1.\" $Id: mandoc_char.7,v 1.51 2011/11/23 10:09:30 kristaps Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org> 4.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> 5.\" Copyright (c) 2011 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> 6.\" 7.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any 8.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above 9.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. 10.\" 11.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES 12.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 13.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR 14.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 15.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN 16.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF 17.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 18.\" 19.Dd $Mdocdate: November 23 2011 $ 20.Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7 21.Os 22.Sh NAME 23.Nm mandoc_char 24.Nd mandoc special characters 25.Sh DESCRIPTION 26This page documents the 27.Xr roff 7 28escape sequences accepted by 29.Xr mandoc 1 30to represent special characters in 31.Xr mdoc 7 32and 33.Xr man 7 34documents. 35.Pp 36The rendering depends on the 37.Xr mandoc 1 38output mode; in ASCII output, most characters are completely 39unintelligible. 40For that reason, using any of the special characters documented here, 41except those discussed in the 42.Sx DESCRIPTION , 43is strongly discouraged; they are supported merely for backwards 44compatibility with existing documents. 45.Pp 46In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character 47escape sequences to represent national language characters in author 48names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names. 49.Ss Dashes and Hyphens 50In typography there are different types of dashes of various width: 51the hyphen (-), 52the minus sign (\-), 53the en-dash (\(en), 54and the em-dash (\(em). 55.Pp 56Hyphens are used for adjectives; 57to separate the two parts of a compound word; 58or to separate a word across two successive lines of text. 59The hyphen does not need to be escaped: 60.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 61blue-eyed 62lorry-driver 63.Ed 64.Pp 65The mathematical minus sign is used for negative numbers or subtraction. 66It should be written as 67.Sq \e- : 68.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 69a = 3 \e- 1; 70b = \e-2; 71.Ed 72.Pp 73The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range, 74or can be used the same way as an em-dash. 75It should be written as 76.Sq \e(en : 77.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 78pp. 95\e(en97. 79Go away \e(en or else! 80.Ed 81.Pp 82The em-dash can be used to show an interruption 83or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses. 84It should be written as 85.Sq \e(em : 86.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 87Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas. 88This is not that \e(em rather, this is that. 89.Ed 90.Pp 91Note: 92hyphens, minus signs, and en-dashes look identical under normal ASCII output. 93Other formats, such as PostScript, render them correctly, 94with differing widths. 95.Ss Spaces 96To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment 97in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply, 98just use the normal space character 99.Pq Sq \ . 100.Pp 101When filling text, lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space 102characters. 103To prevent a line break between two particular words, 104use the non-breaking space escape sequence 105.Pq Sq \e~ 106instead of the normal space character. 107For example, the input string 108.Dq number\e~1 109will be kept together as 110.Dq number\~1 111on the same output line. 112.Pp 113On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an 114argument delimiter. 115To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice. 116In some cases, using either the non-breaking 117.Pq Sq \e~ 118or the breaking 119.Pq Sq \e\ \& 120space escape sequence may be preferable. 121To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end 122of input lines, the zero-width space 123.Pq Sq \e& 124is often useful. 125For example, in 126.Xr mdoc 7 , 127a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either 128of the following ways: 129.Pp 130.Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq 131.Dl .Sq \e \e& 132.Ss Quotes 133On request and macro lines, the double-quote character 134.Pq Sq \(dq 135is handled specially to allow quoting. 136One way to prevent this special handling is by using the 137.Sq \e(dq 138escape sequence. 139.Pp 140Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used 141verbatim. 142All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well, 143even on request and macro lines. 144.Ss Periods 145The period 146.Pq Sq \&. 147is handled specially at the beginning of an input line, 148where it introduces a 149.Xr roff 7 150request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in 151.Xr mdoc 7 . 152In such situations, prepend a zero-width space 153.Pq Sq \e&. 154to make it behave like normal text. 155.Pp 156Do not use the 157.Sq \e. 158escape sequence. 159It does not prevent special handling of the period. 160.Ss Backslashes 161To include a literal backslash 162.Pq Sq \e 163into the output, use the 164.Pq Sq \ee 165escape sequence. 166.Pp 167Note that doubling it 168.Pq Sq \e\e 169is not the right way to output a backslash. 170Because 171.Xr mandoc 1 172does not implement full 173.Xr roff 7 174functionality, it may work with 175.Xr mandoc 1 , 176but it may have weird effects on complete 177.Xr roff 7 178implementations. 179.Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS 180Special characters are encoded as 181.Sq \eX 182.Pq for a one-character escape , 183.Sq \e(XX 184.Pq two-character , 185and 186.Sq \e[N] 187.Pq N-character . 188For details, see the 189.Em Special Characters 190subsection of the 191.Xr roff 7 192manual. 193.Pp 194Spacing: 195.Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact 196.It Em Input Ta Em Description 197.It \e~ Ta non-breaking, non-collapsing space 198.It \e Ta breaking, non-collapsing n-width space 199.It \e^ Ta zero-width space 200.It \e% Ta zero-width space 201.It \e& Ta zero-width space 202.It \e| Ta zero-width space 203.It \e0 Ta breaking, non-collapsing digit-width space 204.It \ec Ta removes any trailing space (if applicable) 205.El 206.Pp 207Lines: 208.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 209.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 210.It \e(ba Ta \(ba Ta bar 211.It \e(br Ta \(br Ta box rule 212.It \e(ul Ta \(ul Ta underscore 213.It \e(rl Ta \(rl Ta overline 214.It \e(bb Ta \(bb Ta broken bar 215.It \e(sl Ta \(sl Ta forward slash 216.It \e(rs Ta \(rs Ta backward slash 217.El 218.Pp 219Text markers: 220.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 221.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 222.It \e(ci Ta \(ci Ta circle 223.It \e(bu Ta \(bu Ta bullet 224.It \e(dd Ta \(dd Ta double dagger 225.It \e(dg Ta \(dg Ta dagger 226.It \e(lz Ta \(lz Ta lozenge 227.It \e(sq Ta \(sq Ta white square 228.It \e(ps Ta \(ps Ta paragraph 229.It \e(sc Ta \(sc Ta section 230.It \e(lh Ta \(lh Ta left hand 231.It \e(rh Ta \(rh Ta right hand 232.It \e(at Ta \(at Ta at 233.It \e(sh Ta \(sh Ta hash (pound) 234.It \e(CR Ta \(CR Ta carriage return 235.It \e(OK Ta \(OK Ta check mark 236.El 237.Pp 238Legal symbols: 239.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 240.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 241.It \e(co Ta \(co Ta copyright 242.It \e(rg Ta \(rg Ta registered 243.It \e(tm Ta \(tm Ta trademarked 244.El 245.Pp 246Punctuation: 247.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 248.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 249.It \e(em Ta \(em Ta em-dash 250.It \e(en Ta \(en Ta en-dash 251.It \e(hy Ta \(hy Ta hyphen 252.It \ee Ta \e Ta back-slash 253.It \e. Ta \. Ta period 254.It \e(r! Ta \(r! Ta upside-down exclamation 255.It \e(r? Ta \(r? Ta upside-down question 256.El 257.Pp 258Quotes: 259.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 260.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 261.It \e(Bq Ta \(Bq Ta right low double-quote 262.It \e(bq Ta \(bq Ta right low single-quote 263.It \e(lq Ta \(lq Ta left double-quote 264.It \e(rq Ta \(rq Ta right double-quote 265.It \e(oq Ta \(oq Ta left single-quote 266.It \e(cq Ta \(cq Ta right single-quote 267.It \e(aq Ta \(aq Ta apostrophe quote (text) 268.It \e(dq Ta \(dq Ta double quote (text) 269.It \e(Fo Ta \(Fo Ta left guillemet 270.It \e(Fc Ta \(Fc Ta right guillemet 271.It \e(fo Ta \(fo Ta left single guillemet 272.It \e(fc Ta \(fc Ta right single guillemet 273.El 274.Pp 275Brackets: 276.Bl -column "xxbracketrightbpx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact 277.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 278.It \e(lB Ta \(lB Ta left bracket 279.It \e(rB Ta \(rB Ta right bracket 280.It \e(lC Ta \(lC Ta left brace 281.It \e(rC Ta \(rC Ta right brace 282.It \e(la Ta \(la Ta left angle 283.It \e(ra Ta \(ra Ta right angle 284.It \e(bv Ta \(bv Ta brace extension 285.It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension 286.It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket 287.It \e[bracketleftbp] Ta \[bracketleftbp] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket 288.It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension 289.It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket 290.It \e[bracketrightbp] Ta \[bracketrightbp] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket 291.It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension 292.It \e(lt Ta \(lt Ta top-left hooked brace 293.It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace 294.It \e(lk Ta \(lk Ta mid-left hooked brace 295.It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace 296.It \e(lb Ta \(lb Ta bottom-left hooked brace 297.It \e[braceleftbp] Ta \[braceleftbp] Ta bottom-left hooked brace 298.It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension 299.It \e(rt Ta \(rt Ta top-left hooked brace 300.It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace 301.It \e(rk Ta \(rk Ta mid-right hooked brace 302.It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace 303.It \e(rb Ta \(rb Ta bottom-right hooked brace 304.It \e[bracerightbp] Ta \[bracerightbp] Ta bottom-right hooked brace 305.It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension 306.It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis 307.It \e[parenleftbp] Ta \[parenleftbp] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis 308.It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension 309.It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis 310.It \e[parenrightbp] Ta \[parenrightbp] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis 311.It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension 312.El 313.Pp 314Arrows: 315.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 316.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 317.It \e(<- Ta \(<- Ta left arrow 318.It \e(-> Ta \(-> Ta right arrow 319.It \e(<> Ta \(<> Ta left-right arrow 320.It \e(da Ta \(da Ta down arrow 321.It \e(ua Ta \(ua Ta up arrow 322.It \e(va Ta \(va Ta up-down arrow 323.It \e(lA Ta \(lA Ta left double-arrow 324.It \e(rA Ta \(rA Ta right double-arrow 325.It \e(hA Ta \(hA Ta left-right double-arrow 326.It \e(uA Ta \(uA Ta up double-arrow 327.It \e(dA Ta \(dA Ta down double-arrow 328.It \e(vA Ta \(vA Ta up-down double-arrow 329.El 330.Pp 331Logical: 332.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 333.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 334.It \e(AN Ta \(AN Ta logical and 335.It \e(OR Ta \(OR Ta logical or 336.It \e(no Ta \(no Ta logical not 337.It \e[tno] Ta \[tno] Ta logical not (text) 338.It \e(te Ta \(te Ta existential quantifier 339.It \e(fa Ta \(fa Ta universal quantifier 340.It \e(st Ta \(st Ta such that 341.It \e(tf Ta \(tf Ta therefore 342.It \e(3d Ta \(3d Ta therefore 343.It \e(or Ta \(or Ta bitwise or 344.El 345.Pp 346Mathematical: 347.Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 348.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 349.It \e(pl Ta \(pl Ta plus 350.It \e(mi Ta \(mi Ta minus 351.It \e- Ta \- Ta minus (text) 352.It \e(-+ Ta \(-+ Ta minus-plus 353.It \e(+- Ta \(+- Ta plus-minus 354.It \e[t+-] Ta \[t+-] Ta plus-minus (text) 355.It \e(pc Ta \(pc Ta centre-dot 356.It \e(mu Ta \(mu Ta multiply 357.It \e[tmu] Ta \[tmu] Ta multiply (text) 358.It \e(c* Ta \(c* Ta circle-multiply 359.It \e(c+ Ta \(c+ Ta circle-plus 360.It \e(di Ta \(di Ta divide 361.It \e[tdi] Ta \[tdi] Ta divide (text) 362.It \e(f/ Ta \(f/ Ta fraction 363.It \e(** Ta \(** Ta asterisk 364.It \e(<= Ta \(<= Ta less-than-equal 365.It \e(>= Ta \(>= Ta greater-than-equal 366.It \e(<< Ta \(<< Ta much less 367.It \e(>> Ta \(>> Ta much greater 368.It \e(eq Ta \(eq Ta equal 369.It \e(!= Ta \(!= Ta not equal 370.It \e(== Ta \(== Ta equivalent 371.It \e(ne Ta \(ne Ta not equivalent 372.It \e(=~ Ta \(=~ Ta congruent 373.It \e(-~ Ta \(-~ Ta asymptotically congruent 374.It \e(ap Ta \(ap Ta asymptotically similar 375.It \e(~~ Ta \(~~ Ta approximately similar 376.It \e(~= Ta \(~= Ta approximately equal 377.It \e(pt Ta \(pt Ta proportionate 378.It \e(es Ta \(es Ta empty set 379.It \e(mo Ta \(mo Ta element 380.It \e(nm Ta \(nm Ta not element 381.It \e(sb Ta \(sb Ta proper subset 382.It \e(nb Ta \(nb Ta not subset 383.It \e(sp Ta \(sp Ta proper superset 384.It \e(nc Ta \(nc Ta not superset 385.It \e(ib Ta \(ib Ta reflexive subset 386.It \e(ip Ta \(ip Ta reflexive superset 387.It \e(ca Ta \(ca Ta intersection 388.It \e(cu Ta \(cu Ta union 389.It \e(/_ Ta \(/_ Ta angle 390.It \e(pp Ta \(pp Ta perpendicular 391.It \e(is Ta \(is Ta integral 392.It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral 393.It \e[sum] Ta \[sum] Ta summation 394.It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product 395.It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct 396.It \e(gr Ta \(gr Ta gradient 397.It \e(sr Ta \(sr Ta square root 398.It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt] Ta square root 399.It \e(lc Ta \(lc Ta left-ceiling 400.It \e(rc Ta \(rc Ta right-ceiling 401.It \e(lf Ta \(lf Ta left-floor 402.It \e(rf Ta \(rf Ta right-floor 403.It \e(if Ta \(if Ta infinity 404.It \e(Ah Ta \(Ah Ta aleph 405.It \e(Im Ta \(Im Ta imaginary 406.It \e(Re Ta \(Re Ta real 407.It \e(pd Ta \(pd Ta partial differential 408.It \e(-h Ta \(-h Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 409.It \e[12] Ta \[12] Ta one-half 410.It \e[14] Ta \[14] Ta one-fourth 411.It \e[34] Ta \[34] Ta three-fourths 412.El 413.Pp 414Ligatures: 415.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 416.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 417.It \e(ff Ta \(ff Ta ff ligature 418.It \e(fi Ta \(fi Ta fi ligature 419.It \e(fl Ta \(fl Ta fl ligature 420.It \e(Fi Ta \(Fi Ta ffi ligature 421.It \e(Fl Ta \(Fl Ta ffl ligature 422.It \e(AE Ta \(AE Ta AE 423.It \e(ae Ta \(ae Ta ae 424.It \e(OE Ta \(OE Ta OE 425.It \e(oe Ta \(oe Ta oe 426.It \e(ss Ta \(ss Ta German eszett 427.It \e(IJ Ta \(IJ Ta IJ ligature 428.It \e(ij Ta \(ij Ta ij ligature 429.El 430.Pp 431Accents: 432.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 433.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 434.It \e(a" Ta \(a" Ta Hungarian umlaut 435.It \e(a- Ta \(a- Ta macron 436.It \e(a. Ta \(a. Ta dotted 437.It \e(a^ Ta \(a^ Ta circumflex 438.It \e(aa Ta \(aa Ta acute 439.It \e' Ta \' Ta acute 440.It \e(ga Ta \(ga Ta grave 441.It \e` Ta \` Ta grave 442.It \e(ab Ta \(ab Ta breve 443.It \e(ac Ta \(ac Ta cedilla 444.It \e(ad Ta \(ad Ta dieresis 445.It \e(ah Ta \(ah Ta caron 446.It \e(ao Ta \(ao Ta ring 447.It \e(a~ Ta \(a~ Ta tilde 448.It \e(ho Ta \(ho Ta ogonek 449.It \e(ha Ta \(ha Ta hat (text) 450.It \e(ti Ta \(ti Ta tilde (text) 451.El 452.Pp 453Accented letters: 454.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 455.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 456.It \e('A Ta \('A Ta acute A 457.It \e('E Ta \('E Ta acute E 458.It \e('I Ta \('I Ta acute I 459.It \e('O Ta \('O Ta acute O 460.It \e('U Ta \('U Ta acute U 461.It \e('a Ta \('a Ta acute a 462.It \e('e Ta \('e Ta acute e 463.It \e('i Ta \('i Ta acute i 464.It \e('o Ta \('o Ta acute o 465.It \e('u Ta \('u Ta acute u 466.It \e(`A Ta \(`A Ta grave A 467.It \e(`E Ta \(`E Ta grave E 468.It \e(`I Ta \(`I Ta grave I 469.It \e(`O Ta \(`O Ta grave O 470.It \e(`U Ta \(`U Ta grave U 471.It \e(`a Ta \(`a Ta grave a 472.It \e(`e Ta \(`e Ta grave e 473.It \e(`i Ta \(`i Ta grave i 474.It \e(`o Ta \(`i Ta grave o 475.It \e(`u Ta \(`u Ta grave u 476.It \e(~A Ta \(~A Ta tilde A 477.It \e(~N Ta \(~N Ta tilde N 478.It \e(~O Ta \(~O Ta tilde O 479.It \e(~a Ta \(~a Ta tilde a 480.It \e(~n Ta \(~n Ta tilde n 481.It \e(~o Ta \(~o Ta tilde o 482.It \e(:A Ta \(:A Ta dieresis A 483.It \e(:E Ta \(:E Ta dieresis E 484.It \e(:I Ta \(:I Ta dieresis I 485.It \e(:O Ta \(:O Ta dieresis O 486.It \e(:U Ta \(:U Ta dieresis U 487.It \e(:a Ta \(:a Ta dieresis a 488.It \e(:e Ta \(:e Ta dieresis e 489.It \e(:i Ta \(:i Ta dieresis i 490.It \e(:o Ta \(:o Ta dieresis o 491.It \e(:u Ta \(:u Ta dieresis u 492.It \e(:y Ta \(:y Ta dieresis y 493.It \e(^A Ta \(^A Ta circumflex A 494.It \e(^E Ta \(^E Ta circumflex E 495.It \e(^I Ta \(^I Ta circumflex I 496.It \e(^O Ta \(^O Ta circumflex O 497.It \e(^U Ta \(^U Ta circumflex U 498.It \e(^a Ta \(^a Ta circumflex a 499.It \e(^e Ta \(^e Ta circumflex e 500.It \e(^i Ta \(^i Ta circumflex i 501.It \e(^o Ta \(^o Ta circumflex o 502.It \e(^u Ta \(^u Ta circumflex u 503.It \e(,C Ta \(,C Ta cedilla C 504.It \e(,c Ta \(,c Ta cedilla c 505.It \e(/L Ta \(/L Ta stroke L 506.It \e(/l Ta \(/l Ta stroke l 507.It \e(/O Ta \(/O Ta stroke O 508.It \e(/o Ta \(/o Ta stroke o 509.It \e(oA Ta \(oA Ta ring A 510.It \e(oa Ta \(oa Ta ring a 511.El 512.Pp 513Special letters: 514.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 515.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 516.It \e(-D Ta \(-D Ta Eth 517.It \e(Sd Ta \(Sd Ta eth 518.It \e(TP Ta \(TP Ta Thorn 519.It \e(Tp Ta \(Tp Ta thorn 520.It \e(.i Ta \(.i Ta dotless i 521.It \e(.j Ta \(.j Ta dotless j 522.El 523.Pp 524Currency: 525.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 526.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 527.It \e(Do Ta \(Do Ta dollar 528.It \e(ct Ta \(ct Ta cent 529.It \e(Eu Ta \(Eu Ta Euro symbol 530.It \e(eu Ta \(eu Ta Euro symbol 531.It \e(Ye Ta \(Ye Ta yen 532.It \e(Po Ta \(Po Ta pound 533.It \e(Cs Ta \(Cs Ta Scandinavian 534.It \e(Fn Ta \(Fn Ta florin 535.El 536.Pp 537Units: 538.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 539.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 540.It \e(de Ta \(de Ta degree 541.It \e(%0 Ta \(%0 Ta per-thousand 542.It \e(fm Ta \(fm Ta minute 543.It \e(sd Ta \(sd Ta second 544.It \e(mc Ta \(mc Ta micro 545.El 546.Pp 547Greek letters: 548.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 549.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 550.It \e(*A Ta \(*A Ta Alpha 551.It \e(*B Ta \(*B Ta Beta 552.It \e(*G Ta \(*G Ta Gamma 553.It \e(*D Ta \(*D Ta Delta 554.It \e(*E Ta \(*E Ta Epsilon 555.It \e(*Z Ta \(*Z Ta Zeta 556.It \e(*Y Ta \(*Y Ta Eta 557.It \e(*H Ta \(*H Ta Theta 558.It \e(*I Ta \(*I Ta Iota 559.It \e(*K Ta \(*K Ta Kappa 560.It \e(*L Ta \(*L Ta Lambda 561.It \e(*M Ta \(*M Ta Mu 562.It \e(*N Ta \(*N Ta Nu 563.It \e(*C Ta \(*C Ta Xi 564.It \e(*O Ta \(*O Ta Omicron 565.It \e(*P Ta \(*P Ta Pi 566.It \e(*R Ta \(*R Ta Rho 567.It \e(*S Ta \(*S Ta Sigma 568.It \e(*T Ta \(*T Ta Tau 569.It \e(*U Ta \(*U Ta Upsilon 570.It \e(*F Ta \(*F Ta Phi 571.It \e(*X Ta \(*X Ta Chi 572.It \e(*Q Ta \(*Q Ta Psi 573.It \e(*W Ta \(*W Ta Omega 574.It \e(*a Ta \(*a Ta alpha 575.It \e(*b Ta \(*b Ta beta 576.It \e(*g Ta \(*g Ta gamma 577.It \e(*d Ta \(*d Ta delta 578.It \e(*e Ta \(*e Ta epsilon 579.It \e(*z Ta \(*z Ta zeta 580.It \e(*y Ta \(*y Ta eta 581.It \e(*h Ta \(*h Ta theta 582.It \e(*i Ta \(*i Ta iota 583.It \e(*k Ta \(*k Ta kappa 584.It \e(*l Ta \(*l Ta lambda 585.It \e(*m Ta \(*m Ta mu 586.It \e(*n Ta \(*n Ta nu 587.It \e(*c Ta \(*c Ta xi 588.It \e(*o Ta \(*o Ta omicron 589.It \e(*p Ta \(*p Ta pi 590.It \e(*r Ta \(*r Ta rho 591.It \e(*s Ta \(*s Ta sigma 592.It \e(*t Ta \(*t Ta tau 593.It \e(*u Ta \(*u Ta upsilon 594.It \e(*f Ta \(*f Ta phi 595.It \e(*x Ta \(*x Ta chi 596.It \e(*q Ta \(*q Ta psi 597.It \e(*w Ta \(*w Ta omega 598.It \e(+h Ta \(+h Ta theta variant 599.It \e(+f Ta \(+f Ta phi variant 600.It \e(+p Ta \(+p Ta pi variant 601.It \e(+e Ta \(+e Ta epsilon variant 602.It \e(ts Ta \(ts Ta sigma terminal 603.El 604.Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS 605Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical 606troff implementations. 607They are 608.Em not recommended 609for use, as they differ across implementations. 610Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not 611portable. 612.Pp 613Their syntax is similar to special characters, using 614.Sq \e*X 615.Pq for a one-character escape , 616.Sq \e*(XX 617.Pq two-character , 618and 619.Sq \e*[N] 620.Pq N-character . 621For details, see the 622.Em Predefined Strings 623subsection of the 624.Xr roff 7 625manual. 626.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent 627.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 628.It \e*(Ba Ta \*(Ba Ta vertical bar 629.It \e*(Ne Ta \*(Ne Ta not equal 630.It \e*(Ge Ta \*(Ge Ta greater-than-equal 631.It \e*(Le Ta \*(Le Ta less-than-equal 632.It \e*(Gt Ta \*(Gt Ta greater-than 633.It \e*(Lt Ta \*(Lt Ta less-than 634.It \e*(Pm Ta \*(Pm Ta plus-minus 635.It \e*(If Ta \*(If Ta infinity 636.It \e*(Pi Ta \*(Pi Ta pi 637.It \e*(Na Ta \*(Na Ta NaN 638.It \e*(Am Ta \*(Am Ta ampersand 639.It \e*R Ta \*R Ta restricted mark 640.It \e*(Tm Ta \*(Tm Ta trade mark 641.It \e*q Ta \*q Ta double-quote 642.It \e*(Rq Ta \*(Rq Ta right-double-quote 643.It \e*(Lq Ta \*(Lq Ta left-double-quote 644.It \e*(lp Ta \*(lp Ta right-parenthesis 645.It \e*(rp Ta \*(rp Ta left-parenthesis 646.It \e*(lq Ta \*(lq Ta left double-quote 647.It \e*(rq Ta \*(rq Ta right double-quote 648.It \e*(ua Ta \*(ua Ta up arrow 649.It \e*(va Ta \*(va Ta up-down arrow 650.It \e*(<= Ta \*(<= Ta less-than-equal 651.It \e*(>= Ta \*(>= Ta greater-than-equal 652.It \e*(aa Ta \*(aa Ta acute 653.It \e*(ga Ta \*(ga Ta grave 654.It \e*(Px Ta \*(Px Ta POSIX standard name 655.It \e*(Ai Ta \*(Ai Ta ANSI standard name 656.El 657.Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS 658The escape sequence 659.Pp 660.Dl \e[uXXXX] 661.Pp 662is interpreted as a Unicode codepoint. 663The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF. 664For compatibility, points must be zero-padded to four characters; if 665greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed. 666Unicode surrogates are not allowed. 667.\" .Pp 668.\" Unicode glyphs attenuate to the 669.\" .Sq \&? 670.\" character if invalid or not rendered by current output media. 671.Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS 672For backward compatibility with existing manuals, 673.Xr mandoc 1 674also supports the 675.Pp 676.Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq 677.Pp 678escape sequence, inserting the character 679.Ar number 680from the current character set into the output. 681Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked 682as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual. 683For example, do not use \eN'34', use \e(dq, or even the plain 684.Sq \(dq 685character where possible. 686.Sh COMPATIBILITY 687This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other 688troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff 689.Pq Qq groff . 690.Pp 691.Bl -dash -compact 692.It 693The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in 694groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers. 695.It 696In 697.Fl T Ns Cm ascii , 698the 699\e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product], 700\e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(\-h, and \e(a. special characters render 701differently between mandoc and groff. 702.It 703In 704.Fl T Ns Cm html 705and 706.Fl T Ns Cm xhtml , 707the \e(~=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently 708between mandoc and groff. 709.It 710The 711.Fl T Ns Cm ps 712and 713.Fl T Ns Cm pdf 714modes format like 715.Fl T Ns Cm ascii 716instead of rendering glyphs as in groff. 717.It 718The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted 719from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no 720known representation. 721.El 722.Sh SEE ALSO 723.Xr mandoc 1 , 724.Xr man 7 , 725.Xr mdoc 7 , 726.Xr roff 7 727.Sh AUTHORS 728The 729.Nm 730manual page was written by 731.An Kristaps Dzonsons , 732.Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . 733.Sh CAVEATS 734The 735.Sq \e*(Ba 736escape mimics the behaviour of the 737.Sq \&| 738character in 739.Xr mdoc 7 ; 740thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use 741the 742.Sq \e(ba 743escape. 744