PROXY (t1)
1344 	      != DECLTYPE_FOR_LAMBDA_PROXY (t2))
1345           || !cp_tree_equal (DECLTYPE_TYPE_EXPR (t1),
1346                              DECLTYPE_TYPE_EXPR (t2)))
1347         return false;
1348       break;
1349 
1350     case UNDERLYING_TYPE:
1351       return same_type_p (UNDERLYING_TYPE_TYPE (t1),
1352 			  UNDERLYING_TYPE_TYPE (t2));
1353 
1354     default:
1355       return false;
1356     }
1357 
1358   /* If we get here, we know that from a target independent POV the
1359      types are the same.  Make sure the target attributes are also
1360      the same.  */
1361   return comp_type_attributes (t1, t2);
1362 }
1363 
1364 /* Return true if T1 and T2 are related as allowed by STRICT.  STRICT
1365    is a bitwise-or of the COMPARE_* flags.  */
1366 
1367 bool
1368 comptypes (tree t1, tree t2, int strict)
1369 {
1370   if (strict == COMPARE_STRICT)
1371     {
1372       if (t1 == t2)
1373 	return true;
1374 
1375       if (t1 == error_mark_node || t2 == error_mark_node)
1376 	return false;
1377 
1378       if (TYPE_STRUCTURAL_EQUALITY_P (t1) || TYPE_STRUCTURAL_EQUALITY_P (t2))
1379 	/* At least one of the types requires structural equality, so
1380 	   perform a deep check. */
1381 	return structural_comptypes (t1, t2, strict);
1382 
1383 #ifdef ENABLE_CHECKING
1384       if (USE_CANONICAL_TYPES)
1385 	{
1386 	  bool result = structural_comptypes (t1, t2, strict);
1387 
1388 	  if (result && TYPE_CANONICAL (t1) != TYPE_CANONICAL (t2))
1389 	    /* The two types are structurally equivalent, but their
1390 	       canonical types were different. This is a failure of the
1391 	       canonical type propagation code.*/
1392 	    internal_error
1393 	      ("canonical types differ for identical types %T and %T",
1394 	       t1, t2);
1395 	  else if (!result && TYPE_CANONICAL (t1) == TYPE_CANONICAL (t2))
1396 	    /* Two types are structurally different, but the canonical
1397 	       types are the same. This means we were over-eager in
1398 	       assigning canonical types. */
1399 	    internal_error
1400 	      ("same canonical type node for different types %T and %T",
1401 	       t1, t2);
1402 
1403 	  return result;
1404 	}
1405 #else
1406       if (USE_CANONICAL_TYPES)
1407 	return TYPE_CANONICAL (t1) == TYPE_CANONICAL (t2);
1408 #endif
1409       else
1410 	return structural_comptypes (t1, t2, strict);
1411     }
1412   else if (strict == COMPARE_STRUCTURAL)
1413     return structural_comptypes (t1, t2, COMPARE_STRICT);
1414   else
1415     return structural_comptypes (t1, t2, strict);
1416 }
1417 
1418 /* Returns nonzero iff TYPE1 and TYPE2 are the same type, ignoring
1419    top-level qualifiers.  */
1420 
1421 bool
1422 same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (tree type1, tree type2)
1423 {
1424   if (type1 == error_mark_node || type2 == error_mark_node)
1425     return false;
1426 
1427   return same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type1), TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type2));
1428 }
1429 
1430 /* Returns 1 if TYPE1 is at least as qualified as TYPE2.  */
1431 
1432 bool
1433 at_least_as_qualified_p (const_tree type1, const_tree type2)
1434 {
1435   int q1 = cp_type_quals (type1);
1436   int q2 = cp_type_quals (type2);
1437 
1438   /* All qualifiers for TYPE2 must also appear in TYPE1.  */
1439   return (q1 & q2) == q2;
1440 }
1441 
1442 /* Returns 1 if TYPE1 is more cv-qualified than TYPE2, -1 if TYPE2 is
1443    more cv-qualified that TYPE1, and 0 otherwise.  */
1444 
1445 int
1446 comp_cv_qualification (const_tree type1, const_tree type2)
1447 {
1448   int q1 = cp_type_quals (type1);
1449   int q2 = cp_type_quals (type2);
1450 
1451   if (q1 == q2)
1452     return 0;
1453 
1454   if ((q1 & q2) == q2)
1455     return 1;
1456   else if ((q1 & q2) == q1)
1457     return -1;
1458 
1459   return 0;
1460 }
1461 
1462 /* Returns 1 if the cv-qualification signature of TYPE1 is a proper
1463    subset of the cv-qualification signature of TYPE2, and the types
1464    are similar.  Returns -1 if the other way 'round, and 0 otherwise.  */
1465 
1466 int
1467 comp_cv_qual_signature (tree type1, tree type2)
1468 {
1469   if (comp_ptr_ttypes_real (type2, type1, -1))
1470     return 1;
1471   else if (comp_ptr_ttypes_real (type1, type2, -1))
1472     return -1;
1473   else
1474     return 0;
1475 }
1476 
1477 /* Subroutines of `comptypes'.  */
1478 
1479 /* Return true if two parameter type lists PARMS1 and PARMS2 are
1480    equivalent in the sense that functions with those parameter types
1481    can have equivalent types.  The two lists must be equivalent,
1482    element by element.  */
1483 
1484 bool
1485 compparms (const_tree parms1, const_tree parms2)
1486 {
1487   const_tree t1, t2;
1488 
1489   /* An unspecified parmlist matches any specified parmlist
1490      whose argument types don't need default promotions.  */
1491 
1492   for (t1 = parms1, t2 = parms2;
1493        t1 || t2;
1494        t1 = TREE_CHAIN (t1), t2 = TREE_CHAIN (t2))
1495     {
1496       /* If one parmlist is shorter than the other,
1497 	 they fail to match.  */
1498       if (!t1 || !t2)
1499 	return false;
1500       if (!same_type_p (TREE_VALUE (t1), TREE_VALUE (t2)))
1501 	return false;
1502     }
1503   return true;
1504 }
1505 
1506 
1507 /* Process a sizeof or alignof expression where the operand is a
1508    type.  */
1509 
1510 tree
1511 cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (tree type, enum tree_code op, bool complain)
1512 {
1513   tree value;
1514   bool dependent_p;
1515 
1516   gcc_assert (op == SIZEOF_EXPR || op == ALIGNOF_EXPR);
1517   if (type == error_mark_node)
1518     return error_mark_node;
1519 
1520   type = non_reference (type);
1521   if (TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
1522     {
1523       if (complain)
1524 	pedwarn (input_location, pedantic ? OPT_pedantic : OPT_Wpointer_arith,
1525 		 "invalid application of %qs to a member function",
1526 		 operator_name_info[(int) op].name);
1527       value = size_one_node;
1528     }
1529 
1530   dependent_p = dependent_type_p (type);
1531   if (!dependent_p)
1532     complete_type (type);
1533   if (dependent_p
1534       /* VLA types will have a non-constant size.  In the body of an
1535 	 uninstantiated template, we don't need to try to compute the
1536 	 value, because the sizeof expression is not an integral
1537 	 constant expression in that case.  And, if we do try to
1538 	 compute the value, we'll likely end up with SAVE_EXPRs, which
1539 	 the template substitution machinery does not expect to see.  */
1540       || (processing_template_decl
1541 	  && COMPLETE_TYPE_P (type)
1542 	  && TREE_CODE (TYPE_SIZE (type)) != INTEGER_CST))
1543     {
1544       value = build_min (op, size_type_node, type);
1545       TREE_READONLY (value) = 1;
1546       return value;
1547     }
1548 
1549   return c_sizeof_or_alignof_type (input_location, complete_type (type),
1550 				   op == SIZEOF_EXPR,
1551 				   complain);
1552 }
1553 
1554 /* Return the size of the type, without producing any warnings for
1555    types whose size cannot be taken.  This routine should be used only
1556    in some other routine that has already produced a diagnostic about
1557    using the size of such a type.  */
1558 tree
1559 cxx_sizeof_nowarn (tree type)
1560 {
1561   if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE
1562       || TREE_CODE (type) == VOID_TYPE
1563       || TREE_CODE (type) == ERROR_MARK)
1564     return size_one_node;
1565   else if (!COMPLETE_TYPE_P (type))
1566     return size_zero_node;
1567   else
1568     return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (type, SIZEOF_EXPR, false);
1569 }
1570 
1571 /* Process a sizeof expression where the operand is an expression.  */
1572 
1573 static tree
1574 cxx_sizeof_expr (tree e, tsubst_flags_t complain)
1575 {
1576   if (e == error_mark_node)
1577     return error_mark_node;
1578 
1579   if (processing_template_decl)
1580     {
1581       e = build_min (SIZEOF_EXPR, size_type_node, e);
1582       TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (e) = 0;
1583       TREE_READONLY (e) = 1;
1584 
1585       return e;
1586     }
1587 
1588   /* To get the size of a static data member declared as an array of
1589      unknown bound, we need to instantiate it.  */
1590   if (TREE_CODE (e) == VAR_DECL
1591       && VAR_HAD_UNKNOWN_BOUND (e)
1592       && DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (e))
1593     instantiate_decl (e, /*defer_ok*/true, /*expl_inst_mem*/false);
1594 
1595   e = mark_type_use (e);
1596 
1597   if (TREE_CODE (e) == COMPONENT_REF
1598       && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)) == FIELD_DECL
1599       && DECL_C_BIT_FIELD (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)))
1600     {
1601       if (complain & tf_error)
1602         error ("invalid application of %<sizeof%> to a bit-field");
1603       else
1604         return error_mark_node;
1605       e = char_type_node;
1606     }
1607   else if (is_overloaded_fn (e))
1608     {
1609       if (complain & tf_error)
1610         permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids applying %<sizeof%> to an expression of "
1611                    "function type");
1612       else
1613         return error_mark_node;
1614       e = char_type_node;
1615     }
1616   else if (type_unknown_p (e))
1617     {
1618       if (complain & tf_error)
1619         cxx_incomplete_type_error (e, TREE_TYPE (e));
1620       else
1621         return error_mark_node;
1622       e = char_type_node;
1623     }
1624   else
1625     e = TREE_TYPE (e);
1626 
1627   return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (e, SIZEOF_EXPR, complain & tf_error);
1628 }
1629 
1630 /* Implement the __alignof keyword: Return the minimum required
1631    alignment of E, measured in bytes.  For VAR_DECL's and
1632    FIELD_DECL's return DECL_ALIGN (which can be set from an
1633    "aligned" __attribute__ specification).  */
1634 
1635 static tree
1636 cxx_alignof_expr (tree e, tsubst_flags_t complain)
1637 {
1638   tree t;
1639 
1640   if (e == error_mark_node)
1641     return error_mark_node;
1642 
1643   if (processing_template_decl)
1644     {
1645       e = build_min (ALIGNOF_EXPR, size_type_node, e);
1646       TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (e) = 0;
1647       TREE_READONLY (e) = 1;
1648 
1649       return e;
1650     }
1651 
1652   e = mark_type_use (e);
1653 
1654   if (TREE_CODE (e) == VAR_DECL)
1655     t = size_int (DECL_ALIGN_UNIT (e));
1656   else if (TREE_CODE (e) == COMPONENT_REF
1657 	   && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)) == FIELD_DECL
1658 	   && DECL_C_BIT_FIELD (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)))
1659     {
1660       if (complain & tf_error)
1661         error ("invalid application of %<__alignof%> to a bit-field");
1662       else
1663         return error_mark_node;
1664       t = size_one_node;
1665     }
1666   else if (TREE_CODE (e) == COMPONENT_REF
1667 	   && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)) == FIELD_DECL)
1668     t = size_int (DECL_ALIGN_UNIT (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)));
1669   else if (is_overloaded_fn (e))
1670     {
1671       if (complain & tf_error)
1672         permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids applying %<__alignof%> to an expression of "
1673                    "function type");
1674       else
1675         return error_mark_node;
1676       if (TREE_CODE (e) == FUNCTION_DECL)
1677 	t = size_int (DECL_ALIGN_UNIT (e));
1678       else
1679 	t = size_one_node;
1680     }
1681   else if (type_unknown_p (e))
1682     {
1683       if (complain & tf_error)
1684         cxx_incomplete_type_error (e, TREE_TYPE (e));
1685       else
1686         return error_mark_node;
1687       t = size_one_node;
1688     }
1689   else
1690     return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (TREE_TYPE (e), ALIGNOF_EXPR,
1691                                        complain & tf_error);
1692 
1693   return fold_convert (size_type_node, t);
1694 }
1695 
1696 /* Process a sizeof or alignof expression E with code OP where the operand
1697    is an expression.  */
1698 
1699 tree
1700 cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_expr (tree e, enum tree_code op, bool complain)
1701 {
1702   if (op == SIZEOF_EXPR)
1703     return cxx_sizeof_expr (e, complain? tf_warning_or_error : tf_none);
1704   else
1705     return cxx_alignof_expr (e, complain? tf_warning_or_error : tf_none);
1706 }
1707 
1708 /* EXPR is being used in a context that is not a function call.
1709    Enforce:
1710 
1711      [expr.ref]
1712 
1713      The expression can be used only as the left-hand operand of a
1714      member function call.
1715 
1716      [expr.mptr.operator]
1717 
1718      If the result of .* or ->* is a function, then that result can be
1719      used only as the operand for the function call operator ().
1720 
1721    by issuing an error message if appropriate.  Returns true iff EXPR
1722    violates these rules.  */
1723 
1724 bool
1725 invalid_nonstatic_memfn_p (const_tree expr, tsubst_flags_t complain)
1726 {
1727   if (expr && DECL_NONSTATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION_P (expr))
1728     {
1729       if (complain & tf_error)
1730         error ("invalid use of non-static member function");
1731       return true;
1732     }
1733   return false;
1734 }
1735 
1736 /* If EXP is a reference to a bitfield, and the type of EXP does not
1737    match the declared type of the bitfield, return the declared type
1738    of the bitfield.  Otherwise, return NULL_TREE.  */
1739 
1740 tree
1741 is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (const_tree exp)
1742 {
1743   switch (TREE_CODE (exp))
1744     {
1745     case COND_EXPR:
1746       if (!is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 1)
1747 					       ? TREE_OPERAND (exp, 1)
1748 					       : TREE_OPERAND (exp, 0)))
1749 	return NULL_TREE;
1750       return is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 2));
1751 
1752     case COMPOUND_EXPR:
1753       return is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 1));
1754 
1755     case MODIFY_EXPR:
1756     case SAVE_EXPR:
1757       return is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 0));
1758 
1759     case COMPONENT_REF:
1760       {
1761 	tree field;
1762 
1763 	field = TREE_OPERAND (exp, 1);
1764 	if (TREE_CODE (field) != FIELD_DECL || !DECL_BIT_FIELD_TYPE (field))
1765 	  return NULL_TREE;
1766 	if (same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p
1767 	    (TREE_TYPE (exp), DECL_BIT_FIELD_TYPE (field)))
1768 	  return NULL_TREE;
1769 	return DECL_BIT_FIELD_TYPE (field);
1770       }
1771 
1772     CASE_CONVERT:
1773       if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 0)))
1774 	  == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (exp)))
1775 	return is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 0));
1776       /* Fallthrough.  */
1777 
1778     default:
1779       return NULL_TREE;
1780     }
1781 }
1782 
1783 /* Like is_bitfield_with_lowered_type, except that if EXP is not a
1784    bitfield with a lowered type, the type of EXP is returned, rather
1785    than NULL_TREE.  */
1786 
1787 tree
1788 unlowered_expr_type (const_tree exp)
1789 {
1790   tree type;
1791   tree etype = TREE_TYPE (exp);
1792 
1793   type = is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (exp);
1794   if (type)
1795     type = cp_build_qualified_type (type, cp_type_quals (etype));
1796   else
1797     type = etype;
1798 
1799   return type;
1800 }
1801 
1802 /* Perform the conversions in [expr] that apply when an lvalue appears
1803    in an rvalue context: the lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, and
1804    function-to-pointer conversions.  In addition, manifest constants
1805    are replaced by their values, and bitfield references are converted
1806    to their declared types. Note that this function does not perform the
1807    lvalue-to-rvalue conversion for class types. If you need that conversion
1808    to for class types, then you probably need to use force_rvalue.
1809 
1810    Although the returned value is being used as an rvalue, this
1811    function does not wrap the returned expression in a
1812    NON_LVALUE_EXPR; the caller is expected to be mindful of the fact
1813    that the return value is no longer an lvalue.  */
1814 
1815 tree
1816 decay_conversion (tree exp)
1817 {
1818   tree type;
1819   enum tree_code code;
1820 
1821   type = TREE_TYPE (exp);
1822   if (type == error_mark_node)
1823     return error_mark_node;
1824 
1825   exp = mark_rvalue_use (exp);
1826 
1827   exp = resolve_nondeduced_context (exp);
1828   if (type_unknown_p (exp))
1829     {
1830       cxx_incomplete_type_error (exp, TREE_TYPE (exp));
1831       return error_mark_node;
1832     }
1833 
1834   /* FIXME remove? at least need to remember that this isn't really a
1835      constant expression if EXP isn't decl_constant_var_p, like with
1836      C_MAYBE_CONST_EXPR.  */
1837   exp = decl_constant_value_safe (exp);
1838   if (error_operand_p (exp))
1839     return error_mark_node;
1840 
1841   if (NULLPTR_TYPE_P (type) && !TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (exp))
1842     return nullptr_node;
1843 
1844   /* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an lvalue.
1845      Leave such NOP_EXPRs, since RHS is being used in non-lvalue context.  */
1846   code = TREE_CODE (type);
1847   if (code == VOID_TYPE)
1848     {
1849       error ("void value not ignored as it ought to be");
1850       return error_mark_node;
1851     }
1852   if (invalid_nonstatic_memfn_p (exp, tf_warning_or_error))
1853     return error_mark_node;
1854   if (code == FUNCTION_TYPE || is_overloaded_fn (exp))
1855     return cp_build_addr_expr (exp, tf_warning_or_error);
1856   if (code == ARRAY_TYPE)
1857     {
1858       tree adr;
1859       tree ptrtype;
1860 
1861       if (TREE_CODE (exp) == INDIRECT_REF)
1862 	return build_nop (build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (type)),
1863 			  TREE_OPERAND (exp, 0));
1864 
1865       if (TREE_CODE (exp) == COMPOUND_EXPR)
1866 	{
1867 	  tree op1 = decay_conversion (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 1));
1868 	  return build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (op1),
1869 			 TREE_OPERAND (exp, 0), op1);
1870 	}
1871 
1872       if (!lvalue_p (exp)
1873 	  && ! (TREE_CODE (exp) == CONSTRUCTOR && TREE_STATIC (exp)))
1874 	{
1875 	  error ("invalid use of non-lvalue array");
1876 	  return error_mark_node;
1877 	}
1878 
1879       /* Don't let an array compound literal decay to a pointer.  It can
1880 	 still be used to initialize an array or bind to a reference.  */
1881       if (TREE_CODE (exp) == TARGET_EXPR)
1882 	{
1883 	  error ("taking address of temporary array");
1884 	  return error_mark_node;
1885 	}
1886 
1887       ptrtype = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (type));
1888 
1889       if (TREE_CODE (exp) == VAR_DECL)
1890 	{
1891 	  if (!cxx_mark_addressable (exp))
1892 	    return error_mark_node;
1893 	  adr = build_nop (ptrtype, build_address (exp));
1894 	  return adr;
1895 	}
1896       /* This way is better for a COMPONENT_REF since it can
1897 	 simplify the offset for a component.  */
1898       adr = cp_build_addr_expr (exp, tf_warning_or_error);
1899       return cp_convert (ptrtype, adr);
1900     }
1901 
1902   /* If a bitfield is used in a context where integral promotion
1903      applies, then the caller is expected to have used
1904      default_conversion.  That function promotes bitfields correctly
1905      before calling this function.  At this point, if we have a
1906      bitfield referenced, we may assume that is not subject to
1907      promotion, and that, therefore, the type of the resulting rvalue
1908      is the declared type of the bitfield.  */
1909   exp = convert_bitfield_to_declared_type (exp);
1910 
1911   /* We do not call rvalue() here because we do not want to wrap EXP
1912      in a NON_LVALUE_EXPR.  */
1913 
1914   /* [basic.lval]
1915 
1916      Non-class rvalues always have cv-unqualified types.  */
1917   type = TREE_TYPE (exp);
1918   if (!CLASS_TYPE_P (type) && cv_qualified_p (type))
1919     exp = build_nop (cv_unqualified (type), exp);
1920 
1921   return exp;
1922 }
1923 
1924 /* Perform preparatory conversions, as part of the "usual arithmetic
1925    conversions".  In particular, as per [expr]:
1926 
1927      Whenever an lvalue expression appears as an operand of an
1928      operator that expects the rvalue for that operand, the
1929      lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, or function-to-pointer
1930      standard conversions are applied to convert the expression to an
1931      rvalue.
1932 
1933    In addition, we perform integral promotions here, as those are
1934    applied to both operands to a binary operator before determining
1935    what additional conversions should apply.  */
1936 
1937 tree
1938 default_conversion (tree exp)
1939 {
1940   /* Check for target-specific promotions.  */
1941   tree promoted_type = targetm.promoted_type (TREE_TYPE (exp));
1942   if (promoted_type)
1943     exp = cp_convert (promoted_type, exp);
1944   /* Perform the integral promotions first so that bitfield
1945      expressions (which may promote to "int", even if the bitfield is
1946      declared "unsigned") are promoted correctly.  */
1947   else if (INTEGRAL_OR_UNSCOPED_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (exp)))
1948     exp = perform_integral_promotions (exp);
1949   /* Perform the other conversions.  */
1950   exp = decay_conversion (exp);
1951 
1952   return exp;
1953 }
1954 
1955 /* EXPR is an expression with an integral or enumeration type.
1956    Perform the integral promotions in [conv.prom], and return the
1957    converted value.  */
1958 
1959 tree
1960 perform_integral_promotions (tree expr)
1961 {
1962   tree type;
1963   tree promoted_type;
1964 
1965   expr = mark_rvalue_use (expr);
1966 
1967   /* [conv.prom]
1968 
1969      If the bitfield has an enumerated type, it is treated as any
1970      other value of that type for promotion purposes.  */
1971   type = is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (expr);
1972   if (!type || TREE_CODE (type) != ENUMERAL_TYPE)
1973     type = TREE_TYPE (expr);
1974   gcc_assert (INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (type));
1975   /* Scoped enums don't promote.  */
1976   if (SCOPED_ENUM_P (type))
1977     return expr;
1978   promoted_type = type_promotes_to (type);
1979   if (type != promoted_type)
1980     expr = cp_convert (promoted_type, expr);
1981   return expr;
1982 }
1983 
1984 /* Returns nonzero iff exp is a STRING_CST or the result of applying
1985    decay_conversion to one.  */
1986 
1987 int
1988 string_conv_p (const_tree totype, const_tree exp, int warn)
1989 {
1990   tree t;
1991 
1992   if (TREE_CODE (totype) != POINTER_TYPE)
1993     return 0;
1994 
1995   t = TREE_TYPE (totype);
1996   if (!same_type_p (t, char_type_node)
1997       && !same_type_p (t, char16_type_node)
1998       && !same_type_p (t, char32_type_node)
1999       && !same_type_p (t, wchar_type_node))
2000     return 0;
2001 
2002   if (TREE_CODE (exp) == STRING_CST)
2003     {
2004       /* Make sure that we don't try to convert between char and wide chars.  */
2005       if (!same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (exp))), t))
2006 	return 0;
2007     }
2008   else
2009     {
2010       /* Is this a string constant which has decayed to 'const char *'?  */
2011       t = build_pointer_type (cp_build_qualified_type (t, TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
2012       if (!same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (exp), t))
2013 	return 0;
2014       STRIP_NOPS (exp);
2015       if (TREE_CODE (exp) != ADDR_EXPR
2016 	  || TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 0)) != STRING_CST)
2017 	return 0;
2018     }
2019 
2020   /* This warning is not very useful, as it complains about printf.  */
2021   if (warn)
2022     warning (OPT_Wwrite_strings,
2023 	     "deprecated conversion from string constant to %qT",
2024 	     totype);
2025 
2026   return 1;
2027 }
2028 
2029 /* Given a COND_EXPR, MIN_EXPR, or MAX_EXPR in T, return it in a form that we
2030    can, for example, use as an lvalue.  This code used to be in
2031    unary_complex_lvalue, but we needed it to deal with `a = (d == c) ? b : c'
2032    expressions, where we're dealing with aggregates.  But now it's again only
2033    called from unary_complex_lvalue.  The case (in particular) that led to
2034    this was with CODE == ADDR_EXPR, since it's not an lvalue when we'd
2035    get it there.  */
2036 
2037 static tree
2038 rationalize_conditional_expr (enum tree_code code, tree t,
2039                               tsubst_flags_t complain)
2040 {
2041   /* For MIN_EXPR or MAX_EXPR, fold-const.c has arranged things so that
2042      the first operand is always the one to be used if both operands
2043      are equal, so we know what conditional expression this used to be.  */
2044   if (TREE_CODE (t) == MIN_EXPR || TREE_CODE (t) == MAX_EXPR)
2045     {
2046       tree op0 = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
2047       tree op1 = TREE_OPERAND (t, 1);
2048 
2049       /* The following code is incorrect if either operand side-effects.  */
2050       gcc_assert (!TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (op0)
2051 		  && !TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (op1));
2052       return
2053 	build_conditional_expr (build_x_binary_op ((TREE_CODE (t) == MIN_EXPR
2054 						    ? LE_EXPR : GE_EXPR),
2055 						   op0, TREE_CODE (op0),
2056 						   op1, TREE_CODE (op1),
2057 						   /*overload=*/NULL,
2058 						   complain),
2059                                 cp_build_unary_op (code, op0, 0, complain),
2060                                 cp_build_unary_op (code, op1, 0, complain),
2061                                 complain);
2062     }
2063 
2064   return
2065     build_conditional_expr (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0),
2066 			    cp_build_unary_op (code, TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), 0,
2067                                                complain),
2068 			    cp_build_unary_op (code, TREE_OPERAND (t, 2), 0,
2069                                                complain),
2070                             complain);
2071 }
2072 
2073 /* Given the TYPE of an anonymous union field inside T, return the
2074    FIELD_DECL for the field.  If not found return NULL_TREE.  Because
2075    anonymous unions can nest, we must also search all anonymous unions
2076    that are directly reachable.  */
2077 
2078 tree
2079 lookup_anon_field (tree t, tree type)
2080 {
2081   tree field;
2082 
2083   for (field = TYPE_FIELDS (t); field; field = DECL_CHAIN (field))
2084     {
2085       if (TREE_STATIC (field))
2086 	continue;
2087       if (TREE_CODE (field) != FIELD_DECL || DECL_ARTIFICIAL (field))
2088 	continue;
2089 
2090       /* If we find it directly, return the field.  */
2091       if (DECL_NAME (field) == NULL_TREE
2092 	  && type == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (field)))
2093 	{
2094 	  return field;
2095 	}
2096 
2097       /* Otherwise, it could be nested, search harder.  */
2098       if (DECL_NAME (field) == NULL_TREE
2099 	  && ANON_AGGR_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (field)))
2100 	{
2101 	  tree subfield = lookup_anon_field (TREE_TYPE (field), type);
2102 	  if (subfield)
2103 	    return subfield;
2104 	}
2105     }
2106   return NULL_TREE;
2107 }
2108 
2109 /* Build an expression representing OBJECT.MEMBER.  OBJECT is an
2110    expression; MEMBER is a DECL or baselink.  If ACCESS_PATH is
2111    non-NULL, it indicates the path to the base used to name MEMBER.
2112    If PRESERVE_REFERENCE is true, the expression returned will have
2113    REFERENCE_TYPE if the MEMBER does.  Otherwise, the expression
2114    returned will have the type referred to by the reference.
2115 
2116    This function does not perform access control; that is either done
2117    earlier by the parser when the name of MEMBER is resolved to MEMBER
2118    itself, or later when overload resolution selects one of the
2119    functions indicated by MEMBER.  */
2120 
2121 tree
2122 build_class_member_access_expr (tree object, tree member,
2123 				tree access_path, bool preserve_reference,
2124 				tsubst_flags_t complain)
2125 {
2126   tree object_type;
2127   tree member_scope;
2128   tree result = NULL_TREE;
2129   tree using_decl = NULL_TREE;
2130 
2131   if (error_operand_p (object) || error_operand_p (member))
2132     return error_mark_node;
2133 
2134   gcc_assert (DECL_P (member) || BASELINK_P (member));
2135 
2136   /* [expr.ref]
2137 
2138      The type of the first expression shall be "class object" (of a
2139      complete type).  */
2140   object_type = TREE_TYPE (object);
2141   if (!currently_open_class (object_type)
2142       && !complete_type_or_maybe_complain (object_type, object, complain))
2143     return error_mark_node;
2144   if (!CLASS_TYPE_P (object_type))
2145     {
2146       if (complain & tf_error)
2147 	{
2148 	  if (POINTER_TYPE_P (object_type)
2149 	      && CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (object_type)))
2150 	    error ("request for member %qD in %qE, which is of pointer "
2151 		   "type %qT (maybe you meant to use %<->%> ?)",
2152 		   member, object, object_type);
2153 	  else
2154 	    error ("request for member %qD in %qE, which is of non-class "
2155 		   "type %qT", member, object, object_type);
2156 	}
2157       return error_mark_node;
2158     }
2159 
2160   /* The standard does not seem to actually say that MEMBER must be a
2161      member of OBJECT_TYPE.  However, that is clearly what is
2162      intended.  */
2163   if (DECL_P (member))
2164     {
2165       member_scope = DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (member);
2166       mark_used (member);
2167       if (TREE_DEPRECATED (member))
2168 	warn_deprecated_use (member, NULL_TREE);
2169     }
2170   else
2171     member_scope = BINFO_TYPE (BASELINK_ACCESS_BINFO (member));
2172   /* If MEMBER is from an anonymous aggregate, MEMBER_SCOPE will
2173      presently be the anonymous union.  Go outwards until we find a
2174      type related to OBJECT_TYPE.  */
2175   while (ANON_AGGR_TYPE_P (member_scope)
2176 	 && !same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (member_scope,
2177 							object_type))
2178     member_scope = TYPE_CONTEXT (member_scope);
2179   if (!member_scope || !DERIVED_FROM_P (member_scope, object_type))
2180     {
2181       if (complain & tf_error)
2182 	{
2183 	  if (TREE_CODE (member) == FIELD_DECL)
2184 	    error ("invalid use of nonstatic data member %qE", member);
2185 	  else
2186 	    error ("%qD is not a member of %qT", member, object_type);
2187 	}
2188       return error_mark_node;
2189     }
2190 
2191   /* Transform `(a, b).x' into `(*(a, &b)).x', `(a ? b : c).x' into
2192      `(*(a ?  &b : &c)).x', and so on.  A COND_EXPR is only an lvalue
2193      in the front end; only _DECLs and _REFs are lvalues in the back end.  */
2194   {
2195     tree temp = unary_complex_lvalue (ADDR_EXPR, object);
2196     if (temp)
2197       object = cp_build_indirect_ref (temp, RO_NULL, complain);
2198   }
2199 
2200   /* In [expr.ref], there is an explicit list of the valid choices for
2201      MEMBER.  We check for each of those cases here.  */
2202   if (TREE_CODE (member) == VAR_DECL)
2203     {
2204       /* A static data member.  */
2205       result = member;
2206       mark_exp_read (object);
2207       /* If OBJECT has side-effects, they are supposed to occur.  */
2208       if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (object))
2209 	result = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (result), object, result);
2210     }
2211   else if (TREE_CODE (member) == FIELD_DECL)
2212     {
2213       /* A non-static data member.  */
2214       bool null_object_p;
2215       int type_quals;
2216       tree member_type;
2217 
2218       null_object_p = (TREE_CODE (object) == INDIRECT_REF
2219 		       && integer_zerop (TREE_OPERAND (object, 0)));
2220 
2221       /* Convert OBJECT to the type of MEMBER.  */
2222       if (!same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (object_type),
2223 			TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (member_scope)))
2224 	{
2225 	  tree binfo;
2226 	  base_kind kind;
2227 
2228 	  binfo = lookup_base (access_path ? access_path : object_type,
2229 			       member_scope, ba_unique,  &kind);
2230 	  if (binfo == error_mark_node)
2231 	    return error_mark_node;
2232 
2233 	  /* It is invalid to try to get to a virtual base of a
2234 	     NULL object.  The most common cause is invalid use of
2235 	     offsetof macro.  */
2236 	  if (null_object_p && kind == bk_via_virtual)
2237 	    {
2238 	      if (complain & tf_error)
2239 		{
2240 		  error ("invalid access to non-static data member %qD of "
2241 			 "NULL object",
2242 			 member);
2243 		  error ("(perhaps the %<offsetof%> macro was used incorrectly)");
2244 		}
2245 	      return error_mark_node;
2246 	    }
2247 
2248 	  /* Convert to the base.  */
2249 	  object = build_base_path (PLUS_EXPR, object, binfo,
2250 				    /*nonnull=*/1, complain);
2251 	  /* If we found the base successfully then we should be able
2252 	     to convert to it successfully.  */
2253 	  gcc_assert (object != error_mark_node);
2254 	}
2255 
2256       /* Complain about other invalid uses of offsetof, even though they will
2257 	 give the right answer.  Note that we complain whether or not they
2258 	 actually used the offsetof macro, since there's no way to know at this
2259 	 point.  So we just give a warning, instead of a pedwarn.  */
2260       /* Do not produce this warning for base class field references, because
2261 	 we know for a fact that didn't come from offsetof.  This does occur
2262 	 in various testsuite cases where a null object is passed where a
2263 	 vtable access is required.  */
2264       if (null_object_p && warn_invalid_offsetof
2265 	  && CLASSTYPE_NON_STD_LAYOUT (object_type)
2266 	  && !DECL_FIELD_IS_BASE (member)
2267 	  && cp_unevaluated_operand == 0
2268 	  && (complain & tf_warning))
2269 	{
2270 	  warning (OPT_Winvalid_offsetof,
2271                    "invalid access to non-static data member %qD "
2272                    " of NULL object", member);
2273 	  warning (OPT_Winvalid_offsetof,
2274                    "(perhaps the %<offsetof%> macro was used incorrectly)");
2275 	}
2276 
2277       /* If MEMBER is from an anonymous aggregate, we have converted
2278 	 OBJECT so that it refers to the class containing the
2279 	 anonymous union.  Generate a reference to the anonymous union
2280 	 itself, and recur to find MEMBER.  */
2281       if (ANON_AGGR_TYPE_P (DECL_CONTEXT (member))
2282 	  /* When this code is called from build_field_call, the
2283 	     object already has the type of the anonymous union.
2284 	     That is because the COMPONENT_REF was already
2285 	     constructed, and was then disassembled before calling
2286 	     build_field_call.  After the function-call code is
2287 	     cleaned up, this waste can be eliminated.  */
2288 	  && (!same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p
2289 	      (TREE_TYPE (object), DECL_CONTEXT (member))))
2290 	{
2291 	  tree anonymous_union;
2292 
2293 	  anonymous_union = lookup_anon_field (TREE_TYPE (object),
2294 					       DECL_CONTEXT (member));
2295 	  object = build_class_member_access_expr (object,
2296 						   anonymous_union,
2297 						   /*access_path=*/NULL_TREE,
2298 						   preserve_reference,
2299 						   complain);
2300 	}
2301 
2302       /* Compute the type of the field, as described in [expr.ref].  */
2303       type_quals = TYPE_UNQUALIFIED;
2304       member_type = TREE_TYPE (member);
2305       if (TREE_CODE (member_type) != REFERENCE_TYPE)
2306 	{
2307 	  type_quals = (cp_type_quals (member_type)
2308 			| cp_type_quals (object_type));
2309 
2310 	  /* A field is const (volatile) if the enclosing object, or the
2311 	     field itself, is const (volatile).  But, a mutable field is
2312 	     not const, even within a const object.  */
2313 	  if (DECL_MUTABLE_P (member))
2314 	    type_quals &= ~TYPE_QUAL_CONST;
2315 	  member_type = cp_build_qualified_type (member_type, type_quals);
2316 	}
2317 
2318       result = build3 (COMPONENT_REF, member_type, object, member,
2319 		       NULL_TREE);
2320       result = fold_if_not_in_template (result);
2321 
2322       /* Mark the expression const or volatile, as appropriate.  Even
2323 	 though we've dealt with the type above, we still have to mark the
2324 	 expression itself.  */
2325       if (type_quals & TYPE_QUAL_CONST)
2326 	TREE_READONLY (result) = 1;
2327       if (type_quals & TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE)
2328 	TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (result) = 1;
2329     }
2330   else if (BASELINK_P (member))
2331     {
2332       /* The member is a (possibly overloaded) member function.  */
2333       tree functions;
2334       tree type;
2335 
2336       /* If the MEMBER is exactly one static member function, then we
2337 	 know the type of the expression.  Otherwise, we must wait
2338 	 until overload resolution has been performed.  */
2339       functions = BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (member);
2340       if (TREE_CODE (functions) == FUNCTION_DECL
2341 	  && DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (functions))
2342 	type = TREE_TYPE (functions);
2343       else
2344 	type = unknown_type_node;
2345       /* Note that we do not convert OBJECT to the BASELINK_BINFO
2346 	 base.  That will happen when the function is called.  */
2347       result = build3 (COMPONENT_REF, type, object, member, NULL_TREE);
2348     }
2349   else if (TREE_CODE (member) == CONST_DECL)
2350     {
2351       /* The member is an enumerator.  */
2352       result = member;
2353       /* If OBJECT has side-effects, they are supposed to occur.  */
2354       if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (object))
2355 	result = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (result),
2356 			 object, result);
2357     }
2358   else if ((using_decl = strip_using_decl (member)) != member)
2359     result = build_class_member_access_expr (object,
2360 					     using_decl,
2361 					     access_path, preserve_reference,
2362 					     complain);
2363   else
2364     {
2365       if (complain & tf_error)
2366 	error ("invalid use of %qD", member);
2367       return error_mark_node;
2368     }
2369 
2370   if (!preserve_reference)
2371     /* [expr.ref]
2372 
2373        If E2 is declared to have type "reference to T", then ... the
2374        type of E1.E2 is T.  */
2375     result = convert_from_reference (result);
2376 
2377   return result;
2378 }
2379 
2380 /* Return the destructor denoted by OBJECT.SCOPE::DTOR_NAME, or, if
2381    SCOPE is NULL, by OBJECT.DTOR_NAME, where DTOR_NAME is ~type.  */
2382 
2383 static tree
2384 lookup_destructor (tree object, tree scope, tree dtor_name)
2385 {
2386   tree object_type = TREE_TYPE (object);
2387   tree dtor_type = TREE_OPERAND (dtor_name, 0);
2388   tree expr;
2389 
2390   if (scope && !check_dtor_name (scope, dtor_type))
2391     {
2392       error ("qualified type %qT does not match destructor name ~%qT",
2393 	     scope, dtor_type);
2394       return error_mark_node;
2395     }
2396   if (TREE_CODE (dtor_type) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
2397     {
2398       /* In a template, names we can't find a match for are still accepted
2399 	 destructor names, and we check them here.  */
2400       if (check_dtor_name (object_type, dtor_type))
2401 	dtor_type = object_type;
2402       else
2403 	{
2404 	  error ("object type %qT does not match destructor name ~%qT",
2405 		 object_type, dtor_type);
2406 	  return error_mark_node;
2407 	}
2408 
2409     }
2410   else if (!DERIVED_FROM_P (dtor_type, TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (object_type)))
2411     {
2412       error ("the type being destroyed is %qT, but the destructor refers to %qT",
2413 	     TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (object_type), dtor_type);
2414       return error_mark_node;
2415     }
2416   expr = lookup_member (dtor_type, complete_dtor_identifier,
2417 			/*protect=*/1, /*want_type=*/false,
2418 			tf_warning_or_error);
2419   expr = (adjust_result_of_qualified_name_lookup
2420 	  (expr, dtor_type, object_type));
2421   if (scope == NULL_TREE)
2422     /* We need to call adjust_result_of_qualified_name_lookup in case the
2423        destructor names a base class, but we unset BASELINK_QUALIFIED_P so
2424        that we still get virtual function binding.  */
2425     BASELINK_QUALIFIED_P (expr) = false;
2426   return expr;
2427 }
2428 
2429 /* An expression of the form "A::template B" has been resolved to
2430    DECL.  Issue a diagnostic if B is not a template or template
2431    specialization.  */
2432 
2433 void
2434 check_template_keyword (tree decl)
2435 {
2436   /* The standard says:
2437 
2438       [temp.names]
2439 
2440       If a name prefixed by the keyword template is not a member
2441       template, the program is ill-formed.
2442 
2443      DR 228 removed the restriction that the template be a member
2444      template.
2445 
2446      DR 96, if accepted would add the further restriction that explicit
2447      template arguments must be provided if the template keyword is
2448      used, but, as of 2005-10-16, that DR is still in "drafting".  If
2449      this DR is accepted, then the semantic checks here can be
2450      simplified, as the entity named must in fact be a template
2451      specialization, rather than, as at present, a set of overloaded
2452      functions containing at least one template function.  */
2453   if (TREE_CODE (decl) != TEMPLATE_DECL
2454       && TREE_CODE (decl) != TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
2455     {
2456       if (!is_overloaded_fn (decl))
2457 	permerror (input_location, "%qD is not a template", decl);
2458       else
2459 	{
2460 	  tree fns;
2461 	  fns = decl;
2462 	  if (BASELINK_P (fns))
2463 	    fns = BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (fns);
2464 	  while (fns)
2465 	    {
2466 	      tree fn = OVL_CURRENT (fns);
2467 	      if (TREE_CODE (fn) == TEMPLATE_DECL
2468 		  || TREE_CODE (fn) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
2469 		break;
2470 	      if (TREE_CODE (fn) == FUNCTION_DECL
2471 		  && DECL_USE_TEMPLATE (fn)
2472 		  && PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_P (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (fn)))
2473 		break;
2474 	      fns = OVL_NEXT (fns);
2475 	    }
2476 	  if (!fns)
2477 	    permerror (input_location, "%qD is not a template", decl);
2478 	}
2479     }
2480 }
2481 
2482 /* This function is called by the parser to process a class member
2483    access expression of the form OBJECT.NAME.  NAME is a node used by
2484    the parser to represent a name; it is not yet a DECL.  It may,
2485    however, be a BASELINK where the BASELINK_FUNCTIONS is a
2486    TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR.  Templates must be looked up by the parser, and
2487    there is no reason to do the lookup twice, so the parser keeps the
2488    BASELINK.  TEMPLATE_P is true iff NAME was explicitly declared to
2489    be a template via the use of the "A::template B" syntax.  */
2490 
2491 tree
2492 finish_class_member_access_expr (tree object, tree name, bool template_p,
2493 				 tsubst_flags_t complain)
2494 {
2495   tree expr;
2496   tree object_type;
2497   tree member;
2498   tree access_path = NULL_TREE;
2499   tree orig_object = object;
2500   tree orig_name = name;
2501 
2502   if (object == error_mark_node || name == error_mark_node)
2503     return error_mark_node;
2504 
2505   /* If OBJECT is an ObjC class instance, we must obey ObjC access rules.  */
2506   if (!objc_is_public (object, name))
2507     return error_mark_node;
2508 
2509   object_type = TREE_TYPE (object);
2510 
2511   if (processing_template_decl)
2512     {
2513       if (/* If OBJECT_TYPE is dependent, so is OBJECT.NAME.  */
2514 	  dependent_type_p (object_type)
2515 	  /* If NAME is just an IDENTIFIER_NODE, then the expression
2516 	     is dependent.  */
2517 	  || TREE_CODE (object) == IDENTIFIER_NODE
2518 	  /* If NAME is "f<args>", where either 'f' or 'args' is
2519 	     dependent, then the expression is dependent.  */
2520 	  || (TREE_CODE (name) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR
2521 	      && dependent_template_id_p (TREE_OPERAND (name, 0),
2522 					  TREE_OPERAND (name, 1)))
2523 	  /* If NAME is "T::X" where "T" is dependent, then the
2524 	     expression is dependent.  */
2525 	  || (TREE_CODE (name) == SCOPE_REF
2526 	      && TYPE_P (TREE_OPERAND (name, 0))
2527 	      && dependent_type_p (TREE_OPERAND (name, 0))))
2528 	return build_min_nt (COMPONENT_REF, object, name, NULL_TREE);
2529       object = build_non_dependent_expr (object);
2530     }
2531   else if (c_dialect_objc ()
2532 	   && TREE_CODE (name) == IDENTIFIER_NODE
2533 	   && (expr = objc_maybe_build_component_ref (object, name)))
2534     return expr;
2535 
2536   /* [expr.ref]
2537 
2538      The type of the first expression shall be "class object" (of a
2539      complete type).  */
2540   if (!currently_open_class (object_type)
2541       && !complete_type_or_maybe_complain (object_type, object, complain))
2542     return error_mark_node;
2543   if (!CLASS_TYPE_P (object_type))
2544     {
2545       if (complain & tf_error)
2546 	{
2547 	  if (POINTER_TYPE_P (object_type)
2548 	      && CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (object_type)))
2549 	    error ("request for member %qD in %qE, which is of pointer "
2550 		   "type %qT (maybe you meant to use %<->%> ?)",
2551 		   name, object, object_type);
2552 	  else
2553 	    error ("request for member %qD in %qE, which is of non-class "
2554 		   "type %qT", name, object, object_type);
2555 	}
2556       return error_mark_node;
2557     }
2558 
2559   if (BASELINK_P (name))
2560     /* A member function that has already been looked up.  */
2561     member = name;
2562   else
2563     {
2564       bool is_template_id = false;
2565       tree template_args = NULL_TREE;
2566       tree scope;
2567 
2568       if (TREE_CODE (name) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
2569 	{
2570 	  is_template_id = true;
2571 	  template_args = TREE_OPERAND (name, 1);
2572 	  name = TREE_OPERAND (name, 0);
2573 
2574 	  if (TREE_CODE (name) == OVERLOAD)
2575 	    name = DECL_NAME (get_first_fn (name));
2576 	  else if (DECL_P (name))
2577 	    name = DECL_NAME (name);
2578 	}
2579 
2580       if (TREE_CODE (name) == SCOPE_REF)
2581 	{
2582 	  /* A qualified name.  The qualifying class or namespace `S'
2583 	     has already been looked up; it is either a TYPE or a
2584 	     NAMESPACE_DECL.  */
2585 	  scope = TREE_OPERAND (name, 0);
2586 	  name = TREE_OPERAND (name, 1);
2587 
2588 	  /* If SCOPE is a namespace, then the qualified name does not
2589 	     name a member of OBJECT_TYPE.  */
2590 	  if (TREE_CODE (scope) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
2591 	    {
2592 	      if (complain & tf_error)
2593 		error ("%<%D::%D%> is not a member of %qT",
2594 		       scope, name, object_type);
2595 	      return error_mark_node;
2596 	    }
2597 
2598 	  gcc_assert (CLASS_TYPE_P (scope));
2599 	  gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (name) == IDENTIFIER_NODE
2600 		      || TREE_CODE (name) == BIT_NOT_EXPR);
2601 
2602 	  if (constructor_name_p (name, scope))
2603 	    {
2604 	      if (complain & tf_error)
2605 		error ("cannot call constructor %<%T::%D%> directly",
2606 		       scope, name);
2607 	      return error_mark_node;
2608 	    }
2609 
2610 	  /* Find the base of OBJECT_TYPE corresponding to SCOPE.  */
2611 	  access_path = lookup_base (object_type, scope, ba_check, NULL);
2612 	  if (access_path == error_mark_node)
2613 	    return error_mark_node;
2614 	  if (!access_path)
2615 	    {
2616 	      if (complain & tf_error)
2617 		error ("%qT is not a base of %qT", scope, object_type);
2618 	      return error_mark_node;
2619 	    }
2620 	}
2621       else
2622 	{
2623 	  scope = NULL_TREE;
2624 	  access_path = object_type;
2625 	}
2626 
2627       if (TREE_CODE (name) == BIT_NOT_EXPR)
2628 	member = lookup_destructor (object, scope, name);
2629       else
2630 	{
2631 	  /* Look up the member.  */
2632 	  member = lookup_member (access_path, name, /*protect=*/1,
2633 				  /*want_type=*/false, complain);
2634 	  if (member == NULL_TREE)
2635 	    {
2636 	      if (complain & tf_error)
2637 		error ("%qD has no member named %qE",
2638 		       TREE_CODE (access_path) == TREE_BINFO
2639 		       ? TREE_TYPE (access_path) : object_type, name);
2640 	      return error_mark_node;
2641 	    }
2642 	  if (member == error_mark_node)
2643 	    return error_mark_node;
2644 	}
2645 
2646       if (is_template_id)
2647 	{
2648 	  tree templ = member;
2649 
2650 	  if (BASELINK_P (templ))
2651 	    templ = lookup_template_function (templ, template_args);
2652 	  else
2653 	    {
2654 	      if (complain & tf_error)
2655 		error ("%qD is not a member template function", name);
2656 	      return error_mark_node;
2657 	    }
2658 	}
2659     }
2660 
2661   if (TREE_DEPRECATED (member))
2662     warn_deprecated_use (member, NULL_TREE);
2663 
2664   if (template_p)
2665     check_template_keyword (member);
2666 
2667   expr = build_class_member_access_expr (object, member, access_path,
2668 					 /*preserve_reference=*/false,
2669 					 complain);
2670   if (processing_template_decl && expr != error_mark_node)
2671     {
2672       if (BASELINK_P (member))
2673 	{
2674 	  if (TREE_CODE (orig_name) == SCOPE_REF)
2675 	    BASELINK_QUALIFIED_P (member) = 1;
2676 	  orig_name = member;
2677 	}
2678       return build_min_non_dep (COMPONENT_REF, expr,
2679 				orig_object, orig_name,
2680 				NULL_TREE);
2681     }
2682 
2683   return expr;
2684 }
2685 
2686 /* Return an expression for the MEMBER_NAME field in the internal
2687    representation of PTRMEM, a pointer-to-member function.  (Each
2688    pointer-to-member function type gets its own RECORD_TYPE so it is
2689    more convenient to access the fields by name than by FIELD_DECL.)
2690    This routine converts the NAME to a FIELD_DECL and then creates the
2691    node for the complete expression.  */
2692 
2693 tree
2694 build_ptrmemfunc_access_expr (tree ptrmem, tree member_name)
2695 {
2696   tree ptrmem_type;
2697   tree member;
2698   tree member_type;
2699 
2700   /* This code is a stripped down version of
2701      build_class_member_access_expr.  It does not work to use that
2702      routine directly because it expects the object to be of class
2703      type.  */
2704   ptrmem_type = TREE_TYPE (ptrmem);
2705   gcc_assert (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (ptrmem_type));
2706   member = lookup_member (ptrmem_type, member_name, /*protect=*/0,
2707 			  /*want_type=*/false, tf_warning_or_error);
2708   member_type = cp_build_qualified_type (TREE_TYPE (member),
2709 					 cp_type_quals (ptrmem_type));
2710   return fold_build3_loc (input_location,
2711 		      COMPONENT_REF, member_type,
2712 		      ptrmem, member, NULL_TREE);
2713 }
2714 
2715 /* Given an expression PTR for a pointer, return an expression
2716    for the value pointed to.
2717    ERRORSTRING is the name of the operator to appear in error messages.
2718 
2719    This function may need to overload OPERATOR_FNNAME.
2720    Must also handle REFERENCE_TYPEs for C++.  */
2721 
2722 tree
2723 build_x_indirect_ref (tree expr, ref_operator errorstring,
2724                       tsubst_flags_t complain)
2725 {
2726   tree orig_expr = expr;
2727   tree rval;
2728 
2729   if (processing_template_decl)
2730     {
2731       /* Retain the type if we know the operand is a pointer.  */
2732       if (TREE_TYPE (expr) && POINTER_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (expr)))
2733 	return build_min (INDIRECT_REF, TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (expr)), expr);
2734       if (type_dependent_expression_p (expr))
2735 	return build_min_nt (INDIRECT_REF, expr);
2736       expr = build_non_dependent_expr (expr);
2737     }
2738 
2739   rval = build_new_op (INDIRECT_REF, LOOKUP_NORMAL, expr, NULL_TREE,
2740 		       NULL_TREE, /*overload=*/NULL, complain);
2741   if (!rval)
2742     rval = cp_build_indirect_ref (expr, errorstring, complain);
2743 
2744   if (processing_template_decl && rval != error_mark_node)
2745     return build_min_non_dep (INDIRECT_REF, rval, orig_expr);
2746   else
2747     return rval;
2748 }
2749 
2750 /* Helper function called from c-common.  */
2751 tree
2752 build_indirect_ref (location_t loc ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
2753 		    tree ptr, ref_operator errorstring)
2754 {
2755   return cp_build_indirect_ref (ptr, errorstring, tf_warning_or_error);
2756 }
2757 
2758 tree
2759 cp_build_indirect_ref (tree ptr, ref_operator errorstring,
2760                        tsubst_flags_t complain)
2761 {
2762   tree pointer, type;
2763 
2764   if (ptr == error_mark_node)
2765     return error_mark_node;
2766 
2767   if (ptr == current_class_ptr)
2768     return current_class_ref;
2769 
2770   pointer = (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (ptr)) == REFERENCE_TYPE
2771 	     ? ptr : decay_conversion (ptr));
2772   type = TREE_TYPE (pointer);
2773 
2774   if (POINTER_TYPE_P (type))
2775     {
2776       /* [expr.unary.op]
2777 
2778 	 If the type of the expression is "pointer to T," the type
2779 	 of  the  result  is  "T."  */
2780       tree t = TREE_TYPE (type);
2781 
2782       if (CONVERT_EXPR_P (ptr)
2783           || TREE_CODE (ptr) == VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR)
2784 	{
2785 	  /* If a warning is issued, mark it to avoid duplicates from
2786 	     the backend.  This only needs to be done at
2787 	     warn_strict_aliasing > 2.  */
2788 	  if (warn_strict_aliasing > 2)
2789 	    if (strict_aliasing_warning (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (ptr, 0)),
2790 					 type, TREE_OPERAND (ptr, 0)))
2791 	      TREE_NO_WARNING (ptr) = 1;
2792 	}
2793 
2794       if (VOID_TYPE_P (t))
2795 	{
2796 	  /* A pointer to incomplete type (other than cv void) can be
2797 	     dereferenced [expr.unary.op]/1  */
2798           if (complain & tf_error)
2799             error ("%qT is not a pointer-to-object type", type);
2800 	  return error_mark_node;
2801 	}
2802       else if (TREE_CODE (pointer) == ADDR_EXPR
2803 	       && same_type_p (t, TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (pointer, 0))))
2804 	/* The POINTER was something like `&x'.  We simplify `*&x' to
2805 	   `x'.  */
2806 	return TREE_OPERAND (pointer, 0);
2807       else
2808 	{
2809 	  tree ref = build1 (INDIRECT_REF, t, pointer);
2810 
2811 	  /* We *must* set TREE_READONLY when dereferencing a pointer to const,
2812 	     so that we get the proper error message if the result is used
2813 	     to assign to.  Also, &* is supposed to be a no-op.  */
2814 	  TREE_READONLY (ref) = CP_TYPE_CONST_P (t);
2815 	  TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (ref) = CP_TYPE_VOLATILE_P (t);
2816 	  TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (ref)
2817 	    = (TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (ref) || TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (pointer));
2818 	  return ref;
2819 	}
2820     }
2821   else if (!(complain & tf_error))
2822     /* Don't emit any errors; we'll just return ERROR_MARK_NODE later.  */
2823     ;
2824   /* `pointer' won't be an error_mark_node if we were given a
2825      pointer to member, so it's cool to check for this here.  */
2826   else if (TYPE_PTR_TO_MEMBER_P (type))
2827     switch (errorstring)
2828       {
2829          case RO_ARRAY_INDEXING:
2830            error ("invalid use of array indexing on pointer to member");
2831            break;
2832          case RO_UNARY_STAR:
2833            error ("invalid use of unary %<*%> on pointer to member");
2834            break;
2835          case RO_IMPLICIT_CONVERSION:
2836            error ("invalid use of implicit conversion on pointer to member");
2837            break;
2838          default:
2839            gcc_unreachable ();
2840       }
2841   else if (pointer != error_mark_node)
2842     invalid_indirection_error (input_location, type, errorstring);
2843 
2844   return error_mark_node;
2845 }
2846 
2847 /* This handles expressions of the form "a[i]", which denotes
2848    an array reference.
2849 
2850    This is logically equivalent in C to *(a+i), but we may do it differently.
2851    If A is a variable or a member, we generate a primitive ARRAY_REF.
2852    This avoids forcing the array out of registers, and can work on
2853    arrays that are not lvalues (for example, members of structures returned
2854    by functions).
2855 
2856    If INDEX is of some user-defined type, it must be converted to
2857    integer type.  Otherwise, to make a compatible PLUS_EXPR, it
2858    will inherit the type of the array, which will be some pointer type.
2859 
2860    LOC is the location to use in building the array reference.  */
2861 
2862 tree
2863 cp_build_array_ref (location_t loc, tree array, tree idx,
2864 		    tsubst_flags_t complain)
2865 {
2866   tree ret;
2867 
2868   if (idx == 0)
2869     {
2870       if (complain & tf_error)
2871 	error_at (loc, "subscript missing in array reference");
2872       return error_mark_node;
2873     }
2874 
2875   if (TREE_TYPE (array) == error_mark_node
2876       || TREE_TYPE (idx) == error_mark_node)
2877     return error_mark_node;
2878 
2879   /* If ARRAY is a COMPOUND_EXPR or COND_EXPR, move our reference
2880      inside it.  */
2881   switch (TREE_CODE (array))
2882     {
2883     case COMPOUND_EXPR:
2884       {
2885 	tree value = cp_build_array_ref (loc, TREE_OPERAND (array, 1), idx,
2886 					 complain);
2887 	ret = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (value),
2888 		      TREE_OPERAND (array, 0), value);
2889 	SET_EXPR_LOCATION (ret, loc);
2890 	return ret;
2891       }
2892 
2893     case COND_EXPR:
2894       ret = build_conditional_expr
2895 	      (TREE_OPERAND (array, 0),
2896 	       cp_build_array_ref (loc, TREE_OPERAND (array, 1), idx,
2897 				   complain),
2898 	       cp_build_array_ref (loc, TREE_OPERAND (array, 2), idx,
2899 				   complain),
2900 	       tf_warning_or_error);
2901       protected_set_expr_location (ret, loc);
2902       return ret;
2903 
2904     default:
2905       break;
2906     }
2907 
2908   if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (array)) == ARRAY_TYPE)
2909     {
2910       tree rval, type;
2911 
2912       warn_array_subscript_with_type_char (idx);
2913 
2914       if (!INTEGRAL_OR_UNSCOPED_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (idx)))
2915 	{
2916 	  if (complain & tf_error)
2917 	    error_at (loc, "array subscript is not an integer");
2918 	  return error_mark_node;
2919 	}
2920 
2921       /* Apply integral promotions *after* noticing character types.
2922 	 (It is unclear why we do these promotions -- the standard
2923 	 does not say that we should.  In fact, the natural thing would
2924 	 seem to be to convert IDX to ptrdiff_t; we're performing
2925 	 pointer arithmetic.)  */
2926       idx = perform_integral_promotions (idx);
2927 
2928       /* An array that is indexed by a non-constant
2929 	 cannot be stored in a register; we must be able to do
2930 	 address arithmetic on its address.
2931 	 Likewise an array of elements of variable size.  */
2932       if (TREE_CODE (idx) != INTEGER_CST
2933 	  || (COMPLETE_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (array)))
2934 	      && (TREE_CODE (TYPE_SIZE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (array))))
2935 		  != INTEGER_CST)))
2936 	{
2937 	  if (!cxx_mark_addressable (array))
2938 	    return error_mark_node;
2939 	}
2940 
2941       /* An array that is indexed by a constant value which is not within
2942 	 the array bounds cannot be stored in a register either; because we
2943 	 would get a crash in store_bit_field/extract_bit_field when trying
2944 	 to access a non-existent part of the register.  */
2945       if (TREE_CODE (idx) == INTEGER_CST
2946 	  && TYPE_DOMAIN (TREE_TYPE (array))
2947 	  && ! int_fits_type_p (idx, TYPE_DOMAIN (TREE_TYPE (array))))
2948 	{
2949 	  if (!cxx_mark_addressable (array))
2950 	    return error_mark_node;
2951 	}
2952 
2953       if (!lvalue_p (array) && (complain & tf_error))
2954 	pedwarn (loc, OPT_pedantic,
2955 	         "ISO C++ forbids subscripting non-lvalue array");
2956 
2957       /* Note in C++ it is valid to subscript a `register' array, since
2958 	 it is valid to take the address of something with that
2959 	 storage specification.  */
2960       if (extra_warnings)
2961 	{
2962 	  tree foo = array;
2963 	  while (TREE_CODE (foo) == COMPONENT_REF)
2964 	    foo = TREE_OPERAND (foo, 0);
2965 	  if (TREE_CODE (foo) == VAR_DECL && DECL_REGISTER (foo)
2966 	      && (complain & tf_warning))
2967 	    warning_at (loc, OPT_Wextra,
2968 			"subscripting array declared %<register%>");
2969 	}
2970 
2971       type = TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (array));
2972       rval = build4 (ARRAY_REF, type, array, idx, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
2973       /* Array ref is const/volatile if the array elements are
2974 	 or if the array is..  */
2975       TREE_READONLY (rval)
2976 	|= (CP_TYPE_CONST_P (type) | TREE_READONLY (array));
2977       TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (rval)
2978 	|= (CP_TYPE_VOLATILE_P (type) | TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (array));
2979       TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (rval)
2980 	|= (CP_TYPE_VOLATILE_P (type) | TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (array));
2981       ret = require_complete_type_sfinae (fold_if_not_in_template (rval),
2982 					  complain);
2983       protected_set_expr_location (ret, loc);
2984       return ret;
2985     }
2986 
2987   {
2988     tree ar = default_conversion (array);
2989     tree ind = default_conversion (idx);
2990 
2991     /* Put the integer in IND to simplify error checking.  */
2992     if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (ar)) == INTEGER_TYPE)
2993       {
2994 	tree temp = ar;
2995 	ar = ind;
2996 	ind = temp;
2997       }
2998 
2999     if (ar == error_mark_node)
3000       return ar;
3001 
3002     if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (ar)) != POINTER_TYPE)
3003       {
3004 	if (complain & tf_error)
3005 	  error_at (loc, "subscripted value is neither array nor pointer");
3006 	return error_mark_node;
3007       }
3008     if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (ind)) != INTEGER_TYPE)
3009       {
3010 	if (complain & tf_error)
3011 	  error_at (loc, "array subscript is not an integer");
3012 	return error_mark_node;
3013       }
3014 
3015     warn_array_subscript_with_type_char (idx);
3016 
3017     ret = cp_build_indirect_ref (cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
3018 						     PLUS_EXPR, ar, ind,
3019 						     complain),
3020                                  RO_ARRAY_INDEXING,
3021                                  complain);
3022     protected_set_expr_location (ret, loc);
3023     return ret;
3024   }
3025 }
3026 
3027 /* Entry point for Obj-C++.  */
3028 
3029 tree
3030 build_array_ref (location_t loc, tree array, tree idx)
3031 {
3032   return cp_build_array_ref (loc, array, idx, tf_warning_or_error);
3033 }
3034 
3035 /* Resolve a pointer to member function.  INSTANCE is the object
3036    instance to use, if the member points to a virtual member.
3037 
3038    This used to avoid checking for virtual functions if basetype
3039    has no virtual functions, according to an earlier ANSI draft.
3040    With the final ISO C++ rules, such an optimization is
3041    incorrect: A pointer to a derived member can be static_cast
3042    to pointer-to-base-member, as long as the dynamic object
3043    later has the right member.  */
3044 
3045 tree
3046 get_member_function_from_ptrfunc (tree *instance_ptrptr, tree function)
3047 {
3048   if (TREE_CODE (function) == OFFSET_REF)
3049     function = TREE_OPERAND (function, 1);
3050 
3051   if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (TREE_TYPE (function)))
3052     {
3053       tree idx, delta, e1, e2, e3, vtbl, basetype;
3054       tree fntype = TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (function));
3055 
3056       tree instance_ptr = *instance_ptrptr;
3057       tree instance_save_expr = 0;
3058       if (instance_ptr == error_mark_node)
3059 	{
3060 	  if (TREE_CODE (function) == PTRMEM_CST)
3061 	    {
3062 	      /* Extracting the function address from a pmf is only
3063 		 allowed with -Wno-pmf-conversions. It only works for
3064 		 pmf constants.  */
3065 	      e1 = build_addr_func (PTRMEM_CST_MEMBER (function));
3066 	      e1 = convert (fntype, e1);
3067 	      return e1;
3068 	    }
3069 	  else
3070 	    {
3071 	      error ("object missing in use of %qE", function);
3072 	      return error_mark_node;
3073 	    }
3074 	}
3075 
3076       if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (instance_ptr))
3077 	instance_ptr = instance_save_expr = save_expr (instance_ptr);
3078 
3079       if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (function))
3080 	function = save_expr (function);
3081 
3082       /* Start by extracting all the information from the PMF itself.  */
3083       e3 = pfn_from_ptrmemfunc (function);
3084       delta = delta_from_ptrmemfunc (function);
3085       idx = build1 (NOP_EXPR, vtable_index_type, e3);
3086       switch (TARGET_PTRMEMFUNC_VBIT_LOCATION)
3087 	{
3088 	case ptrmemfunc_vbit_in_pfn:
3089 	  e1 = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
3090 				   BIT_AND_EXPR, idx, integer_one_node,
3091 				   tf_warning_or_error);
3092 	  idx = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
3093 				    MINUS_EXPR, idx, integer_one_node,
3094 				    tf_warning_or_error);
3095 	  break;
3096 
3097 	case ptrmemfunc_vbit_in_delta:
3098 	  e1 = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
3099 				   BIT_AND_EXPR, delta, integer_one_node,
3100 				   tf_warning_or_error);
3101 	  delta = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
3102 				      RSHIFT_EXPR, delta, integer_one_node,
3103 				      tf_warning_or_error);
3104 	  break;
3105 
3106 	default:
3107 	  gcc_unreachable ();
3108 	}
3109 
3110       /* Convert down to the right base before using the instance.  A
3111 	 special case is that in a pointer to member of class C, C may
3112 	 be incomplete.  In that case, the function will of course be
3113 	 a member of C, and no conversion is required.  In fact,
3114 	 lookup_base will fail in that case, because incomplete
3115 	 classes do not have BINFOs.  */
3116       basetype = TYPE_METHOD_BASETYPE (TREE_TYPE (fntype));
3117       if (!same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p
3118 	  (basetype, TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (instance_ptr))))
3119 	{
3120 	  basetype = lookup_base (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (instance_ptr)),
3121 				  basetype, ba_check, NULL);
3122 	  instance_ptr = build_base_path (PLUS_EXPR, instance_ptr, basetype,
3123 					  1, tf_warning_or_error);
3124 	  if (instance_ptr == error_mark_node)
3125 	    return error_mark_node;
3126 	}
3127       /* ...and then the delta in the PMF.  */
3128       instance_ptr = fold_build_pointer_plus (instance_ptr, delta);
3129 
3130       /* Hand back the adjusted 'this' argument to our caller.  */
3131       *instance_ptrptr = instance_ptr;
3132 
3133       /* Next extract the vtable pointer from the object.  */
3134       vtbl = build1 (NOP_EXPR, build_pointer_type (vtbl_ptr_type_node),
3135 		     instance_ptr);
3136       vtbl = cp_build_indirect_ref (vtbl, RO_NULL, tf_warning_or_error);
3137       /* If the object is not dynamic the access invokes undefined
3138 	 behavior.  As it is not executed in this case silence the
3139 	 spurious warnings it may provoke.  */
3140       TREE_NO_WARNING (vtbl) = 1;
3141 
3142       /* Finally, extract the function pointer from the vtable.  */
3143       e2 = fold_build_pointer_plus_loc (input_location, vtbl, idx);
3144       e2 = cp_build_indirect_ref (e2, RO_NULL, tf_warning_or_error);
3145       TREE_CONSTANT (e2) = 1;
3146 
3147       /* When using function descriptors, the address of the
3148 	 vtable entry is treated as a function pointer.  */
3149       if (TARGET_VTABLE_USES_DESCRIPTORS)
3150 	e2 = build1 (NOP_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (e2),
3151 		     cp_build_addr_expr (e2, tf_warning_or_error));
3152 
3153       e2 = fold_convert (TREE_TYPE (e3), e2);
3154       e1 = build_conditional_expr (e1, e2, e3, tf_warning_or_error);
3155 
3156       /* Make sure this doesn't get evaluated first inside one of the
3157 	 branches of the COND_EXPR.  */
3158       if (instance_save_expr)
3159 	e1 = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (e1),
3160 		     instance_save_expr, e1);
3161 
3162       function = e1;
3163     }
3164   return function;
3165 }
3166 
3167 /* Used by the C-common bits.  */
3168 tree
3169 build_function_call (location_t loc ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
3170 		     tree function, tree params)
3171 {
3172   return cp_build_function_call (function, params, tf_warning_or_error);
3173 }
3174 
3175 /* Used by the C-common bits.  */
3176 tree
3177 build_function_call_vec (location_t loc ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
3178 			 tree function, VEC(tree,gc) *params,
3179 			 VEC(tree,gc) *origtypes ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
3180 {
3181   VEC(tree,gc) *orig_params = params;
3182   tree ret = cp_build_function_call_vec (function, &params,
3183 					 tf_warning_or_error);
3184 
3185   /* cp_build_function_call_vec can reallocate PARAMS by adding
3186      default arguments.  That should never happen here.  Verify
3187      that.  */
3188   gcc_assert (params == orig_params);
3189 
3190   return ret;
3191 }
3192 
3193 /* Build a function call using a tree list of arguments.  */
3194 
3195 tree
3196 cp_build_function_call (tree function, tree params, tsubst_flags_t complain)
3197 {
3198   VEC(tree,gc) *vec;
3199   tree ret;
3200 
3201   vec = make_tree_vector ();
3202   for (; params != NULL_TREE; params = TREE_CHAIN (params))
3203     VEC_safe_push (tree, gc, vec, TREE_VALUE (params));
3204   ret = cp_build_function_call_vec (function, &vec, complain);
3205   release_tree_vector (vec);
3206   return ret;
3207 }
3208 
3209 /* Build a function call using varargs.  */
3210 
3211 tree
3212 cp_build_function_call_nary (tree function, tsubst_flags_t complain, ...)
3213 {
3214   VEC(tree,gc) *vec;
3215   va_list args;
3216   tree ret, t;
3217 
3218   vec = make_tree_vector ();
3219   va_start (args, complain);
3220   for (t = va_arg (args, tree); t != NULL_TREE; t = va_arg (args, tree))
3221     VEC_safe_push (tree, gc, vec, t);
3222   va_end (args);
3223   ret = cp_build_function_call_vec (function, &vec, complain);
3224   release_tree_vector (vec);
3225   return ret;
3226 }
3227 
3228 /* Build a function call using a vector of arguments.  PARAMS may be
3229    NULL if there are no parameters.  This changes the contents of
3230    PARAMS.  */
3231 
3232 tree
3233 cp_build_function_call_vec (tree function, VEC(tree,gc) **params,
3234 			    tsubst_flags_t complain)
3235 {
3236   tree fntype, fndecl;
3237   int is_method;
3238   tree original = function;
3239   int nargs;
3240   tree *argarray;
3241   tree parm_types;
3242   VEC(tree,gc) *allocated = NULL;
3243   tree ret;
3244 
3245   /* For Objective-C, convert any calls via a cast to OBJC_TYPE_REF
3246      expressions, like those used for ObjC messenger dispatches.  */
3247   if (params != NULL && !VEC_empty (tree, *params))
3248     function = objc_rewrite_function_call (function,
3249 					   VEC_index (tree, *params, 0));
3250 
3251   /* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an lvalue.
3252      Strip such NOP_EXPRs, since FUNCTION is used in non-lvalue context.  */
3253   if (TREE_CODE (function) == NOP_EXPR
3254       && TREE_TYPE (function) == TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (function, 0)))
3255     function = TREE_OPERAND (function, 0);
3256 
3257   if (TREE_CODE (function) == FUNCTION_DECL)
3258     {
3259       mark_used (function);
3260       fndecl = function;
3261 
3262       /* Convert anything with function type to a pointer-to-function.  */
3263       if (DECL_MAIN_P (function) && (complain & tf_error))
3264 	pedwarn (input_location, OPT_pedantic,
3265 		 "ISO C++ forbids calling %<::main%> from within program");
3266 
3267       function = build_addr_func (function);
3268     }
3269   else
3270     {
3271       fndecl = NULL_TREE;
3272 
3273       function = build_addr_func (function);
3274     }
3275 
3276   if (function == error_mark_node)
3277     return error_mark_node;
3278 
3279   fntype = TREE_TYPE (function);
3280 
3281   if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (fntype))
3282     {
3283       if (complain & tf_error)
3284 	error ("must use %<.*%> or %<->*%> to call pointer-to-member "
3285 	       "function in %<%E (...)%>, e.g. %<(... ->* %E) (...)%>",
3286 	       original, original);
3287       return error_mark_node;
3288     }
3289 
3290   is_method = (TREE_CODE (fntype) == POINTER_TYPE
3291 	       && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (fntype)) == METHOD_TYPE);
3292 
3293   if (!((TREE_CODE (fntype) == POINTER_TYPE
3294 	 && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (fntype)) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
3295 	|| is_method
3296 	|| TREE_CODE (function) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR))
3297     {
3298       if (complain & tf_error)
3299 	error ("%qE cannot be used as a function", original);
3300       return error_mark_node;
3301     }
3302 
3303   /* fntype now gets the type of function pointed to.  */
3304   fntype = TREE_TYPE (fntype);
3305   parm_types = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (fntype);
3306 
3307   if (params == NULL)
3308     {
3309       allocated = make_tree_vector ();
3310       params = &allocated;
3311     }
3312 
3313   nargs = convert_arguments (parm_types, params, fndecl, LOOKUP_NORMAL,
3314 			     complain);
3315   if (nargs < 0)
3316     return error_mark_node;
3317 
3318   argarray = VEC_address (tree, *params);
3319 
3320   /* Check for errors in format strings and inappropriately
3321      null parameters.  */
3322   check_function_arguments (fntype, nargs, argarray);
3323 
3324   ret = build_cxx_call (function, nargs, argarray);
3325 
3326   if (allocated != NULL)
3327     release_tree_vector (allocated);
3328 
3329   return ret;
3330 }
3331 
3332 /* Subroutine of convert_arguments.
3333    Warn about wrong number of args are genereted. */
3334 
3335 static void
3336 warn_args_num (location_t loc, tree fndecl, bool too_many_p)
3337 {
3338   if (fndecl)
3339     {
3340       if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (fndecl)) == METHOD_TYPE)
3341 	{
3342 	  if (DECL_NAME (fndecl) == NULL_TREE
3343 	      || IDENTIFIER_HAS_TYPE_VALUE (DECL_NAME (fndecl)))
3344 	    error_at (loc,
3345 		      too_many_p
3346 		      ? G_("too many arguments to constructor %q#D")
3347 		      : G_("too few arguments to constructor %q#D"),
3348 		      fndecl);
3349 	  else
3350 	    error_at (loc,
3351 		      too_many_p
3352 		      ? G_("too many arguments to member function %q#D")
3353 		      : G_("too few arguments to member function %q#D"),
3354 		      fndecl);
3355 	}
3356       else
3357 	error_at (loc,
3358 		  too_many_p
3359 		  ? G_("too many arguments to function %q#D")
3360 		  : G_("too few arguments to function %q#D"),
3361 		  fndecl);
3362       inform (DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION (fndecl),
3363 	      "declared here");
3364     }
3365   else
3366     {
3367       if (c_dialect_objc ()  &&  objc_message_selector ())
3368 	error_at (loc,
3369 		  too_many_p
3370 		  ? G_("too many arguments to method %q#D")
3371 		  : G_("too few arguments to method %q#D"),
3372 		  objc_message_selector ());
3373       else
3374 	error_at (loc, too_many_p ? G_("too many arguments to function")
3375 		                  : G_("too few arguments to function"));
3376     }
3377 }
3378 
3379 /* Convert the actual parameter expressions in the list VALUES to the
3380    types in the list TYPELIST.  The converted expressions are stored
3381    back in the VALUES vector.
3382    If parmdecls is exhausted, or when an element has NULL as its type,
3383    perform the default conversions.
3384 
3385    NAME is an IDENTIFIER_NODE or 0.  It is used only for error messages.
3386 
3387    This is also where warnings about wrong number of args are generated.
3388 
3389    Returns the actual number of arguments processed (which might be less
3390    than the length of the vector), or -1 on error.
3391 
3392    In C++, unspecified trailing parameters can be filled in with their
3393    default arguments, if such were specified.  Do so here.  */
3394 
3395 static int
3396 convert_arguments (tree typelist, VEC(tree,gc) **values, tree fndecl,
3397 		   int flags, tsubst_flags_t complain)
3398 {
3399   tree typetail;
3400   unsigned int i;
3401 
3402   /* Argument passing is always copy-initialization.  */
3403   flags |= LOOKUP_ONLYCONVERTING;
3404 
3405   for (i = 0, typetail = typelist;
3406        i < VEC_length (tree, *values);
3407        i++)
3408     {
3409       tree type = typetail ? TREE_VALUE (typetail) : 0;
3410       tree val = VEC_index (tree, *values, i);
3411 
3412       if (val == error_mark_node || type == error_mark_node)
3413 	return -1;
3414 
3415       if (type == void_type_node)
3416 	{
3417           if (complain & tf_error)
3418             {
3419 	      warn_args_num (input_location, fndecl, /*too_many_p=*/true);
3420               return i;
3421             }
3422           else
3423             return -1;
3424 	}
3425 
3426       /* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an lvalue.
3427 	 Strip such NOP_EXPRs, since VAL is used in non-lvalue context.  */
3428       if (TREE_CODE (val) == NOP_EXPR
3429 	  && TREE_TYPE (val) == TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (val, 0))
3430 	  && (type == 0 || TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE))
3431 	val = TREE_OPERAND (val, 0);
3432 
3433       if (type == 0 || TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE)
3434 	{
3435 	  if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (val)) == ARRAY_TYPE
3436 	      || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (val)) == FUNCTION_TYPE
3437 	      || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (val)) == METHOD_TYPE)
3438 	    val = decay_conversion (val);
3439 	}
3440 
3441       if (val == error_mark_node)
3442 	return -1;
3443 
3444       if (type != 0)
3445 	{
3446 	  /* Formal parm type is specified by a function prototype.  */
3447 	  tree parmval;
3448 
3449 	  if (!COMPLETE_TYPE_P (complete_type (type)))
3450 	    {
3451               if (complain & tf_error)
3452                 {
3453                   if (fndecl)
3454                     error ("parameter %P of %qD has incomplete type %qT",
3455                            i, fndecl, type);
3456                   else
3457                     error ("parameter %P has incomplete type %qT", i, type);
3458                 }
3459 	      parmval = error_mark_node;
3460 	    }
3461 	  else
3462 	    {
3463 	      parmval = convert_for_initialization
3464 		(NULL_TREE, type, val, flags,
3465 		 ICR_ARGPASS, fndecl, i, complain);
3466 	      parmval = convert_for_arg_passing (type, parmval);
3467 	    }
3468 
3469 	  if (parmval == error_mark_node)
3470 	    return -1;
3471 
3472 	  VEC_replace (tree, *values, i, parmval);
3473 	}
3474       else
3475 	{
3476 	  if (fndecl && DECL_BUILT_IN (fndecl)
3477 	      && DECL_FUNCTION_CODE (fndecl) == BUILT_IN_CONSTANT_P)
3478 	    /* Don't do ellipsis conversion for __built_in_constant_p
3479 	       as this will result in spurious errors for non-trivial
3480 	       types.  */
3481 	    val = require_complete_type_sfinae (val, complain);
3482 	  else
3483 	    val = convert_arg_to_ellipsis (val);
3484 
3485 	  VEC_replace (tree, *values, i, val);
3486 	}
3487 
3488       if (typetail)
3489 	typetail = TREE_CHAIN (typetail);
3490     }
3491 
3492   if (typetail != 0 && typetail != void_list_node)
3493     {
3494       /* See if there are default arguments that can be used.  Because
3495 	 we hold default arguments in the FUNCTION_TYPE (which is so
3496 	 wrong), we can see default parameters here from deduced
3497 	 contexts (and via typeof) for indirect function calls.
3498 	 Fortunately we know whether we have a function decl to
3499 	 provide default arguments in a language conformant
3500 	 manner.  */
3501       if (fndecl && TREE_PURPOSE (typetail)
3502 	  && TREE_CODE (TREE_PURPOSE (typetail)) != DEFAULT_ARG)
3503 	{
3504 	  for (; typetail != void_list_node; ++i)
3505 	    {
3506 	      tree parmval
3507 		= convert_default_arg (TREE_VALUE (typetail),
3508 				       TREE_PURPOSE (typetail),
3509 				       fndecl, i);
3510 
3511 	      if (parmval == error_mark_node)
3512 		return -1;
3513 
3514 	      VEC_safe_push (tree, gc, *values, parmval);
3515 	      typetail = TREE_CHAIN (typetail);
3516 	      /* ends with `...'.  */
3517 	      if (typetail == NULL_TREE)
3518 		break;
3519 	    }
3520 	}
3521       else
3522 	{
3523           if (complain & tf_error)
3524 	    warn_args_num (input_location, fndecl, /*too_many_p=*/false);
3525 	  return -1;
3526 	}
3527     }
3528 
3529   return (int) i;
3530 }
3531 
3532 /* Build a binary-operation expression, after performing default
3533    conversions on the operands.  CODE is the kind of expression to
3534    build.  ARG1 and ARG2 are the arguments.  ARG1_CODE and ARG2_CODE
3535    are the tree codes which correspond to ARG1 and ARG2 when issuing
3536    warnings about possibly misplaced parentheses.  They may differ
3537    from the TREE_CODE of ARG1 and ARG2 if the parser has done constant
3538    folding (e.g., if the parser sees "a | 1 + 1", it may call this
3539    routine with ARG2 being an INTEGER_CST and ARG2_CODE == PLUS_EXPR).
3540    To avoid issuing any parentheses warnings, pass ARG1_CODE and/or
3541    ARG2_CODE as ERROR_MARK.  */
3542 
3543 tree
3544 build_x_binary_op (enum tree_code code, tree arg1, enum tree_code arg1_code,
3545 		   tree arg2, enum tree_code arg2_code, tree *overload,
3546 		   tsubst_flags_t complain)
3547 {
3548   tree orig_arg1;
3549   tree orig_arg2;
3550   tree expr;
3551 
3552   orig_arg1 = arg1;
3553   orig_arg2 = arg2;
3554 
3555   if (processing_template_decl)
3556     {
3557       if (type_dependent_expression_p (arg1)
3558 	  || type_dependent_expression_p (arg2))
3559 	return build_min_nt (code, arg1, arg2);
3560       arg1 = build_non_dependent_expr (arg1);
3561       arg2 = build_non_dependent_expr (arg2);
3562     }
3563 
3564   if (code == DOTSTAR_EXPR)
3565     expr = build_m_component_ref (arg1, arg2);
3566   else
3567     expr = build_new_op (code, LOOKUP_NORMAL, arg1, arg2, NULL_TREE,
3568 			 overload, complain);
3569 
3570   /* Check for cases such as x+y<<z which users are likely to
3571      misinterpret.  But don't warn about obj << x + y, since that is a
3572      common idiom for I/O.  */
3573   if (warn_parentheses
3574       && (complain & tf_warning)
3575       && !processing_template_decl
3576       && !error_operand_p (arg1)
3577       && !error_operand_p (arg2)
3578       && (code != LSHIFT_EXPR
3579 	  || !CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (arg1))))
3580     warn_about_parentheses (code, arg1_code, orig_arg1, arg2_code, orig_arg2);
3581 
3582   if (processing_template_decl && expr != error_mark_node)
3583     return build_min_non_dep (code, expr, orig_arg1, orig_arg2);
3584 
3585   return expr;
3586 }
3587 
3588 /* Build and return an ARRAY_REF expression.  */
3589 
3590 tree
3591 build_x_array_ref (tree arg1, tree arg2, tsubst_flags_t complain)
3592 {
3593   tree orig_arg1 = arg1;
3594   tree orig_arg2 = arg2;
3595   tree expr;
3596 
3597   if (processing_template_decl)
3598     {
3599       if (type_dependent_expression_p (arg1)
3600 	  || type_dependent_expression_p (arg2))
3601 	return build_min_nt (ARRAY_REF, arg1, arg2,
3602 			     NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
3603       arg1 = build_non_dependent_expr (arg1);
3604       arg2 = build_non_dependent_expr (arg2);
3605     }
3606 
3607   expr = build_new_op (ARRAY_REF, LOOKUP_NORMAL, arg1, arg2, NULL_TREE,
3608 		       /*overload=*/NULL, complain);
3609 
3610   if (processing_template_decl && expr != error_mark_node)
3611     return build_min_non_dep (ARRAY_REF, expr, orig_arg1, orig_arg2,
3612 			      NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
3613   return expr;
3614 }
3615 
3616 /* Return whether OP is an expression of enum type cast to integer
3617    type.  In C++ even unsigned enum types are cast to signed integer
3618    types.  We do not want to issue warnings about comparisons between
3619    signed and unsigned types when one of the types is an enum type.
3620    Those warnings are always false positives in practice.  */
3621 
3622 static bool
3623 enum_cast_to_int (tree op)
3624 {
3625   if (TREE_CODE (op) == NOP_EXPR
3626       && TREE_TYPE (op) == integer_type_node
3627       && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (op, 0))) == ENUMERAL_TYPE
3628       && TYPE_UNSIGNED (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (op, 0))))
3629     return true;
3630 
3631   /* The cast may have been pushed into a COND_EXPR.  */
3632   if (TREE_CODE (op) == COND_EXPR)
3633     return (enum_cast_to_int (TREE_OPERAND (op, 1))
3634 	    || enum_cast_to_int (TREE_OPERAND (op, 2)));
3635 
3636   return false;
3637 }
3638 
3639 /* For the c-common bits.  */
3640 tree
3641 build_binary_op (location_t location, enum tree_code code, tree op0, tree op1,
3642 		 int convert_p ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
3643 {
3644   return cp_build_binary_op (location, code, op0, op1, tf_warning_or_error);
3645 }
3646 
3647 
3648 /* Build a binary-operation expression without default conversions.
3649    CODE is the kind of expression to build.
3650    LOCATION is the location_t of the operator in the source code.
3651    This function differs from `build' in several ways:
3652    the data type of the result is computed and recorded in it,
3653    warnings are generated if arg data types are invalid,
3654    special handling for addition and subtraction of pointers is known,
3655    and some optimization is done (operations on narrow ints
3656    are done in the narrower type when that gives the same result).
3657    Constant folding is also done before the result is returned.
3658 
3659    Note that the operands will never have enumeral types
3660    because either they have just had the default conversions performed
3661    or they have both just been converted to some other type in which
3662    the arithmetic is to be done.
3663 
3664    C++: must do special pointer arithmetic when implementing
3665    multiple inheritance, and deal with pointer to member functions.  */
3666 
3667 tree
3668 cp_build_binary_op (location_t location,
3669 		    enum tree_code code, tree orig_op0, tree orig_op1,
3670 		    tsubst_flags_t complain)
3671 {
3672   tree op0, op1;
3673   enum tree_code code0, code1;
3674   tree type0, type1;
3675   const char *invalid_op_diag;
3676 
3677   /* Expression code to give to the expression when it is built.
3678      Normally this is CODE, which is what the caller asked for,
3679      but in some special cases we change it.  */
3680   enum tree_code resultcode = code;
3681 
3682   /* Data type in which the computation is to be performed.
3683      In the simplest cases this is the common type of the arguments.  */
3684   tree result_type = NULL;
3685 
3686   /* Nonzero means operands have already been type-converted
3687      in whatever way is necessary.
3688      Zero means they need to be converted to RESULT_TYPE.  */
3689   int converted = 0;
3690 
3691   /* Nonzero means create the expression with this type, rather than
3692      RESULT_TYPE.  */
3693   tree build_type = 0;
3694 
3695   /* Nonzero means after finally constructing the expression
3696      convert it to this type.  */
3697   tree final_type = 0;
3698 
3699   tree result;
3700 
3701   /* Nonzero if this is an operation like MIN or MAX which can
3702      safely be computed in short if both args are promoted shorts.
3703      Also implies COMMON.
3704      -1 indicates a bitwise operation; this makes a difference
3705      in the exact conditions for when it is safe to do the operation
3706      in a narrower mode.  */
3707   int shorten = 0;
3708 
3709   /* Nonzero if this is a comparison operation;
3710      if both args are promoted shorts, compare the original shorts.
3711      Also implies COMMON.  */
3712   int short_compare = 0;
3713 
3714   /* Nonzero means set RESULT_TYPE to the common type of the args.  */
3715   int common = 0;
3716 
3717   /* True if both operands have arithmetic type.  */
3718   bool arithmetic_types_p;
3719 
3720   /* Apply default conversions.  */
3721   op0 = orig_op0;
3722   op1 = orig_op1;
3723 
3724   if (code == TRUTH_AND_EXPR || code == TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR
3725       || code == TRUTH_OR_EXPR || code == TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR
3726       || code == TRUTH_XOR_EXPR)
3727     {
3728       if (!really_overloaded_fn (op0) && !VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (op0)))
3729 	op0 = decay_conversion (op0);
3730       if (!really_overloaded_fn (op1) && !VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (op1)))
3731 	op1 = decay_conversion (op1);
3732     }
3733   else
3734     {
3735       if (!really_overloaded_fn (op0) && !VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (op0)))
3736 	op0 = default_conversion (op0);
3737       if (!really_overloaded_fn (op1) && !VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (op1)))
3738 	op1 = default_conversion (op1);
3739     }
3740 
3741   /* Strip NON_LVALUE_EXPRs, etc., since we aren't using as an lvalue.  */
3742   STRIP_TYPE_NOPS (op0);
3743   STRIP_TYPE_NOPS (op1);
3744 
3745   /* DTRT if one side is an overloaded function, but complain about it.  */
3746   if (type_unknown_p (op0))
3747     {
3748       tree t = instantiate_type (TREE_TYPE (op1), op0, tf_none);
3749       if (t != error_mark_node)
3750 	{
3751 	  if (complain & tf_error)
3752 	    permerror (input_location, "assuming cast to type %qT from overloaded function",
3753 		       TREE_TYPE (t));
3754 	  op0 = t;
3755 	}
3756     }
3757   if (type_unknown_p (op1))
3758     {
3759       tree t = instantiate_type (TREE_TYPE (op0), op1, tf_none);
3760       if (t != error_mark_node)
3761 	{
3762 	  if (complain & tf_error)
3763 	    permerror (input_location, "assuming cast to type %qT from overloaded function",
3764 		       TREE_TYPE (t));
3765 	  op1 = t;
3766 	}
3767     }
3768 
3769   type0 = TREE_TYPE (op0);
3770   type1 = TREE_TYPE (op1);
3771 
3772   /* The expression codes of the data types of the arguments tell us
3773      whether the arguments are integers, floating, pointers, etc.  */
3774   code0 = TREE_CODE (type0);
3775   code1 = TREE_CODE (type1);
3776 
3777   /* If an error was already reported for one of the arguments,
3778      avoid reporting another error.  */
3779   if (code0 == ERROR_MARK || code1 == ERROR_MARK)
3780     return error_mark_node;
3781 
3782   if ((invalid_op_diag
3783        = targetm.invalid_binary_op (code, type0, type1)))
3784     {
3785       error (invalid_op_diag);
3786       return error_mark_node;
3787     }
3788 
3789   /* Issue warnings about peculiar, but valid, uses of NULL.  */
3790   if ((orig_op0 == null_node || orig_op1 == null_node)
3791       /* It's reasonable to use pointer values as operands of &&
3792 	 and ||, so NULL is no exception.  */
3793       && code != TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR && code != TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR
3794       && ( /* Both are NULL (or 0) and the operation was not a
3795 	      comparison or a pointer subtraction.  */
3796 	  (null_ptr_cst_p (orig_op0) && null_ptr_cst_p (orig_op1)
3797 	   && code != EQ_EXPR && code != NE_EXPR && code != MINUS_EXPR)
3798 	  /* Or if one of OP0 or OP1 is neither a pointer nor NULL.  */
3799 	  || (!null_ptr_cst_p (orig_op0)
3800 	      && !TYPE_PTR_P (type0) && !TYPE_PTR_TO_MEMBER_P (type0))
3801 	  || (!null_ptr_cst_p (orig_op1)
3802 	      && !TYPE_PTR_P (type1) && !TYPE_PTR_TO_MEMBER_P (type1)))
3803       && (complain & tf_warning))
3804     /* Some sort of arithmetic operation involving NULL was
3805        performed.  */
3806     warning (OPT_Wpointer_arith, "NULL used in arithmetic");
3807 
3808   switch (code)
3809     {
3810     case MINUS_EXPR:
3811       /* Subtraction of two similar pointers.
3812 	 We must subtract them as integers, then divide by object size.  */
3813       if (code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == POINTER_TYPE
3814 	  && same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (TREE_TYPE (type0),
3815 							TREE_TYPE (type1)))
3816 	return pointer_diff (op0, op1, common_pointer_type (type0, type1));
3817       /* In all other cases except pointer - int, the usual arithmetic
3818 	 rules apply.  */
3819       else if (!(code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE))
3820 	{
3821 	  common = 1;
3822 	  break;
3823 	}
3824       /* The pointer - int case is just like pointer + int; fall
3825 	 through.  */
3826     case PLUS_EXPR:
3827       if ((code0 == POINTER_TYPE || code1 == POINTER_TYPE)
3828 	  && (code0 == INTEGER_TYPE || code1 == INTEGER_TYPE))
3829 	{
3830 	  tree ptr_operand;
3831 	  tree int_operand;
3832 	  ptr_operand = ((code0 == POINTER_TYPE) ? op0 : op1);
3833 	  int_operand = ((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE) ? op0 : op1);
3834 	  if (processing_template_decl)
3835 	    {
3836 	      result_type = TREE_TYPE (ptr_operand);
3837 	      break;
3838 	    }
3839 	  return cp_pointer_int_sum (code,
3840 				     ptr_operand,
3841 				     int_operand);
3842 	}
3843       common = 1;
3844       break;
3845 
3846     case MULT_EXPR:
3847       common = 1;
3848       break;
3849 
3850     case TRUNC_DIV_EXPR:
3851     case CEIL_DIV_EXPR:
3852     case FLOOR_DIV_EXPR:
3853     case ROUND_DIV_EXPR:
3854     case EXACT_DIV_EXPR:
3855       if ((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE || code0 == REAL_TYPE
3856 	   || code0 == COMPLEX_TYPE || code0 == VECTOR_TYPE)
3857 	  && (code1 == INTEGER_TYPE || code1 == REAL_TYPE
3858 	      || code1 == COMPLEX_TYPE || code1 == VECTOR_TYPE))
3859 	{
3860 	  enum tree_code tcode0 = code0, tcode1 = code1;
3861 
3862 	  warn_for_div_by_zero (location, op1);
3863 
3864 	  if (tcode0 == COMPLEX_TYPE || tcode0 == VECTOR_TYPE)
3865 	    tcode0 = TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (op0)));
3866 	  if (tcode1 == COMPLEX_TYPE || tcode1 == VECTOR_TYPE)
3867 	    tcode1 = TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (op1)));
3868 
3869 	  if (!(tcode0 == INTEGER_TYPE && tcode1 == INTEGER_TYPE))
3870 	    resultcode = RDIV_EXPR;
3871 	  else
3872 	    /* When dividing two signed integers, we have to promote to int.
3873 	       unless we divide by a constant != -1.  Note that default
3874 	       conversion will have been performed on the operands at this
3875 	       point, so we have to dig out the original type to find out if
3876 	       it was unsigned.  */
3877 	    shorten = ((TREE_CODE (op0) == NOP_EXPR
3878 			&& TYPE_UNSIGNED (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (op0, 0))))
3879 		       || (TREE_CODE (op1) == INTEGER_CST
3880 			   && ! integer_all_onesp (op1)));
3881 
3882 	  common = 1;
3883 	}
3884       break;
3885 
3886     case BIT_AND_EXPR:
3887     case BIT_IOR_EXPR:
3888     case BIT_XOR_EXPR:
3889       if ((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
3890 	  || (code0 == VECTOR_TYPE && code1 == VECTOR_TYPE
3891 	      && !VECTOR_FLOAT_TYPE_P (type0)
3892 	      && !VECTOR_FLOAT_TYPE_P (type1)))
3893 	shorten = -1;
3894       break;
3895 
3896     case TRUNC_MOD_EXPR:
3897     case FLOOR_MOD_EXPR:
3898       warn_for_div_by_zero (location, op1);
3899 
3900       if (code0 == VECTOR_TYPE && code1 == VECTOR_TYPE
3901 	  && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (type0)) == INTEGER_TYPE
3902 	  && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (type1)) == INTEGER_TYPE)
3903 	common = 1;
3904       else if (code0 == INTEGER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
3905 	{
3906 	  /* Although it would be tempting to shorten always here, that loses
3907 	     on some targets, since the modulo instruction is undefined if the
3908 	     quotient can't be represented in the computation mode.  We shorten
3909 	     only if unsigned or if dividing by something we know != -1.  */
3910 	  shorten = ((TREE_CODE (op0) == NOP_EXPR
3911 		      && TYPE_UNSIGNED (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (op0, 0))))
3912 		     || (TREE_CODE (op1) == INTEGER_CST
3913 			 && ! integer_all_onesp (op1)));
3914 	  common = 1;
3915 	}
3916       break;
3917 
3918     case TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR:
3919     case TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR:
3920     case TRUTH_AND_EXPR:
3921     case TRUTH_OR_EXPR:
3922       result_type = boolean_type_node;
3923       break;
3924 
3925       /* Shift operations: result has same type as first operand;
3926 	 always convert second operand to int.
3927 	 Also set SHORT_SHIFT if shifting rightward.  */
3928 
3929     case RSHIFT_EXPR:
3930       if (code0 == INTEGER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
3931 	{
3932 	  result_type = type0;
3933 	  if (TREE_CODE (op1) == INTEGER_CST)
3934 	    {
3935 	      if (tree_int_cst_lt (op1, integer_zero_node))
3936 		{
3937 		  if ((complain & tf_warning)
3938 		      && c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings == 0)
3939 		    warning (0, "right shift count is negative");
3940 		}
3941 	      else
3942 		{
3943 		  if (compare_tree_int (op1, TYPE_PRECISION (type0)) >= 0
3944 		      && (complain & tf_warning)
3945 		      && c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings == 0)
3946 		    warning (0, "right shift count >= width of type");
3947 		}
3948 	    }
3949 	  /* Convert the shift-count to an integer, regardless of
3950 	     size of value being shifted.  */
3951 	  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (op1)) != integer_type_node)
3952 	    op1 = cp_convert (integer_type_node, op1);
3953 	  /* Avoid converting op1 to result_type later.  */
3954 	  converted = 1;
3955 	}
3956       break;
3957 
3958     case LSHIFT_EXPR:
3959       if (code0 == INTEGER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
3960 	{
3961 	  result_type = type0;
3962 	  if (TREE_CODE (op1) == INTEGER_CST)
3963 	    {
3964 	      if (tree_int_cst_lt (op1, integer_zero_node))
3965 		{
3966 		  if ((complain & tf_warning)
3967 		      && c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings == 0)
3968 		    warning (0, "left shift count is negative");
3969 		}
3970 	      else if (compare_tree_int (op1, TYPE_PRECISION (type0)) >= 0)
3971 		{
3972 		  if ((complain & tf_warning)
3973 		      && c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings == 0)
3974 		    warning (0, "left shift count >= width of type");
3975 		}
3976 	    }
3977 	  /* Convert the shift-count to an integer, regardless of
3978 	     size of value being shifted.  */
3979 	  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (op1)) != integer_type_node)
3980 	    op1 = cp_convert (integer_type_node, op1);
3981 	  /* Avoid converting op1 to result_type later.  */
3982 	  converted = 1;
3983 	}
3984       break;
3985 
3986     case RROTATE_EXPR:
3987     case LROTATE_EXPR:
3988       if (code0 == INTEGER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
3989 	{
3990 	  result_type = type0;
3991 	  if (TREE_CODE (op1) == INTEGER_CST)
3992 	    {
3993 	      if (tree_int_cst_lt (op1, integer_zero_node))
3994 		{
3995 		  if (complain & tf_warning)
3996 		    warning (0, (code == LROTATE_EXPR)
3997 			          ? G_("left rotate count is negative")
3998    			          : G_("right rotate count is negative"));
3999 		}
4000 	      else if (compare_tree_int (op1, TYPE_PRECISION (type0)) >= 0)
4001 		{
4002 		  if (complain & tf_warning)
4003 		    warning (0, (code == LROTATE_EXPR)
4004                                   ? G_("left rotate count >= width of type")
4005                                   : G_("right rotate count >= width of type"));
4006 		}
4007 	    }
4008 	  /* Convert the shift-count to an integer, regardless of
4009 	     size of value being shifted.  */
4010 	  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (op1)) != integer_type_node)
4011 	    op1 = cp_convert (integer_type_node, op1);
4012 	}
4013       break;
4014 
4015     case EQ_EXPR:
4016     case NE_EXPR:
4017       if ((complain & tf_warning)
4018 	  && (FLOAT_TYPE_P (type0) || FLOAT_TYPE_P (type1)))
4019 	warning (OPT_Wfloat_equal,
4020 		 "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
4021       if ((complain & tf_warning)
4022 	  && ((TREE_CODE (orig_op0) == STRING_CST && !integer_zerop (op1))
4023 	      || (TREE_CODE (orig_op1) == STRING_CST && !integer_zerop (op0))))
4024 	warning (OPT_Waddress, "comparison with string literal results in unspecified behaviour");
4025 
4026       build_type = boolean_type_node;
4027       if ((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE || code0 == REAL_TYPE
4028 	   || code0 == COMPLEX_TYPE || code0 == ENUMERAL_TYPE)
4029 	  && (code1 == INTEGER_TYPE || code1 == REAL_TYPE
4030 	      || code1 == COMPLEX_TYPE || code1 == ENUMERAL_TYPE))
4031 	short_compare = 1;
4032       else if ((code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == POINTER_TYPE)
4033 	       || (TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type0) && TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type1)))
4034 	result_type = composite_pointer_type (type0, type1, op0, op1,
4035 					      CPO_COMPARISON, complain);
4036       else if ((code0 == POINTER_TYPE || TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type0))
4037 	       && null_ptr_cst_p (op1))
4038 	{
4039 	  if (TREE_CODE (op0) == ADDR_EXPR
4040 	      && decl_with_nonnull_addr_p (TREE_OPERAND (op0, 0)))
4041 	    {
4042 	      if (complain & tf_warning)
4043 		warning (OPT_Waddress, "the address of %qD will never be NULL",
4044 			 TREE_OPERAND (op0, 0));
4045 	    }
4046 	  result_type = type0;
4047 	}
4048       else if ((code1 == POINTER_TYPE || TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type1))
4049 	       && null_ptr_cst_p (op0))
4050 	{
4051 	  if (TREE_CODE (op1) == ADDR_EXPR
4052 	      && decl_with_nonnull_addr_p (TREE_OPERAND (op1, 0)))
4053 	    {
4054 	      if (complain & tf_warning)
4055 		warning (OPT_Waddress, "the address of %qD will never be NULL",
4056 			 TREE_OPERAND (op1, 0));
4057 	    }
4058 	  result_type = type1;
4059 	}
4060       else if (null_ptr_cst_p (op0) && null_ptr_cst_p (op1))
4061 	/* One of the operands must be of nullptr_t type.  */
4062         result_type = TREE_TYPE (nullptr_node);
4063       else if (code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
4064 	{
4065 	  result_type = type0;
4066 	  if (complain & tf_error)
4067             permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids comparison between pointer and integer");
4068           else
4069             return error_mark_node;
4070 	}
4071       else if (code0 == INTEGER_TYPE && code1 == POINTER_TYPE)
4072 	{
4073 	  result_type = type1;
4074 	  if (complain & tf_error)
4075 	    permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids comparison between pointer and integer");
4076           else
4077             return error_mark_node;
4078 	}
4079       else if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type0) && null_ptr_cst_p (op1))
4080 	{
4081 	  if (TARGET_PTRMEMFUNC_VBIT_LOCATION
4082 	      == ptrmemfunc_vbit_in_delta)
4083 	    {
4084 	      tree pfn0 = pfn_from_ptrmemfunc (op0);
4085 	      tree delta0 = delta_from_ptrmemfunc (op0);
4086 	      tree e1 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4087 					    EQ_EXPR,
4088 	  			            pfn0,
4089 				      	    build_zero_cst (TREE_TYPE (pfn0)),
4090 					    complain);
4091 	      tree e2 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4092 					    BIT_AND_EXPR,
4093 					    delta0,
4094 				            integer_one_node,
4095 					    complain);
4096 
4097 	      if ((complain & tf_warning)
4098 		  && c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings == 0
4099 		  && !NULLPTR_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (op1)))
4100 		warning (OPT_Wzero_as_null_pointer_constant,
4101 			 "zero as null pointer constant");
4102 
4103 	      e2 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4104 				       EQ_EXPR, e2, integer_zero_node,
4105 				       complain);
4106 	      op0 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4107 					TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR, e1, e2,
4108 					complain);
4109 	      op1 = cp_convert (TREE_TYPE (op0), integer_one_node);
4110 	    }
4111      	  else
4112 	    {
4113 	      op0 = build_ptrmemfunc_access_expr (op0, pfn_identifier);
4114 	      op1 = cp_convert (TREE_TYPE (op0), op1);
4115 	    }
4116 	  result_type = TREE_TYPE (op0);
4117 	}
4118       else if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type1) && null_ptr_cst_p (op0))
4119 	return cp_build_binary_op (location, code, op1, op0, complain);
4120       else if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type0) && TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type1))
4121 	{
4122 	  tree type;
4123 	  /* E will be the final comparison.  */
4124 	  tree e;
4125 	  /* E1 and E2 are for scratch.  */
4126 	  tree e1;
4127 	  tree e2;
4128 	  tree pfn0;
4129 	  tree pfn1;
4130 	  tree delta0;
4131 	  tree delta1;
4132 
4133 	  type = composite_pointer_type (type0, type1, op0, op1,
4134 					 CPO_COMPARISON, complain);
4135 
4136 	  if (!same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (op0), type))
4137 	    op0 = cp_convert_and_check (type, op0);
4138 	  if (!same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (op1), type))
4139 	    op1 = cp_convert_and_check (type, op1);
4140 
4141 	  if (op0 == error_mark_node || op1 == error_mark_node)
4142 	    return error_mark_node;
4143 
4144 	  if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (op0))
4145 	    op0 = save_expr (op0);
4146 	  if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (op1))
4147 	    op1 = save_expr (op1);
4148 
4149 	  pfn0 = pfn_from_ptrmemfunc (op0);
4150 	  pfn1 = pfn_from_ptrmemfunc (op1);
4151 	  delta0 = delta_from_ptrmemfunc (op0);
4152 	  delta1 = delta_from_ptrmemfunc (op1);
4153 	  if (TARGET_PTRMEMFUNC_VBIT_LOCATION
4154 	      == ptrmemfunc_vbit_in_delta)
4155 	    {
4156 	      /* We generate:
4157 
4158 		 (op0.pfn == op1.pfn
4159 		  && ((op0.delta == op1.delta)
4160      		       || (!op0.pfn && op0.delta & 1 == 0
4161 			   && op1.delta & 1 == 0))
4162 
4163 	         The reason for the `!op0.pfn' bit is that a NULL
4164 	         pointer-to-member is any member with a zero PFN and
4165 	         LSB of the DELTA field is 0.  */
4166 
4167 	      e1 = cp_build_binary_op (location, BIT_AND_EXPR,
4168 				       delta0,
4169 				       integer_one_node,
4170 				       complain);
4171 	      e1 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4172 				       EQ_EXPR, e1, integer_zero_node,
4173 				       complain);
4174 	      e2 = cp_build_binary_op (location, BIT_AND_EXPR,
4175 				       delta1,
4176 				       integer_one_node,
4177 				       complain);
4178 	      e2 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4179 				       EQ_EXPR, e2, integer_zero_node,
4180 				       complain);
4181 	      e1 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4182 				       TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR, e2, e1,
4183 				       complain);
4184 	      e2 = cp_build_binary_op (location, EQ_EXPR,
4185 				       pfn0,
4186 				       build_zero_cst (TREE_TYPE (pfn0)),
4187 				       complain);
4188 	      e2 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4189 				       TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR, e2, e1, complain);
4190 	      e1 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4191 				       EQ_EXPR, delta0, delta1, complain);
4192 	      e1 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4193 				       TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR, e1, e2, complain);
4194 	    }
4195 	  else
4196 	    {
4197 	      /* We generate:
4198 
4199 	         (op0.pfn == op1.pfn
4200 	         && (!op0.pfn || op0.delta == op1.delta))
4201 
4202 	         The reason for the `!op0.pfn' bit is that a NULL
4203 	         pointer-to-member is any member with a zero PFN; the
4204 	         DELTA field is unspecified.  */
4205 
4206     	      e1 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4207 				       EQ_EXPR, delta0, delta1, complain);
4208 	      e2 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4209 				       EQ_EXPR,
4210 		      		       pfn0,
4211 			   	       build_zero_cst (TREE_TYPE (pfn0)),
4212 				       complain);
4213 	      e1 = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4214 				       TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR, e1, e2, complain);
4215 	    }
4216 	  e2 = build2 (EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node, pfn0, pfn1);
4217 	  e = cp_build_binary_op (location,
4218 				  TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR, e2, e1, complain);
4219 	  if (code == EQ_EXPR)
4220 	    return e;
4221 	  return cp_build_binary_op (location,
4222 				     EQ_EXPR, e, integer_zero_node, complain);
4223 	}
4224       else
4225 	{
4226 	  gcc_assert (!TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type0)
4227 		      || !same_type_p (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (type0),
4228 				       type1));
4229 	  gcc_assert (!TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type1)
4230 		      || !same_type_p (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (type1),
4231 				       type0));
4232 	}
4233 
4234       break;
4235 
4236     case MAX_EXPR:
4237     case MIN_EXPR:
4238       if ((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE || code0 == REAL_TYPE)
4239 	   && (code1 == INTEGER_TYPE || code1 == REAL_TYPE))
4240 	shorten = 1;
4241       else if (code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == POINTER_TYPE)
4242 	result_type = composite_pointer_type (type0, type1, op0, op1,
4243 					      CPO_COMPARISON, complain);
4244       break;
4245 
4246     case LE_EXPR:
4247     case GE_EXPR:
4248     case LT_EXPR:
4249     case GT_EXPR:
4250       if (TREE_CODE (orig_op0) == STRING_CST
4251 	  || TREE_CODE (orig_op1) == STRING_CST)
4252 	{
4253 	  if (complain & tf_warning)
4254 	    warning (OPT_Waddress, "comparison with string literal results in unspecified behaviour");
4255 	}
4256 
4257       build_type = boolean_type_node;
4258       if ((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE || code0 == REAL_TYPE
4259 	   || code0 == ENUMERAL_TYPE)
4260 	   && (code1 == INTEGER_TYPE || code1 == REAL_TYPE
4261 	       || code1 == ENUMERAL_TYPE))
4262 	short_compare = 1;
4263       else if (code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == POINTER_TYPE)
4264 	result_type = composite_pointer_type (type0, type1, op0, op1,
4265 					      CPO_COMPARISON, complain);
4266       else if (code0 == POINTER_TYPE && null_ptr_cst_p (op1))
4267 	{
4268 	  result_type = type0;
4269 	  if (extra_warnings && (complain & tf_warning))
4270 	    warning (OPT_Wextra,
4271 		     "ordered comparison of pointer with integer zero");
4272 	}
4273       else if (code1 == POINTER_TYPE && null_ptr_cst_p (op0))
4274 	{
4275 	  result_type = type1;
4276 	  if (extra_warnings && (complain & tf_warning))
4277 	    warning (OPT_Wextra,
4278 		     "ordered comparison of pointer with integer zero");
4279 	}
4280       else if (null_ptr_cst_p (op0) && null_ptr_cst_p (op1))
4281 	/* One of the operands must be of nullptr_t type.  */
4282         result_type = TREE_TYPE (nullptr_node);
4283       else if (code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
4284 	{
4285 	  result_type = type0;
4286 	  if (complain & tf_error)
4287 	    permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids comparison between pointer and integer");
4288           else
4289             return error_mark_node;
4290 	}
4291       else if (code0 == INTEGER_TYPE && code1 == POINTER_TYPE)
4292 	{
4293 	  result_type = type1;
4294 	  if (complain & tf_error)
4295 	    permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids comparison between pointer and integer");
4296           else
4297             return error_mark_node;
4298 	}
4299       break;
4300 
4301     case UNORDERED_EXPR:
4302     case ORDERED_EXPR:
4303     case UNLT_EXPR:
4304     case UNLE_EXPR:
4305     case UNGT_EXPR:
4306     case UNGE_EXPR:
4307     case UNEQ_EXPR:
4308       build_type = integer_type_node;
4309       if (code0 != REAL_TYPE || code1 != REAL_TYPE)
4310 	{
4311 	  if (complain & tf_error)
4312 	    error ("unordered comparison on non-floating point argument");
4313 	  return error_mark_node;
4314 	}
4315       common = 1;
4316       break;
4317 
4318     default:
4319       break;
4320     }
4321 
4322   if (((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE || code0 == REAL_TYPE || code0 == COMPLEX_TYPE
4323 	|| code0 == ENUMERAL_TYPE)
4324        && (code1 == INTEGER_TYPE || code1 == REAL_TYPE
4325 	   || code1 == COMPLEX_TYPE || code1 == ENUMERAL_TYPE)))
4326     arithmetic_types_p = 1;
4327   else
4328     {
4329       arithmetic_types_p = 0;
4330       /* Vector arithmetic is only allowed when both sides are vectors.  */
4331       if (code0 == VECTOR_TYPE && code1 == VECTOR_TYPE)
4332 	{
4333 	  if (!tree_int_cst_equal (TYPE_SIZE (type0), TYPE_SIZE (type1))
4334 	      || !same_scalar_type_ignoring_signedness (TREE_TYPE (type0),
4335 							TREE_TYPE (type1)))
4336 	    {
4337 	      binary_op_error (location, code, type0, type1);
4338 	      return error_mark_node;
4339 	    }
4340 	  arithmetic_types_p = 1;
4341 	}
4342     }
4343   /* Determine the RESULT_TYPE, if it is not already known.  */
4344   if (!result_type
4345       && arithmetic_types_p
4346       && (shorten || common || short_compare))
4347     {
4348       result_type = cp_common_type (type0, type1);
4349       do_warn_double_promotion (result_type, type0, type1,
4350 				"implicit conversion from %qT to %qT "
4351 				"to match other operand of binary "
4352 				"expression",
4353 				location);
4354     }
4355 
4356   if (!result_type)
4357     {
4358       if (complain & tf_error)
4359 	error ("invalid operands of types %qT and %qT to binary %qO",
4360 	       TREE_TYPE (orig_op0), TREE_TYPE (orig_op1), code);
4361       return error_mark_node;
4362     }
4363 
4364   /* If we're in a template, the only thing we need to know is the
4365      RESULT_TYPE.  */
4366   if (processing_template_decl)
4367     {
4368       /* Since the middle-end checks the type when doing a build2, we
4369 	 need to build the tree in pieces.  This built tree will never
4370 	 get out of the front-end as we replace it when instantiating
4371 	 the template.  */
4372       tree tmp = build2 (resultcode,
4373 			 build_type ? build_type : result_type,
4374 			 NULL_TREE, op1);
4375       TREE_OPERAND (tmp, 0) = op0;
4376       return tmp;
4377     }
4378 
4379   if (arithmetic_types_p)
4380     {
4381       bool first_complex = (code0 == COMPLEX_TYPE);
4382       bool second_complex = (code1 == COMPLEX_TYPE);
4383       int none_complex = (!first_complex && !second_complex);
4384 
4385       /* Adapted from patch for c/24581.  */
4386       if (first_complex != second_complex
4387 	  && (code == PLUS_EXPR
4388 	      || code == MINUS_EXPR
4389 	      || code == MULT_EXPR
4390 	      || (code == TRUNC_DIV_EXPR && first_complex))
4391 	  && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (result_type)) == REAL_TYPE
4392 	  && flag_signed_zeros)
4393 	{
4394 	  /* An operation on mixed real/complex operands must be
4395 	     handled specially, but the language-independent code can
4396 	     more easily optimize the plain complex arithmetic if
4397 	     -fno-signed-zeros.  */
4398 	  tree real_type = TREE_TYPE (result_type);
4399 	  tree real, imag;
4400 	  if (first_complex)
4401 	    {
4402 	      if (TREE_TYPE (op0) != result_type)
4403 		op0 = cp_convert_and_check (result_type, op0);
4404 	      if (TREE_TYPE (op1) != real_type)
4405 		op1 = cp_convert_and_check (real_type, op1);
4406 	    }
4407 	  else
4408 	    {
4409 	      if (TREE_TYPE (op0) != real_type)
4410 		op0 = cp_convert_and_check (real_type, op0);
4411 	      if (TREE_TYPE (op1) != result_type)
4412 		op1 = cp_convert_and_check (result_type, op1);
4413 	    }
4414 	  if (TREE_CODE (op0) == ERROR_MARK || TREE_CODE (op1) == ERROR_MARK)
4415 	    return error_mark_node;
4416 	  if (first_complex)
4417 	    {
4418 	      op0 = save_expr (op0);
4419 	      real = cp_build_unary_op (REALPART_EXPR, op0, 1, complain);
4420 	      imag = cp_build_unary_op (IMAGPART_EXPR, op0, 1, complain);
4421 	      switch (code)
4422 		{
4423 		case MULT_EXPR:
4424 		case TRUNC_DIV_EXPR:
4425 		  op1 = save_expr (op1);
4426 		  imag = build2 (resultcode, real_type, imag, op1);
4427 		  /* Fall through.  */
4428 		case PLUS_EXPR:
4429 		case MINUS_EXPR:
4430 		  real = build2 (resultcode, real_type, real, op1);
4431 		  break;
4432 		default:
4433 		  gcc_unreachable();
4434 		}
4435 	    }
4436 	  else
4437 	    {
4438 	      op1 = save_expr (op1);
4439 	      real = cp_build_unary_op (REALPART_EXPR, op1, 1, complain);
4440 	      imag = cp_build_unary_op (IMAGPART_EXPR, op1, 1, complain);
4441 	      switch (code)
4442 		{
4443 		case MULT_EXPR:
4444 		  op0 = save_expr (op0);
4445 		  imag = build2 (resultcode, real_type, op0, imag);
4446 		  /* Fall through.  */
4447 		case PLUS_EXPR:
4448 		  real = build2 (resultcode, real_type, op0, real);
4449 		  break;
4450 		case MINUS_EXPR:
4451 		  real = build2 (resultcode, real_type, op0, real);
4452 		  imag = build1 (NEGATE_EXPR, real_type, imag);
4453 		  break;
4454 		default:
4455 		  gcc_unreachable();
4456 		}
4457 	    }
4458 	  real = fold_if_not_in_template (real);
4459 	  imag = fold_if_not_in_template (imag);
4460 	  result = build2 (COMPLEX_EXPR, result_type, real, imag);
4461 	  result = fold_if_not_in_template (result);
4462 	  return result;
4463 	}
4464 
4465       /* For certain operations (which identify themselves by shorten != 0)
4466 	 if both args were extended from the same smaller type,
4467 	 do the arithmetic in that type and then extend.
4468 
4469 	 shorten !=0 and !=1 indicates a bitwise operation.
4470 	 For them, this optimization is safe only if
4471 	 both args are zero-extended or both are sign-extended.
4472 	 Otherwise, we might change the result.
4473 	 E.g., (short)-1 | (unsigned short)-1 is (int)-1
4474 	 but calculated in (unsigned short) it would be (unsigned short)-1.  */
4475 
4476       if (shorten && none_complex)
4477 	{
4478 	  final_type = result_type;
4479 	  result_type = shorten_binary_op (result_type, op0, op1,
4480 					   shorten == -1);
4481 	}
4482 
4483       /* Comparison operations are shortened too but differently.
4484 	 They identify themselves by setting short_compare = 1.  */
4485 
4486       if (short_compare)
4487 	{
4488 	  /* Don't write &op0, etc., because that would prevent op0
4489 	     from being kept in a register.
4490 	     Instead, make copies of the our local variables and
4491 	     pass the copies by reference, then copy them back afterward.  */
4492 	  tree xop0 = op0, xop1 = op1, xresult_type = result_type;
4493 	  enum tree_code xresultcode = resultcode;
4494 	  tree val
4495 	    = shorten_compare (&xop0, &xop1, &xresult_type, &xresultcode);
4496 	  if (val != 0)
4497 	    return cp_convert (boolean_type_node, val);
4498 	  op0 = xop0, op1 = xop1;
4499 	  converted = 1;
4500 	  resultcode = xresultcode;
4501 	}
4502 
4503       if ((short_compare || code == MIN_EXPR || code == MAX_EXPR)
4504 	  && warn_sign_compare
4505 	  /* Do not warn until the template is instantiated; we cannot
4506 	     bound the ranges of the arguments until that point.  */
4507 	  && !processing_template_decl
4508           && (complain & tf_warning)
4509 	  && c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings == 0
4510 	  /* Even unsigned enum types promote to signed int.  We don't
4511 	     want to issue -Wsign-compare warnings for this case.  */
4512 	  && !enum_cast_to_int (orig_op0)
4513 	  && !enum_cast_to_int (orig_op1))
4514 	{
4515 	  warn_for_sign_compare (location, orig_op0, orig_op1, op0, op1,
4516 				 result_type, resultcode);
4517 	}
4518     }
4519 
4520   /* If CONVERTED is zero, both args will be converted to type RESULT_TYPE.
4521      Then the expression will be built.
4522      It will be given type FINAL_TYPE if that is nonzero;
4523      otherwise, it will be given type RESULT_TYPE.  */
4524   if (! converted)
4525     {
4526       if (TREE_TYPE (op0) != result_type)
4527 	op0 = cp_convert_and_check (result_type, op0);
4528       if (TREE_TYPE (op1) != result_type)
4529 	op1 = cp_convert_and_check (result_type, op1);
4530 
4531       if (op0 == error_mark_node || op1 == error_mark_node)
4532 	return error_mark_node;
4533     }
4534 
4535   if (build_type == NULL_TREE)
4536     build_type = result_type;
4537 
4538   result = build2 (resultcode, build_type, op0, op1);
4539   result = fold_if_not_in_template (result);
4540   if (final_type != 0)
4541     result = cp_convert (final_type, result);
4542 
4543   if (TREE_OVERFLOW_P (result)
4544       && !TREE_OVERFLOW_P (op0)
4545       && !TREE_OVERFLOW_P (op1))
4546     overflow_warning (location, result);
4547 
4548   return result;
4549 }
4550 
4551 /* Return a tree for the sum or difference (RESULTCODE says which)
4552    of pointer PTROP and integer INTOP.  */
4553 
4554 static tree
4555 cp_pointer_int_sum (enum tree_code resultcode, tree ptrop, tree intop)
4556 {
4557   tree res_type = TREE_TYPE (ptrop);
4558 
4559   /* pointer_int_sum() uses size_in_bytes() on the TREE_TYPE(res_type)
4560      in certain circumstance (when it's valid to do so).  So we need
4561      to make sure it's complete.  We don't need to check here, if we
4562      can actually complete it at all, as those checks will be done in
4563      pointer_int_sum() anyway.  */
4564   complete_type (TREE_TYPE (res_type));
4565 
4566   return pointer_int_sum (input_location, resultcode, ptrop,
4567 			  fold_if_not_in_template (intop));
4568 }
4569 
4570 /* Return a tree for the difference of pointers OP0 and OP1.
4571    The resulting tree has type int.  */
4572 
4573 static tree
4574 pointer_diff (tree op0, tree op1, tree ptrtype)
4575 {
4576   tree result;
4577   tree restype = ptrdiff_type_node;
4578   tree target_type = TREE_TYPE (ptrtype);
4579 
4580   if (!complete_type_or_else (target_type, NULL_TREE))
4581     return error_mark_node;
4582 
4583   if (TREE_CODE (target_type) == VOID_TYPE)
4584     permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids using pointer of type %<void *%> in subtraction");
4585   if (TREE_CODE (target_type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
4586     permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids using pointer to a function in subtraction");
4587   if (TREE_CODE (target_type) == METHOD_TYPE)
4588     permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids using pointer to a method in subtraction");
4589 
4590   /* First do the subtraction as integers;
4591      then drop through to build the divide operator.  */
4592 
4593   op0 = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
4594 			    MINUS_EXPR,
4595 			    cp_convert (restype, op0),
4596 			    cp_convert (restype, op1),
4597 			    tf_warning_or_error);
4598 
4599   /* This generates an error if op1 is a pointer to an incomplete type.  */
4600   if (!COMPLETE_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (op1))))
4601     error ("invalid use of a pointer to an incomplete type in pointer arithmetic");
4602 
4603   op1 = (TYPE_PTROB_P (ptrtype)
4604 	 ? size_in_bytes (target_type)
4605 	 : integer_one_node);
4606 
4607   /* Do the division.  */
4608 
4609   result = build2 (EXACT_DIV_EXPR, restype, op0, cp_convert (restype, op1));
4610   return fold_if_not_in_template (result);
4611 }
4612 
4613 /* Construct and perhaps optimize a tree representation
4614    for a unary operation.  CODE, a tree_code, specifies the operation
4615    and XARG is the operand.  */
4616 
4617 tree
4618 build_x_unary_op (enum tree_code code, tree xarg, tsubst_flags_t complain)
4619 {
4620   tree orig_expr = xarg;
4621   tree exp;
4622   int ptrmem = 0;
4623 
4624   if (processing_template_decl)
4625     {
4626       if (type_dependent_expression_p (xarg))
4627 	return build_min_nt (code, xarg, NULL_TREE);
4628 
4629       xarg = build_non_dependent_expr (xarg);
4630     }
4631 
4632   exp = NULL_TREE;
4633 
4634   /* [expr.unary.op] says:
4635 
4636        The address of an object of incomplete type can be taken.
4637 
4638      (And is just the ordinary address operator, not an overloaded
4639      "operator &".)  However, if the type is a template
4640      specialization, we must complete the type at this point so that
4641      an overloaded "operator &" will be available if required.  */
4642   if (code == ADDR_EXPR
4643       && TREE_CODE (xarg) != TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR
4644       && ((CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (xarg))
4645 	   && !COMPLETE_TYPE_P (complete_type (TREE_TYPE (xarg))))
4646 	  || (TREE_CODE (xarg) == OFFSET_REF)))
4647     /* Don't look for a function.  */;
4648   else
4649     exp = build_new_op (code, LOOKUP_NORMAL, xarg, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE,
4650 			/*overload=*/NULL, complain);
4651   if (!exp && code == ADDR_EXPR)
4652     {
4653       if (is_overloaded_fn (xarg))
4654 	{
4655 	  tree fn = get_first_fn (xarg);
4656 	  if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (fn) || DECL_DESTRUCTOR_P (fn))
4657 	    {
4658 	      error (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (fn)
4659                      ? G_("taking address of constructor %qE")
4660                      : G_("taking address of destructor %qE"),
4661                      xarg);
4662 	      return error_mark_node;
4663 	    }
4664 	}
4665 
4666       /* A pointer to member-function can be formed only by saying
4667 	 &X::mf.  */
4668       if (!flag_ms_extensions && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (xarg)) == METHOD_TYPE
4669 	  && (TREE_CODE (xarg) != OFFSET_REF || !PTRMEM_OK_P (xarg)))
4670 	{
4671 	  if (TREE_CODE (xarg) != OFFSET_REF
4672 	      || !TYPE_P (TREE_OPERAND (xarg, 0)))
4673 	    {
4674               error ("invalid use of %qE to form a pointer-to-member-function",
4675                      xarg);
4676               if (TREE_CODE (xarg) != OFFSET_REF)
4677                 inform (input_location, "  a qualified-id is required");
4678 	      return error_mark_node;
4679 	    }
4680 	  else
4681 	    {
4682 	      error ("parentheses around %qE cannot be used to form a"
4683 		     " pointer-to-member-function",
4684 		     xarg);
4685 	      PTRMEM_OK_P (xarg) = 1;
4686 	    }
4687 	}
4688 
4689       if (TREE_CODE (xarg) == OFFSET_REF)
4690 	{
4691 	  ptrmem = PTRMEM_OK_P (xarg);
4692 
4693 	  if (!ptrmem && !flag_ms_extensions
4694 	      && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (xarg, 1))) == METHOD_TYPE)
4695 	    {
4696 	      /* A single non-static member, make sure we don't allow a
4697 		 pointer-to-member.  */
4698 	      xarg = build2 (OFFSET_REF, TREE_TYPE (xarg),
4699 			     TREE_OPERAND (xarg, 0),
4700 			     ovl_cons (TREE_OPERAND (xarg, 1), NULL_TREE));
4701 	      PTRMEM_OK_P (xarg) = ptrmem;
4702 	    }
4703 	}
4704 
4705       exp = cp_build_addr_expr_strict (xarg, complain);
4706     }
4707 
4708   if (processing_template_decl && exp != error_mark_node)
4709     exp = build_min_non_dep (code, exp, orig_expr,
4710 			     /*For {PRE,POST}{INC,DEC}REMENT_EXPR*/NULL_TREE);
4711   if (TREE_CODE (exp) == ADDR_EXPR)
4712     PTRMEM_OK_P (exp) = ptrmem;
4713   return exp;
4714 }
4715 
4716 /* Like c_common_truthvalue_conversion, but handle pointer-to-member
4717    constants, where a null value is represented by an INTEGER_CST of
4718    -1.  */
4719 
4720 tree
4721 cp_truthvalue_conversion (tree expr)
4722 {
4723   tree type = TREE_TYPE (expr);
4724   if (TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type))
4725     return build_binary_op (EXPR_LOCATION (expr),
4726 			    NE_EXPR, expr, nullptr_node, 1);
4727   else if (TYPE_PTR_P (type) || TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type))
4728     {
4729       /* With -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant do not warn for an
4730 	 'if (p)' or a 'while (!p)', where p is a pointer.  */
4731       tree ret;
4732       ++c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
4733       ret = c_common_truthvalue_conversion (input_location, expr);
4734       --c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
4735       return ret;
4736     }
4737   else
4738     return c_common_truthvalue_conversion (input_location, expr);
4739 }
4740 
4741 /* Just like cp_truthvalue_conversion, but we want a CLEANUP_POINT_EXPR.  */
4742 
4743 tree
4744 condition_conversion (tree expr)
4745 {
4746   tree t;
4747   if (processing_template_decl)
4748     return expr;
4749   t = perform_implicit_conversion_flags (boolean_type_node, expr,
4750 					 tf_warning_or_error, LOOKUP_NORMAL);
4751   t = fold_build_cleanup_point_expr (boolean_type_node, t);
4752   return t;
4753 }
4754 
4755 /* Returns the address of T.  This function will fold away
4756    ADDR_EXPR of INDIRECT_REF.  */
4757 
4758 tree
4759 build_address (tree t)
4760 {
4761   if (error_operand_p (t) || !cxx_mark_addressable (t))
4762     return error_mark_node;
4763   t = build_fold_addr_expr (t);
4764   if (TREE_CODE (t) != ADDR_EXPR)
4765     t = rvalue (t);
4766   return t;
4767 }
4768 
4769 /* Returns the address of T with type TYPE.  */
4770 
4771 tree
4772 build_typed_address (tree t, tree type)
4773 {
4774   if (error_operand_p (t) || !cxx_mark_addressable (t))
4775     return error_mark_node;
4776   t = build_fold_addr_expr_with_type (t, type);
4777   if (TREE_CODE (t) != ADDR_EXPR)
4778     t = rvalue (t);
4779   return t;
4780 }
4781 
4782 /* Return a NOP_EXPR converting EXPR to TYPE.  */
4783 
4784 tree
4785 build_nop (tree type, tree expr)
4786 {
4787   if (type == error_mark_node || error_operand_p (expr))
4788     return expr;
4789   return build1 (NOP_EXPR, type, expr);
4790 }
4791 
4792 /* Take the address of ARG, whatever that means under C++ semantics.
4793    If STRICT_LVALUE is true, require an lvalue; otherwise, allow xvalues
4794    and class rvalues as well.
4795 
4796    Nothing should call this function directly; instead, callers should use
4797    cp_build_addr_expr or cp_build_addr_expr_strict.  */
4798 
4799 static tree
4800 cp_build_addr_expr_1 (tree arg, bool strict_lvalue, tsubst_flags_t complain)
4801 {
4802   tree argtype;
4803   tree val;
4804 
4805   if (!arg || error_operand_p (arg))
4806     return error_mark_node;
4807 
4808   arg = mark_lvalue_use (arg);
4809   argtype = lvalue_type (arg);
4810 
4811   gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (arg) != IDENTIFIER_NODE
4812 	      || !IDENTIFIER_OPNAME_P (arg));
4813 
4814   if (TREE_CODE (arg) == COMPONENT_REF && type_unknown_p (arg)
4815       && !really_overloaded_fn (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1)))
4816     {
4817       /* They're trying to take the address of a unique non-static
4818 	 member function.  This is ill-formed (except in MS-land),
4819 	 but let's try to DTRT.
4820 	 Note: We only handle unique functions here because we don't
4821 	 want to complain if there's a static overload; non-unique
4822 	 cases will be handled by instantiate_type.  But we need to
4823 	 handle this case here to allow casts on the resulting PMF.
4824 	 We could defer this in non-MS mode, but it's easier to give
4825 	 a useful error here.  */
4826 
4827       /* Inside constant member functions, the `this' pointer
4828 	 contains an extra const qualifier.  TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT
4829 	 is used here to remove this const from the diagnostics
4830 	 and the created OFFSET_REF.  */
4831       tree base = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0)));
4832       tree fn = get_first_fn (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
4833       mark_used (fn);
4834 
4835       if (! flag_ms_extensions)
4836 	{
4837 	  tree name = DECL_NAME (fn);
4838 	  if (!(complain & tf_error))
4839 	    return error_mark_node;
4840 	  else if (current_class_type
4841 		   && TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0) == current_class_ref)
4842 	    /* An expression like &memfn.  */
4843 	    permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids taking the address of an unqualified"
4844 		       " or parenthesized non-static member function to form"
4845 		       " a pointer to member function.  Say %<&%T::%D%>",
4846 		       base, name);
4847 	  else
4848 	    permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids taking the address of a bound member"
4849 		       " function to form a pointer to member function."
4850 		       "  Say %<&%T::%D%>",
4851 		       base, name);
4852 	}
4853       arg = build_offset_ref (base, fn, /*address_p=*/true);
4854     }
4855 
4856   /* Uninstantiated types are all functions.  Taking the
4857      address of a function is a no-op, so just return the
4858      argument.  */
4859   if (type_unknown_p (arg))
4860     return build1 (ADDR_EXPR, unknown_type_node, arg);
4861 
4862   if (TREE_CODE (arg) == OFFSET_REF)
4863     /* We want a pointer to member; bypass all the code for actually taking
4864        the address of something.  */
4865     goto offset_ref;
4866 
4867   /* Anything not already handled and not a true memory reference
4868      is an error.  */
4869   if (TREE_CODE (argtype) != FUNCTION_TYPE
4870       && TREE_CODE (argtype) != METHOD_TYPE)
4871     {
4872       cp_lvalue_kind kind = lvalue_kind (arg);
4873       if (kind == clk_none)
4874 	{
4875 	  if (complain & tf_error)
4876 	    lvalue_error (input_location, lv_addressof);
4877 	  return error_mark_node;
4878 	}
4879       if (strict_lvalue && (kind & (clk_rvalueref|clk_class)))
4880 	{
4881 	  if (!(complain & tf_error))
4882 	    return error_mark_node;
4883 	  if (kind & clk_class)
4884 	    /* Make this a permerror because we used to accept it.  */
4885 	    permerror (input_location, "taking address of temporary");
4886 	  else
4887 	    error ("taking address of xvalue (rvalue reference)");
4888 	}
4889     }
4890 
4891   if (TREE_CODE (argtype) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
4892     {
4893       tree type = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (argtype));
4894       arg = build1 (CONVERT_EXPR, type, arg);
4895       return arg;
4896     }
4897   else if (pedantic && DECL_MAIN_P (arg))
4898     {
4899       /* ARM $3.4 */
4900       /* Apparently a lot of autoconf scripts for C++ packages do this,
4901 	 so only complain if -pedantic.  */
4902       if (complain & (flag_pedantic_errors ? tf_error : tf_warning))
4903 	pedwarn (input_location, OPT_pedantic,
4904 		 "ISO C++ forbids taking address of function %<::main%>");
4905       else if (flag_pedantic_errors)
4906 	return error_mark_node;
4907     }
4908 
4909   /* Let &* cancel out to simplify resulting code.  */
4910   if (TREE_CODE (arg) == INDIRECT_REF)
4911     {
4912       /* We don't need to have `current_class_ptr' wrapped in a
4913 	 NON_LVALUE_EXPR node.  */
4914       if (arg == current_class_ref)
4915 	return current_class_ptr;
4916 
4917       arg = TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0);
4918       if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (arg)) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
4919 	{
4920 	  tree type = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (arg)));
4921 	  arg = build1 (CONVERT_EXPR, type, arg);
4922 	}
4923       else
4924 	/* Don't let this be an lvalue.  */
4925 	arg = rvalue (arg);
4926       return arg;
4927     }
4928 
4929   /* ??? Cope with user tricks that amount to offsetof.  */
4930   if (TREE_CODE (argtype) != FUNCTION_TYPE
4931       && TREE_CODE (argtype) != METHOD_TYPE
4932       && argtype != unknown_type_node
4933       && (val = get_base_address (arg))
4934       && COMPLETE_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (val))
4935       && TREE_CODE (val) == INDIRECT_REF
4936       && TREE_CONSTANT (TREE_OPERAND (val, 0)))
4937     {
4938       tree type = build_pointer_type (argtype);
4939       return fold_convert (type, fold_offsetof_1 (arg));
4940     }
4941 
4942   /* Handle complex lvalues (when permitted)
4943      by reduction to simpler cases.  */
4944   val = unary_complex_lvalue (ADDR_EXPR, arg);
4945   if (val != 0)
4946     return val;
4947 
4948   switch (TREE_CODE (arg))
4949     {
4950     CASE_CONVERT:
4951     case FLOAT_EXPR:
4952     case FIX_TRUNC_EXPR:
4953       /* Even if we're not being pedantic, we cannot allow this
4954 	 extension when we're instantiating in a SFINAE
4955 	 context.  */
4956       if (! lvalue_p (arg) && complain == tf_none)
4957 	{
4958 	  if (complain & tf_error)
4959 	    permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids taking the address of a cast to a non-lvalue expression");
4960 	  else
4961 	    return error_mark_node;
4962 	}
4963       break;
4964 
4965     case BASELINK:
4966       arg = BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (arg);
4967       /* Fall through.  */
4968 
4969     case OVERLOAD:
4970       arg = OVL_CURRENT (arg);
4971       break;
4972 
4973     case OFFSET_REF:
4974     offset_ref:
4975       /* Turn a reference to a non-static data member into a
4976 	 pointer-to-member.  */
4977       {
4978 	tree type;
4979 	tree t;
4980 
4981 	gcc_assert (PTRMEM_OK_P (arg));
4982 
4983 	t = TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1);
4984 	if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (t)) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
4985 	  {
4986 	    if (complain & tf_error)
4987 	      error ("cannot create pointer to reference member %qD", t);
4988 	    return error_mark_node;
4989 	  }
4990 
4991 	type = build_ptrmem_type (context_for_name_lookup (t),
4992 				  TREE_TYPE (t));
4993 	t = make_ptrmem_cst (type, TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
4994 	return t;
4995       }
4996 
4997     default:
4998       break;
4999     }
5000 
5001   if (argtype != error_mark_node)
5002     argtype = build_pointer_type (argtype);
5003 
5004   /* In a template, we are processing a non-dependent expression
5005      so we can just form an ADDR_EXPR with the correct type.  */
5006   if (processing_template_decl || TREE_CODE (arg) != COMPONENT_REF)
5007     {
5008       val = build_address (arg);
5009       if (TREE_CODE (arg) == OFFSET_REF)
5010 	PTRMEM_OK_P (val) = PTRMEM_OK_P (arg);
5011     }
5012   else if (BASELINK_P (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1)))
5013     {
5014       tree fn = BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
5015 
5016       /* We can only get here with a single static member
5017 	 function.  */
5018       gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (fn) == FUNCTION_DECL
5019 		  && DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (fn));
5020       mark_used (fn);
5021       val = build_address (fn);
5022       if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0)))
5023 	/* Do not lose object's side effects.  */
5024 	val = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (val),
5025 		      TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0), val);
5026     }
5027   else if (DECL_C_BIT_FIELD (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1)))
5028     {
5029       if (complain & tf_error)
5030 	error ("attempt to take address of bit-field structure member %qD",
5031 	       TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
5032       return error_mark_node;
5033     }
5034   else
5035     {
5036       tree object = TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0);
5037       tree field = TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1);
5038       gcc_assert (same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p
5039 		  (TREE_TYPE (object), decl_type_context (field)));
5040       val = build_address (arg);
5041     }
5042 
5043   if (TREE_CODE (argtype) == POINTER_TYPE
5044       && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (argtype)) == METHOD_TYPE)
5045     {
5046       build_ptrmemfunc_type (argtype);
5047       val = build_ptrmemfunc (argtype, val, 0,
5048 			      /*c_cast_p=*/false,
5049 			      tf_warning_or_error);
5050     }
5051 
5052   return val;
5053 }
5054 
5055 /* Take the address of ARG if it has one, even if it's an rvalue.  */
5056 
5057 tree
5058 cp_build_addr_expr (tree arg, tsubst_flags_t complain)
5059 {
5060   return cp_build_addr_expr_1 (arg, 0, complain);
5061 }
5062 
5063 /* Take the address of ARG, but only if it's an lvalue.  */
5064 
5065 tree
5066 cp_build_addr_expr_strict (tree arg, tsubst_flags_t complain)
5067 {
5068   return cp_build_addr_expr_1 (arg, 1, complain);
5069 }
5070 
5071 /* C++: Must handle pointers to members.
5072 
5073    Perhaps type instantiation should be extended to handle conversion
5074    from aggregates to types we don't yet know we want?  (Or are those
5075    cases typically errors which should be reported?)
5076 
5077    NOCONVERT nonzero suppresses the default promotions
5078    (such as from short to int).  */
5079 
5080 tree
5081 cp_build_unary_op (enum tree_code code, tree xarg, int noconvert,
5082                    tsubst_flags_t complain)
5083 {
5084   /* No default_conversion here.  It causes trouble for ADDR_EXPR.  */
5085   tree arg = xarg;
5086   tree argtype = 0;
5087   const char *errstring = NULL;
5088   tree val;
5089   const char *invalid_op_diag;
5090 
5091   if (!arg || error_operand_p (arg))
5092     return error_mark_node;
5093 
5094   if ((invalid_op_diag
5095        = targetm.invalid_unary_op ((code == UNARY_PLUS_EXPR
5096 				    ? CONVERT_EXPR
5097 				    : code),
5098 				   TREE_TYPE (xarg))))
5099     {
5100       error (invalid_op_diag);
5101       return error_mark_node;
5102     }
5103 
5104   switch (code)
5105     {
5106     case UNARY_PLUS_EXPR:
5107     case NEGATE_EXPR:
5108       {
5109 	int flags = WANT_ARITH | WANT_ENUM;
5110 	/* Unary plus (but not unary minus) is allowed on pointers.  */
5111 	if (code == UNARY_PLUS_EXPR)
5112 	  flags |= WANT_POINTER;
5113 	arg = build_expr_type_conversion (flags, arg, true);
5114 	if (!arg)
5115 	  errstring = (code == NEGATE_EXPR
5116 		       ? _("wrong type argument to unary minus")
5117 		       : _("wrong type argument to unary plus"));
5118 	else
5119 	  {
5120 	    if (!noconvert && CP_INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (arg)))
5121 	      arg = perform_integral_promotions (arg);
5122 
5123 	    /* Make sure the result is not an lvalue: a unary plus or minus
5124 	       expression is always a rvalue.  */
5125 	    arg = rvalue (arg);
5126 	  }
5127       }
5128       break;
5129 
5130     case BIT_NOT_EXPR:
5131       if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (arg)) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
5132 	{
5133 	  code = CONJ_EXPR;
5134 	  if (!noconvert)
5135 	    arg = default_conversion (arg);
5136 	}
5137       else if (!(arg = build_expr_type_conversion (WANT_INT | WANT_ENUM
5138 						   | WANT_VECTOR_OR_COMPLEX,
5139 						   arg, true)))
5140 	errstring = _("wrong type argument to bit-complement");
5141       else if (!noconvert && CP_INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (arg)))
5142 	arg = perform_integral_promotions (arg);
5143       break;
5144 
5145     case ABS_EXPR:
5146       if (!(arg = build_expr_type_conversion (WANT_ARITH | WANT_ENUM, arg, true)))
5147 	errstring = _("wrong type argument to abs");
5148       else if (!noconvert)
5149 	arg = default_conversion (arg);
5150       break;
5151 
5152     case CONJ_EXPR:
5153       /* Conjugating a real value is a no-op, but allow it anyway.  */
5154       if (!(arg = build_expr_type_conversion (WANT_ARITH | WANT_ENUM, arg, true)))
5155 	errstring = _("wrong type argument to conjugation");
5156       else if (!noconvert)
5157 	arg = default_conversion (arg);
5158       break;
5159 
5160     case TRUTH_NOT_EXPR:
5161       arg = perform_implicit_conversion (boolean_type_node, arg,
5162 					 complain);
5163       val = invert_truthvalue_loc (input_location, arg);
5164       if (arg != error_mark_node)
5165 	return val;
5166       errstring = _("in argument to unary !");
5167       break;
5168 
5169     case NOP_EXPR:
5170       break;
5171 
5172     case REALPART_EXPR:
5173     case IMAGPART_EXPR:
5174       arg = build_real_imag_expr (input_location, code, arg);
5175       if (arg == error_mark_node)
5176 	return arg;
5177       else
5178 	return fold_if_not_in_template (arg);
5179 
5180     case PREINCREMENT_EXPR:
5181     case POSTINCREMENT_EXPR:
5182     case PREDECREMENT_EXPR:
5183     case POSTDECREMENT_EXPR:
5184       /* Handle complex lvalues (when permitted)
5185 	 by reduction to simpler cases.  */
5186 
5187       val = unary_complex_lvalue (code, arg);
5188       if (val != 0)
5189 	return val;
5190 
5191       arg = mark_lvalue_use (arg);
5192 
5193       /* Increment or decrement the real part of the value,
5194 	 and don't change the imaginary part.  */
5195       if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (arg)) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
5196 	{
5197 	  tree real, imag;
5198 
5199 	  arg = stabilize_reference (arg);
5200 	  real = cp_build_unary_op (REALPART_EXPR, arg, 1, complain);
5201 	  imag = cp_build_unary_op (IMAGPART_EXPR, arg, 1, complain);
5202 	  real = cp_build_unary_op (code, real, 1, complain);
5203 	  if (real == error_mark_node || imag == error_mark_node)
5204 	    return error_mark_node;
5205 	  return build2 (COMPLEX_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (arg),
5206 			 real, imag);
5207 	}
5208 
5209       /* Report invalid types.  */
5210 
5211       if (!(arg = build_expr_type_conversion (WANT_ARITH | WANT_POINTER,
5212 					      arg, true)))
5213 	{
5214 	  if (code == PREINCREMENT_EXPR)
5215 	    errstring = _("no pre-increment operator for type");
5216 	  else if (code == POSTINCREMENT_EXPR)
5217 	    errstring = _("no post-increment operator for type");
5218 	  else if (code == PREDECREMENT_EXPR)
5219 	    errstring = _("no pre-decrement operator for type");
5220 	  else
5221 	    errstring = _("no post-decrement operator for type");
5222 	  break;
5223 	}
5224       else if (arg == error_mark_node)
5225 	return error_mark_node;
5226 
5227       /* Report something read-only.  */
5228 
5229       if (CP_TYPE_CONST_P (TREE_TYPE (arg))
5230 	  || TREE_READONLY (arg))
5231         {
5232           if (complain & tf_error)
5233             cxx_readonly_error (arg, ((code == PREINCREMENT_EXPR
5234 				      || code == POSTINCREMENT_EXPR)
5235 				     ? lv_increment : lv_decrement));
5236           else
5237             return error_mark_node;
5238         }
5239 
5240       {
5241 	tree inc;
5242 	tree declared_type = unlowered_expr_type (arg);
5243 
5244 	argtype = TREE_TYPE (arg);
5245 
5246 	/* ARM $5.2.5 last annotation says this should be forbidden.  */
5247 	if (TREE_CODE (argtype) == ENUMERAL_TYPE)
5248           {
5249             if (complain & tf_error)
5250               permerror (input_location, (code == PREINCREMENT_EXPR || code == POSTINCREMENT_EXPR)
5251                          ? G_("ISO C++ forbids incrementing an enum")
5252                          : G_("ISO C++ forbids decrementing an enum"));
5253             else
5254               return error_mark_node;
5255           }
5256 
5257 	/* Compute the increment.  */
5258 
5259 	if (TREE_CODE (argtype) == POINTER_TYPE)
5260 	  {
5261 	    tree type = complete_type (TREE_TYPE (argtype));
5262 
5263 	    if (!COMPLETE_OR_VOID_TYPE_P (type))
5264               {
5265                 if (complain & tf_error)
5266                   error (((code == PREINCREMENT_EXPR
5267                            || code == POSTINCREMENT_EXPR))
5268                          ? G_("cannot increment a pointer to incomplete type %qT")
5269                          : G_("cannot decrement a pointer to incomplete type %qT"),
5270                          TREE_TYPE (argtype));
5271                 else
5272                   return error_mark_node;
5273               }
5274 	    else if ((pedantic || warn_pointer_arith)
5275 		     && !TYPE_PTROB_P (argtype))
5276               {
5277                 if (complain & tf_error)
5278                   permerror (input_location, (code == PREINCREMENT_EXPR
5279                               || code == POSTINCREMENT_EXPR)
5280                              ? G_("ISO C++ forbids incrementing a pointer of type %qT")
5281                              : G_("ISO C++ forbids decrementing a pointer of type %qT"),
5282                              argtype);
5283                 else
5284                   return error_mark_node;
5285               }
5286 
5287 	    inc = cxx_sizeof_nowarn (TREE_TYPE (argtype));
5288 	  }
5289 	else
5290 	  inc = integer_one_node;
5291 
5292 	inc = cp_convert (argtype, inc);
5293 
5294 	/* If 'arg' is an Objective-C PROPERTY_REF expression, then we
5295 	   need to ask Objective-C to build the increment or decrement
5296 	   expression for it.  */
5297 	if (objc_is_property_ref (arg))
5298 	  return objc_build_incr_expr_for_property_ref (input_location, code,
5299 							arg, inc);
5300 
5301 	/* Complain about anything else that is not a true lvalue.  */
5302 	if (!lvalue_or_else (arg, ((code == PREINCREMENT_EXPR
5303 				    || code == POSTINCREMENT_EXPR)
5304 				   ? lv_increment : lv_decrement),
5305                              complain))
5306 	  return error_mark_node;
5307 
5308 	/* Forbid using -- on `bool'.  */
5309 	if (TREE_CODE (declared_type) == BOOLEAN_TYPE)
5310 	  {
5311 	    if (code == POSTDECREMENT_EXPR || code == PREDECREMENT_EXPR)
5312 	      {
5313                 if (complain & tf_error)
5314                   error ("invalid use of Boolean expression as operand "
5315                          "to %<operator--%>");
5316 		return error_mark_node;
5317 	      }
5318 	    val = boolean_increment (code, arg);
5319 	  }
5320 	else if (code == POSTINCREMENT_EXPR || code == POSTDECREMENT_EXPR)
5321 	  /* An rvalue has no cv-qualifiers.  */
5322 	  val = build2 (code, cv_unqualified (TREE_TYPE (arg)), arg, inc);
5323 	else
5324 	  val = build2 (code, TREE_TYPE (arg), arg, inc);
5325 
5326 	TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (val) = 1;
5327 	return val;
5328       }
5329 
5330     case ADDR_EXPR:
5331       /* Note that this operation never does default_conversion
5332 	 regardless of NOCONVERT.  */
5333       return cp_build_addr_expr (arg, complain);
5334 
5335     default:
5336       break;
5337     }
5338 
5339   if (!errstring)
5340     {
5341       if (argtype == 0)
5342 	argtype = TREE_TYPE (arg);
5343       return fold_if_not_in_template (build1 (code, argtype, arg));
5344     }
5345 
5346   if (complain & tf_error)
5347     error ("%s", errstring);
5348   return error_mark_node;
5349 }
5350 
5351 /* Hook for the c-common bits that build a unary op.  */
5352 tree
5353 build_unary_op (location_t location ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
5354 		enum tree_code code, tree xarg, int noconvert)
5355 {
5356   return cp_build_unary_op (code, xarg, noconvert, tf_warning_or_error);
5357 }
5358 
5359 /* Apply unary lvalue-demanding operator CODE to the expression ARG
5360    for certain kinds of expressions which are not really lvalues
5361    but which we can accept as lvalues.
5362 
5363    If ARG is not a kind of expression we can handle, return
5364    NULL_TREE.  */
5365 
5366 tree
5367 unary_complex_lvalue (enum tree_code code, tree arg)
5368 {
5369   /* Inside a template, making these kinds of adjustments is
5370      pointless; we are only concerned with the type of the
5371      expression.  */
5372   if (processing_template_decl)
5373     return NULL_TREE;
5374 
5375   /* Handle (a, b) used as an "lvalue".  */
5376   if (TREE_CODE (arg) == COMPOUND_EXPR)
5377     {
5378       tree real_result = cp_build_unary_op (code, TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1), 0,
5379                                             tf_warning_or_error);
5380       return build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (real_result),
5381 		     TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0), real_result);
5382     }
5383 
5384   /* Handle (a ? b : c) used as an "lvalue".  */
5385   if (TREE_CODE (arg) == COND_EXPR
5386       || TREE_CODE (arg) == MIN_EXPR || TREE_CODE (arg) == MAX_EXPR)
5387     return rationalize_conditional_expr (code, arg, tf_warning_or_error);
5388 
5389   /* Handle (a = b), (++a), and (--a) used as an "lvalue".  */
5390   if (TREE_CODE (arg) == MODIFY_EXPR
5391       || TREE_CODE (arg) == PREINCREMENT_EXPR
5392       || TREE_CODE (arg) == PREDECREMENT_EXPR)
5393     {
5394       tree lvalue = TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0);
5395       if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (lvalue))
5396 	{
5397 	  lvalue = stabilize_reference (lvalue);
5398 	  arg = build2 (TREE_CODE (arg), TREE_TYPE (arg),
5399 			lvalue, TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
5400 	}
5401       return unary_complex_lvalue
5402 	(code, build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (lvalue), arg, lvalue));
5403     }
5404 
5405   if (code != ADDR_EXPR)
5406     return NULL_TREE;
5407 
5408   /* Handle (a = b) used as an "lvalue" for `&'.  */
5409   if (TREE_CODE (arg) == MODIFY_EXPR
5410       || TREE_CODE (arg) == INIT_EXPR)
5411     {
5412       tree real_result = cp_build_unary_op (code, TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0), 0,
5413                                             tf_warning_or_error);
5414       arg = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (real_result),
5415 		    arg, real_result);
5416       TREE_NO_WARNING (arg) = 1;
5417       return arg;
5418     }
5419 
5420   if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (arg)) == FUNCTION_TYPE
5421       || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (arg)) == METHOD_TYPE
5422       || TREE_CODE (arg) == OFFSET_REF)
5423     return NULL_TREE;
5424 
5425   /* We permit compiler to make function calls returning
5426      objects of aggregate type look like lvalues.  */
5427   {
5428     tree targ = arg;
5429 
5430     if (TREE_CODE (targ) == SAVE_EXPR)
5431       targ = TREE_OPERAND (targ, 0);
5432 
5433     if (TREE_CODE (targ) == CALL_EXPR && MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (targ)))
5434       {
5435 	if (TREE_CODE (arg) == SAVE_EXPR)
5436 	  targ = arg;
5437 	else
5438 	  targ = build_cplus_new (TREE_TYPE (arg), arg, tf_warning_or_error);
5439 	return build1 (ADDR_EXPR, build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (arg)), targ);
5440       }
5441 
5442     if (TREE_CODE (arg) == SAVE_EXPR && TREE_CODE (targ) == INDIRECT_REF)
5443       return build3 (SAVE_EXPR, build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (arg)),
5444 		     TREE_OPERAND (targ, 0), current_function_decl, NULL);
5445   }
5446 
5447   /* Don't let anything else be handled specially.  */
5448   return NULL_TREE;
5449 }
5450 
5451 /* Mark EXP saying that we need to be able to take the
5452    address of it; it should not be allocated in a register.
5453    Value is true if successful.
5454 
5455    C++: we do not allow `current_class_ptr' to be addressable.  */
5456 
5457 bool
5458 cxx_mark_addressable (tree exp)
5459 {
5460   tree x = exp;
5461 
5462   while (1)
5463     switch (TREE_CODE (x))
5464       {
5465       case ADDR_EXPR:
5466       case COMPONENT_REF:
5467       case ARRAY_REF:
5468       case REALPART_EXPR:
5469       case IMAGPART_EXPR:
5470 	x = TREE_OPERAND (x, 0);
5471 	break;
5472 
5473       case PARM_DECL:
5474 	if (x == current_class_ptr)
5475 	  {
5476 	    error ("cannot take the address of %<this%>, which is an rvalue expression");
5477 	    TREE_ADDRESSABLE (x) = 1; /* so compiler doesn't die later.  */
5478 	    return true;
5479 	  }
5480 	/* Fall through.  */
5481 
5482       case VAR_DECL:
5483 	/* Caller should not be trying to mark initialized
5484 	   constant fields addressable.  */
5485 	gcc_assert (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (x) == 0
5486 		    || DECL_IN_AGGR_P (x) == 0
5487 		    || TREE_STATIC (x)
5488 		    || DECL_EXTERNAL (x));
5489 	/* Fall through.  */
5490 
5491       case RESULT_DECL:
5492 	if (DECL_REGISTER (x) && !TREE_ADDRESSABLE (x)
5493 	    && !DECL_ARTIFICIAL (x))
5494 	  {
5495 	    if (TREE_CODE (x) == VAR_DECL && DECL_HARD_REGISTER (x))
5496 	      {
5497 		error
5498 		  ("address of explicit register variable %qD requested", x);
5499 		return false;
5500 	      }
5501 	    else if (extra_warnings)
5502 	      warning
5503 		(OPT_Wextra, "address requested for %qD, which is declared %<register%>", x);
5504 	  }
5505 	TREE_ADDRESSABLE (x) = 1;
5506 	return true;
5507 
5508       case CONST_DECL:
5509       case FUNCTION_DECL:
5510 	TREE_ADDRESSABLE (x) = 1;
5511 	return true;
5512 
5513       case CONSTRUCTOR:
5514 	TREE_ADDRESSABLE (x) = 1;
5515 	return true;
5516 
5517       case TARGET_EXPR:
5518 	TREE_ADDRESSABLE (x) = 1;
5519 	cxx_mark_addressable (TREE_OPERAND (x, 0));
5520 	return true;
5521 
5522       default:
5523 	return true;
5524     }
5525 }
5526 
5527 /* Build and return a conditional expression IFEXP ? OP1 : OP2.  */
5528 
5529 tree
5530 build_x_conditional_expr (tree ifexp, tree op1, tree op2,
5531                           tsubst_flags_t complain)
5532 {
5533   tree orig_ifexp = ifexp;
5534   tree orig_op1 = op1;
5535   tree orig_op2 = op2;
5536   tree expr;
5537 
5538   if (processing_template_decl)
5539     {
5540       /* The standard says that the expression is type-dependent if
5541 	 IFEXP is type-dependent, even though the eventual type of the
5542 	 expression doesn't dependent on IFEXP.  */
5543       if (type_dependent_expression_p (ifexp)
5544 	  /* As a GNU extension, the middle operand may be omitted.  */
5545 	  || (op1 && type_dependent_expression_p (op1))
5546 	  || type_dependent_expression_p (op2))
5547 	return build_min_nt (COND_EXPR, ifexp, op1, op2);
5548       ifexp = build_non_dependent_expr (ifexp);
5549       if (op1)
5550 	op1 = build_non_dependent_expr (op1);
5551       op2 = build_non_dependent_expr (op2);
5552     }
5553 
5554   expr = build_conditional_expr (ifexp, op1, op2, complain);
5555   if (processing_template_decl && expr != error_mark_node)
5556     {
5557       tree min = build_min_non_dep (COND_EXPR, expr,
5558 				    orig_ifexp, orig_op1, orig_op2);
5559       /* In C++11, remember that the result is an lvalue or xvalue.
5560          In C++98, lvalue_kind can just assume lvalue in a template.  */
5561       if (cxx_dialect >= cxx0x
5562 	  && lvalue_or_rvalue_with_address_p (expr)
5563 	  && !lvalue_or_rvalue_with_address_p (min))
5564 	TREE_TYPE (min) = cp_build_reference_type (TREE_TYPE (min),
5565 						   !real_lvalue_p (expr));
5566       expr = convert_from_reference (min);
5567     }
5568   return expr;
5569 }
5570 
5571 /* Given a list of expressions, return a compound expression
5572    that performs them all and returns the value of the last of them.  */
5573 
5574 tree
5575 build_x_compound_expr_from_list (tree list, expr_list_kind exp,
5576 				 tsubst_flags_t complain)
5577 {
5578   tree expr = TREE_VALUE (list);
5579 
5580   if (BRACE_ENCLOSED_INITIALIZER_P (expr)
5581       && !CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (expr))
5582     {
5583       if (complain & tf_error)
5584 	pedwarn (EXPR_LOC_OR_HERE (expr), 0, "list-initializer for "
5585 		 "non-class type must not be parenthesized");
5586       else
5587 	return error_mark_node;
5588     }
5589 
5590   if (TREE_CHAIN (list))
5591     {
5592       if (complain & tf_error)
5593 	switch (exp)
5594 	  {
5595 	  case ELK_INIT:
5596 	    permerror (input_location, "expression list treated as compound "
5597 				       "expression in initializer");
5598 	    break;
5599 	  case ELK_MEM_INIT:
5600 	    permerror (input_location, "expression list treated as compound "
5601 				       "expression in mem-initializer");
5602 	    break;
5603 	  case ELK_FUNC_CAST:
5604 	    permerror (input_location, "expression list treated as compound "
5605 				       "expression in functional cast");
5606 	    break;
5607 	  default:
5608 	    gcc_unreachable ();
5609 	  }
5610       else
5611 	return error_mark_node;
5612 
5613       for (list = TREE_CHAIN (list); list; list = TREE_CHAIN (list))
5614 	expr = build_x_compound_expr (expr, TREE_VALUE (list),
5615                                       complain);
5616     }
5617 
5618   return expr;
5619 }
5620 
5621 /* Like build_x_compound_expr_from_list, but using a VEC.  */
5622 
5623 tree
5624 build_x_compound_expr_from_vec (VEC(tree,gc) *vec, const char *msg)
5625 {
5626   if (VEC_empty (tree, vec))
5627     return NULL_TREE;
5628   else if (VEC_length (tree, vec) == 1)
5629     return VEC_index (tree, vec, 0);
5630   else
5631     {
5632       tree expr;
5633       unsigned int ix;
5634       tree t;
5635 
5636       if (msg != NULL)
5637 	permerror (input_location,
5638 		   "%s expression list treated as compound expression",
5639 		   msg);
5640 
5641       expr = VEC_index (tree, vec, 0);
5642       for (ix = 1; VEC_iterate (tree, vec, ix, t); ++ix)
5643 	expr = build_x_compound_expr (expr, t, tf_warning_or_error);
5644 
5645       return expr;
5646     }
5647 }
5648 
5649 /* Handle overloading of the ',' operator when needed.  */
5650 
5651 tree
5652 build_x_compound_expr (tree op1, tree op2, tsubst_flags_t complain)
5653 {
5654   tree result;
5655   tree orig_op1 = op1;
5656   tree orig_op2 = op2;
5657 
5658   if (processing_template_decl)
5659     {
5660       if (type_dependent_expression_p (op1)
5661 	  || type_dependent_expression_p (op2))
5662 	return build_min_nt (COMPOUND_EXPR, op1, op2);
5663       op1 = build_non_dependent_expr (op1);
5664       op2 = build_non_dependent_expr (op2);
5665     }
5666 
5667   result = build_new_op (COMPOUND_EXPR, LOOKUP_NORMAL, op1, op2, NULL_TREE,
5668 			 /*overload=*/NULL, complain);
5669   if (!result)
5670     result = cp_build_compound_expr (op1, op2, complain);
5671 
5672   if (processing_template_decl && result != error_mark_node)
5673     return build_min_non_dep (COMPOUND_EXPR, result, orig_op1, orig_op2);
5674 
5675   return result;
5676 }
5677 
5678 /* Like cp_build_compound_expr, but for the c-common bits.  */
5679 
5680 tree
5681 build_compound_expr (location_t loc ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, tree lhs, tree rhs)
5682 {
5683   return cp_build_compound_expr (lhs, rhs, tf_warning_or_error);
5684 }
5685 
5686 /* Build a compound expression.  */
5687 
5688 tree
5689 cp_build_compound_expr (tree lhs, tree rhs, tsubst_flags_t complain)
5690 {
5691   lhs = convert_to_void (lhs, ICV_LEFT_OF_COMMA, complain);
5692 
5693   if (lhs == error_mark_node || rhs == error_mark_node)
5694     return error_mark_node;
5695 
5696   if (TREE_CODE (rhs) == TARGET_EXPR)
5697     {
5698       /* If the rhs is a TARGET_EXPR, then build the compound
5699 	 expression inside the target_expr's initializer. This
5700 	 helps the compiler to eliminate unnecessary temporaries.  */
5701       tree init = TREE_OPERAND (rhs, 1);
5702 
5703       init = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (init), lhs, init);
5704       TREE_OPERAND (rhs, 1) = init;
5705 
5706       return rhs;
5707     }
5708 
5709   if (type_unknown_p (rhs))
5710     {
5711       error ("no context to resolve type of %qE", rhs);
5712       return error_mark_node;
5713     }
5714 
5715   return build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (rhs), lhs, rhs);
5716 }
5717 
5718 /* Issue a diagnostic message if casting from SRC_TYPE to DEST_TYPE
5719    casts away constness.  CAST gives the type of cast.  Returns true
5720    if the cast is ill-formed, false if it is well-formed.
5721 
5722    ??? This function warns for casting away any qualifier not just
5723    const.  We would like to specify exactly what qualifiers are casted
5724    away.
5725 */
5726 
5727 static bool
5728 check_for_casting_away_constness (tree src_type, tree dest_type,
5729 				  enum tree_code cast, tsubst_flags_t complain)
5730 {
5731   /* C-style casts are allowed to cast away constness.  With
5732      WARN_CAST_QUAL, we still want to issue a warning.  */
5733   if (cast == CAST_EXPR && !warn_cast_qual)
5734     return false;
5735 
5736   if (!casts_away_constness (src_type, dest_type))
5737     return false;
5738 
5739   switch (cast)
5740     {
5741     case CAST_EXPR:
5742       if (complain & tf_warning)
5743 	warning (OPT_Wcast_qual,
5744 		 "cast from type %qT to type %qT casts away qualifiers",
5745 		 src_type, dest_type);
5746       return false;
5747 
5748     case STATIC_CAST_EXPR:
5749       if (complain & tf_error)
5750 	error ("static_cast from type %qT to type %qT casts away qualifiers",
5751 	       src_type, dest_type);
5752       return true;
5753 
5754     case REINTERPRET_CAST_EXPR:
5755       if (complain & tf_error)
5756 	error ("reinterpret_cast from type %qT to type %qT casts away qualifiers",
5757 	       src_type, dest_type);
5758       return true;
5759 
5760     default:
5761       gcc_unreachable();
5762     }
5763 }
5764 
5765 /* Convert EXPR (an expression with pointer-to-member type) to TYPE
5766    (another pointer-to-member type in the same hierarchy) and return
5767    the converted expression.  If ALLOW_INVERSE_P is permitted, a
5768    pointer-to-derived may be converted to pointer-to-base; otherwise,
5769    only the other direction is permitted.  If C_CAST_P is true, this
5770    conversion is taking place as part of a C-style cast.  */
5771 
5772 tree
5773 convert_ptrmem (tree type, tree expr, bool allow_inverse_p,
5774 		bool c_cast_p, tsubst_flags_t complain)
5775 {
5776   if (TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type))
5777     {
5778       tree delta;
5779 
5780       if (TREE_CODE (expr) == PTRMEM_CST)
5781 	expr = cplus_expand_constant (expr);
5782       delta = get_delta_difference (TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (expr)),
5783 				    TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (type),
5784 				    allow_inverse_p,
5785 				    c_cast_p, complain);
5786       if (delta == error_mark_node)
5787 	return error_mark_node;
5788 
5789       if (!integer_zerop (delta))
5790 	{
5791 	  tree cond, op1, op2;
5792 
5793 	  cond = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
5794 				     EQ_EXPR,
5795 				     expr,
5796 				     build_int_cst (TREE_TYPE (expr), -1),
5797 				     tf_warning_or_error);
5798 	  op1 = build_nop (ptrdiff_type_node, expr);
5799 	  op2 = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
5800 				    PLUS_EXPR, op1, delta,
5801 				    tf_warning_or_error);
5802 
5803 	  expr = fold_build3_loc (input_location,
5804 			      COND_EXPR, ptrdiff_type_node, cond, op1, op2);
5805 
5806 	}
5807 
5808       return build_nop (type, expr);
5809     }
5810   else
5811     return build_ptrmemfunc (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (type), expr,
5812 			     allow_inverse_p, c_cast_p, complain);
5813 }
5814 
5815 /* Perform a static_cast from EXPR to TYPE.  When C_CAST_P is true,
5816    this static_cast is being attempted as one of the possible casts
5817    allowed by a C-style cast.  (In that case, accessibility of base
5818    classes is not considered, and it is OK to cast away
5819    constness.)  Return the result of the cast.  *VALID_P is set to
5820    indicate whether or not the cast was valid.  */
5821 
5822 static tree
5823 build_static_cast_1 (tree type, tree expr, bool c_cast_p,
5824 		     bool *valid_p, tsubst_flags_t complain)
5825 {
5826   tree intype;
5827   tree result;
5828   cp_lvalue_kind clk;
5829 
5830   /* Assume the cast is valid.  */
5831   *valid_p = true;
5832 
5833   intype = unlowered_expr_type (expr);
5834 
5835   /* Save casted types in the function's used types hash table.  */
5836   used_types_insert (type);
5837 
5838   /* [expr.static.cast]
5839 
5840      An lvalue of type "cv1 B", where B is a class type, can be cast
5841      to type "reference to cv2 D", where D is a class derived (clause
5842      _class.derived_) from B, if a valid standard conversion from
5843      "pointer to D" to "pointer to B" exists (_conv.ptr_), cv2 is the
5844      same cv-qualification as, or greater cv-qualification than, cv1,
5845      and B is not a virtual base class of D.  */
5846   /* We check this case before checking the validity of "TYPE t =
5847      EXPR;" below because for this case:
5848 
5849        struct B {};
5850        struct D : public B { D(const B&); };
5851        extern B& b;
5852        void f() { static_cast<const D&>(b); }
5853 
5854      we want to avoid constructing a new D.  The standard is not
5855      completely clear about this issue, but our interpretation is
5856      consistent with other compilers.  */
5857   if (TREE_CODE (type) == REFERENCE_TYPE
5858       && CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (type))
5859       && CLASS_TYPE_P (intype)
5860       && (TYPE_REF_IS_RVALUE (type) || real_lvalue_p (expr))
5861       && DERIVED_FROM_P (intype, TREE_TYPE (type))
5862       && can_convert (build_pointer_type (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (intype)),
5863 		      build_pointer_type (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT
5864 					  (TREE_TYPE (type))))
5865       && (c_cast_p
5866 	  || at_least_as_qualified_p (TREE_TYPE (type), intype)))
5867     {
5868       tree base;
5869 
5870       /* There is a standard conversion from "D*" to "B*" even if "B"
5871 	 is ambiguous or inaccessible.  If this is really a
5872 	 static_cast, then we check both for inaccessibility and
5873 	 ambiguity.  However, if this is a static_cast being performed
5874 	 because the user wrote a C-style cast, then accessibility is
5875 	 not considered.  */
5876       base = lookup_base (TREE_TYPE (type), intype,
5877 			  c_cast_p ? ba_unique : ba_check,
5878 			  NULL);
5879 
5880       /* Convert from "B*" to "D*".  This function will check that "B"
5881 	 is not a virtual base of "D".  */
5882       expr = build_base_path (MINUS_EXPR, build_address (expr),
5883 			      base, /*nonnull=*/false, complain);
5884       /* Convert the pointer to a reference -- but then remember that
5885 	 there are no expressions with reference type in C++.
5886 
5887          We call rvalue so that there's an actual tree code
5888          (NON_LVALUE_EXPR) for the static_cast; otherwise, if the operand
5889          is a variable with the same type, the conversion would get folded
5890          away, leaving just the variable and causing lvalue_kind to give
5891          the wrong answer.  */
5892       return convert_from_reference (rvalue (cp_fold_convert (type, expr)));
5893     }
5894 
5895   /* "A glvalue of type cv1 T1 can be cast to type rvalue reference to
5896      cv2 T2 if cv2 T2 is reference-compatible with cv1 T1 (8.5.3)."  */
5897   if (TREE_CODE (type) == REFERENCE_TYPE
5898       && TYPE_REF_IS_RVALUE (type)
5899       && (clk = real_lvalue_p (expr))
5900       && reference_related_p (TREE_TYPE (type), intype)
5901       && (c_cast_p || at_least_as_qualified_p (TREE_TYPE (type), intype)))
5902     {
5903       if (clk == clk_ordinary)
5904 	{
5905 	  /* Handle the (non-bit-field) lvalue case here by casting to
5906 	     lvalue reference and then changing it to an rvalue reference.
5907 	     Casting an xvalue to rvalue reference will be handled by the
5908 	     main code path.  */
5909 	  tree lref = cp_build_reference_type (TREE_TYPE (type), false);
5910 	  result = (perform_direct_initialization_if_possible
5911 		    (lref, expr, c_cast_p, complain));
5912 	  result = cp_fold_convert (type, result);
5913 	  /* Make sure we don't fold back down to a named rvalue reference,
5914 	     because that would be an lvalue.  */
5915 	  if (DECL_P (result))
5916 	    result = build1 (NON_LVALUE_EXPR, type, result);
5917 	  return convert_from_reference (result);
5918 	}
5919       else
5920 	/* For a bit-field or packed field, bind to a temporary.  */
5921 	expr = rvalue (expr);
5922     }
5923 
5924   /* Resolve overloaded address here rather than once in
5925      implicit_conversion and again in the inverse code below.  */
5926   if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type) && type_unknown_p (expr))
5927     {
5928       expr = instantiate_type (type, expr, complain);
5929       intype = TREE_TYPE (expr);
5930     }
5931 
5932   /* [expr.static.cast]
5933 
5934      An expression e can be explicitly converted to a type T using a
5935      static_cast of the form static_cast<T>(e) if the declaration T
5936      t(e);" is well-formed, for some invented temporary variable
5937      t.  */
5938   result = perform_direct_initialization_if_possible (type, expr,
5939 						      c_cast_p, complain);
5940   if (result)
5941     {
5942       result = convert_from_reference (result);
5943 
5944       /* [expr.static.cast]
5945 
5946 	 If T is a reference type, the result is an lvalue; otherwise,
5947 	 the result is an rvalue.  */
5948       if (TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE)
5949 	result = rvalue (result);
5950       return result;
5951     }
5952 
5953   /* [expr.static.cast]
5954 
5955      Any expression can be explicitly converted to type cv void.  */
5956   if (TREE_CODE (type) == VOID_TYPE)
5957     return convert_to_void (expr, ICV_CAST, complain);
5958 
5959   /* [expr.static.cast]
5960 
5961      The inverse of any standard conversion sequence (clause _conv_),
5962      other than the lvalue-to-rvalue (_conv.lval_), array-to-pointer
5963      (_conv.array_), function-to-pointer (_conv.func_), and boolean
5964      (_conv.bool_) conversions, can be performed explicitly using
5965      static_cast subject to the restriction that the explicit
5966      conversion does not cast away constness (_expr.const.cast_), and
5967      the following additional rules for specific cases:  */
5968   /* For reference, the conversions not excluded are: integral
5969      promotions, floating point promotion, integral conversions,
5970      floating point conversions, floating-integral conversions,
5971      pointer conversions, and pointer to member conversions.  */
5972   /* DR 128
5973 
5974      A value of integral _or enumeration_ type can be explicitly
5975      converted to an enumeration type.  */
5976   /* The effect of all that is that any conversion between any two
5977      types which are integral, floating, or enumeration types can be
5978      performed.  */
5979   if ((INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (type)
5980        || SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P (type))
5981       && (INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (intype)
5982 	  || SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P (intype)))
5983     return ocp_convert (type, expr, CONV_C_CAST, LOOKUP_NORMAL);
5984 
5985   if (TYPE_PTR_P (type) && TYPE_PTR_P (intype)
5986       && CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (type))
5987       && CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (intype))
5988       && can_convert (build_pointer_type (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT
5989 					  (TREE_TYPE (intype))),
5990 		      build_pointer_type (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT
5991 					  (TREE_TYPE (type)))))
5992     {
5993       tree base;
5994 
5995       if (!c_cast_p
5996 	  && check_for_casting_away_constness (intype, type, STATIC_CAST_EXPR,
5997 					       complain))
5998 	return error_mark_node;
5999       base = lookup_base (TREE_TYPE (type), TREE_TYPE (intype),
6000 			  c_cast_p ? ba_unique : ba_check,
6001 			  NULL);
6002       expr = build_base_path (MINUS_EXPR, expr, base, /*nonnull=*/false,
6003 			      complain);
6004       return cp_fold_convert(type, expr);
6005     }
6006 
6007   if ((TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type) && TYPE_PTRMEM_P (intype))
6008       || (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type) && TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (intype)))
6009     {
6010       tree c1;
6011       tree c2;
6012       tree t1;
6013       tree t2;
6014 
6015       c1 = TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (intype);
6016       c2 = TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (type);
6017 
6018       if (TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type))
6019 	{
6020 	  t1 = (build_ptrmem_type
6021 		(c1,
6022 		 TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (intype))));
6023 	  t2 = (build_ptrmem_type
6024 		(c2,
6025 		 TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (type))));
6026 	}
6027       else
6028 	{
6029 	  t1 = intype;
6030 	  t2 = type;
6031 	}
6032       if (can_convert (t1, t2) || can_convert (t2, t1))
6033 	{
6034 	  if (!c_cast_p
6035 	      && check_for_casting_away_constness (intype, type,
6036 						   STATIC_CAST_EXPR,
6037 						   complain))
6038 	    return error_mark_node;
6039 	  return convert_ptrmem (type, expr, /*allow_inverse_p=*/1,
6040 				 c_cast_p, complain);
6041 	}
6042     }
6043 
6044   /* [expr.static.cast]
6045 
6046      An rvalue of type "pointer to cv void" can be explicitly
6047      converted to a pointer to object type.  A value of type pointer
6048      to object converted to "pointer to cv void" and back to the
6049      original pointer type will have its original value.  */
6050   if (TREE_CODE (intype) == POINTER_TYPE
6051       && VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (intype))
6052       && TYPE_PTROB_P (type))
6053     {
6054       if (!c_cast_p
6055 	  && check_for_casting_away_constness (intype, type, STATIC_CAST_EXPR,
6056 					       complain))
6057 	return error_mark_node;
6058       return build_nop (type, expr);
6059     }
6060 
6061   *valid_p = false;
6062   return error_mark_node;
6063 }
6064 
6065 /* Return an expression representing static_cast<TYPE>(EXPR).  */
6066 
6067 tree
6068 build_static_cast (tree type, tree expr, tsubst_flags_t complain)
6069 {
6070   tree result;
6071   bool valid_p;
6072 
6073   if (type == error_mark_node || expr == error_mark_node)
6074     return error_mark_node;
6075 
6076   if (processing_template_decl)
6077     {
6078       expr = build_min (STATIC_CAST_EXPR, type, expr);
6079       /* We don't know if it will or will not have side effects.  */
6080       TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (expr) = 1;
6081       return convert_from_reference (expr);
6082     }
6083 
6084   /* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an lvalue.
6085      Strip such NOP_EXPRs if VALUE is being used in non-lvalue context.  */
6086   if (TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE
6087       && TREE_CODE (expr) == NOP_EXPR
6088       && TREE_TYPE (expr) == TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (expr, 0)))
6089     expr = TREE_OPERAND (expr, 0);
6090 
6091   result = build_static_cast_1 (type, expr, /*c_cast_p=*/false, &valid_p,
6092                                 complain);
6093   if (valid_p)
6094     return result;
6095 
6096   if (complain & tf_error)
6097     error ("invalid static_cast from type %qT to type %qT",
6098            TREE_TYPE (expr), type);
6099   return error_mark_node;
6100 }
6101 
6102 /* EXPR is an expression with member function or pointer-to-member
6103    function type.  TYPE is a pointer type.  Converting EXPR to TYPE is
6104    not permitted by ISO C++, but we accept it in some modes.  If we
6105    are not in one of those modes, issue a diagnostic.  Return the
6106    converted expression.  */
6107 
6108 tree
6109 convert_member_func_to_ptr (tree type, tree expr)
6110 {
6111   tree intype;
6112   tree decl;
6113 
6114   intype = TREE_TYPE (expr);
6115   gcc_assert (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (intype)
6116 	      || TREE_CODE (intype) == METHOD_TYPE);
6117 
6118   if (pedantic || warn_pmf2ptr)
6119     pedwarn (input_location, pedantic ? OPT_pedantic : OPT_Wpmf_conversions,
6120 	     "converting from %qT to %qT", intype, type);
6121 
6122   if (TREE_CODE (intype) == METHOD_TYPE)
6123     expr = build_addr_func (expr);
6124   else if (TREE_CODE (expr) == PTRMEM_CST)
6125     expr = build_address (PTRMEM_CST_MEMBER (expr));
6126   else
6127     {
6128       decl = maybe_dummy_object (TYPE_PTRMEM_CLASS_TYPE (intype), 0);
6129       decl = build_address (decl);
6130       expr = get_member_function_from_ptrfunc (&decl, expr);
6131     }
6132 
6133   return build_nop (type, expr);
6134 }
6135 
6136 /* Return a representation for a reinterpret_cast from EXPR to TYPE.
6137    If C_CAST_P is true, this reinterpret cast is being done as part of
6138    a C-style cast.  If VALID_P is non-NULL, *VALID_P is set to
6139    indicate whether or not reinterpret_cast was valid.  */
6140 
6141 static tree
6142 build_reinterpret_cast_1 (tree type, tree expr, bool c_cast_p,
6143 			  bool *valid_p, tsubst_flags_t complain)
6144 {
6145   tree intype;
6146 
6147   /* Assume the cast is invalid.  */
6148   if (valid_p)
6149     *valid_p = true;
6150 
6151   if (type == error_mark_node || error_operand_p (expr))
6152     return error_mark_node;
6153 
6154   intype = TREE_TYPE (expr);
6155 
6156   /* Save casted types in the function's used types hash table.  */
6157   used_types_insert (type);
6158 
6159   /* [expr.reinterpret.cast]
6160      An lvalue expression of type T1 can be cast to the type
6161      "reference to T2" if an expression of type "pointer to T1" can be
6162      explicitly converted to the type "pointer to T2" using a
6163      reinterpret_cast.  */
6164   if (TREE_CODE (type) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
6165     {
6166       if (! real_lvalue_p (expr))
6167 	{
6168           if (complain & tf_error)
6169             error ("invalid cast of an rvalue expression of type "
6170                    "%qT to type %qT",
6171                    intype, type);
6172 	  return error_mark_node;
6173 	}
6174 
6175       /* Warn about a reinterpret_cast from "A*" to "B&" if "A" and
6176 	 "B" are related class types; the reinterpret_cast does not
6177 	 adjust the pointer.  */
6178       if (TYPE_PTR_P (intype)
6179           && (complain & tf_warning)
6180 	  && (comptypes (TREE_TYPE (intype), TREE_TYPE (type),
6181 			 COMPARE_BASE | COMPARE_DERIVED)))
6182 	warning (0, "casting %qT to %qT does not dereference pointer",
6183 		 intype, type);
6184 
6185       expr = cp_build_addr_expr (expr, complain);
6186 
6187       if (warn_strict_aliasing > 2)
6188 	strict_aliasing_warning (TREE_TYPE (expr), type, expr);
6189 
6190       if (expr != error_mark_node)
6191 	expr = build_reinterpret_cast_1
6192 	  (build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (type)), expr, c_cast_p,
6193 	   valid_p, complain);
6194       if (expr != error_mark_node)
6195 	/* cp_build_indirect_ref isn't right for rvalue refs.  */
6196 	expr = convert_from_reference (fold_convert (type, expr));
6197       return expr;
6198     }
6199 
6200   /* As a G++ extension, we consider conversions from member
6201      functions, and pointers to member functions to
6202      pointer-to-function and pointer-to-void types.  If
6203      -Wno-pmf-conversions has not been specified,
6204      convert_member_func_to_ptr will issue an error message.  */
6205   if ((TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (intype)
6206        || TREE_CODE (intype) == METHOD_TYPE)
6207       && TYPE_PTR_P (type)
6208       && (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (type)) == FUNCTION_TYPE
6209 	  || VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (type))))
6210     return convert_member_func_to_ptr (type, expr);
6211 
6212   /* If the cast is not to a reference type, the lvalue-to-rvalue,
6213      array-to-pointer, and function-to-pointer conversions are
6214      performed.  */
6215   expr = decay_conversion (expr);
6216 
6217   /* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an lvalue.
6218      Strip such NOP_EXPRs if VALUE is being used in non-lvalue context.  */
6219   if (TREE_CODE (expr) == NOP_EXPR
6220       && TREE_TYPE (expr) == TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (expr, 0)))
6221     expr = TREE_OPERAND (expr, 0);
6222 
6223   if (error_operand_p (expr))
6224     return error_mark_node;
6225 
6226   intype = TREE_TYPE (expr);
6227 
6228   /* [expr.reinterpret.cast]
6229      A pointer can be converted to any integral type large enough to
6230      hold it. ... A value of type std::nullptr_t can be converted to
6231      an integral type; the conversion has the same meaning and
6232      validity as a conversion of (void*)0 to the integral type.  */
6233   if (CP_INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (type)
6234       && (TYPE_PTR_P (intype) || NULLPTR_TYPE_P (intype)))
6235     {
6236       if (TYPE_PRECISION (type) < TYPE_PRECISION (intype))
6237         {
6238           if (complain & tf_error)
6239             permerror (input_location, "cast from %qT to %qT loses precision",
6240                        intype, type);
6241           else
6242             return error_mark_node;
6243         }
6244       if (NULLPTR_TYPE_P (intype))
6245         return build_int_cst (type, 0);
6246     }
6247   /* [expr.reinterpret.cast]
6248      A value of integral or enumeration type can be explicitly
6249      converted to a pointer.  */
6250   else if (TYPE_PTR_P (type) && INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (intype))
6251     /* OK */
6252     ;
6253   else if ((INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (type)
6254 	    || TYPE_PTR_P (type) || TYPE_PTR_TO_MEMBER_P (type))
6255 	   && same_type_p (type, intype))
6256     /* DR 799 */
6257     return fold_if_not_in_template (build_nop (type, expr));
6258   else if ((TYPE_PTRFN_P (type) && TYPE_PTRFN_P (intype))
6259 	   || (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type) && TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (intype)))
6260     return fold_if_not_in_template (build_nop (type, expr));
6261   else if ((TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type) && TYPE_PTRMEM_P (intype))
6262 	   || (TYPE_PTROBV_P (type) && TYPE_PTROBV_P (intype)))
6263     {
6264       tree sexpr = expr;
6265 
6266       if (!c_cast_p
6267 	  && check_for_casting_away_constness (intype, type,
6268 					       REINTERPRET_CAST_EXPR,
6269 					       complain))
6270 	return error_mark_node;
6271       /* Warn about possible alignment problems.  */
6272       if (STRICT_ALIGNMENT && warn_cast_align
6273           && (complain & tf_warning)
6274 	  && !VOID_TYPE_P (type)
6275 	  && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (intype)) != FUNCTION_TYPE
6276 	  && COMPLETE_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (type))
6277 	  && COMPLETE_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (intype))
6278 	  && TYPE_ALIGN (TREE_TYPE (type)) > TYPE_ALIGN (TREE_TYPE (intype)))
6279 	warning (OPT_Wcast_align, "cast from %qT to %qT "
6280                  "increases required alignment of target type", intype, type);
6281 
6282       /* We need to strip nops here, because the front end likes to
6283 	 create (int *)&a for array-to-pointer decay, instead of &a[0].  */
6284       STRIP_NOPS (sexpr);
6285       if (warn_strict_aliasing <= 2)
6286 	strict_aliasing_warning (intype, type, sexpr);
6287 
6288       return fold_if_not_in_template (build_nop (type, expr));
6289     }
6290   else if ((TYPE_PTRFN_P (type) && TYPE_PTROBV_P (intype))
6291 	   || (TYPE_PTRFN_P (intype) && TYPE_PTROBV_P (type)))
6292     {
6293       if (pedantic && (complain & tf_warning))
6294 	/* Only issue a warning, as we have always supported this
6295 	   where possible, and it is necessary in some cases.  DR 195
6296 	   addresses this issue, but as of 2004/10/26 is still in
6297 	   drafting.  */
6298 	warning (0, "ISO C++ forbids casting between pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object");
6299       return fold_if_not_in_template (build_nop (type, expr));
6300     }
6301   else if (TREE_CODE (type) == VECTOR_TYPE)
6302     return fold_if_not_in_template (convert_to_vector (type, expr));
6303   else if (TREE_CODE (intype) == VECTOR_TYPE
6304 	   && INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (type))
6305     return fold_if_not_in_template (convert_to_integer (type, expr));
6306   else
6307     {
6308       if (valid_p)
6309 	*valid_p = false;
6310       if (complain & tf_error)
6311         error ("invalid cast from type %qT to type %qT", intype, type);
6312       return error_mark_node;
6313     }
6314 
6315   return cp_convert (type, expr);
6316 }
6317 
6318 tree
6319 build_reinterpret_cast (tree type, tree expr, tsubst_flags_t complain)
6320 {
6321   if (type == error_mark_node || expr == error_mark_node)
6322     return error_mark_node;
6323 
6324   if (processing_template_decl)
6325     {
6326       tree t = build_min (REINTERPRET_CAST_EXPR, type, expr);
6327 
6328       if (!TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (t)
6329 	  && type_dependent_expression_p (expr))
6330 	/* There might turn out to be side effects inside expr.  */
6331 	TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (t) = 1;
6332       return convert_from_reference (t);
6333     }
6334 
6335   return build_reinterpret_cast_1 (type, expr, /*c_cast_p=*/false,
6336 				   /*valid_p=*/NULL, complain);
6337 }
6338 
6339 /* Perform a const_cast from EXPR to TYPE.  If the cast is valid,
6340    return an appropriate expression.  Otherwise, return
6341    error_mark_node.  If the cast is not valid, and COMPLAIN is true,
6342    then a diagnostic will be issued.  If VALID_P is non-NULL, we are
6343    performing a C-style cast, its value upon return will indicate
6344    whether or not the conversion succeeded.  */
6345 
6346 static tree
6347 build_const_cast_1 (tree dst_type, tree expr, tsubst_flags_t complain,
6348 		    bool *valid_p)
6349 {
6350   tree src_type;
6351   tree reference_type;
6352 
6353   /* Callers are responsible for handling error_mark_node as a
6354      destination type.  */
6355   gcc_assert (dst_type != error_mark_node);
6356   /* In a template, callers should be building syntactic
6357      representations of casts, not using this machinery.  */
6358   gcc_assert (!processing_template_decl);
6359 
6360   /* Assume the conversion is invalid.  */
6361   if (valid_p)
6362     *valid_p = false;
6363 
6364   if (!POINTER_TYPE_P (dst_type) && !TYPE_PTRMEM_P (dst_type))
6365     {
6366       if (complain & tf_error)
6367 	error ("invalid use of const_cast with type %qT, "
6368 	       "which is not a pointer, "
6369 	       "reference, nor a pointer-to-data-member type", dst_type);
6370       return error_mark_node;
6371     }
6372 
6373   if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (dst_type)) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
6374     {
6375       if (complain & tf_error)
6376 	error ("invalid use of const_cast with type %qT, which is a pointer "
6377 	       "or reference to a function type", dst_type);
6378       return error_mark_node;
6379     }
6380 
6381   /* Save casted types in the function's used types hash table.  */
6382   used_types_insert (dst_type);
6383 
6384   src_type = TREE_TYPE (expr);
6385   /* Expressions do not really have reference types.  */
6386   if (TREE_CODE (src_type) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
6387     src_type = TREE_TYPE (src_type);
6388 
6389   /* [expr.const.cast]
6390 
6391      For two object types T1 and T2, if a pointer to T1 can be explicitly
6392      converted to the type "pointer to T2" using a const_cast, then the
6393      following conversions can also be made:
6394 
6395      -- an lvalue of type T1 can be explicitly converted to an lvalue of
6396      type T2 using the cast const_cast<T2&>;
6397 
6398      -- a glvalue of type T1 can be explicitly converted to an xvalue of
6399      type T2 using the cast const_cast<T2&&>; and
6400 
6401      -- if T1 is a class type, a prvalue of type T1 can be explicitly
6402      converted to an xvalue of type T2 using the cast const_cast<T2&&>.  */
6403 
6404   if (TREE_CODE (dst_type) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
6405     {
6406       reference_type = dst_type;
6407       if (!TYPE_REF_IS_RVALUE (dst_type)
6408 	  ? real_lvalue_p (expr)
6409 	  : (CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (dst_type))
6410 	     ? lvalue_p (expr)
6411 	     : lvalue_or_rvalue_with_address_p (expr)))
6412 	/* OK.  */;
6413       else
6414 	{
6415 	  if (complain & tf_error)
6416 	    error ("invalid const_cast of an rvalue of type %qT to type %qT",
6417 		   src_type, dst_type);
6418 	  return error_mark_node;
6419 	}
6420       dst_type = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (dst_type));
6421       src_type = build_pointer_type (src_type);
6422     }
6423   else
6424     {
6425       reference_type = NULL_TREE;
6426       /* If the destination type is not a reference type, the
6427 	 lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, and function-to-pointer
6428 	 conversions are performed.  */
6429       src_type = type_decays_to (src_type);
6430       if (src_type == error_mark_node)
6431 	return error_mark_node;
6432     }
6433 
6434   if (TYPE_PTR_P (src_type) || TYPE_PTRMEM_P (src_type))
6435     {
6436       if (comp_ptr_ttypes_const (dst_type, src_type))
6437 	{
6438 	  if (valid_p)
6439 	    {
6440 	      *valid_p = true;
6441 	      /* This cast is actually a C-style cast.  Issue a warning if
6442 		 the user is making a potentially unsafe cast.  */
6443 	      check_for_casting_away_constness (src_type, dst_type,
6444 						CAST_EXPR, complain);
6445 	    }
6446 	  if (reference_type)
6447 	    {
6448 	      expr = cp_build_addr_expr (expr, complain);
6449 	      expr = build_nop (reference_type, expr);
6450 	      return convert_from_reference (expr);
6451 	    }
6452 	  else
6453 	    {
6454 	      expr = decay_conversion (expr);
6455 	      /* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an
6456 		 lvalue.  Strip such NOP_EXPRs if VALUE is being used in
6457 		 non-lvalue context.  */
6458 	      if (TREE_CODE (expr) == NOP_EXPR
6459 		  && TREE_TYPE (expr) == TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (expr, 0)))
6460 		expr = TREE_OPERAND (expr, 0);
6461 	      return build_nop (dst_type, expr);
6462 	    }
6463 	}
6464       else if (valid_p
6465 	       && !at_least_as_qualified_p (TREE_TYPE (dst_type),
6466 					    TREE_TYPE (src_type)))
6467 	check_for_casting_away_constness (src_type, dst_type, CAST_EXPR,
6468 					  complain);
6469     }
6470 
6471   if (complain & tf_error)
6472     error ("invalid const_cast from type %qT to type %qT",
6473 	   src_type, dst_type);
6474   return error_mark_node;
6475 }
6476 
6477 tree
6478 build_const_cast (tree type, tree expr, tsubst_flags_t complain)
6479 {
6480   if (type == error_mark_node || error_operand_p (expr))
6481     return error_mark_node;
6482 
6483   if (processing_template_decl)
6484     {
6485       tree t = build_min (CONST_CAST_EXPR, type, expr);
6486 
6487       if (!TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (t)
6488 	  && type_dependent_expression_p (expr))
6489 	/* There might turn out to be side effects inside expr.  */
6490 	TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (t) = 1;
6491       return convert_from_reference (t);
6492     }
6493 
6494   return build_const_cast_1 (type, expr, complain,
6495 			     /*valid_p=*/NULL);
6496 }
6497 
6498 /* Like cp_build_c_cast, but for the c-common bits.  */
6499 
6500 tree
6501 build_c_cast (location_t loc ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, tree type, tree expr)
6502 {
6503   return cp_build_c_cast (type, expr, tf_warning_or_error);
6504 }
6505 
6506 /* Build an expression representing an explicit C-style cast to type
6507    TYPE of expression EXPR.  */
6508 
6509 tree
6510 cp_build_c_cast (tree type, tree expr, tsubst_flags_t complain)
6511 {
6512   tree value = expr;
6513   tree result;
6514   bool valid_p;
6515 
6516   if (type == error_mark_node || error_operand_p (expr))
6517     return error_mark_node;
6518 
6519   if (processing_template_decl)
6520     {
6521       tree t = build_min (CAST_EXPR, type,
6522 			  tree_cons (NULL_TREE, value, NULL_TREE));
6523       /* We don't know if it will or will not have side effects.  */
6524       TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (t) = 1;
6525       return convert_from_reference (t);
6526     }
6527 
6528   /* Casts to a (pointer to a) specific ObjC class (or 'id' or
6529      'Class') should always be retained, because this information aids
6530      in method lookup.  */
6531   if (objc_is_object_ptr (type)
6532       && objc_is_object_ptr (TREE_TYPE (expr)))
6533     return build_nop (type, expr);
6534 
6535   /* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an lvalue.
6536      Strip such NOP_EXPRs if VALUE is being used in non-lvalue context.  */
6537   if (TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE
6538       && TREE_CODE (value) == NOP_EXPR
6539       && TREE_TYPE (value) == TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (value, 0)))
6540     value = TREE_OPERAND (value, 0);
6541 
6542   if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE)
6543     {
6544       /* Allow casting from T1* to T2[] because Cfront allows it.
6545 	 NIHCL uses it. It is not valid ISO C++ however.  */
6546       if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (expr)) == POINTER_TYPE)
6547 	{
6548           if (complain & tf_error)
6549             permerror (input_location, "ISO C++ forbids casting to an array type %qT", type);
6550           else
6551             return error_mark_node;
6552 	  type = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (type));
6553 	}
6554       else
6555 	{
6556           if (complain & tf_error)
6557             error ("ISO C++ forbids casting to an array type %qT", type);
6558 	  return error_mark_node;
6559 	}
6560     }
6561 
6562   if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE
6563       || TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
6564     {
6565       if (complain & tf_error)
6566         error ("invalid cast to function type %qT", type);
6567       return error_mark_node;
6568     }
6569 
6570   if (TREE_CODE (type) == POINTER_TYPE
6571       && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (value)) == INTEGER_TYPE
6572       /* Casting to an integer of smaller size is an error detected elsewhere.  */
6573       && TYPE_PRECISION (type) > TYPE_PRECISION (TREE_TYPE (value))
6574       /* Don't warn about converting any constant.  */
6575       && !TREE_CONSTANT (value))
6576     warning_at (input_location, OPT_Wint_to_pointer_cast,
6577 		"cast to pointer from integer of different size");
6578 
6579   /* A C-style cast can be a const_cast.  */
6580   result = build_const_cast_1 (type, value, complain & tf_warning,
6581 			       &valid_p);
6582   if (valid_p)
6583     return result;
6584 
6585   /* Or a static cast.  */
6586   result = build_static_cast_1 (type, value, /*c_cast_p=*/true,
6587 				&valid_p, complain);
6588   /* Or a reinterpret_cast.  */
6589   if (!valid_p)
6590     result = build_reinterpret_cast_1 (type, value, /*c_cast_p=*/true,
6591 				       &valid_p, complain);
6592   /* The static_cast or reinterpret_cast may be followed by a
6593      const_cast.  */
6594   if (valid_p
6595       /* A valid cast may result in errors if, for example, a
6596 	 conversion to am ambiguous base class is required.  */
6597       && !error_operand_p (result))
6598     {
6599       tree result_type;
6600 
6601       /* Non-class rvalues always have cv-unqualified type.  */
6602       if (!CLASS_TYPE_P (type))
6603 	type = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type);
6604       result_type = TREE_TYPE (result);
6605       if (!CLASS_TYPE_P (result_type) && TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE)
6606 	result_type = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (result_type);
6607       /* If the type of RESULT does not match TYPE, perform a
6608 	 const_cast to make it match.  If the static_cast or
6609 	 reinterpret_cast succeeded, we will differ by at most
6610 	 cv-qualification, so the follow-on const_cast is guaranteed
6611 	 to succeed.  */
6612       if (!same_type_p (non_reference (type), non_reference (result_type)))
6613 	{
6614 	  result = build_const_cast_1 (type, result, false, &valid_p);
6615 	  gcc_assert (valid_p);
6616 	}
6617       return result;
6618     }
6619 
6620   return error_mark_node;
6621 }
6622 
6623 /* For use from the C common bits.  */
6624 tree
6625 build_modify_expr (location_t location ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
6626 		   tree lhs, tree lhs_origtype ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
6627 		   enum tree_code modifycode,
6628 		   location_t rhs_location ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, tree rhs,
6629 		   tree rhs_origtype ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
6630 {
6631   return cp_build_modify_expr (lhs, modifycode, rhs, tf_warning_or_error);
6632 }
6633 
6634 /* Build an assignment expression of lvalue LHS from value RHS.
6635    MODIFYCODE is the code for a binary operator that we use
6636    to combine the old value of LHS with RHS to get the new value.
6637    Or else MODIFYCODE is NOP_EXPR meaning do a simple assignment.
6638 
6639    C++: If MODIFYCODE is INIT_EXPR, then leave references unbashed.  */
6640 
6641 tree
6642 cp_build_modify_expr (tree lhs, enum tree_code modifycode, tree rhs,
6643 		      tsubst_flags_t complain)
6644 {
6645   tree result;
6646   tree newrhs = rhs;
6647   tree lhstype = TREE_TYPE (lhs);
6648   tree olhstype = lhstype;
6649   bool plain_assign = (modifycode == NOP_EXPR);
6650 
6651   /* Avoid duplicate error messages from operands that had errors.  */
6652   if (error_operand_p (lhs) || error_operand_p (rhs))
6653     return error_mark_node;
6654 
6655   /* Handle control structure constructs used as "lvalues".  */
6656   switch (TREE_CODE (lhs))
6657     {
6658       /* Handle --foo = 5; as these are valid constructs in C++.  */
6659     case PREDECREMENT_EXPR:
6660     case PREINCREMENT_EXPR:
6661       if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0)))
6662 	lhs = build2 (TREE_CODE (lhs), TREE_TYPE (lhs),
6663 		      stabilize_reference (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0)),
6664 		      TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1));
6665       newrhs = cp_build_modify_expr (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0),
6666 				     modifycode, rhs, complain);
6667       if (newrhs == error_mark_node)
6668 	return error_mark_node;
6669       return build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, lhstype, lhs, newrhs);
6670 
6671       /* Handle (a, b) used as an "lvalue".  */
6672     case COMPOUND_EXPR:
6673       newrhs = cp_build_modify_expr (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1),
6674 				     modifycode, rhs, complain);
6675       if (newrhs == error_mark_node)
6676 	return error_mark_node;
6677       return build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, lhstype,
6678 		     TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0), newrhs);
6679 
6680     case MODIFY_EXPR:
6681       if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0)))
6682 	lhs = build2 (TREE_CODE (lhs), TREE_TYPE (lhs),
6683 		      stabilize_reference (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0)),
6684 		      TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1));
6685       newrhs = cp_build_modify_expr (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0), modifycode, rhs,
6686 				     complain);
6687       if (newrhs == error_mark_node)
6688 	return error_mark_node;
6689       return build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, lhstype, lhs, newrhs);
6690 
6691     case MIN_EXPR:
6692     case MAX_EXPR:
6693       /* MIN_EXPR and MAX_EXPR are currently only permitted as lvalues,
6694 	 when neither operand has side-effects.  */
6695       if (!lvalue_or_else (lhs, lv_assign, complain))
6696 	return error_mark_node;
6697 
6698       gcc_assert (!TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0))
6699 		  && !TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1)));
6700 
6701       lhs = build3 (COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (lhs),
6702 		    build2 (TREE_CODE (lhs) == MIN_EXPR ? LE_EXPR : GE_EXPR,
6703 			    boolean_type_node,
6704 			    TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0),
6705 			    TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1)),
6706 		    TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0),
6707 		    TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1));
6708       /* Fall through.  */
6709 
6710       /* Handle (a ? b : c) used as an "lvalue".  */
6711     case COND_EXPR:
6712       {
6713 	/* Produce (a ? (b = rhs) : (c = rhs))
6714 	   except that the RHS goes through a save-expr
6715 	   so the code to compute it is only emitted once.  */
6716 	tree cond;
6717 	tree preeval = NULL_TREE;
6718 
6719 	if (VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (rhs)))
6720 	  {
6721 	    if (complain & tf_error)
6722 	      error ("void value not ignored as it ought to be");
6723 	    return error_mark_node;
6724 	  }
6725 
6726 	rhs = stabilize_expr (rhs, &preeval);
6727 
6728 	/* Check this here to avoid odd errors when trying to convert
6729 	   a throw to the type of the COND_EXPR.  */
6730 	if (!lvalue_or_else (lhs, lv_assign, complain))
6731 	  return error_mark_node;
6732 
6733 	cond = build_conditional_expr
6734 	  (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0),
6735 	   cp_build_modify_expr (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1),
6736 				 modifycode, rhs, complain),
6737 	   cp_build_modify_expr (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 2),
6738 				 modifycode, rhs, complain),
6739            complain);
6740 
6741 	if (cond == error_mark_node)
6742 	  return cond;
6743 	/* Make sure the code to compute the rhs comes out
6744 	   before the split.  */
6745 	if (preeval)
6746 	  cond = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (lhs), preeval, cond);
6747 	return cond;
6748       }
6749 
6750     default:
6751       break;
6752     }
6753 
6754   if (modifycode == INIT_EXPR)
6755     {
6756       if (BRACE_ENCLOSED_INITIALIZER_P (rhs))
6757 	/* Do the default thing.  */;
6758       else if (TREE_CODE (rhs) == CONSTRUCTOR)
6759 	{
6760 	  /* Compound literal.  */
6761 	  if (! same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (rhs), lhstype))
6762 	    /* Call convert to generate an error; see PR 11063.  */
6763 	    rhs = convert (lhstype, rhs);
6764 	  result = build2 (INIT_EXPR, lhstype, lhs, rhs);
6765 	  TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (result) = 1;
6766 	  return result;
6767 	}
6768       else if (! MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (lhstype))
6769 	/* Do the default thing.  */;
6770       else
6771 	{
6772 	  VEC(tree,gc) *rhs_vec = make_tree_vector_single (rhs);
6773 	  result = build_special_member_call (lhs, complete_ctor_identifier,
6774 					      &rhs_vec, lhstype, LOOKUP_NORMAL,
6775                                               complain);
6776 	  release_tree_vector (rhs_vec);
6777 	  if (result == NULL_TREE)
6778 	    return error_mark_node;
6779 	  return result;
6780 	}
6781     }
6782   else
6783     {
6784       lhs = require_complete_type_sfinae (lhs, complain);
6785       if (lhs == error_mark_node)
6786 	return error_mark_node;
6787 
6788       if (modifycode == NOP_EXPR)
6789 	{
6790 	  if (c_dialect_objc ())
6791 	    {
6792 	      result = objc_maybe_build_modify_expr (lhs, rhs);
6793 	      if (result)
6794 		return result;
6795 	    }
6796 
6797 	  /* `operator=' is not an inheritable operator.  */
6798 	  if (! MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (lhstype))
6799 	    /* Do the default thing.  */;
6800 	  else
6801 	    {
6802 	      result = build_new_op (MODIFY_EXPR, LOOKUP_NORMAL,
6803 				     lhs, rhs, make_node (NOP_EXPR),
6804 				     /*overload=*/NULL,
6805 				     complain);
6806 	      if (result == NULL_TREE)
6807 		return error_mark_node;
6808 	      return result;
6809 	    }
6810 	  lhstype = olhstype;
6811 	}
6812       else
6813 	{
6814 	  tree init = NULL_TREE;
6815 
6816 	  /* A binary op has been requested.  Combine the old LHS
6817 	     value with the RHS producing the value we should actually
6818 	     store into the LHS.  */
6819 	  gcc_assert (!((TREE_CODE (lhstype) == REFERENCE_TYPE
6820 			 && MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (lhstype)))
6821 			|| MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (lhstype)));
6822 
6823 	  /* Preevaluate the RHS to make sure its evaluation is complete
6824 	     before the lvalue-to-rvalue conversion of the LHS:
6825 
6826 	     [expr.ass] With respect to an indeterminately-sequenced
6827 	     function call, the operation of a compound assignment is a
6828 	     single evaluation. [ Note: Therefore, a function call shall
6829 	     not intervene between the lvalue-to-rvalue conversion and the
6830 	     side effect associated with any single compound assignment
6831 	     operator. -- end note ]  */
6832 	  lhs = stabilize_reference (lhs);
6833 	  if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (rhs))
6834 	    rhs = mark_rvalue_use (rhs);
6835 	  rhs = stabilize_expr (rhs, &init);
6836 	  newrhs = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
6837 				       modifycode, lhs, rhs,
6838 				       complain);
6839 	  if (newrhs == error_mark_node)
6840 	    {
6841 	      if (complain & tf_error)
6842 		error ("  in evaluation of %<%Q(%#T, %#T)%>", modifycode,
6843 		       TREE_TYPE (lhs), TREE_TYPE (rhs));
6844 	      return error_mark_node;
6845 	    }
6846 
6847 	  if (init)
6848 	    newrhs = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (newrhs), init, newrhs);
6849 
6850 	  /* Now it looks like a plain assignment.  */
6851 	  modifycode = NOP_EXPR;
6852 	  if (c_dialect_objc ())
6853 	    {
6854 	      result = objc_maybe_build_modify_expr (lhs, newrhs);
6855 	      if (result)
6856 		return result;
6857 	    }
6858 	}
6859       gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (lhstype) != REFERENCE_TYPE);
6860       gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (newrhs)) != REFERENCE_TYPE);
6861     }
6862 
6863   /* The left-hand side must be an lvalue.  */
6864   if (!lvalue_or_else (lhs, lv_assign, complain))
6865     return error_mark_node;
6866 
6867   /* Warn about modifying something that is `const'.  Don't warn if
6868      this is initialization.  */
6869   if (modifycode != INIT_EXPR
6870       && (TREE_READONLY (lhs) || CP_TYPE_CONST_P (lhstype)
6871 	  /* Functions are not modifiable, even though they are
6872 	     lvalues.  */
6873 	  || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (lhs)) == FUNCTION_TYPE
6874 	  || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (lhs)) == METHOD_TYPE
6875 	  /* If it's an aggregate and any field is const, then it is
6876 	     effectively const.  */
6877 	  || (CLASS_TYPE_P (lhstype)
6878 	      && C_TYPE_FIELDS_READONLY (lhstype))))
6879     {
6880       if (complain & tf_error)
6881 	cxx_readonly_error (lhs, lv_assign);
6882       else
6883 	return error_mark_node;
6884     }
6885 
6886   /* If storing into a structure or union member, it may have been given a
6887      lowered bitfield type.  We need to convert to the declared type first,
6888      so retrieve it now.  */
6889 
6890   olhstype = unlowered_expr_type (lhs);
6891 
6892   /* Convert new value to destination type.  */
6893 
6894   if (TREE_CODE (lhstype) == ARRAY_TYPE)
6895     {
6896       int from_array;
6897 
6898       if (BRACE_ENCLOSED_INITIALIZER_P (newrhs))
6899 	{
6900 	  if (modifycode != INIT_EXPR)
6901 	    {
6902 	      if (complain & tf_error)
6903 		error ("assigning to an array from an initializer list");
6904 	      return error_mark_node;
6905 	    }
6906 	  if (check_array_initializer (lhs, lhstype, newrhs))
6907 	    return error_mark_node;
6908 	  newrhs = digest_init (lhstype, newrhs, complain);
6909 	  if (newrhs == error_mark_node)
6910 	    return error_mark_node;
6911 	}
6912 
6913       else if (!same_or_base_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (lhstype),
6914 				     TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (newrhs))))
6915 	{
6916 	  if (complain & tf_error)
6917 	    error ("incompatible types in assignment of %qT to %qT",
6918 		   TREE_TYPE (rhs), lhstype);
6919 	  return error_mark_node;
6920 	}
6921 
6922       /* Allow array assignment in compiler-generated code.  */
6923       else if (!current_function_decl
6924 	       || !DECL_DEFAULTED_FN (current_function_decl))
6925 	{
6926           /* This routine is used for both initialization and assignment.
6927              Make sure the diagnostic message differentiates the context.  */
6928 	  if (complain & tf_error)
6929 	    {
6930 	      if (modifycode == INIT_EXPR)
6931 		error ("array used as initializer");
6932 	      else
6933 		error ("invalid array assignment");
6934 	    }
6935 	  return error_mark_node;
6936 	}
6937 
6938       from_array = TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (newrhs)) == ARRAY_TYPE
6939 		   ? 1 + (modifycode != INIT_EXPR): 0;
6940       return build_vec_init (lhs, NULL_TREE, newrhs,
6941 			     /*explicit_value_init_p=*/false,
6942 			     from_array, complain);
6943     }
6944 
6945   if (modifycode == INIT_EXPR)
6946     /* Calls with INIT_EXPR are all direct-initialization, so don't set
6947        LOOKUP_ONLYCONVERTING.  */
6948     newrhs = convert_for_initialization (lhs, olhstype, newrhs, LOOKUP_NORMAL,
6949 					 ICR_INIT, NULL_TREE, 0,
6950                                          complain);
6951   else
6952     newrhs = convert_for_assignment (olhstype, newrhs, ICR_ASSIGN,
6953 				     NULL_TREE, 0, complain, LOOKUP_IMPLICIT);
6954 
6955   if (!same_type_p (lhstype, olhstype))
6956     newrhs = cp_convert_and_check (lhstype, newrhs);
6957 
6958   if (modifycode != INIT_EXPR)
6959     {
6960       if (TREE_CODE (newrhs) == CALL_EXPR
6961 	  && TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (lhstype))
6962 	newrhs = build_cplus_new (lhstype, newrhs, complain);
6963 
6964       /* Can't initialize directly from a TARGET_EXPR, since that would
6965 	 cause the lhs to be constructed twice, and possibly result in
6966 	 accidental self-initialization.  So we force the TARGET_EXPR to be
6967 	 expanded without a target.  */
6968       if (TREE_CODE (newrhs) == TARGET_EXPR)
6969 	newrhs = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (newrhs), newrhs,
6970 			 TREE_OPERAND (newrhs, 0));
6971     }
6972 
6973   if (newrhs == error_mark_node)
6974     return error_mark_node;
6975 
6976   if (c_dialect_objc () && flag_objc_gc)
6977     {
6978       result = objc_generate_write_barrier (lhs, modifycode, newrhs);
6979 
6980       if (result)
6981 	return result;
6982     }
6983 
6984   result = build2 (modifycode == NOP_EXPR ? MODIFY_EXPR : INIT_EXPR,
6985 		   lhstype, lhs, newrhs);
6986 
6987   TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (result) = 1;
6988   if (!plain_assign)
6989     TREE_NO_WARNING (result) = 1;
6990 
6991   return result;
6992 }
6993 
6994 tree
6995 build_x_modify_expr (tree lhs, enum tree_code modifycode, tree rhs,
6996 		     tsubst_flags_t complain)
6997 {
6998   if (processing_template_decl)
6999     return build_min_nt (MODOP_EXPR, lhs,
7000 			 build_min_nt (modifycode, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE), rhs);
7001 
7002   if (modifycode != NOP_EXPR)
7003     {
7004       tree rval = build_new_op (MODIFY_EXPR, LOOKUP_NORMAL, lhs, rhs,
7005 				make_node (modifycode),
7006 				/*overload=*/NULL,
7007 				complain);
7008       if (rval)
7009 	{
7010 	  TREE_NO_WARNING (rval) = 1;
7011 	  return rval;
7012 	}
7013     }
7014   return cp_build_modify_expr (lhs, modifycode, rhs, complain);
7015 }
7016 
7017 /* Helper function for get_delta_difference which assumes FROM is a base
7018    class of TO.  Returns a delta for the conversion of pointer-to-member
7019    of FROM to pointer-to-member of TO.  If the conversion is invalid and
7020    tf_error is not set in COMPLAIN returns error_mark_node, otherwise
7021    returns zero.  If FROM is not a base class of TO, returns NULL_TREE.
7022    If C_CAST_P is true, this conversion is taking place as part of a
7023    C-style cast.  */
7024 
7025 static tree
7026 get_delta_difference_1 (tree from, tree to, bool c_cast_p,
7027 			tsubst_flags_t complain)
7028 {
7029   tree binfo;
7030   base_kind kind;
7031   base_access access = c_cast_p ? ba_unique : ba_check;
7032 
7033   /* Note: ba_quiet does not distinguish between access control and
7034      ambiguity.  */
7035   if (!(complain & tf_error))
7036     access |= ba_quiet;
7037 
7038   binfo = lookup_base (to, from, access, &kind);
7039 
7040   if (kind == bk_inaccessible || kind == bk_ambig)
7041     {
7042       if (!(complain & tf_error))
7043 	return error_mark_node;
7044 
7045       error ("   in pointer to member function conversion");
7046       return size_zero_node;
7047     }
7048   else if (binfo)
7049     {
7050       if (kind != bk_via_virtual)
7051 	return BINFO_OFFSET (binfo);
7052       else
7053 	/* FROM is a virtual base class of TO.  Issue an error or warning
7054 	   depending on whether or not this is a reinterpret cast.  */
7055 	{
7056 	  if (!(complain & tf_error))
7057 	    return error_mark_node;
7058 
7059 	  error ("pointer to member conversion via virtual base %qT",
7060 		 BINFO_TYPE (binfo_from_vbase (binfo)));
7061 
7062 	  return size_zero_node;
7063 	}
7064       }
7065   else
7066     return NULL_TREE;
7067 }
7068 
7069 /* Get difference in deltas for different pointer to member function
7070    types.  If the conversion is invalid and tf_error is not set in
7071    COMPLAIN, returns error_mark_node, otherwise returns an integer
7072    constant of type PTRDIFF_TYPE_NODE and its value is zero if the
7073    conversion is invalid.  If ALLOW_INVERSE_P is true, then allow reverse
7074    conversions as well.  If C_CAST_P is true this conversion is taking
7075    place as part of a C-style cast.
7076 
7077    Note that the naming of FROM and TO is kind of backwards; the return
7078    value is what we add to a TO in order to get a FROM.  They are named
7079    this way because we call this function to find out how to convert from
7080    a pointer to member of FROM to a pointer to member of TO.  */
7081 
7082 static tree
7083 get_delta_difference (tree from, tree to,
7084 		      bool allow_inverse_p,
7085 		      bool c_cast_p, tsubst_flags_t complain)
7086 {
7087   tree result;
7088 
7089   if (same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (from, to))
7090     /* Pointer to member of incomplete class is permitted*/
7091     result = size_zero_node;
7092   else
7093     result = get_delta_difference_1 (from, to, c_cast_p, complain);
7094 
7095   if (result == error_mark_node)
7096     return error_mark_node;
7097 
7098   if (!result)
7099   {
7100     if (!allow_inverse_p)
7101       {
7102 	if (!(complain & tf_error))
7103 	  return error_mark_node;
7104 
7105 	error_not_base_type (from, to);
7106 	error ("   in pointer to member conversion");
7107       	result = size_zero_node;
7108       }
7109     else
7110       {
7111 	result = get_delta_difference_1 (to, from, c_cast_p, complain);
7112 
7113 	if (result == error_mark_node)
7114 	  return error_mark_node;
7115 
7116 	if (result)
7117 	  result = size_diffop_loc (input_location,
7118 				    size_zero_node, result);
7119 	else
7120 	  {
7121 	    if (!(complain & tf_error))
7122 	      return error_mark_node;
7123 
7124 	    error_not_base_type (from, to);
7125 	    error ("   in pointer to member conversion");
7126 	    result = size_zero_node;
7127 	  }
7128       }
7129   }
7130 
7131   return fold_if_not_in_template (convert_to_integer (ptrdiff_type_node,
7132 						      result));
7133 }
7134 
7135 /* Return a constructor for the pointer-to-member-function TYPE using
7136    the other components as specified.  */
7137 
7138 tree
7139 build_ptrmemfunc1 (tree type, tree delta, tree pfn)
7140 {
7141   tree u = NULL_TREE;
7142   tree delta_field;
7143   tree pfn_field;
7144   VEC(constructor_elt, gc) *v;
7145 
7146   /* Pull the FIELD_DECLs out of the type.  */
7147   pfn_field = TYPE_FIELDS (type);
7148   delta_field = DECL_CHAIN (pfn_field);
7149 
7150   /* Make sure DELTA has the type we want.  */
7151   delta = convert_and_check (delta_type_node, delta);
7152 
7153   /* Convert to the correct target type if necessary.  */
7154   pfn = fold_convert (TREE_TYPE (pfn_field), pfn);
7155 
7156   /* Finish creating the initializer.  */
7157   v = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
7158   CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT(v, pfn_field, pfn);
7159   CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT(v, delta_field, delta);
7160   u = build_constructor (type, v);
7161   TREE_CONSTANT (u) = TREE_CONSTANT (pfn) & TREE_CONSTANT (delta);
7162   TREE_STATIC (u) = (TREE_CONSTANT (u)
7163 		     && (initializer_constant_valid_p (pfn, TREE_TYPE (pfn))
7164 			 != NULL_TREE)
7165 		     && (initializer_constant_valid_p (delta, TREE_TYPE (delta))
7166 			 != NULL_TREE));
7167   return u;
7168 }
7169 
7170 /* Build a constructor for a pointer to member function.  It can be
7171    used to initialize global variables, local variable, or used
7172    as a value in expressions.  TYPE is the POINTER to METHOD_TYPE we
7173    want to be.
7174 
7175    If FORCE is nonzero, then force this conversion, even if
7176    we would rather not do it.  Usually set when using an explicit
7177    cast.  A C-style cast is being processed iff C_CAST_P is true.
7178 
7179    Return error_mark_node, if something goes wrong.  */
7180 
7181 tree
7182 build_ptrmemfunc (tree type, tree pfn, int force, bool c_cast_p,
7183 		  tsubst_flags_t complain)
7184 {
7185   tree fn;
7186   tree pfn_type;
7187   tree to_type;
7188 
7189   if (error_operand_p (pfn))
7190     return error_mark_node;
7191 
7192   pfn_type = TREE_TYPE (pfn);
7193   to_type = build_ptrmemfunc_type (type);
7194 
7195   /* Handle multiple conversions of pointer to member functions.  */
7196   if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (pfn_type))
7197     {
7198       tree delta = NULL_TREE;
7199       tree npfn = NULL_TREE;
7200       tree n;
7201 
7202       if (!force
7203 	  && !can_convert_arg (to_type, TREE_TYPE (pfn), pfn, LOOKUP_NORMAL))
7204 	error ("invalid conversion to type %qT from type %qT",
7205 	       to_type, pfn_type);
7206 
7207       n = get_delta_difference (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_OBJECT_TYPE (pfn_type),
7208 				TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_OBJECT_TYPE (to_type),
7209 				force,
7210 				c_cast_p, complain);
7211       if (n == error_mark_node)
7212 	return error_mark_node;
7213 
7214       /* We don't have to do any conversion to convert a
7215 	 pointer-to-member to its own type.  But, we don't want to
7216 	 just return a PTRMEM_CST if there's an explicit cast; that
7217 	 cast should make the expression an invalid template argument.  */
7218       if (TREE_CODE (pfn) != PTRMEM_CST)
7219 	{
7220 	  if (same_type_p (to_type, pfn_type))
7221 	    return pfn;
7222 	  else if (integer_zerop (n))
7223 	    return build_reinterpret_cast (to_type, pfn,
7224                                            tf_warning_or_error);
7225 	}
7226 
7227       if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (pfn))
7228 	pfn = save_expr (pfn);
7229 
7230       /* Obtain the function pointer and the current DELTA.  */
7231       if (TREE_CODE (pfn) == PTRMEM_CST)
7232 	expand_ptrmemfunc_cst (pfn, &delta, &npfn);
7233       else
7234 	{
7235 	  npfn = build_ptrmemfunc_access_expr (pfn, pfn_identifier);
7236 	  delta = build_ptrmemfunc_access_expr (pfn, delta_identifier);
7237 	}
7238 
7239       /* Just adjust the DELTA field.  */
7240       gcc_assert  (same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p
7241 		   (TREE_TYPE (delta), ptrdiff_type_node));
7242       if (TARGET_PTRMEMFUNC_VBIT_LOCATION == ptrmemfunc_vbit_in_delta)
7243 	n = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
7244 				LSHIFT_EXPR, n, integer_one_node,
7245 				tf_warning_or_error);
7246       delta = cp_build_binary_op (input_location,
7247 				  PLUS_EXPR, delta, n, tf_warning_or_error);
7248       return build_ptrmemfunc1 (to_type, delta, npfn);
7249     }
7250 
7251   /* Handle null pointer to member function conversions.  */
7252   if (null_ptr_cst_p (pfn))
7253     {
7254       pfn = build_c_cast (input_location, type, nullptr_node);
7255       return build_ptrmemfunc1 (to_type,
7256 				integer_zero_node,
7257 				pfn);
7258     }
7259 
7260   if (type_unknown_p (pfn))
7261     return instantiate_type (type, pfn, tf_warning_or_error);
7262 
7263   fn = TREE_OPERAND (pfn, 0);
7264   gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (fn) == FUNCTION_DECL
7265 	      /* In a template, we will have preserved the
7266 		 OFFSET_REF.  */
7267 	      || (processing_template_decl && TREE_CODE (fn) == OFFSET_REF));
7268   return make_ptrmem_cst (to_type, fn);
7269 }
7270 
7271 /* Return the DELTA, IDX, PFN, and DELTA2 values for the PTRMEM_CST
7272    given by CST.
7273 
7274    ??? There is no consistency as to the types returned for the above
7275    values.  Some code acts as if it were a sizetype and some as if it were
7276    integer_type_node.  */
7277 
7278 void
7279 expand_ptrmemfunc_cst (tree cst, tree *delta, tree *pfn)
7280 {
7281   tree type = TREE_TYPE (cst);
7282   tree fn = PTRMEM_CST_MEMBER (cst);
7283   tree ptr_class, fn_class;
7284 
7285   gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (fn) == FUNCTION_DECL);
7286 
7287   /* The class that the function belongs to.  */
7288   fn_class = DECL_CONTEXT (fn);
7289 
7290   /* The class that we're creating a pointer to member of.  */
7291   ptr_class = TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_OBJECT_TYPE (type);
7292 
7293   /* First, calculate the adjustment to the function's class.  */
7294   *delta = get_delta_difference (fn_class, ptr_class, /*force=*/0,
7295 				 /*c_cast_p=*/0, tf_warning_or_error);
7296 
7297   if (!DECL_VIRTUAL_P (fn))
7298     *pfn = convert (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (type), build_addr_func (fn));
7299   else
7300     {
7301       /* If we're dealing with a virtual function, we have to adjust 'this'
7302 	 again, to point to the base which provides the vtable entry for
7303 	 fn; the call will do the opposite adjustment.  */
7304       tree orig_class = DECL_CONTEXT (fn);
7305       tree binfo = binfo_or_else (orig_class, fn_class);
7306       *delta = build2 (PLUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (*delta),
7307 		       *delta, BINFO_OFFSET (binfo));
7308       *delta = fold_if_not_in_template (*delta);
7309 
7310       /* We set PFN to the vtable offset at which the function can be
7311 	 found, plus one (unless ptrmemfunc_vbit_in_delta, in which
7312 	 case delta is shifted left, and then incremented).  */
7313       *pfn = DECL_VINDEX (fn);
7314       *pfn = build2 (MULT_EXPR, integer_type_node, *pfn,
7315 		     TYPE_SIZE_UNIT (vtable_entry_type));
7316       *pfn = fold_if_not_in_template (*pfn);
7317 
7318       switch (TARGET_PTRMEMFUNC_VBIT_LOCATION)
7319 	{
7320 	case ptrmemfunc_vbit_in_pfn:
7321 	  *pfn = build2 (PLUS_EXPR, integer_type_node, *pfn,
7322 			 integer_one_node);
7323 	  *pfn = fold_if_not_in_template (*pfn);
7324 	  break;
7325 
7326 	case ptrmemfunc_vbit_in_delta:
7327 	  *delta = build2 (LSHIFT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (*delta),
7328 			   *delta, integer_one_node);
7329 	  *delta = fold_if_not_in_template (*delta);
7330 	  *delta = build2 (PLUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (*delta),
7331 			   *delta, integer_one_node);
7332 	  *delta = fold_if_not_in_template (*delta);
7333 	  break;
7334 
7335 	default:
7336 	  gcc_unreachable ();
7337 	}
7338 
7339       *pfn = build_nop (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (type), *pfn);
7340       *pfn = fold_if_not_in_template (*pfn);
7341     }
7342 }
7343 
7344 /* Return an expression for PFN from the pointer-to-member function
7345    given by T.  */
7346 
7347 static tree
7348 pfn_from_ptrmemfunc (tree t)
7349 {
7350   if (TREE_CODE (t) == PTRMEM_CST)
7351     {
7352       tree delta;
7353       tree pfn;
7354 
7355       expand_ptrmemfunc_cst (t, &delta, &pfn);
7356       if (pfn)
7357 	return pfn;
7358     }
7359 
7360   return build_ptrmemfunc_access_expr (t, pfn_identifier);
7361 }
7362 
7363 /* Return an expression for DELTA from the pointer-to-member function
7364    given by T.  */
7365 
7366 static tree
7367 delta_from_ptrmemfunc (tree t)
7368 {
7369   if (TREE_CODE (t) == PTRMEM_CST)
7370     {
7371       tree delta;
7372       tree pfn;
7373 
7374       expand_ptrmemfunc_cst (t, &delta, &pfn);
7375       if (delta)
7376 	return delta;
7377     }
7378 
7379   return build_ptrmemfunc_access_expr (t, delta_identifier);
7380 }
7381 
7382 /* Convert value RHS to type TYPE as preparation for an assignment to
7383    an lvalue of type TYPE.  ERRTYPE indicates what kind of error the
7384    implicit conversion is.  If FNDECL is non-NULL, we are doing the
7385    conversion in order to pass the PARMNUMth argument of FNDECL.
7386    If FNDECL is NULL, we are doing the conversion in function pointer
7387    argument passing, conversion in initialization, etc. */
7388 
7389 static tree
7390 convert_for_assignment (tree type, tree rhs,
7391 			impl_conv_rhs errtype, tree fndecl, int parmnum,
7392 			tsubst_flags_t complain, int flags)
7393 {
7394   tree rhstype;
7395   enum tree_code coder;
7396 
7397   /* Strip NON_LVALUE_EXPRs since we aren't using as an lvalue.  */
7398   if (TREE_CODE (rhs) == NON_LVALUE_EXPR)
7399     rhs = TREE_OPERAND (rhs, 0);
7400 
7401   rhstype = TREE_TYPE (rhs);
7402   coder = TREE_CODE (rhstype);
7403 
7404   if (TREE_CODE (type) == VECTOR_TYPE && coder == VECTOR_TYPE
7405       && vector_types_convertible_p (type, rhstype, true))
7406     {
7407       rhs = mark_rvalue_use (rhs);
7408       return convert (type, rhs);
7409     }
7410 
7411   if (rhs == error_mark_node || rhstype == error_mark_node)
7412     return error_mark_node;
7413   if (TREE_CODE (rhs) == TREE_LIST && TREE_VALUE (rhs) == error_mark_node)
7414     return error_mark_node;
7415 
7416   /* The RHS of an assignment cannot have void type.  */
7417   if (coder == VOID_TYPE)
7418     {
7419       if (complain & tf_error)
7420 	error ("void value not ignored as it ought to be");
7421       return error_mark_node;
7422     }
7423 
7424   /* Simplify the RHS if possible.  */
7425   if (TREE_CODE (rhs) == CONST_DECL)
7426     rhs = DECL_INITIAL (rhs);
7427 
7428   if (c_dialect_objc ())
7429     {
7430       int parmno;
7431       tree selector;
7432       tree rname = fndecl;
7433 
7434       switch (errtype)
7435         {
7436 	  case ICR_ASSIGN:
7437 	    parmno = -1;
7438 	    break;
7439 	  case ICR_INIT:
7440 	    parmno = -2;
7441 	    break;
7442 	  default:
7443 	    selector = objc_message_selector ();
7444 	    parmno = parmnum;
7445 	    if (selector && parmno > 1)
7446 	      {
7447 		rname = selector;
7448 		parmno -= 1;
7449 	      }
7450 	}
7451 
7452       if (objc_compare_types (type, rhstype, parmno, rname))
7453 	{
7454 	  rhs = mark_rvalue_use (rhs);
7455 	  return convert (type, rhs);
7456 	}
7457     }
7458 
7459   /* [expr.ass]
7460 
7461      The expression is implicitly converted (clause _conv_) to the
7462      cv-unqualified type of the left operand.
7463 
7464      We allow bad conversions here because by the time we get to this point
7465      we are committed to doing the conversion.  If we end up doing a bad
7466      conversion, convert_like will complain.  */
7467   if (!can_convert_arg_bad (type, rhstype, rhs, flags))
7468     {
7469       /* When -Wno-pmf-conversions is use, we just silently allow
7470 	 conversions from pointers-to-members to plain pointers.  If
7471 	 the conversion doesn't work, cp_convert will complain.  */
7472       if (!warn_pmf2ptr
7473 	  && TYPE_PTR_P (type)
7474 	  && TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (rhstype))
7475 	rhs = cp_convert (strip_top_quals (type), rhs);
7476       else
7477 	{
7478 	  if (complain & tf_error)
7479 	    {
7480 	      /* If the right-hand side has unknown type, then it is an
7481 		 overloaded function.  Call instantiate_type to get error
7482 		 messages.  */
7483 	      if (rhstype == unknown_type_node)
7484 		instantiate_type (type, rhs, tf_warning_or_error);
7485 	      else if (fndecl)
7486 		error ("cannot convert %qT to %qT for argument %qP to %qD",
7487 		       rhstype, type, parmnum, fndecl);
7488 	      else
7489 		switch (errtype)
7490 		  {
7491 		    case ICR_DEFAULT_ARGUMENT:
7492 		      error ("cannot convert %qT to %qT in default argument",
7493 			     rhstype, type);
7494 		      break;
7495 		    case ICR_ARGPASS:
7496 		      error ("cannot convert %qT to %qT in argument passing",
7497 			     rhstype, type);
7498 		      break;
7499 		    case ICR_CONVERTING:
7500 		      error ("cannot convert %qT to %qT",
7501 			     rhstype, type);
7502 		      break;
7503 		    case ICR_INIT:
7504 		      error ("cannot convert %qT to %qT in initialization",
7505 			     rhstype, type);
7506 		      break;
7507 		    case ICR_RETURN:
7508 		      error ("cannot convert %qT to %qT in return",
7509 			     rhstype, type);
7510 		      break;
7511 		    case ICR_ASSIGN:
7512 		      error ("cannot convert %qT to %qT in assignment",
7513 			     rhstype, type);
7514 		      break;
7515 		    default:
7516 		      gcc_unreachable();
7517 		  }
7518 	    }
7519 	  return error_mark_node;
7520 	}
7521     }
7522   if (warn_missing_format_attribute)
7523     {
7524       const enum tree_code codel = TREE_CODE (type);
7525       if ((codel == POINTER_TYPE || codel == REFERENCE_TYPE)
7526 	  && coder == codel
7527 	  && check_missing_format_attribute (type, rhstype)
7528 	  && (complain & tf_warning))
7529 	switch (errtype)
7530 	  {
7531 	    case ICR_ARGPASS:
7532 	    case ICR_DEFAULT_ARGUMENT:
7533 	      if (fndecl)
7534 		warning (OPT_Wmissing_format_attribute,
7535 			 "parameter %qP of %qD might be a candidate "
7536 			 "for a format attribute", parmnum, fndecl);
7537 	      else
7538 		warning (OPT_Wmissing_format_attribute,
7539 			 "parameter might be a candidate "
7540 			 "for a format attribute");
7541 	      break;
7542 	    case ICR_CONVERTING:
7543 	      warning (OPT_Wmissing_format_attribute,
7544 		       "target of conversion might be a candidate "
7545 		       "for a format attribute");
7546 	      break;
7547 	    case ICR_INIT:
7548 	      warning (OPT_Wmissing_format_attribute,
7549 		       "target of initialization might be a candidate "
7550 		       "for a format attribute");
7551 	      break;
7552 	    case ICR_RETURN:
7553 	      warning (OPT_Wmissing_format_attribute,
7554 		       "return type might be a candidate "
7555 		       "for a format attribute");
7556 	      break;
7557 	    case ICR_ASSIGN:
7558 	      warning (OPT_Wmissing_format_attribute,
7559 		       "left-hand side of assignment might be a candidate "
7560 		       "for a format attribute");
7561 	      break;
7562 	    default:
7563 	      gcc_unreachable();
7564 	  }
7565     }
7566 
7567   /* If -Wparentheses, warn about a = b = c when a has type bool and b
7568      does not.  */
7569   if (warn_parentheses
7570       && TREE_CODE (type) == BOOLEAN_TYPE
7571       && TREE_CODE (rhs) == MODIFY_EXPR
7572       && !TREE_NO_WARNING (rhs)
7573       && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (rhs)) != BOOLEAN_TYPE
7574       && (complain & tf_warning))
7575     {
7576       location_t loc = EXPR_LOC_OR_HERE (rhs);
7577 
7578       warning_at (loc, OPT_Wparentheses,
7579 		  "suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value");
7580       TREE_NO_WARNING (rhs) = 1;
7581     }
7582 
7583   return perform_implicit_conversion_flags (strip_top_quals (type), rhs,
7584 					    complain, flags);
7585 }
7586 
7587 /* Convert RHS to be of type TYPE.
7588    If EXP is nonzero, it is the target of the initialization.
7589    ERRTYPE indicates what kind of error the implicit conversion is.
7590 
7591    Two major differences between the behavior of
7592    `convert_for_assignment' and `convert_for_initialization'
7593    are that references are bashed in the former, while
7594    copied in the latter, and aggregates are assigned in
7595    the former (operator=) while initialized in the
7596    latter (X(X&)).
7597 
7598    If using constructor make sure no conversion operator exists, if one does
7599    exist, an ambiguity exists.
7600 
7601    If flags doesn't include LOOKUP_COMPLAIN, don't complain about anything.  */
7602 
7603 tree
7604 convert_for_initialization (tree exp, tree type, tree rhs, int flags,
7605 			    impl_conv_rhs errtype, tree fndecl, int parmnum,
7606                             tsubst_flags_t complain)
7607 {
7608   enum tree_code codel = TREE_CODE (type);
7609   tree rhstype;
7610   enum tree_code coder;
7611 
7612   /* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an lvalue.
7613      Strip such NOP_EXPRs, since RHS is used in non-lvalue context.  */
7614   if (TREE_CODE (rhs) == NOP_EXPR
7615       && TREE_TYPE (rhs) == TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (rhs, 0))
7616       && codel != REFERENCE_TYPE)
7617     rhs = TREE_OPERAND (rhs, 0);
7618 
7619   if (type == error_mark_node
7620       || rhs == error_mark_node
7621       || (TREE_CODE (rhs) == TREE_LIST && TREE_VALUE (rhs) == error_mark_node))
7622     return error_mark_node;
7623 
7624   if ((TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (rhs)) == ARRAY_TYPE
7625        && TREE_CODE (type) != ARRAY_TYPE
7626        && (TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE
7627 	   || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (type)) != ARRAY_TYPE))
7628       || (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (rhs)) == FUNCTION_TYPE
7629 	  && (TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE
7630 	      || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (type)) != FUNCTION_TYPE))
7631       || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (rhs)) == METHOD_TYPE)
7632     rhs = decay_conversion (rhs);
7633 
7634   rhstype = TREE_TYPE (rhs);
7635   coder = TREE_CODE (rhstype);
7636 
7637   if (coder == ERROR_MARK)
7638     return error_mark_node;
7639 
7640   /* We accept references to incomplete types, so we can
7641      return here before checking if RHS is of complete type.  */
7642 
7643   if (codel == REFERENCE_TYPE)
7644     {
7645       /* This should eventually happen in convert_arguments.  */
7646       int savew = 0, savee = 0;
7647 
7648       if (fndecl)
7649 	savew = warningcount, savee = errorcount;
7650       rhs = initialize_reference (type, rhs, flags, complain);
7651       if (fndecl)
7652 	{
7653 	  if (warningcount > savew)
7654 	    warning (0, "in passing argument %P of %q+D", parmnum, fndecl);
7655 	  else if (errorcount > savee)
7656 	    error ("in passing argument %P of %q+D", parmnum, fndecl);
7657 	}
7658       return rhs;
7659     }
7660 
7661   if (exp != 0)
7662     exp = require_complete_type_sfinae (exp, complain);
7663   if (exp == error_mark_node)
7664     return error_mark_node;
7665 
7666   rhstype = non_reference (rhstype);
7667 
7668   type = complete_type (type);
7669 
7670   if (DIRECT_INIT_EXPR_P (type, rhs))
7671     /* Don't try to do copy-initialization if we already have
7672        direct-initialization.  */
7673     return rhs;
7674 
7675   if (MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (type))
7676     return perform_implicit_conversion_flags (type, rhs, complain, flags);
7677 
7678   return convert_for_assignment (type, rhs, errtype, fndecl, parmnum,
7679 				 complain, flags);
7680 }
7681 
7682 /* If RETVAL is the address of, or a reference to, a local variable or
7683    temporary give an appropriate warning.  */
7684 
7685 static void
7686 maybe_warn_about_returning_address_of_local (tree retval)
7687 {
7688   tree valtype = TREE_TYPE (DECL_RESULT (current_function_decl));
7689   tree whats_returned = retval;
7690 
7691   for (;;)
7692     {
7693       if (TREE_CODE (whats_returned) == COMPOUND_EXPR)
7694 	whats_returned = TREE_OPERAND (whats_returned, 1);
7695       else if (CONVERT_EXPR_P (whats_returned)
7696 	       || TREE_CODE (whats_returned) == NON_LVALUE_EXPR)
7697 	whats_returned = TREE_OPERAND (whats_returned, 0);
7698       else
7699 	break;
7700     }
7701 
7702   if (TREE_CODE (whats_returned) != ADDR_EXPR)
7703     return;
7704   whats_returned = TREE_OPERAND (whats_returned, 0);
7705 
7706   if (TREE_CODE (valtype) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
7707     {
7708       if (TREE_CODE (whats_returned) == AGGR_INIT_EXPR
7709 	  || TREE_CODE (whats_returned) == TARGET_EXPR)
7710 	{
7711 	  warning (0, "returning reference to temporary");
7712 	  return;
7713 	}
7714       if (TREE_CODE (whats_returned) == VAR_DECL
7715 	  && DECL_NAME (whats_returned)
7716 	  && TEMP_NAME_P (DECL_NAME (whats_returned)))
7717 	{
7718 	  warning (0, "reference to non-lvalue returned");
7719 	  return;
7720 	}
7721     }
7722 
7723   while (TREE_CODE (whats_returned) == COMPONENT_REF
7724 	 || TREE_CODE (whats_returned) == ARRAY_REF)
7725     whats_returned = TREE_OPERAND (whats_returned, 0);
7726 
7727   if (DECL_P (whats_returned)
7728       && DECL_NAME (whats_returned)
7729       && DECL_FUNCTION_SCOPE_P (whats_returned)
7730       && !(TREE_STATIC (whats_returned)
7731 	   || TREE_PUBLIC (whats_returned)))
7732     {
7733       if (TREE_CODE (valtype) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
7734 	warning (0, "reference to local variable %q+D returned",
7735 		 whats_returned);
7736       else
7737 	warning (0, "address of local variable %q+D returned",
7738 		 whats_returned);
7739       return;
7740     }
7741 }
7742 
7743 /* Check that returning RETVAL from the current function is valid.
7744    Return an expression explicitly showing all conversions required to
7745    change RETVAL into the function return type, and to assign it to
7746    the DECL_RESULT for the function.  Set *NO_WARNING to true if
7747    code reaches end of non-void function warning shouldn't be issued
7748    on this RETURN_EXPR.  */
7749 
7750 tree
7751 check_return_expr (tree retval, bool *no_warning)
7752 {
7753   tree result;
7754   /* The type actually returned by the function, after any
7755      promotions.  */
7756   tree valtype;
7757   int fn_returns_value_p;
7758   bool named_return_value_okay_p;
7759 
7760   *no_warning = false;
7761 
7762   /* A `volatile' function is one that isn't supposed to return, ever.
7763      (This is a G++ extension, used to get better code for functions
7764      that call the `volatile' function.)  */
7765   if (TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (current_function_decl))
7766     warning (0, "function declared %<noreturn%> has a %<return%> statement");
7767 
7768   /* Check for various simple errors.  */
7769   if (DECL_DESTRUCTOR_P (current_function_decl))
7770     {
7771       if (retval)
7772 	error ("returning a value from a destructor");
7773       return NULL_TREE;
7774     }
7775   else if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (current_function_decl))
7776     {
7777       if (in_function_try_handler)
7778 	/* If a return statement appears in a handler of the
7779 	   function-try-block of a constructor, the program is ill-formed.  */
7780 	error ("cannot return from a handler of a function-try-block of a constructor");
7781       else if (retval)
7782 	/* You can't return a value from a constructor.  */
7783 	error ("returning a value from a constructor");
7784       return NULL_TREE;
7785     }
7786 
7787   /* As an extension, deduce lambda return type from a return statement
7788      anywhere in the body.  */
7789   if (retval && LAMBDA_FUNCTION_P (current_function_decl))
7790     {
7791       tree lambda = CLASSTYPE_LAMBDA_EXPR (current_class_type);
7792       if (LAMBDA_EXPR_DEDUCE_RETURN_TYPE_P (lambda))
7793 	{
7794 	  tree type = lambda_return_type (retval);
7795 	  tree oldtype = LAMBDA_EXPR_RETURN_TYPE (lambda);
7796 
7797 	  if (oldtype == NULL_TREE)
7798 	    apply_lambda_return_type (lambda, type);
7799 	  /* If one of the answers is type-dependent, we can't do any
7800 	     better until instantiation time.  */
7801 	  else if (oldtype == dependent_lambda_return_type_node)
7802 	    /* Leave it.  */;
7803 	  else if (type == dependent_lambda_return_type_node)
7804 	    apply_lambda_return_type (lambda, type);
7805 	  else if (!same_type_p (type, oldtype))
7806 	    error ("inconsistent types %qT and %qT deduced for "
7807 		   "lambda return type", type, oldtype);
7808 	}
7809     }
7810 
7811   if (processing_template_decl)
7812     {
7813       current_function_returns_value = 1;
7814       if (check_for_bare_parameter_packs (retval))
7815         retval = error_mark_node;
7816       return retval;
7817     }
7818 
7819   /* When no explicit return-value is given in a function with a named
7820      return value, the named return value is used.  */
7821   result = DECL_RESULT (current_function_decl);
7822   valtype = TREE_TYPE (result);
7823   gcc_assert (valtype != NULL_TREE);
7824   fn_returns_value_p = !VOID_TYPE_P (valtype);
7825   if (!retval && DECL_NAME (result) && fn_returns_value_p)
7826     retval = result;
7827 
7828   /* Check for a return statement with no return value in a function
7829      that's supposed to return a value.  */
7830   if (!retval && fn_returns_value_p)
7831     {
7832       permerror (input_location, "return-statement with no value, in function returning %qT",
7833 	         valtype);
7834       /* Clear this, so finish_function won't say that we reach the
7835 	 end of a non-void function (which we don't, we gave a
7836 	 return!).  */
7837       current_function_returns_null = 0;
7838       /* And signal caller that TREE_NO_WARNING should be set on the
7839 	 RETURN_EXPR to avoid control reaches end of non-void function
7840 	 warnings in tree-cfg.c.  */
7841       *no_warning = true;
7842     }
7843   /* Check for a return statement with a value in a function that
7844      isn't supposed to return a value.  */
7845   else if (retval && !fn_returns_value_p)
7846     {
7847       if (VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (retval)))
7848 	/* You can return a `void' value from a function of `void'
7849 	   type.  In that case, we have to evaluate the expression for
7850 	   its side-effects.  */
7851 	  finish_expr_stmt (retval);
7852       else
7853 	permerror (input_location, "return-statement with a value, in function "
7854 		   "returning 'void'");
7855       current_function_returns_null = 1;
7856 
7857       /* There's really no value to return, after all.  */
7858       return NULL_TREE;
7859     }
7860   else if (!retval)
7861     /* Remember that this function can sometimes return without a
7862        value.  */
7863     current_function_returns_null = 1;
7864   else
7865     /* Remember that this function did return a value.  */
7866     current_function_returns_value = 1;
7867 
7868   /* Check for erroneous operands -- but after giving ourselves a
7869      chance to provide an error about returning a value from a void
7870      function.  */
7871   if (error_operand_p (retval))
7872     {
7873       current_function_return_value = error_mark_node;
7874       return error_mark_node;
7875     }
7876 
7877   /* Only operator new(...) throw(), can return NULL [expr.new/13].  */
7878   if ((DECL_OVERLOADED_OPERATOR_P (current_function_decl) == NEW_EXPR
7879        || DECL_OVERLOADED_OPERATOR_P (current_function_decl) == VEC_NEW_EXPR)
7880       && !TYPE_NOTHROW_P (TREE_TYPE (current_function_decl))
7881       && ! flag_check_new
7882       && retval && null_ptr_cst_p (retval))
7883     warning (0, "%<operator new%> must not return NULL unless it is "
7884 	     "declared %<throw()%> (or -fcheck-new is in effect)");
7885 
7886   /* Effective C++ rule 15.  See also start_function.  */
7887   if (warn_ecpp
7888       && DECL_NAME (current_function_decl) == ansi_assopname(NOP_EXPR))
7889     {
7890       bool warn = true;
7891 
7892       /* The function return type must be a reference to the current
7893 	class.  */
7894       if (TREE_CODE (valtype) == REFERENCE_TYPE
7895 	  && same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p
7896 	      (TREE_TYPE (valtype), TREE_TYPE (current_class_ref)))
7897 	{
7898 	  /* Returning '*this' is obviously OK.  */
7899 	  if (retval == current_class_ref)
7900 	    warn = false;
7901 	  /* If we are calling a function whose return type is the same of
7902 	     the current class reference, it is ok.  */
7903 	  else if (TREE_CODE (retval) == INDIRECT_REF
7904 		   && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (retval, 0)) == CALL_EXPR)
7905 	    warn = false;
7906 	}
7907 
7908       if (warn)
7909 	warning (OPT_Weffc__, "%<operator=%> should return a reference to %<*this%>");
7910     }
7911 
7912   /* The fabled Named Return Value optimization, as per [class.copy]/15:
7913 
7914      [...]      For  a function with a class return type, if the expression
7915      in the return statement is the name of a local  object,  and  the  cv-
7916      unqualified  type  of  the  local  object  is the same as the function
7917      return type, an implementation is permitted to omit creating the  tem-
7918      porary  object  to  hold  the function return value [...]
7919 
7920      So, if this is a value-returning function that always returns the same
7921      local variable, remember it.
7922 
7923      It might be nice to be more flexible, and choose the first suitable
7924      variable even if the function sometimes returns something else, but
7925      then we run the risk of clobbering the variable we chose if the other
7926      returned expression uses the chosen variable somehow.  And people expect
7927      this restriction, anyway.  (jason 2000-11-19)
7928 
7929      See finish_function and finalize_nrv for the rest of this optimization.  */
7930 
7931   named_return_value_okay_p =
7932     (retval != NULL_TREE
7933      /* Must be a local, automatic variable.  */
7934      && TREE_CODE (retval) == VAR_DECL
7935      && DECL_CONTEXT (retval) == current_function_decl
7936      && ! TREE_STATIC (retval)
7937      && ! DECL_ANON_UNION_VAR_P (retval)
7938      && (DECL_ALIGN (retval)
7939          >= DECL_ALIGN (DECL_RESULT (current_function_decl)))
7940      /* The cv-unqualified type of the returned value must be the
7941         same as the cv-unqualified return type of the
7942         function.  */
7943      && same_type_p ((TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (retval))),
7944                      (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT
7945                       (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (current_function_decl)))))
7946      /* And the returned value must be non-volatile.  */
7947      && ! TYPE_VOLATILE (TREE_TYPE (retval)));
7948 
7949   if (fn_returns_value_p && flag_elide_constructors)
7950     {
7951       if (named_return_value_okay_p
7952           && (current_function_return_value == NULL_TREE
7953               || current_function_return_value == retval))
7954 	current_function_return_value = retval;
7955       else
7956 	current_function_return_value = error_mark_node;
7957     }
7958 
7959   /* We don't need to do any conversions when there's nothing being
7960      returned.  */
7961   if (!retval)
7962     return NULL_TREE;
7963 
7964   /* Do any required conversions.  */
7965   if (retval == result || DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (current_function_decl))
7966     /* No conversions are required.  */
7967     ;
7968   else
7969     {
7970       /* The type the function is declared to return.  */
7971       tree functype = TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (current_function_decl));
7972       int flags = LOOKUP_NORMAL | LOOKUP_ONLYCONVERTING;
7973 
7974       /* The functype's return type will have been set to void, if it
7975 	 was an incomplete type.  Just treat this as 'return;' */
7976       if (VOID_TYPE_P (functype))
7977 	return error_mark_node;
7978 
7979       /* Under C++0x [12.8/16 class.copy], a returned lvalue is sometimes
7980 	 treated as an rvalue for the purposes of overload resolution to
7981 	 favor move constructors over copy constructors.
7982 
7983          Note that these conditions are similar to, but not as strict as,
7984 	 the conditions for the named return value optimization.  */
7985       if ((cxx_dialect != cxx98)
7986           && (TREE_CODE (retval) == VAR_DECL
7987 	      || TREE_CODE (retval) == PARM_DECL)
7988 	  && DECL_CONTEXT (retval) == current_function_decl
7989 	  && !TREE_STATIC (retval)
7990 	  && same_type_p ((TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (retval))),
7991 			  (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT
7992 			   (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (current_function_decl)))))
7993 	  /* This is only interesting for class type.  */
7994 	  && CLASS_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (current_function_decl))))
7995 	flags = flags | LOOKUP_PREFER_RVALUE;
7996 
7997       /* First convert the value to the function's return type, then
7998 	 to the type of return value's location to handle the
7999 	 case that functype is smaller than the valtype.  */
8000       retval = convert_for_initialization
8001 	(NULL_TREE, functype, retval, flags, ICR_RETURN, NULL_TREE, 0,
8002          tf_warning_or_error);
8003       retval = convert (valtype, retval);
8004 
8005       /* If the conversion failed, treat this just like `return;'.  */
8006       if (retval == error_mark_node)
8007 	return retval;
8008       /* We can't initialize a register from a AGGR_INIT_EXPR.  */
8009       else if (! cfun->returns_struct
8010 	       && TREE_CODE (retval) == TARGET_EXPR
8011 	       && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (retval, 1)) == AGGR_INIT_EXPR)
8012 	retval = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (retval), retval,
8013 			 TREE_OPERAND (retval, 0));
8014       else
8015 	maybe_warn_about_returning_address_of_local (retval);
8016     }
8017 
8018   /* Actually copy the value returned into the appropriate location.  */
8019   if (retval && retval != result)
8020     retval = build2 (INIT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (result), result, retval);
8021 
8022   return retval;
8023 }
8024 
8025 
8026 /* Returns nonzero if the pointer-type FROM can be converted to the
8027    pointer-type TO via a qualification conversion.  If CONSTP is -1,
8028    then we return nonzero if the pointers are similar, and the
8029    cv-qualification signature of FROM is a proper subset of that of TO.
8030 
8031    If CONSTP is positive, then all outer pointers have been
8032    const-qualified.  */
8033 
8034 static int
8035 comp_ptr_ttypes_real (tree to, tree from, int constp)
8036 {
8037   bool to_more_cv_qualified = false;
8038   bool is_opaque_pointer = false;
8039 
8040   for (; ; to = TREE_TYPE (to), from = TREE_TYPE (from))
8041     {
8042       if (TREE_CODE (to) != TREE_CODE (from))
8043 	return 0;
8044 
8045       if (TREE_CODE (from) == OFFSET_TYPE
8046 	  && !same_type_p (TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (from),
8047 			   TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (to)))
8048 	return 0;
8049 
8050       /* Const and volatile mean something different for function types,
8051 	 so the usual checks are not appropriate.  */
8052       if (TREE_CODE (to) != FUNCTION_TYPE && TREE_CODE (to) != METHOD_TYPE)
8053 	{
8054 	  if (!at_least_as_qualified_p (to, from))
8055 	    return 0;
8056 
8057 	  if (!at_least_as_qualified_p (from, to))
8058 	    {
8059 	      if (constp == 0)
8060 		return 0;
8061 	      to_more_cv_qualified = true;
8062 	    }
8063 
8064 	  if (constp > 0)
8065 	    constp &= TYPE_READONLY (to);
8066 	}
8067 
8068       if (TREE_CODE (to) == VECTOR_TYPE)
8069 	is_opaque_pointer = vector_targets_convertible_p (to, from);
8070 
8071       if (TREE_CODE (to) != POINTER_TYPE && !TYPE_PTRMEM_P (to))
8072 	return ((constp >= 0 || to_more_cv_qualified)
8073 		&& (is_opaque_pointer
8074 		    || same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (to, from)));
8075     }
8076 }
8077 
8078 /* When comparing, say, char ** to char const **, this function takes
8079    the 'char *' and 'char const *'.  Do not pass non-pointer/reference
8080    types to this function.  */
8081 
8082 int
8083 comp_ptr_ttypes (tree to, tree from)
8084 {
8085   return comp_ptr_ttypes_real (to, from, 1);
8086 }
8087 
8088 /* Returns true iff FNTYPE is a non-class type that involves
8089    error_mark_node.  We can get FUNCTION_TYPE with buried error_mark_node
8090    if a parameter type is ill-formed.  */
8091 
8092 bool
8093 error_type_p (const_tree type)
8094 {
8095   tree t;
8096 
8097   switch (TREE_CODE (type))
8098     {
8099     case ERROR_MARK:
8100       return true;
8101 
8102     case POINTER_TYPE:
8103     case REFERENCE_TYPE:
8104     case OFFSET_TYPE:
8105       return error_type_p (TREE_TYPE (type));
8106 
8107     case FUNCTION_TYPE:
8108     case METHOD_TYPE:
8109       if (error_type_p (TREE_TYPE (type)))
8110 	return true;
8111       for (t = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (type); t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
8112 	if (error_type_p (TREE_VALUE (t)))
8113 	  return true;
8114       return false;
8115 
8116     case RECORD_TYPE:
8117       if (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type))
8118 	return error_type_p (TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FN_TYPE (type));
8119       return false;
8120 
8121     default:
8122       return false;
8123     }
8124 }
8125 
8126 /* Returns 1 if to and from are (possibly multi-level) pointers to the same
8127    type or inheritance-related types, regardless of cv-quals.  */
8128 
8129 int
8130 ptr_reasonably_similar (const_tree to, const_tree from)
8131 {
8132   for (; ; to = TREE_TYPE (to), from = TREE_TYPE (from))
8133     {
8134       /* Any target type is similar enough to void.  */
8135       if (TREE_CODE (to) == VOID_TYPE)
8136 	return !error_type_p (from);
8137       if (TREE_CODE (from) == VOID_TYPE)
8138 	return !error_type_p (to);
8139 
8140       if (TREE_CODE (to) != TREE_CODE (from))
8141 	return 0;
8142 
8143       if (TREE_CODE (from) == OFFSET_TYPE
8144 	  && comptypes (TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (to),
8145 			TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (from),
8146 			COMPARE_BASE | COMPARE_DERIVED))
8147 	continue;
8148 
8149       if (TREE_CODE (to) == VECTOR_TYPE
8150 	  && vector_types_convertible_p (to, from, false))
8151 	return 1;
8152 
8153       if (TREE_CODE (to) == INTEGER_TYPE
8154 	  && TYPE_PRECISION (to) == TYPE_PRECISION (from))
8155 	return 1;
8156 
8157       if (TREE_CODE (to) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
8158 	return !error_type_p (to) && !error_type_p (from);
8159 
8160       if (TREE_CODE (to) != POINTER_TYPE)
8161 	return comptypes
8162 	  (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (to), TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (from),
8163 	   COMPARE_BASE | COMPARE_DERIVED);
8164     }
8165 }
8166 
8167 /* Return true if TO and FROM (both of which are POINTER_TYPEs or
8168    pointer-to-member types) are the same, ignoring cv-qualification at
8169    all levels.  */
8170 
8171 bool
8172 comp_ptr_ttypes_const (tree to, tree from)
8173 {
8174   bool is_opaque_pointer = false;
8175 
8176   for (; ; to = TREE_TYPE (to), from = TREE_TYPE (from))
8177     {
8178       if (TREE_CODE (to) != TREE_CODE (from))
8179 	return false;
8180 
8181       if (TREE_CODE (from) == OFFSET_TYPE
8182 	  && same_type_p (TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (from),
8183 			  TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (to)))
8184 	  continue;
8185 
8186       if (TREE_CODE (to) == VECTOR_TYPE)
8187 	is_opaque_pointer = vector_targets_convertible_p (to, from);
8188 
8189       if (TREE_CODE (to) != POINTER_TYPE)
8190 	return (is_opaque_pointer
8191 		|| same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (to, from));
8192     }
8193 }
8194 
8195 /* Returns the type qualifiers for this type, including the qualifiers on the
8196    elements for an array type.  */
8197 
8198 int
8199 cp_type_quals (const_tree type)
8200 {
8201   int quals;
8202   /* This CONST_CAST is okay because strip_array_types returns its
8203      argument unmodified and we assign it to a const_tree.  */
8204   type = strip_array_types (CONST_CAST_TREE (type));
8205   if (type == error_mark_node
8206       /* Quals on a FUNCTION_TYPE are memfn quals.  */
8207       || TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
8208     return TYPE_UNQUALIFIED;
8209   quals = TYPE_QUALS (type);
8210   /* METHOD and REFERENCE_TYPEs should never have quals.  */
8211   gcc_assert ((TREE_CODE (type) != METHOD_TYPE
8212 	       && TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE)
8213 	      || ((quals & (TYPE_QUAL_CONST|TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE))
8214 		  == TYPE_UNQUALIFIED));
8215   return quals;
8216 }
8217 
8218 /* Returns the function-cv-quals for TYPE, which must be a FUNCTION_TYPE or
8219    METHOD_TYPE.  */
8220 
8221 int
8222 type_memfn_quals (const_tree type)
8223 {
8224   if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
8225     return TYPE_QUALS (type);
8226   else if (TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
8227     return cp_type_quals (class_of_this_parm (type));
8228   else
8229     gcc_unreachable ();
8230 }
8231 
8232 /* Returns the FUNCTION_TYPE TYPE with its function-cv-quals changed to
8233    MEMFN_QUALS.  */
8234 
8235 tree
8236 apply_memfn_quals (tree type, cp_cv_quals memfn_quals)
8237 {
8238   /* Could handle METHOD_TYPE here if necessary.  */
8239   gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE);
8240   if (TYPE_QUALS (type) == memfn_quals)
8241     return type;
8242   /* This should really have a different TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT, but that gets
8243      complex.  */
8244   return build_qualified_type (type, memfn_quals);
8245 }
8246 
8247 /* Returns nonzero if TYPE is const or volatile.  */
8248 
8249 bool
8250 cv_qualified_p (const_tree type)
8251 {
8252   int quals = cp_type_quals (type);
8253   return (quals & (TYPE_QUAL_CONST|TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE)) != 0;
8254 }
8255 
8256 /* Returns nonzero if the TYPE contains a mutable member.  */
8257 
8258 bool
8259 cp_has_mutable_p (const_tree type)
8260 {
8261   /* This CONST_CAST is okay because strip_array_types returns its
8262      argument unmodified and we assign it to a const_tree.  */
8263   type = strip_array_types (CONST_CAST_TREE(type));
8264 
8265   return CLASS_TYPE_P (type) && CLASSTYPE_HAS_MUTABLE (type);
8266 }
8267 
8268 /* Set TREE_READONLY and TREE_VOLATILE on DECL as indicated by the
8269    TYPE_QUALS.  For a VAR_DECL, this may be an optimistic
8270    approximation.  In particular, consider:
8271 
8272      int f();
8273      struct S { int i; };
8274      const S s = { f(); }
8275 
8276    Here, we will make "s" as TREE_READONLY (because it is declared
8277    "const") -- only to reverse ourselves upon seeing that the
8278    initializer is non-constant.  */
8279 
8280 void
8281 cp_apply_type_quals_to_decl (int type_quals, tree decl)
8282 {
8283   tree type = TREE_TYPE (decl);
8284 
8285   if (type == error_mark_node)
8286     return;
8287 
8288   if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL)
8289     return;
8290 
8291   gcc_assert (!(TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE
8292 		&& type_quals != TYPE_UNQUALIFIED));
8293 
8294   /* Avoid setting TREE_READONLY incorrectly.  */
8295   /* We used to check TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING here, but now a constexpr
8296      constructor can produce constant init, so rely on cp_finish_decl to
8297      clear TREE_READONLY if the variable has non-constant init.  */
8298 
8299   /* If the type has (or might have) a mutable component, that component
8300      might be modified.  */
8301   if (TYPE_HAS_MUTABLE_P (type) || !COMPLETE_TYPE_P (type))
8302     type_quals &= ~TYPE_QUAL_CONST;
8303 
8304   c_apply_type_quals_to_decl (type_quals, decl);
8305 }
8306 
8307 /* Subroutine of casts_away_constness.  Make T1 and T2 point at
8308    exemplar types such that casting T1 to T2 is casting away constness
8309    if and only if there is no implicit conversion from T1 to T2.  */
8310 
8311 static void
8312 casts_away_constness_r (tree *t1, tree *t2)
8313 {
8314   int quals1;
8315   int quals2;
8316 
8317   /* [expr.const.cast]
8318 
8319      For multi-level pointer to members and multi-level mixed pointers
8320      and pointers to members (conv.qual), the "member" aspect of a
8321      pointer to member level is ignored when determining if a const
8322      cv-qualifier has been cast away.  */
8323   /* [expr.const.cast]
8324 
8325      For  two  pointer types:
8326 
8327 	    X1 is T1cv1,1 * ... cv1,N *   where T1 is not a pointer type
8328 	    X2 is T2cv2,1 * ... cv2,M *   where T2 is not a pointer type
8329 	    K is min(N,M)
8330 
8331      casting from X1 to X2 casts away constness if, for a non-pointer
8332      type T there does not exist an implicit conversion (clause
8333      _conv_) from:
8334 
8335 	    Tcv1,(N-K+1) * cv1,(N-K+2) * ... cv1,N *
8336 
8337      to
8338 
8339 	    Tcv2,(M-K+1) * cv2,(M-K+2) * ... cv2,M *.  */
8340   if ((!TYPE_PTR_P (*t1) && !TYPE_PTRMEM_P (*t1))
8341       || (!TYPE_PTR_P (*t2) && !TYPE_PTRMEM_P (*t2)))
8342     {
8343       *t1 = cp_build_qualified_type (void_type_node,
8344 				     cp_type_quals (*t1));
8345       *t2 = cp_build_qualified_type (void_type_node,
8346 				     cp_type_quals (*t2));
8347       return;
8348     }
8349 
8350   quals1 = cp_type_quals (*t1);
8351   quals2 = cp_type_quals (*t2);
8352 
8353   if (TYPE_PTRMEM_P (*t1))
8354     *t1 = TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (*t1);
8355   else
8356     *t1 = TREE_TYPE (*t1);
8357   if (TYPE_PTRMEM_P (*t2))
8358     *t2 = TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (*t2);
8359   else
8360     *t2 = TREE_TYPE (*t2);
8361 
8362   casts_away_constness_r (t1, t2);
8363   *t1 = build_pointer_type (*t1);
8364   *t2 = build_pointer_type (*t2);
8365   *t1 = cp_build_qualified_type (*t1, quals1);
8366   *t2 = cp_build_qualified_type (*t2, quals2);
8367 }
8368 
8369 /* Returns nonzero if casting from TYPE1 to TYPE2 casts away
8370    constness.
8371 
8372    ??? This function returns non-zero if casting away qualifiers not
8373    just const.  We would like to return to the caller exactly which
8374    qualifiers are casted away to give more accurate diagnostics.
8375 */
8376 
8377 static bool
8378 casts_away_constness (tree t1, tree t2)
8379 {
8380   if (TREE_CODE (t2) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
8381     {
8382       /* [expr.const.cast]
8383 
8384 	 Casting from an lvalue of type T1 to an lvalue of type T2
8385 	 using a reference cast casts away constness if a cast from an
8386 	 rvalue of type "pointer to T1" to the type "pointer to T2"
8387 	 casts away constness.  */
8388       t1 = (TREE_CODE (t1) == REFERENCE_TYPE ? TREE_TYPE (t1) : t1);
8389       return casts_away_constness (build_pointer_type (t1),
8390 				   build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (t2)));
8391     }
8392 
8393   if (TYPE_PTRMEM_P (t1) && TYPE_PTRMEM_P (t2))
8394     /* [expr.const.cast]
8395 
8396        Casting from an rvalue of type "pointer to data member of X
8397        of type T1" to the type "pointer to data member of Y of type
8398        T2" casts away constness if a cast from an rvalue of type
8399        "pointer to T1" to the type "pointer to T2" casts away
8400        constness.  */
8401     return casts_away_constness
8402       (build_pointer_type (TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (t1)),
8403        build_pointer_type (TYPE_PTRMEM_POINTED_TO_TYPE (t2)));
8404 
8405   /* Casting away constness is only something that makes sense for
8406      pointer or reference types.  */
8407   if (TREE_CODE (t1) != POINTER_TYPE
8408       || TREE_CODE (t2) != POINTER_TYPE)
8409     return false;
8410 
8411   /* Top-level qualifiers don't matter.  */
8412   t1 = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t1);
8413   t2 = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t2);
8414   casts_away_constness_r (&t1, &t2);
8415   if (!can_convert (t2, t1))
8416     return true;
8417 
8418   return false;
8419 }
8420 
8421 /* If T is a REFERENCE_TYPE return the type to which T refers.
8422    Otherwise, return T itself.  */
8423 
8424 tree
8425 non_reference (tree t)
8426 {
8427   if (t && TREE_CODE (t) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
8428     t = TREE_TYPE (t);
8429   return t;
8430 }
8431 
8432 
8433 /* Return nonzero if REF is an lvalue valid for this language;
8434    otherwise, print an error message and return zero.  USE says
8435    how the lvalue is being used and so selects the error message.  */
8436 
8437 int
8438 lvalue_or_else (tree ref, enum lvalue_use use, tsubst_flags_t complain)
8439 {
8440   cp_lvalue_kind kind = lvalue_kind (ref);
8441 
8442   if (kind == clk_none)
8443     {
8444       if (complain & tf_error)
8445 	lvalue_error (input_location, use);
8446       return 0;
8447     }
8448   else if (kind & (clk_rvalueref|clk_class))
8449     {
8450       if (!(complain & tf_error))
8451 	return 0;
8452       if (kind & clk_class)
8453 	/* Make this a permerror because we used to accept it.  */
8454 	permerror (input_location, "using temporary as lvalue");
8455       else
8456 	error ("using xvalue (rvalue reference) as lvalue");
8457     }
8458   return 1;
8459 }
8460 
8461 /* Return true if a user-defined literal operator is a raw operator.  */
8462 
8463 bool
8464 check_raw_literal_operator (const_tree decl)
8465 {
8466   tree argtypes = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (decl));
8467   tree argtype;
8468   int arity;
8469   bool maybe_raw_p = false;
8470 
8471   /* Count the number and type of arguments and check for ellipsis.  */
8472   for (argtype = argtypes, arity = 0;
8473        argtype && argtype != void_list_node;
8474        ++arity, argtype = TREE_CHAIN (argtype))
8475     {
8476       tree t = TREE_VALUE (argtype);
8477 
8478       if (same_type_p (t, const_string_type_node))
8479 	maybe_raw_p = true;
8480     }
8481   if (!argtype)
8482     return false; /* Found ellipsis.  */
8483 
8484   if (!maybe_raw_p || arity != 1)
8485     return false;
8486 
8487   return true;
8488 }
8489 
8490 
8491 /* Return true if a user-defined literal operator has one of the allowed
8492    argument types.  */
8493 
8494 bool
8495 check_literal_operator_args (const_tree decl,
8496 			     bool *long_long_unsigned_p, bool *long_double_p)
8497 {
8498   tree argtypes = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (decl));
8499 
8500   *long_long_unsigned_p = false;
8501   *long_double_p = false;
8502   if (processing_template_decl || processing_specialization)
8503     return argtypes == void_list_node;
8504   else
8505     {
8506       tree argtype;
8507       int arity;
8508       int max_arity = 2;
8509 
8510       /* Count the number and type of arguments and check for ellipsis.  */
8511       for (argtype = argtypes, arity = 0;
8512 	   argtype && argtype != void_list_node;
8513 	   argtype = TREE_CHAIN (argtype))
8514 	{
8515 	  tree t = TREE_VALUE (argtype);
8516 	  ++arity;
8517 
8518 	  if (TREE_CODE (t) == POINTER_TYPE)
8519 	    {
8520 	      bool maybe_raw_p = false;
8521 	      t = TREE_TYPE (t);
8522 	      if (cp_type_quals (t) != TYPE_QUAL_CONST)
8523 		return false;
8524 	      t = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t);
8525 	      if ((maybe_raw_p = same_type_p (t, char_type_node))
8526 		  || same_type_p (t, wchar_type_node)
8527 		  || same_type_p (t, char16_type_node)
8528 		  || same_type_p (t, char32_type_node))
8529 		{
8530 		  argtype = TREE_CHAIN (argtype);
8531 		  if (!argtype)
8532 		    return false;
8533 		  t = TREE_VALUE (argtype);
8534 		  if (maybe_raw_p && argtype == void_list_node)
8535 		    return true;
8536 		  else if (same_type_p (t, size_type_node))
8537 		    {
8538 		      ++arity;
8539 		      continue;
8540 		    }
8541 		  else
8542 		    return false;
8543 		}
8544 	    }
8545 	  else if (same_type_p (t, long_long_unsigned_type_node))
8546 	    {
8547 	      max_arity = 1;
8548 	      *long_long_unsigned_p = true;
8549 	    }
8550 	  else if (same_type_p (t, long_double_type_node))
8551 	    {
8552 	      max_arity = 1;
8553 	      *long_double_p = true;
8554 	    }
8555 	  else if (same_type_p (t, char_type_node))
8556 	    max_arity = 1;
8557 	  else if (same_type_p (t, wchar_type_node))
8558 	    max_arity = 1;
8559 	  else if (same_type_p (t, char16_type_node))
8560 	    max_arity = 1;
8561 	  else if (same_type_p (t, char32_type_node))
8562 	    max_arity = 1;
8563 	  else
8564 	    return false;
8565 	}
8566       if (!argtype)
8567 	return false; /* Found ellipsis.  */
8568 
8569       if (arity != max_arity)
8570 	return false;
8571 
8572       return true;
8573     }
8574 }
8575