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This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
(eay@cryptsoft.com). This product includes software written by Tim
Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
All rights reserved.
This package is an SSL implementation written
by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.
This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
the following conditions are aheared to. The following conditions
apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,
lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code. The SSL documentation
included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms
except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in
the code are not to be removed.
If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution
as the author of the parts of the library used.
This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or
in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
must display the following acknowledgement:
"This product includes cryptographic software written by
Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"
The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library
being used are not cryptographic related :-).
4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from
the apps directory (application code) you must include an
acknowledgement:
"This product includes software written by Tim Hudson
(tjh@cryptsoft.com)"
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.Dd $Mdocdate: July 19 2022 $ .Dt OPENSSL 1 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm openssl .Nd OpenSSL command line tool .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Ar command .Op Ar command_opts .Op Ar command_args
p .Nm .Cm list-standard-commands | .Cm list-message-digest-commands | .Cm list-cipher-commands | .Cm list-cipher-algorithms | .Cm list-message-digest-algorithms | .Cm list-public-key-algorithms
p .Nm .Cm no- Ns Ar command .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Transport Layer Security
q TLS v1 network protocol, as well as related cryptography standards.
p The .Nm program is a command line tool for using the various cryptography functions of .Nm openssl Ns 's crypto library from the shell.
p The pseudo-commands .Cm list-standard-commands , list-message-digest-commands , and .Cm list-cipher-commands output a list
q one entry per line of the names of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands, respectively, that are available in the present .Nm utility.
p The pseudo-commands .Cm list-cipher-algorithms and .Cm list-message-digest-algorithms list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as:
p .D1 from => to
p The pseudo-command .Cm list-public-key-algorithms lists all supported public key algorithms.
p The pseudo-command .Cm no- Ns Ar command tests whether a command of the specified name is available. If .Ar command does not exist, it returns 0 and prints .Cm no- Ns Ar command ; otherwise it returns 1 and prints .Ar command . In both cases, the output goes to stdout and nothing is printed to stderr. Additional command line arguments are always ignored. Since for each cipher there is a command of the same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the availability of ciphers in the .Nm program.
p .Sy Note : .Cm no- Ns Ar command is not able to detect pseudo-commands such as .Cm quit , .Cm list- Ns Ar ... Ns Cm -commands , or .Cm no- Ns Ar command itself. .Tg asn1parse .Sh ASN1PARSE l -hang -width "openssl asn1parse" t Nm openssl asn1parse k -words .Op Fl i .Op Fl dlimit Ar number .Op Fl dump .Op Fl genconf Ar file .Op Fl genstr Ar str .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem | txt .Op Fl length Ar number .Op Fl noout .Op Fl offset Ar number .Op Fl oid Ar file .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl strparse Ar offset .Ek .El
p The .Nm asn1parse command is a diagnostic utility that can parse ASN.1 structures. It can also be used to extract data from ASN.1 formatted data.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl dlimit Ar number Dump the first .Ar number bytes of unknown data in hex form. t Fl dump Dump unknown data in hex form. t Fl genconf Ar file , Fl genstr Ar str Generate encoded data based on string .Ar str , file .Ar file , or both, using the format described in .Xr ASN1_generate_nconf 3 . If only .Ar file is present then the string is obtained from the default section using the name .Dq asn1 . The encoded data is passed through the ASN.1 parser and printed out as though it came from a file; the contents can thus be examined and written to a file using the .Fl out option. t Fl i Indent the output according to the .Qq depth of the structures. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl inform Cm der | pem | txt The input format. t Fl length Ar number Number of bytes to parse; the default is until end of file. t Fl noout Do not output the parsed version of the input file. t Fl offset Ar number Starting offset to begin parsing; the default is start of file. t Fl oid Ar file A file containing additional object identifiers
q OIDs . If an OID
q object identifier is not part of .Nm openssl Ns 's internal table, it will be represented in numerical form
q for example 1.2.3.4 .
p Each line consists of three columns: the first column is the OID in numerical format and should be followed by whitespace. The second column is the .Qq short name , which is a single word followed by whitespace. The final column is the rest of the line and is the .Qq long name . .Nm asn1parse displays the long name. t Fl out Ar file The DER-encoded output file; the default is no encoded output (useful when combined with .Fl strparse ) . t Fl strparse Ar offset Parse the content octets of the ASN.1 object starting at .Ar offset . This option can be used multiple times to .Qq drill down into a nested structure. .El .Tg ca .Sh CA l -hang -width "openssl ca" t Nm openssl ca k -words .Op Fl batch .Op Fl cert Ar file .Op Fl config Ar file .Op Fl create_serial .Op Fl crl_CA_compromise Ar time .Op Fl crl_compromise Ar time .Op Fl crl_hold Ar instruction .Op Fl crl_reason Ar reason .Op Fl crldays Ar days .Op Fl crlexts Ar section .Op Fl crlhours Ar hours .Op Fl crlsec Ar seconds .Op Fl days Ar arg .Op Fl enddate Ar date .Op Fl extensions Ar section .Op Fl extfile Ar file .Op Fl gencrl .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl infiles .Op Fl key Ar password .Op Fl keyfile Ar file .Op Fl keyform Cm pem | der .Op Fl md Ar alg .Op Fl msie_hack .Op Fl multivalue-rdn .Op Fl name Ar section .Op Fl noemailDN .Op Fl notext .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outdir Ar directory .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl policy Ar arg .Op Fl preserveDN .Op Fl revoke Ar file .Op Fl selfsign .Op Fl sigopt Ar nm:v .Op Fl spkac Ar file .Op Fl ss_cert Ar file .Op Fl startdate Ar date .Op Fl status Ar serial .Op Fl subj Ar arg .Op Fl updatedb .Op Fl utf8 .Op Fl verbose .Ek .El
p The .Nm ca command is a minimal certificate authority (CA) application. It can be used to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms and generate certificate revocation lists (CRLs). It also maintains a text database of issued certificates and their status.
p The options relevant to CAs are as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl batch Batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked and all certificates will be certified automatically. t Fl cert Ar file The CA certificate file. t Fl config Ar file Specify an alternative configuration file. t Fl create_serial If reading the serial from the text file as specified in the configuration fails, create a new random serial to be used as the next serial number. t Fl days Ar arg The number of days to certify the certificate for. t Fl enddate Ar date Set the expiry date. The format of the date is [YY]YYMMDDHHMMSSZ, with all four year digits required for dates from 2050 onwards. t Fl extensions Ar section The section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions to be added when a certificate is issued (defaults to .Cm x509_extensions unless the .Fl extfile option is used). If no extension section is present, a V1 certificate is created. If the extension section is present
q even if it is empty , then a V3 certificate is created. See the .Xr x509v3.cnf 5 manual page for details of the extension section format. t Fl extfile Ar file An additional configuration .Ar file to read certificate extensions from (using the default section unless the .Fl extensions option is also used). t Fl in Ar file An input .Ar file containing a single certificate request to be signed by the CA. t Fl infiles If present, this should be the last option; all subsequent arguments are assumed to be the names of files containing certificate requests. t Fl key Ar password The .Fa password used to encrypt the private key. Since on some systems the command line arguments are visible, this option should be used with caution. t Fl keyfile Ar file The private key to sign requests with. t Fl keyform Cm pem | der Private key file format. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl md Ar alg The message digest to use. Possible values include .Ar md5 and .Ar sha1 . This option also applies to CRLs. t Fl msie_hack This is a legacy option to make .Nm ca work with very old versions of the IE certificate enrollment control .Qq certenr3 . It used UniversalStrings for almost everything. Since the old control has various security bugs, its use is strongly discouraged. The newer control .Qq Xenroll does not need this option. t Fl multivalue-rdn This option causes the .Fl subj argument to be interpreted with full support for multivalued RDNs, for example .Qq "/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe" . If .Fl multivalue-rdn is not used, the UID value is set to .Qq "123456+CN=John Doe" . t Fl name Ar section Specifies the configuration file .Ar section to use (overrides .Cm default_ca in the .Cm ca section). t Fl noemailDN The DN of a certificate can contain the EMAIL field if present in the request DN, however it is good policy just having the email set into the .Cm altName extension of the certificate. When this option is set, the EMAIL field is removed from the certificate's subject and set only in the, eventually present, extensions. The .Ar email_in_dn keyword can be used in the configuration file to enable this behaviour. t Fl notext Don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file. t Fl out Ar file The output file to output certificates to. The default is standard output. The certificate details will also be printed out to this file in PEM format, except that .Fl spkac outputs DER format. t Fl outdir Ar directory The .Ar directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be written to a file consisting of the serial number in hex with .Qq .pem appended. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl policy Ar arg Define the CA .Qq policy to use. The policy section in the configuration file consists of a set of variables corresponding to certificate DN fields. The values may be one of .Qq match (the value must match the same field in the CA certificate), .Qq supplied (the value must be present), or .Qq optional (the value may be present). Any fields not mentioned in the policy section are silently deleted, unless the .Fl preserveDN option is set, but this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour. t Fl preserveDN Normally, the DN order of a certificate is the same as the order of the fields in the relevant policy section. When this option is set, the order is the same as the request. This is largely for compatibility with the older IE enrollment control which would only accept certificates if their DNs matched the order of the request. This is not needed for Xenroll. t Fl selfsign Indicates the issued certificates are to be signed with the key the certificate requests were signed with, given with .Fl keyfile . Certificate requests signed with a different key are ignored. If .Fl gencrl , .Fl spkac , or .Fl ss_cert are given, .Fl selfsign is ignored.
p A consequence of using .Fl selfsign is that the self-signed certificate appears among the entries in the certificate database (see the configuration option .Cm database ) and uses the same serial number counter as all other certificates signed with the self-signed certificate. t Fl sigopt Ar nm:v Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or certify operations. The names and values of these options are algorithm-specific. t Fl spkac Ar file A file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge, and additional field values to be signed by the CA. This will usually come from the KEYGEN tag in an HTML form to create a new private key. It is, however, possible to create SPKACs using the .Nm spkac utility.
p The file should contain the variable SPKAC set to the value of the SPKAC and also the required DN components as name value pairs. If it's necessary to include the same component twice, then it can be preceded by a number and a .Sq . . t Fl ss_cert Ar file A single self-signed certificate to be signed by the CA. t Fl startdate Ar date Set the start date. The format of the date is [YY]YYMMDDHHMMSSZ, with all four year digits required for dates from 2050 onwards. t Fl subj Ar arg Supersedes the subject name given in the request. The .Ar arg must be formatted as .Sm off
f / Ar type0 Ns = Ar value0 Ns / Ar type 1 Ns = Ar value 1 Ns / .Ar type2 Ns = Ar ... ; .Sm on characters may be escaped by .Sq \e
q backslash , no spaces are skipped. t Fl utf8 Interpret field values read from a terminal or obtained from a configuration file as UTF-8 strings. By default, they are interpreted as ASCII. t Fl verbose Print extra details about the operations being performed. .El
p The options relevant to CRLs are as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl crl_CA_compromise Ar time This is the same as .Fl crl_compromise , except the revocation reason is set to CACompromise. t Fl crl_compromise Ar time Set the revocation reason to keyCompromise and the compromise time to .Ar time . .Ar time should be in GeneralizedTime format, i.e. YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ. t Fl crl_hold Ar instruction Set the CRL revocation reason code to certificateHold and the hold instruction to .Ar instruction which must be an OID. Although any OID can be used, only holdInstructionNone (the use of which is discouraged by RFC 2459), holdInstructionCallIssuer or holdInstructionReject will normally be used. t Fl crl_reason Ar reason Revocation reason, where .Ar reason is one of: unspecified, keyCompromise, CACompromise, affiliationChanged, superseded, cessationOfOperation, certificateHold or removeFromCRL. The matching of .Ar reason is case insensitive. Setting any revocation reason will make the CRL v2. In practice, removeFromCRL is not particularly useful because it is only used in delta CRLs which are not currently implemented. t Fl crldays Ar days The number of days before the next CRL is due. This is the days from now to place in the CRL .Cm nextUpdate field. t Fl crlexts Ar section The .Ar section of the configuration file containing CRL extensions to include. If no CRL extension section is present then a V1 CRL is created; if the CRL extension section is present (even if it is empty) then a V2 CRL is created. The CRL extensions specified are CRL extensions and not CRL entry extensions. It should be noted that some software can't handle V2 CRLs. See the .Xr x509v3.cnf 5 manual page for details of the extension section format. t Fl crlhours Ar hours The number of hours before the next CRL is due. t Fl crlsec Ar seconds The number of seconds before the next CRL is due. t Fl gencrl Generate a CRL based on information in the index file. t Fl revoke Ar file A .Ar file containing a certificate to revoke. t Fl status Ar serial Show the status of the certificate with serial number .Ar serial . t Fl updatedb Update the database index to purge expired certificates. .El
p Many of the options can be set in the .Cm ca section of the configuration file (or in the default section of the configuration file), specified using .Cm default_ca or .Fl name . The options .Cm preserve and .Cm msie_hack are read directly from the .Cm ca section.
p Many of the configuration file options are identical to command line options. Where the option is present in the configuration file and the command line, the command line value is used. Where an option is described as mandatory, then it must be present in the configuration file or the command line equivalent
q if any used. l -tag -width "XXXX" t Cm certificate The same as .Fl cert . It gives the file containing the CA certificate. Mandatory. t Cm copy_extensions Determines how extensions in certificate requests should be handled. If set to .Cm none or this option is not present, then extensions are ignored and not copied to the certificate. If set to .Cm copy , then any extensions present in the request that are not already present are copied to the certificate. If set to .Cm copyall , then all extensions in the request are copied to the certificate: if the extension is already present in the certificate it is deleted first.
p The .Cm copy_extensions option should be used with caution. If care is not taken, it can be a security risk. For example, if a certificate request contains a .Cm basicConstraints extension with CA:TRUE and the .Cm copy_extensions value is set to .Cm copyall and the user does not spot this when the certificate is displayed, then this will hand the requester a valid CA certificate.
p This situation can be avoided by setting .Cm copy_extensions to .Cm copy and including .Cm basicConstraints with CA:FALSE in the configuration file. Then if the request contains a .Cm basicConstraints extension, it will be ignored.
p The main use of this option is to allow a certificate request to supply values for certain extensions such as .Cm subjectAltName . t Cm crl_extensions The same as .Fl crlexts . t Cm crlnumber A text file containing the next CRL number to use in hex. The CRL number will be inserted in the CRLs only if this file exists. If this file is present, it must contain a valid CRL number. t Cm database The text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present, though initially it will be empty. t Cm default_crl_hours , default_crl_days The same as the .Fl crlhours and .Fl crldays options. These will only be used if neither command line option is present. At least one of these must be present to generate a CRL. t Cm default_days The same as the .Fl days option. The number of days to certify a certificate for. t Cm default_enddate The same as the .Fl enddate option. Either this option or .Cm default_days
q or the command line equivalents must be present. t Cm default_md The same as the .Fl md option. The message digest to use. Mandatory. t Cm default_startdate The same as the .Fl startdate option. The start date to certify a certificate for. If not set, the current time is used. t Cm email_in_dn The same as .Fl noemailDN . If the EMAIL field is to be removed from the DN of the certificate, simply set this to .Qq no . If not present, the default is to allow for the EMAIL field in the certificate's DN. t Cm msie_hack The same as .Fl msie_hack . t Cm name_opt , cert_opt These options allow the format used to display the certificate details when asking the user to confirm signing. All the options supported by the .Nm x509 utilities' .Fl nameopt and .Fl certopt switches can be used here, except that .Cm no_signame and .Cm no_sigdump are permanently set and cannot be disabled (this is because the certificate signature cannot be displayed because the certificate has not been signed at this point).
p For convenience, the value .Cm ca_default is accepted by both to produce a reasonable output.
p If neither option is present, the format used in earlier versions of .Nm openssl is used. Use of the old format is strongly discouraged because it only displays fields mentioned in the .Cm policy section, mishandles multicharacter string types and does not display extensions. t Cm new_certs_dir The same as the .Fl outdir command line option. It specifies the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory. t Cm oid_file This specifies a file containing additional object identifiers. Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the object identifier followed by whitespace, then the short name followed by whitespace and finally the long name. t Cm oid_section This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by .Sq = and the numerical form. The short and long names are the same when this option is used. t Cm policy The same as .Fl policy . Mandatory. t Cm preserve The same as .Fl preserveDN . t Cm private_key Same as the .Fl keyfile option. The file containing the CA private key. Mandatory. t Cm serial A text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory. This file must be present and contain a valid serial number. t Cm unique_subject If the value .Cm yes is given, the valid certificate entries in the database must have unique subjects. If the value .Cm no is given, several valid certificate entries may have the exact same subject. The default value is .Cm yes .
p Note that it is valid in some circumstances for certificates to be created without any subject. In cases where there are multiple certificates without subjects this does not count as a duplicate. t Cm x509_extensions The same as .Fl extensions . .El .Tg certhash .Sh CERTHASH l -hang -width "openssl certhash" t Nm openssl certhash k -words .Op Fl nv .Ar dir ... .Ek .El
p The .Nm certhash command calculates a hash value of .Qq .pem file in the specified directory list and creates symbolic links for each file, where the name of the link is the hash value. See the .Xr SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations 3 manual page for how hash links are used.
p The links created are of the form .Qq HHHHHHHH.D , where each .Sq H is a hexadecimal character and .Sq D is a single decimal digit. The hashes for CRLs look similar, except the letter .Sq r appears after the period, like this: .Qq HHHHHHHH.rD . When processing a directory, .Nm certhash will first remove all links that have a name in that syntax and invalid reference.
p Multiple objects may have the same hash; they will be indicated by incrementing the .Sq D value. Duplicates are found by comparing the full SHA256 fingerprint. A warning will be displayed if a duplicate is found.
p A warning will also be displayed if there are files that cannot be parsed as either a certificate or a CRL.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl n Perform a dry-run, and do not make any changes. t Fl v Print extra details about the processing. t Ar dir ... Specify the directories to process. .El .Tg ciphers .Sh CIPHERS .Nm openssl ciphers .Op Fl hsVv .Op Fl tls1 .Op Fl tls1_1 .Op Fl tls1_2 .Op Fl tls1_3 .Op Ar control
p The .Nm ciphers command converts the .Ar control string from the format documented in .Xr SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list 3 into an ordered SSL cipher suite preference list. If no .Ar control string is specified, the .Cm DEFAULT list is printed.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl h , ? Print a brief usage message. t Fl s Only list ciphers that are supported by the TLS method. t Fl tls1 | tls1_1 | tls1_2 | tls1_3 In combination with the .Fl s option, list the ciphers which could be used if the specified protocol version were negotiated. t Fl V Verbose. List ciphers with cipher suite code in hex format, cipher name, and a complete description of protocol version, key exchange, authentication, encryption, and mac algorithms. t Fl v Like .Fl V , but without cipher suite codes. .El .Tg cms .Sh CMS l -hang -width "openssl cms" t Nm openssl cms k -words .Oo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 | .Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 | .Fl rc2-40 | rc2-64 | rc2-128 .Oc .Op Fl CAfile Ar file .Op Fl CApath Ar directory .Op Fl binary .Op Fl certfile Ar file .Op Fl certsout Ar file .Op Fl cmsout .Op Fl compress .Op Fl content Ar file .Op Fl crlfeol .Op Fl data_create .Op Fl data_out .Op Fl debug_decrypt .Op Fl decrypt .Op Fl digest_create .Op Fl digest_verify .Op Fl econtent_type Ar type .Op Fl encrypt .Op Fl EncryptedData_decrypt .Op Fl EncryptedData_encrypt .Op Fl from Ar addr .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem | smime .Op Fl inkey Ar file .Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl keyid .Op Fl keyopt Ar nm:v .Op Fl md Ar digest .Op Fl no_attr_verify .Op Fl no_content_verify .Op Fl no_signer_cert_verify .Op Fl noattr .Op Fl nocerts .Op Fl nodetach .Op Fl nointern .Op Fl nooldmime .Op Fl noout .Op Fl nosigs .Op Fl nosmimecap .Op Fl noverify .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem | smime .Op Fl passin Ar src .Op Fl print .Op Fl pwri_password Ar arg .Op Fl rctform Cm der | pem | smime .Op Fl receipt_request_all | receipt_request_first .Op Fl receipt_request_from Ar addr .Op Fl receipt_request_print .Op Fl receipt_request_to Ar addr .Op Fl recip Ar file .Op Fl resign .Op Fl secretkey Ar key .Op Fl secretkeyid Ar id .Op Fl sign .Op Fl sign_receipt .Op Fl signer Ar file .Op Fl stream | indef | noindef .Op Fl subject Ar s .Op Fl text .Op Fl to Ar addr .Op Fl uncompress .Op Fl verify .Op Fl verify_receipt Ar file .Op Fl verify_retcode .Op Ar cert.pem ... .Ek .El
p The .Nm cms command handles S/MIME v3.1 mail. It can encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify, compress and uncompress S/MIME messages.
p The MIME message must be sent without any blank lines between the headers and the output. Some mail programs will automatically add a blank line. Piping the mail directly to sendmail is one way to achieve the correct format.
p The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the necessary MIME headers or many S/MIME clients won't display it properly (if at all). You can use the .Fl text option to automatically add plain text headers.
p A "signed and encrypted" message is one where a signed message is then encrypted. This can be produced by encrypting an already signed message.
p There are various operation options that set the type of operation to be performed. The meaning of the other options varies according to the operation type. l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl encrypt Encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates. Input file is the message to be encrypted. The output file is the encrypted mail in MIME format. The actual CMS type is EnvelopedData. Note that no revocation check is done for the recipient cert, so if that key has been compromised, others may be able to decrypt the text. t Fl decrypt Decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Expects an encrypted mail message in MIME format for the input file. The decrypted mail is written to the output file. t Fl sign Sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Input file is the message to be signed. The signed message in MIME format is written to the output file. t Fl verify Verify signed mail. Expects a signed mail message on input and outputs the signed data. Both clear text and opaque signing are supported. t Fl cmsout Take an input message and write out a PEM encoded CMS structure. t Fl resign Resign a message. Take an existing message and one or more new signers. This operation uses an existing message digest when adding a new signer. This means that attributes must be present in at least one existing signer using the same message digest or this operation will fail. t Fl data_create Create a CMS Data type. t Fl data_out Output a content from the input CMS Data type. t Fl digest_create Create a CMS DigestedData type. t Fl digest_verify Verify a CMS DigestedData type and output the content. t Fl compress Create a CMS CompressedData type. Must be compiled with zlib support for this option to work. t Fl uncompress Uncompress a CMS CompressedData type and output the content. Must be compiled with zlib support for this option to work. t Fl EncryptedData_encrypt Encrypt a content using supplied symmetric key and algorithm using a CMS EncryptedData type. t Fl EncryptedData_decrypt Decrypt a CMS EncryptedData type using supplied symmetric key. t Fl sign_receipt Generate and output a signed receipt for the supplied message. The input message must contain a signed receipt request. Functionality is otherwise similar to the .Fl sign operation. t Xo .Fl verify_receipt Ar file .Xc Verify a signed receipt in file. The input message must contain the original receipt request. Functionality is otherwise similar to the .Fl verify operation. .El
p The remaining options are as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Xo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 | .Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 | .Fl rc2-40 | rc2-64 | rc2-128 .Xc The encryption algorithm to use. 128-, 192-, or 256-bit AES, 128-, 192-, or 256-bit CAMELLIA, DES (56 bits), triple DES (168 bits), or 40-, 64-, or 128-bit RC2, respectively; if not specified, triple DES is used. Only used with .Fl encrypt and .Fl EncryptedData_encrypt commands. t Fl binary Normally the input message is converted to "canonical" format which is effectively using CR/LF as end of line, as required by the S/MIME specification. When this option is present, no translation occurs. This is useful when handling binary data which may not be in MIME format. t Fl CAfile Ar file A file containing trusted CA certificates, used with .Fl verify and .Fl verify_receipt . t Fl CApath Ar directory A directory containing trusted CA certificates, used with .Fl verify and .Fl verify_receipt . This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is a hash of each subject name (using .Nm x509 Fl hash ) should be linked to each certificate. t Ar cert.pem ... One or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting a message. t Fl certfile Ar file Allows additional certificates to be specified. When signing, these will be included with the message. When verifying, these will be searched for the signer's certificates. The certificates should be in PEM format. t Fl certsout Ar file A file that any certificates contained in the message are written to. t Xo .Fl check_ss_sig , .Fl crl_check , .Fl crl_check_all , .Fl extended_crl , .Fl ignore_critical , .Fl issuer_checks , .Fl policy , .Fl policy_check , .Fl purpose , .Fl x509_strict .Xc Set various certificate chain validation options. See the .Nm verify command for details. t Fl content Ar file A file containing the detached content. This is only useful with the .Fl verify command. This is only usable if the CMS structure is using the detached signature form where the content is not included. This option will override any content if the input format is S/MIME and it uses the multipart/signed MIME content type. t Fl crlfeol Output a S/MIME message with CR/LF end of line. t Fl debug_decrypt Set the CMS_DEBUG_DECRYPT flag when decrypting. This option should be used with caution, since this can be used to disable the MMA attack protection and return an error if no recipient can be found. See the .Xr CMS_decrypt 3 manual page for details of the flag. t Xo .Fl from Ar addr , .Fl subject Ar s , .Fl to Ar addr .Xc The relevant mail headers. These are included outside the signed portion of a message so they may be included manually. If signing then many S/MIME mail clients check the signer's certificate's email address matches that specified in the From: address. t Fl econtent_type Ar type Set the encapsulated content type, used with .Fl sign . If not supplied, the Data type is used. The type argument can be any valid OID name in either text or numerical format. t Fl in Ar file The input message to be encrypted or signed or the message to be decrypted or verified. t Fl inform Cm der | pem | smime The input format for the CMS structure. The default is .Cm smime , which reads an S/MIME format message. .Cm pem and .Cm der format change this to expect PEM and DER format CMS structures instead. This currently only affects the input format of the CMS structure; if no CMS structure is being input (for example with .Fl encrypt or .Fl sign ) this option has no effect. t Fl inkey Ar file The private key to use when signing or decrypting. This must match the corresponding certificate. If this option is not specified then the private key must be included in the certificate file specified with the .Fl recip or .Fl signer file. When signing, this option can be used multiple times to specify successive keys. t Fl keyform Cm der | pem Input private key format. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl keyid Use subject key identifier to identify certificates instead of issuer name and serial number. The supplied certificate must include a subject key identifier extension. Supported by .Fl sign and .Fl encrypt operations. t Fl keyopt Ar nm:v Set customised parameters for the preceding key or certificate for encryption and signing. It can currently be used to set RSA-PSS for signing, RSA-OAEP for encryption or to modify default parameters for ECDH. This option can be used multiple times. t Fl md Ar digest The digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning. If not present then the default digest algorithm for the signing key will be used (usually SHA1). t Fl no_attr_verify Do not verify the signer's attribute of a signature. t Fl no_content_verify Do not verify the content of a signed message. t Fl no_signer_cert_verify Do not verify the signer's certificate of a signed message. t Fl noattr Do not include attributes. Normally when a message is signed a set of attributes are included which include the signing time and supported symmetric algorithms. With this option they are not included. t Fl nocerts Do not include the signer's certificate. This will reduce the size of the signed message but the verifier must have a copy of the signer's certificate available locally (passed using the .Fl certfile option for example). t Fl nodetach When signing a message, use opaque signing. This form is more resistant to translation by mail relays but it cannot be read by mail agents that do not support S/MIME. Without this option cleartext signing with the MIME type multipart/signed is used. t Fl nointern Only the certificates specified in the .Fl certfile option are used. When verifying a message, normally certificates (if any) included in the message are searched for the signing certificate. The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs however. t Fl nooldmime Output an old S/MIME content type like "application/x-pkcs7-". t Fl noout Do not output the parsed CMS structure for the .Fl cmsout operation. This is useful when combined with the .Fl print option or if the syntax of the CMS structure is being checked. t Fl nosigs Do not try to verify the signatures on the message. t Fl nosmimecap Exclude the list of supported algorithms from signed attributes; other options such as signing time and content type are still included. t Fl noverify Do not verify the signer's certificate of a signed message. t Fl out Ar file The message text that has been decrypted or verified or the output MIME format message that has been signed or verified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem | smime This specifies the output format for the CMS structure. The default is .Cm smime , which writes an S/MIME format message. .Cm pem and .Cm der format change this to write PEM and DER format CMS structures instead. This currently only affects the output format of the CMS structure; if no CMS structure is being output (for example with .Fl verify or .Fl decrypt ) this option has no effect. t Fl passin Ar src The private key password source. t Fl print Print out all fields of the CMS structure for the .Fl cmsout operation. This is mainly useful for testing purposes. t Fl pwri_password Ar arg Specify PasswordRecipientInfo (PWRI) password to use. Supported by the .Fl encrypt and .Fl decrypt operations. t Fl rctform Cm der | pem | smime Specify the format for a signed receipt for use with the .Fl receipt_verify operation. The default is .Cm smime . t Fl receipt_request_all | receipt_request_first Indicate requests should be provided by all recipient or first tier recipients (those mailed directly and not from a mailing list), for the .Fl sign operation to include a signed receipt request. Ignored if .Fl receipt_request_from is included. t Fl receipt_request_from Ar addr Add an explicit email address where receipts should be supplied. t Fl receipt_request_print Print out the contents of any signed receipt requests for the .Fl verify operation. t Fl receipt_request_to Ar addr Add an explicit email address where signed receipts should be sent to. This option must be supplied if a signed receipt is requested. t Fl recip Ar file When decrypting a message, this specifies the recipient's certificate. The certificate must match one of the recipients of the message or an error occurs. When encrypting a message, this option may be used multiple times to specify each recipient. This form must be used if customised parameters are required (for example to specify RSA-OAEP). Only certificates carrying RSA, Diffie-Hellman or EC keys are supported by this option. t Fl secretkey Ar key Specify symmetric key to use. The key must be supplied in hex format and be consistent with the algorithm used. Supported by the .Fl EncryptedData_encrypt , .Fl EncryptedData_decrypt , .Fl encrypt and .Fl decrypt operations. When used with .Fl encrypt or .Fl decrypt , the supplied key is used to wrap or unwrap the content encryption key using an AES key in the KEKRecipientInfo type. t Fl secretkeyid Ar id The key identifier for the supplied symmetric key for KEKRecipientInfo type. This option must be present if the .Fl secretkey option is used with .Fl encrypt . With .Fl decrypt operations the id is used to locate the relevant key; if it is not supplied then an attempt is used to decrypt any KEKRecipientInfo structures. t Fl signer Ar file A signing certificate when signing or resigning a message; this option can be used multiple times if more than one signer is required. If a message is being verified then the signers certificates will be written to this file if the verification was successful. t Xo .Fl stream | .Fl indef | .Fl noindef .Xc The .Fl stream and .Fl indef options are equivalent and enable streaming I/O for encoding operations. This permits single pass processing of data without the need to hold the entire contents in memory, potentially supporting very large files. Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached data if the output format is .Cm smime ; it is currently off by default for all other operations. .Fl noindef disable streaming I/O where it would produce an indefinite length constructed encoding. This option currently has no effect. t Fl text Add plain text (text/plain) MIME headers to the supplied message if encrypting or signing. If decrypting or verifying, it strips off text headers: if the decrypted or verified message is not of MIME type text/plain then an error occurs. t Fl verify_retcode Set verification error code to exit code to indicate what verification error has occurred. Supported by .Fl verify operation only. Exit code value minus 32 shows verification error code. See .Nm verify command for the list of verification error code. .El
p The exit codes for .Nm cms are as follows:
p l -tag -width "XXXX" -offset 3n -compact t 0 The operation was completely successful. t 1 An error occurred parsing the command options. t 2 One of the input files could not be read. t 3 An error occurred creating the CMS file or when reading the MIME message. t 4 An error occurred decrypting or verifying the message. t 5 The message was verified correctly but an error occurred writing out the signer's certificates. t 6 An error occurred writing the output file. t 32+ A verify error occurred while .Fl verify_retcode is specified. .El .Tg crl .Sh CRL l -hang -width "openssl crl" t Nm openssl crl k -words .Op Fl CAfile Ar file .Op Fl CApath Ar dir .Op Fl crlnumber .Op Fl fingerprint .Op Fl hash .Op Fl hash_old .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl issuer .Op Fl lastupdate .Op Fl nameopt Ar option .Op Fl nextupdate .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl text .Op Fl verify .Ek .El
p The .Nm crl command processes CRL files in DER or PEM format.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl CAfile Ar file Verify the signature on a CRL by looking up the issuing certificate in .Ar file . t Fl CApath Ar directory Verify the signature on a CRL by looking up the issuing certificate in .Ar dir . This directory must be a standard certificate directory, i.e. a hash of each subject name (using .Cm x509 Fl hash ) should be linked to each certificate. t Fl crlnumber Print the CRL number. t Fl fingerprint Print the CRL fingerprint. t Fl hash Output a hash of the issuer name. This can be used to look up CRLs in a directory by issuer name. t Fl hash_old Output an old-style (MD5) hash of the issuer name. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl issuer Output the issuer name. t Fl lastupdate Output the .Cm lastUpdate field. t Fl nameopt Ar option Specify certificate name options. t Fl nextupdate Output the .Cm nextUpdate field. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the CRL. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl text Print the CRL in plain text. t Fl verify Verify the signature on the CRL. .El .Tg crl2pkcs7 .Sh CRL2PKCS7 l -hang -width "openssl crl2pkcs7" t Nm openssl crl2pkcs7 k -words .Op Fl certfile Ar file .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl nocrl .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Ek .El
p The .Nm crl2pkcs7 command takes an optional CRL and one or more certificates and converts them into a PKCS#7 degenerate .Qq certificates only structure.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl certfile Ar file Add the certificates in PEM .Ar file to the PKCS#7 structure. This option can be used more than once to read certificates from multiple files. t Fl in Ar file Read the CRL from .Ar file , or standard input if not specified. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl nocrl Normally, a CRL is included in the output file. With this option, no CRL is included in the output file and a CRL is not read from the input file. t Fl out Ar file Write the PKCS#7 structure to .Ar file , or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. .El .Tg dgst .Sh DGST l -hang -width "openssl dgst" t Nm openssl dgst k -words .Op Fl cdr .Op Fl binary .Op Fl Ar digest .Op Fl hex .Op Fl hmac Ar key .Op Fl keyform Cm pem .Op Fl mac Ar algorithm .Op Fl macopt Ar nm : Ns Ar v .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl prverify Ar file .Op Fl sign Ar file .Op Fl signature Ar file .Op Fl sigopt Ar nm : Ns Ar v .Op Fl verify Ar file .Op Ar .Ek .El
p The digest functions output the message digest of a supplied .Ar file or .Ar files in hexadecimal form. They can also be used for digital signing and verification.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl binary Output the digest or signature in binary form. t Fl c Print the digest in two-digit groups separated by colons. t Fl d Print BIO debugging information. t Fl Ar digest Use the specified message .Ar digest . The default is SHA256. The available digests can be displayed using .Nm openssl .Cm list-message-digest-commands . The following are equivalent: .Nm openssl dgst .Fl sha256 and .Nm openssl .Cm sha256 . t Fl hex Digest is to be output as a hex dump. This is the default case for a .Qq normal digest as opposed to a digital signature. t Fl hmac Ar key Create a hashed MAC using .Ar key . t Fl keyform Cm pem Specifies the key format to sign the digest with. t Fl mac Ar algorithm Create a keyed Message Authentication Code (MAC). The most popular MAC algorithm is HMAC (hash-based MAC), but there are other MAC algorithms which are not based on hash. MAC keys and other options should be set via the .Fl macopt parameter. t Fl macopt Ar nm : Ns Ar v Passes options to the MAC algorithm, specified by .Fl mac . The following options are supported by HMAC: l -tag -width Ds t Cm key : Ns Ar string Specifies the MAC key as an alphanumeric string (use if the key contain printable characters only). String length must conform to any restrictions of the MAC algorithm. t Cm hexkey : Ns Ar string Specifies the MAC key in hexadecimal form (two hex digits per byte). Key length must conform to any restrictions of the MAC algorithm. .El t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl prverify Ar file Verify the signature using the private key in .Ar file . The output is either .Qq Verification OK or .Qq Verification Failure . t Fl r Print the digest in coreutils format. t Fl sign Ar file Digitally sign the digest using the private key in .Ar file . t Fl signature Ar file The actual signature to verify. t Fl sigopt Ar nm : Ns Ar v Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations. The names and values of these options are algorithm-specific. t Fl verify Ar file Verify the signature using the public key in .Ar file . The output is either .Qq Verification OK or .Qq Verification Failure . t Ar File or files to digest. If no files are specified then standard input is used. .El .Tg dhparam .Sh DHPARAM l -hang -width "openssl dhparam" t Nm openssl dhparam k -words .Op Fl 2 | 5 .Op Fl C .Op Fl check .Op Fl dsaparam .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl text .Op Ar numbits .Ek .El
p The .Nm dhparam command is used to manipulate DH parameter files. Only the older PKCS#3 DH is supported, not the newer X9.42 DH.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl 2 , 5 The generator to use; 2 is the default. If present, the input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead. t Fl C Convert the parameters into C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the .No get_dh Ns Ar numbits function. t Fl check Check the DH parameters. t Fl dsaparam Read or create DSA parameters, converted to DH format on output. Otherwise, .Qq strong primes
q such that (p-1)/2 is also prime will be used for DH parameter generation.
p DH parameter generation with the .Fl dsaparam option is much faster, and the recommended exponent length is shorter, which makes DH key exchange more efficient. Beware that with such DSA-style DH parameters, a fresh DH key should be created for each use to avoid small-subgroup attacks that may be possible otherwise. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the parameters. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl text Print the DH parameters in plain text. t Ar numbits Generate a parameter set of size .Ar numbits . It must be the last option. If not present, a value of 2048 is used. If this value is present, the input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead. .El .Tg dsa .Sh DSA l -hang -width "openssl dsa" t Nm openssl dsa k -words .Oo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | .Fl des | des3 .Oc .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem | pvk .Op Fl modulus .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem | pvk .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl passout Ar arg .Op Fl pubin .Op Fl pubout .Op Fl pvk-none | pvk-strong | pvk-weak .Op Fl text .Ek .El
p The .Nm dsa command processes DSA keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out.
p .Sy Note : This command uses the traditional .Nm SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the .Nm pkcs8 command.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Xo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | .Fl des | des3 .Xc Encrypt the private key with the AES, DES, or the triple DES ciphers, respectively, before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options are specified, the key is written in plain text. This means that using the .Nm dsa utility to read an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options it can be used to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be used with PEM format output files. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for. t Fl inform Cm der | pem | pvk The input format. t Fl modulus Print the value of the public key component of the key. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the key. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. t Fl outform Cm der | pem | pvk The output format. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Fl pubin Read in a public key, not a private key. t Fl pubout Output a public key, not a private key. Automatically set if the input is a public key. t Xo .Fl pvk-none | pvk-strong | pvk-weak .Xc Enable or disable PVK encoding. The default is .Fl pvk-strong . t Fl text Print the public/private key in plain text. .El .Tg dsaparam .Sh DSAPARAM l -hang -width "openssl dsaparam" t Nm openssl dsaparam k -words .Op Fl C .Op Fl genkey .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl text .Op Ar numbits .Ek .El
p The .Nm dsaparam command is used to manipulate or generate DSA parameter files.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl C Convert the parameters into C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the .No get_dsa Ns Ar XXX function. t Fl genkey Generate a DSA key either using the specified or generated parameters. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. If the .Ar numbits parameter is included, then this option is ignored. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the parameters. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl text Print the DSA parameters in plain text. t Ar numbits Generate a parameter set of size .Ar numbits . If this option is included, the input file is ignored. .El .Tg ec .Sh EC l -hang -width "openssl ec" t Nm openssl ec k -words .Op Fl conv_form Ar arg .Op Fl des .Op Fl des3 .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl param_enc Ar arg .Op Fl param_out .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl passout Ar arg .Op Fl pubin .Op Fl pubout .Op Fl text .Ek .El
p The .Nm ec command processes EC keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out. .Nm openssl uses the private key format specified in .Dq SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography
q Lk https://www.secg.org/ . To convert an EC private key into the PKCS#8 private key format use the .Nm pkcs8 command.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl conv_form Ar arg Specify how the points on the elliptic curve are converted into octet strings. Possible values are: .Cm compressed , .Cm uncompressed (the default), and .Cm hybrid . For more information regarding the point conversion forms see the X9.62 standard. Note: Due to patent issues the .Cm compressed option is disabled by default for binary curves and can be enabled by defining the preprocessor macro .Dv OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP at compile time. t Fl des | des3 Encrypt the private key with DES, triple DES, or any other cipher supported by .Nm openssl . A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options are specified, the key is written in plain text. This means that using the .Nm ec utility to read in an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options it can be used to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be used with PEM format output files. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read a key from, or standard input if not specified. If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the key. t Fl out Ar file The output filename to write to, or standard output if not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl param_enc Ar arg Specify how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded. Possible value are: .Cm named_curve , i.e. the EC parameters are specified by an OID; or .Cm explicit , where the EC parameters are explicitly given (see RFC 3279 for the definition of the EC parameter structures). The default value is .Cm named_curve . Note: the .Cm implicitlyCA alternative, as specified in RFC 3279, is currently not implemented. t Fl param_out Print the elliptic curve parameters. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Fl pubin Read in a public key, not a private key. t Fl pubout Output a public key, not a private key. Automatically set if the input is a public key. t Fl text Print the public/private key in plain text. .El .Tg ecparam .Sh ECPARAM l -hang -width "openssl ecparam" t Nm openssl ecparam k -words .Op Fl C .Op Fl check .Op Fl conv_form Ar arg .Op Fl genkey .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl list_curves .Op Fl name Ar arg .Op Fl no_seed .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl param_enc Ar arg .Op Fl text .Ek .El
p The .Nm ecparam command is used to manipulate or generate EC parameter files. .Nm openssl is not able to generate new groups so .Nm ecparam can only create EC parameters from known (named) curves.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl C Convert the EC parameters into C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the .No get_ec_group_ Ns Ar XXX function. t Fl check Validate the elliptic curve parameters. t Fl conv_form Ar arg Specify how the points on the elliptic curve are converted into octet strings. Possible values are: .Cm compressed , .Cm uncompressed (the default), and .Cm hybrid . For more information regarding the point conversion forms see the X9.62 standard. Note: Due to patent issues the .Cm compressed option is disabled by default for binary curves and can be enabled by defining the preprocessor macro .Dv OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP at compile time. t Fl genkey Generate an EC private key using the specified parameters. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl list_curves Print a list of all currently implemented EC parameter names and exit. t Fl name Ar arg Use the EC parameters with the specified "short" name. t Fl no_seed Do not include the seed for the parameter generation in the ECParameters structure (see RFC 3279). t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the parameters. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl param_enc Ar arg Specify how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded. Possible value are: .Cm named_curve , i.e. the EC parameters are specified by an OID, or .Cm explicit , where the EC parameters are explicitly given (see RFC 3279 for the definition of the EC parameter structures). The default value is .Cm named_curve . Note: the .Cm implicitlyCA alternative, as specified in RFC 3279, is currently not implemented. t Fl text Print the EC parameters in plain text. .El .Tg enc .Sh ENC l -hang -width "openssl enc" t Nm openssl enc k -words .Fl ciphername .Op Fl AadePpv .Op Fl base64 .Op Fl bufsize Ar number .Op Fl debug .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl iter Ar iterations .Op Fl iv Ar IV .Op Fl K Ar key .Op Fl k Ar password .Op Fl kfile Ar file .Op Fl md Ar digest .Op Fl none .Op Fl nopad .Op Fl nosalt .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl pass Ar arg .Op Fl pbkdf2 .Op Fl S Ar salt .Op Fl salt .Ek .El
p The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords or explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption. The program can be called either as .Nm openssl Ar ciphername or .Nm openssl enc - Ns Ar ciphername .
p Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security implications if not used correctly. All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding, also known as standard block padding. If padding is disabled, the input data must be a multiple of the cipher block length.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl A If the .Fl a option is set, then base64 process the data on one line. t Fl a , base64 Base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking place, the data is base64-encoded after encryption. If decryption is set, the input data is base64-decoded before being decrypted. t Fl bufsize Ar number Set the buffer size for I/O. t Fl d Decrypt the input data. t Fl debug Debug the BIOs used for I/O. t Fl e Encrypt the input data. This is the default. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl iter Ar iterations Use the pbkdf2 key derivation function, with .Ar iterations as the number of iterations. t Fl iv Ar IV The actual .Ar IV
q initialisation vector to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits. When only the .Ar key is specified using the .Fl K option, the IV must explicitly be defined. When a password is being specified using one of the other options, the IV is generated from this password. t Fl K Ar key The actual .Ar key to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the IV must also be specified using the .Fl iv option. When both a .Ar key and a .Ar password are specified, the .Ar key given with the .Fl K option will be used and the IV generated from the password will be taken. It probably does not make much sense to specify both .Ar key and .Ar password . t Fl k Ar password The .Ar password to derive the key from. Superseded by the .Fl pass option. t Fl kfile Ar file Read the password to derive the key from the first line of .Ar file . Superseded by the .Fl pass option. t Fl md Ar digest Use .Ar digest to create a key from a pass phrase. Currently, the default value is .Cm sha256 . t Fl none Use NULL cipher (no encryption or decryption of input). t Fl nopad Disable standard block padding. t Fl nosalt Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option should never be used since it makes it possible to perform efficient dictionary attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl P Print out the salt, key, and IV used, then immediately exit; don't do any encryption or decryption. t Fl p Print out the salt, key, and IV used. t Fl pass Ar arg The password source. t Fl pbkdf2 Use the pbkdf2 key derivation function, with the default of 10000 iterations. t Fl S Ar salt The actual .Ar salt to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits. t Fl salt Use a salt in the key derivation routines (the default). When the salt is being used, the first eight bytes of the encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it is randomly generated when encrypting a file and read from the encrypted file when it is decrypted. t Fl v Print extra details about the processing. .El .Tg errstr .Sh ERRSTR .Nm openssl errstr .Op Fl stats .Ar errno ...
p The .Nm errstr command performs error number to error string conversion, generating a human-readable string representing the error code .Ar errno . The string is obtained through the .Xr ERR_error_string_n 3 function and has the following format:
p .Dl error:[error code]:[library name]:[function name]:[reason string]
p q error code is an 8-digit hexadecimal number. The remaining fields q library name , q function name , and q reason string are all ASCII text.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl stats Print debugging statistics about various aspects of the hash table. .El .Tg gendsa .Sh GENDSA l -hang -width "openssl gendsa" t Nm openssl gendsa k -words .Oo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 | .Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 | idea .Oc .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl passout Ar arg .Ar paramfile .Ek .El
p The .Nm gendsa command generates a DSA private key from a DSA parameter file (typically generated by the .Nm openssl dsaparam command). DSA key generation is little more than random number generation so it is much quicker than, for example, RSA key generation.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Xo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | .Fl camellia128 | camellia192 | camellia256 | .Fl des | des3 | .Fl idea .Xc Encrypt the private key with the AES, CAMELLIA, DES, triple DES or the IDEA ciphers, respectively, before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options are specified, no encryption is used. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Ar paramfile Specify the DSA parameter file to use. The parameters in this file determine the size of the private key. .El .Tg genpkey .Sh GENPKEY l -hang -width "openssl genpkey" t Nm openssl genpkey k -words .Op Fl algorithm Ar alg .Op Ar cipher .Op Fl genparam .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl paramfile Ar file .Op Fl pass Ar arg .Op Fl pkeyopt Ar opt : Ns Ar value .Op Fl text .Ek .El
p The .Nm genpkey command generates private keys. The use of this program is encouraged over the algorithm specific utilities because additional algorithm options can be used.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl algorithm Ar alg The public key algorithm to use, such as RSA, DSA, or DH. This option must precede any .Fl pkeyopt options. The options .Fl paramfile and .Fl algorithm are mutually exclusive. t Ar cipher Encrypt the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm name accepted by .Xr EVP_get_cipherbyname 3 is acceptable. t Fl genparam Generate a set of parameters instead of a private key. This option must precede any .Fl algorithm , .Fl paramfile , or .Fl pkeyopt options. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl paramfile Ar file Some public key algorithms generate a private key based on a set of parameters, which can be supplied using this option. If this option is used, the public key algorithm used is determined by the parameters. This option must precede any .Fl pkeyopt options. The options .Fl paramfile and .Fl algorithm are mutually exclusive. t Fl pass Ar arg The output file password source. t Fl pkeyopt Ar opt : Ns Ar value Set the public key algorithm option .Ar opt to .Ar value , as follows: l -tag -width Ds -offset indent t rsa_keygen_bits : Ns Ar numbits (RSA) The number of bits in the generated key. The default is 2048. t rsa_keygen_pubexp : Ns Ar value (RSA) The RSA public exponent value. This can be a large decimal or hexadecimal value if preceded by 0x. The default is 65537. t dsa_paramgen_bits : Ns Ar numbits (DSA) The number of bits in the generated parameters. The default is 1024. t dh_paramgen_prime_len : Ns Ar numbits (DH) The number of bits in the prime parameter .Ar p . t dh_paramgen_generator : Ns Ar value (DH) The value to use for the generator .Ar g . t ec_paramgen_curve : Ns Ar curve (EC) The elliptic curve to use. .El t Fl text Print the private/public key in plain text. .El .Tg genrsa .Sh GENRSA l -hang -width "openssl genrsa" t Nm openssl genrsa k -words .Op Fl 3 | f4 .Oo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 | .Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 | idea .Oc .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl passout Ar arg .Op Ar numbits .Ek .El
p The .Nm genrsa command generates an RSA private key, which essentially involves the generation of two prime numbers. When generating the key, various symbols will be output to indicate the progress of the generation. A .Sq . represents each number which has passed an initial sieve test; .Sq + means a number has passed a single round of the Miller-Rabin primality test; .Sq * means the number has failed primality testing and needs to be generated afresh. A newline means that the number has passed all the prime tests (the actual number depends on the key size).
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl 3 | f4 The public exponent to use, either 3 or 65537. The default is 65537. t Xo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | .Fl camellia128 | camellia192 | camellia256 | .Fl des | des3 | .Fl idea .Xc Encrypt the private key with the AES, CAMELLIA, DES, triple DES or the IDEA ciphers, respectively, before outputting it. If none of these options are specified, no encryption is used. If encryption is used, a pass phrase is prompted for, if it is not supplied via the .Fl passout option. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Ar numbits The size of the private key to generate in bits. This must be the last option specified. The default is 2048. .El .Tg nseq .Sh NSEQ .Nm openssl nseq .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl toseq
p The .Nm nseq command takes a file containing a Netscape certificate sequence (an alternative to the standard PKCS#7 format) and prints out the certificates contained in it, or takes a file of certificates and converts it into a Netscape certificate sequence.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl toseq Normally, a Netscape certificate sequence will be input and the output is the certificates contained in it. With the .Fl toseq option the situation is reversed: a Netscape certificate sequence is created from a file of certificates. .El .Tg ocsp .Sh OCSP l -hang -width "openssl ocsp" t Nm openssl ocsp k -words .Op Fl CA Ar file .Op Fl CAfile Ar file .Op Fl CApath Ar directory .Op Fl cert Ar file .Op Fl dgst Ar alg .Op Fl header Ar name value .Op Fl host Ar hostname : Ns Ar port .Op Fl ignore_err .Op Fl index Ar indexfile .Op Fl issuer Ar file .Op Fl ndays Ar days .Op Fl nmin Ar minutes .Op Fl no_cert_checks .Op Fl no_cert_verify .Op Fl no_certs .Op Fl no_chain .Op Fl no_explicit .Op Fl no_intern .Op Fl no_nonce .Op Fl no_signature_verify .Op Fl nonce .Op Fl noverify .Op Fl nrequest Ar number .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl path Ar path .Op Fl port Ar portnum .Op Fl req_text .Op Fl reqin Ar file .Op Fl reqout Ar file .Op Fl resp_key_id .Op Fl resp_no_certs .Op Fl resp_text .Op Fl respin Ar file .Op Fl respout Ar file .Op Fl rkey Ar file .Op Fl rother Ar file .Op Fl rsigner Ar file .Op Fl serial Ar num .Op Fl sign_other Ar file .Op Fl signer Ar file .Op Fl signkey Ar file .Op Fl status_age Ar age .Op Fl text .Op Fl timeout Ar seconds .Op Fl trust_other .Op Fl url Ar responder_url .Op Fl VAfile Ar file .Op Fl validity_period Ar nsec .Op Fl verify_other Ar file .Ek .El
p The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) enables applications to determine the (revocation) state of an identified certificate (RFC 2560).
p The .Nm ocsp command performs many common OCSP tasks. It can be used to print out requests and responses, create requests and send queries to an OCSP responder, and behave like a mini OCSP server itself.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl CAfile Ar file , Fl CApath Ar directory A file or path containing trusted CA certificates, used to verify the signature on the OCSP response. t Fl cert Ar file Add the certificate .Ar file to the request. The issuer certificate is taken from the previous .Fl issuer option, or an error occurs if no issuer certificate is specified. t Fl dgst Ar alg Use the digest algorithm .Ar alg for certificate identification in the OCSP request. By default SHA1 is used. t Xo .Fl host Ar hostname : Ns Ar port , .Fl path Ar path .Xc Send the OCSP request to .Ar hostname on .Ar port . .Fl path specifies the HTTP path name to use, or
a / by default. t Fl header Ar name value Add the header name with the specified value to the OCSP request that is sent to the responder. This may be repeated. t Fl issuer Ar file The current issuer certificate, in PEM format. Can be used multiple times and must come before any .Fl cert options. t Fl no_cert_checks Don't perform any additional checks on the OCSP response signer's certificate. That is, do not make any checks to see if the signer's certificate is authorised to provide the necessary status information: as a result this option should only be used for testing purposes. t Fl no_cert_verify Don't verify the OCSP response signer's certificate at all. Since this option allows the OCSP response to be signed by any certificate, it should only be used for testing purposes. t Fl no_certs Don't include any certificates in the signed request. t Fl no_chain Do not use certificates in the response as additional untrusted CA certificates. t Fl no_explicit Don't check the explicit trust for OCSP signing in the root CA certificate. t Fl no_intern Ignore certificates contained in the OCSP response when searching for the signer's certificate. The signer's certificate must be specified with either the .Fl verify_other or .Fl VAfile options. t Fl no_signature_verify Don't check the signature on the OCSP response. Since this option tolerates invalid signatures on OCSP responses, it will normally only be used for testing purposes. t Fl nonce , no_nonce Add an OCSP nonce extension to a request, or disable an OCSP nonce addition. Normally, if an OCSP request is input using the .Fl respin option no nonce is added: using the .Fl nonce option will force the addition of a nonce. If an OCSP request is being created (using the .Fl cert and .Fl serial options), a nonce is automatically added; specifying .Fl no_nonce overrides this. t Fl noverify Don't attempt to verify the OCSP response signature or the nonce values. This is normally only be used for debugging since it disables all verification of the responder's certificate. t Fl out Ar file Specify the output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl req_text , resp_text , text Print out the text form of the OCSP request, response, or both, respectively. t Fl reqin Ar file , Fl respin Ar file Read an OCSP request or response file from .Ar file . These options are ignored if an OCSP request or response creation is implied by other options (for example with the .Fl serial , cert , and .Fl host options). t Fl reqout Ar file , Fl respout Ar file Write out the DER-encoded certificate request or response to .Ar file . t Fl serial Ar num Same as the .Fl cert option except the certificate with serial number .Ar num is added to the request. The serial number is interpreted as a decimal integer unless preceded by .Sq 0x . Negative integers can also be specified by preceding the value with a minus sign. t Fl sign_other Ar file Additional certificates to include in the signed request. t Fl signer Ar file , Fl signkey Ar file Sign the OCSP request using the certificate specified in the .Fl signer option and the private key specified by the .Fl signkey option. If the .Fl signkey option is not present, then the private key is read from the same file as the certificate. If neither option is specified, the OCSP request is not signed. t Fl timeout Ar seconds Connection timeout to the OCSP responder in seconds. t Fl trust_other The certificates specified by the .Fl verify_other option should be explicitly trusted and no additional checks will be performed on them. This is useful when the complete responder certificate chain is not available or trusting a root CA is not appropriate. t Fl url Ar responder_url Specify the responder URL. Both HTTP and HTTPS
q SSL/TLS URLs can be specified. t Fl VAfile Ar file A file containing explicitly trusted responder certificates. Equivalent to the .Fl verify_other and .Fl trust_other options. t Fl validity_period Ar nsec , Fl status_age Ar age The range of times, in seconds, which will be tolerated in an OCSP response. Each certificate status response includes a notBefore time and an optional notAfter time. The current time should fall between these two values, but the interval between the two times may be only a few seconds. In practice the OCSP responder and clients' clocks may not be precisely synchronised and so such a check may fail. To avoid this the .Fl validity_period option can be used to specify an acceptable error range in seconds, the default value being 5 minutes.
p If the notAfter time is omitted from a response, it means that new status information is immediately available. In this case the age of the notBefore field is checked to see it is not older than .Ar age seconds old. By default, this additional check is not performed. t Fl verify_other Ar file A file containing additional certificates to search when attempting to locate the OCSP response signing certificate. Some responders omit the actual signer's certificate from the response, so this can be used to supply the necessary certificate. .El
p The options for the OCSP server are as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl CA Ar file CA certificate corresponding to the revocation information in .Ar indexfile . t Fl ignore_err Ignore the invalid response. t Fl index Ar indexfile .Ar indexfile is a text index file in ca format containing certificate revocation information.
p If this option is specified, .Nm ocsp is in responder mode, otherwise it is in client mode. The requests the responder processes can be either specified on the command line (using the .Fl issuer and .Fl serial options), supplied in a file (using the .Fl respin option), or via external OCSP clients (if .Ar port or .Ar url is specified).
p If this option is present, then the .Fl CA and .Fl rsigner options must also be present. t Fl nmin Ar minutes , Fl ndays Ar days Number of .Ar minutes or .Ar days when fresh revocation information is available: used in the nextUpdate field. If neither option is present, the nextUpdate field is omitted, meaning fresh revocation information is immediately available. t Fl nrequest Ar number Exit after receiving .Ar number requests (the default is unlimited). t Fl port Ar portnum Port to listen for OCSP requests on. May also be specified using the .Fl url option. t Fl resp_key_id Identify the signer certificate using the key ID; the default is to use the subject name. t Fl resp_no_certs Don't include any certificates in the OCSP response. t Fl rkey Ar file The private key to sign OCSP responses with; if not present, the file specified in the .Fl rsigner option is used. t Fl rother Ar file Additional certificates to include in the OCSP response. t Fl rsigner Ar file The certificate to sign OCSP responses with. .El
p Initially the OCSP responder certificate is located and the signature on the OCSP request checked using the responder certificate's public key. Then a normal certificate verify is performed on the OCSP responder certificate building up a certificate chain in the process. The locations of the trusted certificates used to build the chain can be specified by the .Fl CAfile and .Fl CApath options or they will be looked for in the standard .Nm openssl certificates directory.
p If the initial verify fails, the OCSP verify process halts with an error. Otherwise the issuing CA certificate in the request is compared to the OCSP responder certificate: if there is a match then the OCSP verify succeeds.
p Otherwise the OCSP responder certificate's CA is checked against the issuing CA certificate in the request. If there is a match and the OCSPSigning extended key usage is present in the OCSP responder certificate, then the OCSP verify succeeds.
p Otherwise the root CA of the OCSP responder's CA is checked to see if it is trusted for OCSP signing. If it is, the OCSP verify succeeds.
p If none of these checks is successful, the OCSP verify fails. What this effectively means is that if the OCSP responder certificate is authorised directly by the CA it is issuing revocation information about (and it is correctly configured), then verification will succeed.
p If the OCSP responder is a global responder, which can give details about multiple CAs and has its own separate certificate chain, then its root CA can be trusted for OCSP signing. Alternatively, the responder certificate itself can be explicitly trusted with the .Fl VAfile option. .Tg passwd .Sh PASSWD l -hang -width "openssl passwd" t Nm openssl passwd k -words .Op Fl 1 | apr1 | crypt .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl noverify .Op Fl quiet .Op Fl reverse .Op Fl salt Ar string .Op Fl stdin .Op Fl table .Op Ar password .Ek .El
p The .Nm passwd command computes the hash of a password.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl 1 Use the MD5 based x password algorithm .Qq 1 . t Fl apr1 Use the .Qq apr1 algorithm
o Apache variant of the x algorithm
c . t Fl crypt Use the .Qq crypt algorithm (the default). t Fl in Ar file Read passwords from .Ar file . t Fl noverify Don't verify when reading a password from the terminal. t Fl quiet Don't output warnings when passwords given on the command line are truncated. t Fl reverse Switch table columns. This only makes sense in conjunction with the .Fl table option. t Fl salt Ar string Use the salt specified by .Ar string . When reading a password from the terminal, this implies .Fl noverify . t Fl stdin Read passwords from standard input. t Fl table In the output list, prepend the cleartext password and a TAB character to each password hash. .El .Tg pkcs7 .Sh PKCS7 l -hang -width "openssl pkcs7" t Nm openssl pkcs7 k -words .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl print .Op Fl print_certs .Op Fl text .Ek .El
p The .Nm pkcs7 command processes PKCS#7 files in DER or PEM format. The PKCS#7 routines only understand PKCS#7 v 1.5 as specified in RFC 2315.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl noout Don't output the encoded version of the PKCS#7 structure (or certificates if .Fl print_certs is set). t Fl out Ar file The output to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl print Print the ASN.1 representation of PKCS#7 structure. t Fl print_certs Print any certificates or CRLs contained in the file, preceded by their subject and issuer names in a one-line format. t Fl text Print certificate details in full rather than just subject and issuer names. .El .Tg pkcs8 .Sh PKCS8 l -hang -width "openssl pkcs8" t Nm openssl pkcs8 k -words .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl nocrypt .Op Fl noiter .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl passout Ar arg .Op Fl topk8 .Op Fl v1 Ar alg .Op Fl v2 Ar alg .Ek .El
p The .Nm pkcs8 command processes private keys (both encrypted and unencrypted) in PKCS#8 format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms. The default encryption is only 56 bits; keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration counts are more secure.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl nocrypt Generate an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure. This option does not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used when absolutely necessary. t Fl noiter Use an iteration count of 1. See the .Sx PKCS12 section below for a detailed explanation of this option. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if none is specified. If any encryption options are set, a pass phrase will be prompted for. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Fl topk8 Read a traditional format private key and write a PKCS#8 format key. t Fl v1 Ar alg Specify a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm to use.
p l -tag -width "XXXX" -compact t PBE-MD5-DES 56-bit DES. t PBE-SHA1-RC2-64 | PBE-MD5-RC2-64 | PBE-SHA1-DES 64-bit RC2 or 56-bit DES. t PBE-SHA1-RC4-128 | PBE-SHA1-RC4-40 | PBE-SHA1-3DES t PBE-SHA1-2DES | PBE-SHA1-RC2-128 | PBE-SHA1-RC2-40 PKCS#12 password-based encryption algorithm, which allow strong encryption algorithms like triple DES or 128-bit RC2. .El t Fl v2 Ar alg Use PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms. Supports algorithms such as 168-bit triple DES or 128-bit RC2, however not many implementations support PKCS#5 v2.0 yet (if using private keys with .Nm openssl this doesn't matter).
p .Ar alg is the encryption algorithm to use; valid values include des, des3, and rc2. It is recommended that des3 is used. .El .Tg pkcs12 .Sh PKCS12 l -hang -width "openssl pkcs12" t Nm openssl pkcs12 k -words .Oo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 | .Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 | idea .Oc .Op Fl cacerts .Op Fl CAfile Ar file .Op Fl caname Ar name .Op Fl CApath Ar directory .Op Fl certfile Ar file .Op Fl certpbe Ar alg .Op Fl chain .Op Fl clcerts .Op Fl CSP Ar name .Op Fl descert .Op Fl export .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl info .Op Fl inkey Ar file .Op Fl keyex .Op Fl keypbe Ar alg .Op Fl keysig .Op Fl LMK .Op Fl macalg Ar alg .Op Fl maciter .Op Fl name Ar name .Op Fl nocerts .Op Fl nodes .Op Fl noiter .Op Fl nokeys .Op Fl nomac .Op Fl nomaciter .Op Fl nomacver .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl passout Ar arg .Op Fl password Ar arg .Op Fl twopass .Ek .El
p The .Nm pkcs12 command allows PKCS#12 files
q sometimes referred to as PFX files to be created and parsed. By default, a PKCS#12 file is parsed; a PKCS#12 file can be created by using the .Fl export option.
p The options for parsing a PKCS12 file are as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Xo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | .Fl camellia128 | camellia192 | camellia256 | .Fl des | des3 | .Fl idea .Xc Encrypt private keys using AES, CAMELLIA, DES, triple DES or the IDEA ciphers, respectively. The default is triple DES. t Fl cacerts Only output CA certificates
q not client certificates . t Fl clcerts Only output client certificates
q not CA certificates . t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl info Output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure, algorithms used, and iteration counts. t Fl nocerts Do not output certificates. t Fl nodes Do not encrypt private keys. t Fl nokeys Do not output private keys. t Fl nomacver Do not attempt to verify the integrity MAC before reading the file. t Fl noout Do not output the keys and certificates to the output file version of the PKCS#12 file. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Fl twopass Prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most software always assumes these are the same so this option will render such PKCS#12 files unreadable. .El
p The options for PKCS12 file creation are as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl CAfile Ar file CA storage as a file. t Fl CApath Ar directory CA storage as a directory. The directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is, a hash of each subject name (using .Nm x509 Fl hash ) should be linked to each certificate. t Fl caname Ar name Specify the .Qq friendly name for other certificates. May be used multiple times to specify names for all certificates in the order they appear. t Fl certfile Ar file A file to read additional certificates from. t Fl certpbe Ar alg , Fl keypbe Ar alg Specify the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and certificates to be selected. Any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 PBE algorithm name can be used. If a cipher name (as output by the .Cm list-cipher-algorithms command) is specified then it is used with PKCS#5 v2.0. For interoperability reasons it is advisable to only use PKCS#12 algorithms. t Fl chain Include the entire certificate chain of the user certificate. The standard CA store is used for this search. If the search fails, it is considered a fatal error. t Fl CSP Ar name Write .Ar name as a Microsoft CSP name. t Fl descert Encrypt the certificate using triple DES; this may render the PKCS#12 file unreadable by some .Qq export grade software. By default, the private key is encrypted using triple DES and the certificate using 40-bit RC2. t Fl export Create a PKCS#12 file (rather than parsing one). t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. The order doesn't matter but one private key and its corresponding certificate should be present. If additional certificates are present, they will also be included in the PKCS#12 file. t Fl inkey Ar file File to read a private key from. If not present, a private key must be present in the input file. t Fl keyex | keysig Specify whether the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing. Normally, .Qq export grade software will only allow 512-bit RSA keys to be used for encryption purposes, but arbitrary length keys for signing. The .Fl keysig option marks the key for signing only. Signing only keys can be used for S/MIME signing, authenticode (ActiveX control signing) and SSL client authentication. t Fl LMK Add local machine keyset attribute to private key. t Fl macalg Ar alg Specify the MAC digest algorithm. The default is SHA1. t Fl maciter Included for compatibility only: it used to be needed to use MAC iterations counts but they are now used by default. t Fl name Ar name Specify the .Qq friendly name for the certificate and private key. This name is typically displayed in list boxes by software importing the file. t Fl nomac Don't attempt to provide the MAC integrity. t Fl nomaciter , noiter Affect the iteration counts on the MAC and key algorithms.
p To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common passwords, the algorithm that derives keys from passwords can have an iteration count applied to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm to be repeated and slows it down. The MAC is used to check the file integrity but since it will normally have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked. By default, both MAC and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048; using these options the MAC and encryption iteration counts can be set to 1. Since this reduces the file security, you should not use these options unless you really have to. Most software supports both MAC and key iteration counts. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Fl password Ar arg With .Fl export , .Fl password is equivalent to .Fl passout . Otherwise, .Fl password is equivalent to .Fl passin . .El .Tg pkey .Sh PKEY l -hang -width "openssl pkey" t Nm openssl pkey k -words .Op Fl check .Op Ar cipher .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl passout Ar arg .Op Fl pubcheck .Op Fl pubin .Op Fl pubout .Op Fl text .Op Fl text_pub .Ek .El
p The .Nm pkey command processes public or private keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl check Check the validity of a key pair. t Ar cipher Encrypt the private key with the specified cipher. Any algorithm name accepted by .Xr EVP_get_cipherbyname 3 is acceptable, such as .Cm des3 . t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the key. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Fl pubcheck Check the validity of a public key or the public component of a key pair. t Fl pubin Read in a public key, not a private key. t Fl pubout Output a public key, not a private key. Automatically set if the input is a public key. t Fl text Print the public/private key in plain text. t Fl text_pub Print out only public key components even if a private key is being processed. .El .Tg pkeyparam .Sh PKEYPARAM .Cm openssl pkeyparam .Op Fl check .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl text
p The .Nm pkeyparam command processes public or private keys. The key type is determined by the PEM headers.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl check check the correctness of parameters. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the parameters. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl text Print the parameters in plain text. .El .Tg pkeyutl .Sh PKEYUTL l -hang -width "openssl pkeyutl" t Nm openssl pkeyutl k -words .Op Fl asn1parse .Op Fl certin .Op Fl decrypt .Op Fl derive .Op Fl encrypt .Op Fl hexdump .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inkey Ar file .Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl peerform Cm der | pem .Op Fl peerkey Ar file .Op Fl pkeyopt Ar opt : Ns Ar value .Op Fl pubin .Op Fl rev .Op Fl sigfile Ar file .Op Fl sign .Op Fl verify .Op Fl verifyrecover .Ek .El
p The .Nm pkeyutl command can be used to perform public key operations using any supported algorithm.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl asn1parse ASN.1 parse the output data. This is useful when combined with the .Fl verifyrecover option when an ASN.1 structure is signed. t Fl certin The input is a certificate containing a public key. t Fl decrypt Decrypt the input data using a private key. t Fl derive Derive a shared secret using the peer key. t Fl encrypt Encrypt the input data using a public key. t Fl hexdump Hex dump the output data. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl inkey Ar file The input key file. By default it should be a private key. t Fl keyform Cm der | pem The key format. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl peerform Cm der | pem The peer key format. t Fl peerkey Ar file The peer key file, used by key derivation (agreement) operations. t Fl pkeyopt Ar opt : Ns Ar value Set the public key algorithm option .Ar opt to .Ar value . Unless otherwise mentioned, all algorithms support the format .Ar digest : Ns Ar alg , which specifies the digest to use for sign, verify, and verifyrecover operations. The value .Ar alg should represent a digest name as used in the .Xr EVP_get_digestbyname 3 function.
p The RSA algorithm supports the encrypt, decrypt, sign, verify, and verifyrecover operations in general. Some padding modes only support some of these operations however. l -tag -width Ds t rsa_padding_mode : Ns Ar mode This sets the RSA padding mode. Acceptable values for .Ar mode are .Cm pkcs1 for PKCS#1 padding; .Cm none for no padding; .Cm oaep for OAEP mode; .Cm x931 for X9.31 mode; and .Cm pss for PSS.
p In PKCS#1 padding if the message digest is not set then the supplied data is signed or verified directly instead of using a DigestInfo structure. If a digest is set then a DigestInfo structure is used and its length must correspond to the digest type. For oeap mode only encryption and decryption is supported. For x931 if the digest type is set it is used to format the block data; otherwise the first byte is used to specify the X9.31 digest ID. Sign, verify, and verifyrecover can be performed in this mode. For pss mode only sign and verify are supported and the digest type must be specified. t rsa_pss_saltlen : Ns Ar len For pss mode only this option specifies the salt length. Two special values are supported: -1 sets the salt length to the digest length. When signing, -2 sets the salt length to the maximum permissible value. When verifying, -2 causes the salt length to be automatically determined based on the PSS block structure. .El
p The DSA algorithm supports the sign and verify operations. Currently there are no additional options other than .Ar digest . Only the SHA1 digest can be used and this digest is assumed by default.
p The DH algorithm supports the derive operation and no additional options.
p The EC algorithm supports the sign, verify, and derive operations. The sign and verify operations use ECDSA and derive uses ECDH. Currently there are no additional options other than .Ar digest . Only the SHA1 digest can be used and this digest is assumed by default. t Fl pubin The input file is a public key. t Fl rev Reverse the order of the input buffer. t Fl sigfile Ar file Signature file (verify operation only). t Fl sign Sign the input data and output the signed result. This requires a private key. t Fl verify Verify the input data against the signature file and indicate if the verification succeeded or failed. t Fl verifyrecover Verify the input data and output the recovered data. .El .Tg prime .Sh PRIME .Cm openssl prime .Op Fl bits Ar n .Op Fl checks Ar n .Op Fl generate .Op Fl hex .Op Fl safe .Ar p
p The .Nm prime command is used to generate prime numbers, or to check numbers for primality. Results are probabilistic: they have an exceedingly high likelihood of being correct, but are not guaranteed.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl bits Ar n Specify the number of bits in the generated prime number. Must be used in conjunction with .Fl generate . t Fl checks Ar n Perform a Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality test with .Ar n iterations. The default is 20. t Fl generate Generate a pseudo-random prime number. Must be used in conjunction with .Fl bits . t Fl hex Output in hex format. t Fl safe Generate only .Qq safe prime numbers (i.e. a prime p so that (p-1)/2 is also prime). t Ar p Test if number .Ar p is prime. .El .Tg rand .Sh RAND l -hang -width "openssl rand" t Nm openssl rand k -words .Op Fl base64 .Op Fl hex .Op Fl out Ar file .Ar num .Ek .El
p The .Nm rand command outputs .Ar num pseudo-random bytes.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl base64 Perform base64 encoding on the output. t Fl hex Specify hexadecimal output. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. .El .Tg req .Sh REQ l -hang -width "openssl req" t Nm openssl req k -words .Op Fl addext Ar ext .Op Fl batch .Op Fl config Ar file .Op Fl days Ar n .Op Fl extensions Ar section .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl key Ar keyfile .Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl keyout Ar file .Op Fl md4 | md5 | sha1 .Op Fl modulus .Op Fl multivalue-rdn .Op Fl nameopt Ar option .Op Fl new .Op Fl newhdr .Op Fl newkey Ar arg .Op Fl nodes .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl passout Ar arg .Op Fl pkeyopt Ar opt:value .Op Fl pubkey .Op Fl reqexts Ar section .Op Fl reqopt Ar option .Op Fl set_serial Ar n .Op Fl sigopt Ar nm:v .Op Fl subj Ar arg .Op Fl subject .Op Fl text .Op Fl utf8 .Op Fl verbose .Op Fl verify .Op Fl x509 .Ek .El
p The .Nm req command primarily creates and processes certificate requests in PKCS#10 format. It can additionally create self-signed certificates, for use as root CAs, for example.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl addext Ar ext Add a specific extension to the certificate (if the .Fl x509 option is present) or certificate request. The argument must have the form of a key=value pair as it would appear in a config file. This option can be given multiple times. t Fl batch Non-interactive mode. t Fl config Ar file Specify an alternative configuration file. t Fl days Ar n Specify the number of days to certify the certificate for. The default is 30 days. Used with the .Fl x509 option. t Fl extensions Ar section , Fl reqexts Ar section Specify alternative sections to include certificate extensions (with .Fl x509 ) or certificate request extensions, allowing several different sections to be used in the same configuration file. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read a request from, or standard input if not specified. A request is only read if the creation options .Fl new and .Fl newkey are not specified. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. t Fl key Ar keyfile The file to read the private key from. It also accepts PKCS#8 format private keys for PEM format files. t Fl keyform Cm der | pem The format of the private key file specified in the .Fl key argument. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl keyout Ar file The file to write the newly created private key to. If this option is not specified, the filename present in the configuration file is used. t Fl md5 | sha1 | sha256 The message digest to sign the request with. This overrides the digest algorithm specified in the configuration file.
p Some public key algorithms may override this choice. For instance, DSA signatures always use SHA1. t Fl modulus Print the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the request. t Fl multivalue-rdn This option causes the .Fl subj argument to be interpreted with full support for multivalued RDNs, for example .Qq "/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe" . If .Fl multivalue-rdn is not used, the UID value is set to .Qq "123456+CN=John Doe" . t Fl nameopt Ar option , Fl reqopt Ar option Determine how the subject or issuer names are displayed. .Ar option can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. Alternatively, these options may be used more than once to set multiple options. See the .Sx X509 section below for details. t Fl new Generate a new certificate request. The user is prompted for the relevant field values. The actual fields prompted for and their maximum and minimum sizes are specified in the configuration file and any requested extensions.
p If the .Fl key option is not used, it will generate a new RSA private key using information specified in the configuration file. t Fl newhdr Add the word NEW to the PEM file header and footer lines on the outputted request. Some software and CAs need this. t Fl newkey Ar arg Create a new certificate request and a new private key. The argument takes one of several forms.
p .No rsa : Ns Ar nbits generates an RSA key .Ar nbits in size. If .Ar nbits is omitted, the default key size is used.
p .No dsa : Ns Ar file generates a DSA key using the parameters in .Ar file .
p .No param : Ns Ar file generates a key using the parameters or certificate in .Ar file .
p All other algorithms support the form .Ar algorithm : Ns Ar file , where file may be an algorithm parameter file, created by the .Cm genpkey -genparam command or an X.509 certificate for a key with appropriate algorithm. .Ar file can be omitted, in which case any parameters can be specified via the .Fl pkeyopt option. t Fl nodes Do not encrypt the private key. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the request. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Fl pkeyopt Ar opt:value Set the public key algorithm option .Ar opt to .Ar value . t Fl pubkey Output the public key. t Fl reqopt Ar option Customise the output format used with .Fl text . The .Ar option argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. See also the discussion of .Fl certopt in the .Nm x509 command. t Fl set_serial Ar n Serial number to use when outputting a self-signed certificate. This may be specified as a decimal value or a hex value if preceded by .Sq 0x . It is possible to use negative serial numbers but this is not recommended. t Fl sigopt Ar nm:v Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign operation. The names and values of these options are algorithm-specific. t Fl subj Ar arg Replaces the subject field of an input request with the specified data and output the modified request. .Ar arg must be formatted as /type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...; characters may be escaped by .Sq \e (backslash); no spaces are skipped. t Fl subject Print the request subject (or certificate subject if .Fl x509 is specified). t Fl text Print the certificate request in plain text. t Fl utf8 Interpret field values as UTF8 strings, not ASCII. t Fl verbose Print extra details about the operations being performed. t Fl verify Verify the signature on the request. t Fl x509 Output a self-signed certificate instead of a certificate request. This is typically used to generate a test certificate or a self-signed root CA. The extensions added to the certificate (if any) are specified in the configuration file. Unless specified using the .Fl set_serial option, 0 is used for the serial number. .El
p The configuration options are specified in the .Qq req section of the configuration file. The options available are as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Cm attributes The section containing any request attributes: its format is the same as .Cm distinguished_name . Typically these may contain the challengePassword or unstructuredName types. They are currently ignored by the .Nm openssl request signing utilities, but some CAs might want them. t Cm default_bits The default key size, in bits. The default is 2048. It is used if the .Fl new option is used and can be overridden by using the .Fl newkey option. t Cm default_keyfile The default file to write a private key to, or standard output if not specified. It can be overridden by the .Fl keyout option. t Cm default_md The digest algorithm to use. Possible values include .Cm md5 , .Cm sha1 and .Cm sha256 (the default). It can be overridden on the command line. t Cm distinguished_name The section containing the distinguished name fields to prompt for when generating a certificate or certificate request. The format is described below. t Cm encrypt_key If set to .Qq no and a private key is generated, it is not encrypted. It is equivalent to the .Fl nodes option. For compatibility, .Cm encrypt_rsa_key is an equivalent option. t Cm input_password | output_password The passwords for the input private key file (if present) and the output private key file (if one will be created). The command line options .Fl passin and .Fl passout override the configuration file values. t Cm oid_file A file containing additional OBJECT IDENTIFIERS. Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the object identifier, followed by whitespace, then the short name followed by whitespace and finally the long name. t Cm oid_section Specify a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by .Sq = and the numerical form. The short and long names are the same when this option is used. t Cm prompt If set to .Qq no , it disables prompting of certificate fields and just takes values from the config file directly. It also changes the expected format of the .Cm distinguished_name and .Cm attributes sections. t Cm req_extensions The configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to the certificate request. It can be overridden by the .Fl reqexts option. t Cm string_mask Limit the string types for encoding certain fields. The following values may be used, limiting strings to the indicated types: l -tag -width "MASK:number" t Cm utf8only UTF8String. This is the default, as recommended by PKIX in RFC 2459. t Cm default PrintableString, IA5String, T61String, BMPString, UTF8String. t Cm pkix PrintableString, IA5String, BMPString, UTF8String. Inspired by the PKIX recommendation in RFC 2459 for certificates generated before 2004, but differs by also permitting IA5String. t Cm nombstr PrintableString, IA5String, T61String, UniversalString. A workaround for some ancient software that had problems with the variable-sized BMPString and UTF8String types. t Cm MASK : Ns Ar number An explicit bitmask of permitted types, where .Ar number is a C-style hex, decimal, or octal number that's a bit-wise OR of .Dv B_ASN1_* values from n openssl/asn1.h . .El t Cm utf8 If set to .Qq yes , field values are interpreted as UTF8 strings. t Cm x509_extensions The configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to a certificate generated when the .Fl x509 switch is used. It can be overridden by the .Fl extensions command line switch. .El
p There are two separate formats for the distinguished name and attribute sections. If the .Fl prompt option is set to .Qq no , then these sections just consist of field names and values. If the .Fl prompt option is absent or not set to .Qq no , then the file contains field prompting information of the form: d -unfilled -offset indent fieldName="prompt" fieldName_default="default field value" fieldName_min= 2 fieldName_max= 4 .Ed
p .Qq fieldName is the field name being used, for example .Cm commonName (or CN). The .Qq prompt string is used to ask the user to enter the relevant details. If the user enters nothing, the default value is used; if no default value is present, the field is omitted. A field can still be omitted if a default value is present, if the user just enters the .Sq . character.
p The number of characters entered must be between the fieldName_min and fieldName_max limits: there may be additional restrictions based on the field being used (for example .Cm countryName can only ever be two characters long and must fit in a .Cm PrintableString ) .
p Some fields (such as .Cm organizationName ) can be used more than once in a DN. This presents a problem because configuration files will not recognize the same name occurring twice. To avoid this problem, if the .Cm fieldName contains some characters followed by a full stop, they will be ignored. So, for example, a second .Cm organizationName can be input by calling it .Qq 1.organizationName .
p The actual permitted field names are any object identifier short or long names. These are compiled into .Nm openssl and include the usual values such as .Cm commonName , countryName , localityName , organizationName , .Cm organizationalUnitName , stateOrProvinceName . Additionally, .Cm emailAddress is included as well as .Cm name , surname , givenName , initials and .Cm dnQualifier .
p Additional object identifiers can be defined with the .Cm oid_file or .Cm oid_section options in the configuration file. Any additional fields will be treated as though they were a .Cm DirectoryString . .Tg rsa .Sh RSA l -hang -width "openssl rsa" t Nm openssl rsa k -words .Op Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | des | des3 .Op Fl check .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | net | pem | pvk .Op Fl modulus .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | net | pem | pvk .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl passout Ar arg .Op Fl pubin .Op Fl pubout .Op Fl pvk-none | pvk-strong | pvk-weak .Op Fl RSAPublicKey_in .Op Fl RSAPublicKey_out .Op Fl text .Ek .El
p The .Nm rsa command processes RSA keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out. .Nm rsa uses the traditional .Nm SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the .Nm pkcs8 utility.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | des | des3 Encrypt the private key with the AES, DES, or the triple DES ciphers, respectively, before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options are specified, the key is written in plain text. This means that using the .Nm rsa utility to read in an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options it can be used to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be used with PEM format output files. t Fl check Check the consistency of an RSA private key. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for. t Fl inform Cm der | net | pem | pvk The input format. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the key. t Fl modulus Print the value of the modulus of the key. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | net | pem | pvk The output format. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl passout Ar arg The output file password source. t Fl pubin Read in a public key, not a private key. t Fl pubout Output a public key, not a private key. Automatically set if the input is a public key. t Xo .Fl pvk-none | pvk-strong | pvk-weak .Xc Enable or disable PVK encoding. The default is .Fl pvk-strong . t Fl RSAPublicKey_in , RSAPublicKey_out Same as .Fl pubin and .Fl pubout except .Cm RSAPublicKey format is used instead. t Fl text Print the public/private key components in plain text. .El .Tg rsautl .Sh RSAUTL l -hang -width "openssl rsautl" t Nm openssl rsautl k -words .Op Fl asn1parse .Op Fl certin .Op Fl decrypt .Op Fl encrypt .Op Fl hexdump .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inkey Ar file .Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl oaep | pkcs | raw | x931 .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl pubin .Op Fl rev .Op Fl sign .Op Fl verify .Ek .El
p The .Nm rsautl command can be used to sign, verify, encrypt and decrypt data using the RSA algorithm.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl asn1parse Asn1parse the output data; this is useful when combined with the .Fl verify option. t Fl certin The input is a certificate containing an RSA public key. t Fl decrypt Decrypt the input data using an RSA private key. t Fl encrypt Encrypt the input data using an RSA public key. t Fl hexdump Hex dump the output data. t Fl in Ar file The input to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl inkey Ar file The input key file; by default an RSA private key. t Fl keyform Cm der | pem The private key format. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl oaep | pkcs | raw | x931 The padding to use: PKCS#1 OAEP, PKCS#1 v1.5 (the default), no padding, or ANSI X9.31, respectively. For signatures, only .Fl pkcs and .Fl raw can be used. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl pubin The input file is an RSA public key. t Fl rev Reverse the order of the input buffer. t Fl sign Sign the input data and output the signed result. This requires an RSA private key. t Fl verify Verify the input data and output the recovered data. .El .Tg s_client .Sh S_CLIENT l -hang -width "openssl s_client" t Nm openssl s_client k -words .Op Fl 4 | 6 .Op Fl alpn Ar protocols .Op Fl bugs .Op Fl CAfile Ar file .Op Fl CApath Ar directory .Op Fl cert Ar file .Op Fl certform Cm der | pem .Op Fl check_ss_sig .Op Fl cipher Ar cipherlist .Op Fl connect Ar host Ns Op : Ns Ar port .Op Fl crl_check .Op Fl crl_check_all .Op Fl crlf .Op Fl debug .Op Fl dtls .Op Fl dtls1 .Op Fl dtls1_2 .Op Fl extended_crl .Op Fl groups Ar list .Op Fl host Ar host .Op Fl ign_eof .Op Fl ignore_critical .Op Fl issuer_checks .Op Fl key Ar keyfile .Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl keymatexport Ar label .Op Fl keymatexportlen Ar len .Op Fl legacy_server_connect .Op Fl msg .Op Fl mtu Ar mtu .Op Fl nbio .Op Fl nbio_test .Op Fl no_comp .Op Fl no_ign_eof .Op Fl no_legacy_server_connect .Op Fl no_ticket .Op Fl no_tls1 .Op Fl no_tls1_1 .Op Fl no_tls1_2 .Op Fl no_tls1_3 .Op Fl pass Ar arg .Op Fl pause .Op Fl policy_check .Op Fl port Ar port .Op Fl prexit .Op Fl proxy Ar host : Ns Ar port .Op Fl quiet .Op Fl reconnect .Op Fl servername Ar name .Op Fl serverpref .Op Fl sess_in Ar file .Op Fl sess_out Ar file .Op Fl showcerts .Op Fl starttls Ar protocol .Op Fl state .Op Fl status .Op Fl timeout .Op Fl tls1 .Op Fl tls1_1 .Op Fl tls1_2 .Op Fl tls1_3 .Op Fl tlsextdebug .Op Fl use_srtp Ar profiles .Op Fl verify Ar depth .Op Fl verify_return_error .Op Fl x509_strict .Op Fl xmpphost Ar host .Ek .El
p The .Nm s_client command implements a generic SSL/TLS client which connects to a remote host using SSL/TLS.
p If a connection is established with an SSL server, any data received from the server is displayed and any key presses will be sent to the server. When used interactively (which means neither .Fl quiet nor .Fl ign_eof have been given), the session will be renegotiated if the line begins with an .Cm R ; if the line begins with a .Cm Q or if end of file is reached, the connection will be closed down.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl 4 Attempt connections using IPv4 only. t Fl 6 Attempt connections using IPv6 only. t Fl alpn Ar protocols Enable the Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation. .Ar protocols is a comma-separated list of protocol names that the client should advertise support for. t Fl bugs Enable various workarounds for buggy implementations. t Fl CAfile Ar file A .Ar file containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain. t Fl CApath Ar directory The .Ar directory to use for server certificate verification. This directory must be in .Qq hash format ; see .Fl verify for more information. These are also used when building the client certificate chain. t Fl cert Ar file The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server. The default is not to use a certificate. t Fl certform Cm der | pem The certificate format. The default is .Cm pem . t Xo .Fl check_ss_sig , .Fl crl_check , .Fl crl_check_all , .Fl extended_crl , .Fl ignore_critical , .Fl issuer_checks , .Fl policy_check , .Fl x509_strict .Xc Set various certificate chain validation options. See the .Nm verify command for details. t Fl cipher Ar cipherlist Modify the cipher list sent by the client. Although the server determines which cipher suite is used, it should take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See the .Nm ciphers command for more information. t Fl connect Ar host Ns Op : Ns Ar port The .Ar host and .Ar port to connect to. If not specified, an attempt is made to connect to the local host on port 4433. Alternatively, the host and port pair may be separated using a forward-slash character, which is useful for numeric IPv6 addresses. t Fl crlf Translate a line feed from the terminal into CR+LF, as required by some servers. t Fl debug Print extensive debugging information, including a hex dump of all traffic. t Fl dtls Permit any version of DTLS. t Fl dtls1 Permit only DTLS1.0. t Fl dtls1_2 Permit only DTLS1.2. t Fl groups Ar list Set the supported elliptic curve groups to the colon separated .Ar list of group NIDs or names as documented in .Xr SSL_CTX_set1_groups_list 3 . t Fl host Ar host The .Ar host to connect to. The default is localhost. t Fl ign_eof Inhibit shutting down the connection when end of file is reached in the input. t Fl key Ar keyfile The private key to use. If not specified, the certificate file will be used. t Fl keyform Cm der | pem The private key format. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl keymatexport Ar label Export keying material using label. t Fl keymatexportlen Ar len Export len bytes of keying material (default 20). t Fl legacy_server_connect , no_legacy_server_connect Allow or disallow initial connection to servers that don't support RI. t Fl msg Show all protocol messages with hex dump. t Fl mtu Ar mtu Set the link layer MTU. t Fl nbio Turn on non-blocking I/O. t Fl nbio_test Test non-blocking I/O. t Fl no_ign_eof Shut down the connection when end of file is reached in the input. Can be used to override the implicit .Fl ign_eof after .Fl quiet . t Fl no_tls1 | no_tls1_1 | no_tls1_2 | no_tls1_3 Disable the use of TLS1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 respectively. t Fl no_ticket Disable RFC 4507 session ticket support. t Fl pass Ar arg The private key password source. t Fl pause Pause 1 second between each read and write call. t Fl port Ar port The .Ar port to connect to. The default is 4433. t Fl prexit Print session information when the program exits. This will always attempt to print out information even if the connection fails. Normally, information will only be printed out once if the connection succeeds. This option is useful because the cipher in use may be renegotiated or the connection may fail because a client certificate is required or is requested only after an attempt is made to access a certain URL. Note that the output produced by this option is not always accurate because a connection might never have been established. t Fl proxy Ar host : Ns Ar port Use the HTTP proxy at .Ar host and .Ar port . The connection to the proxy is done in cleartext and the .Fl connect argument is given to the proxy. If not specified, localhost is used as final destination. After that, switch the connection through the proxy to the destination to TLS. t Fl quiet Inhibit printing of session and certificate information. This implicitly turns on .Fl ign_eof as well. t Fl reconnect Reconnect to the same server 5 times using the same session ID; this can be used as a test that session caching is working. t Fl servername Ar name Include the TLS Server Name Indication (SNI) extension in the ClientHello message, using the specified server .Ar name . t Fl showcerts Display the whole server certificate chain: normally only the server certificate itself is displayed. t Fl serverpref Use the server's cipher preferences. t Fl sess_in Ar file Load TLS session from file. The client will attempt to resume a connection from this session. t Fl sess_out Ar file Output TLS session to file. t Fl starttls Ar protocol Send the protocol-specific messages to switch to TLS for communication. .Ar protocol is a keyword for the intended protocol. Currently, the supported keywords are .Qq ftp , .Qq imap , .Qq smtp , .Qq pop3 , and .Qq xmpp . t Fl state Print the SSL session states. t Fl status Send a certificate status request to the server (OCSP stapling). The server response (if any) is printed out. t Fl timeout Enable send/receive timeout on DTLS connections. t Fl tls1 | tls1_1 | tls1_2 | tls1_3 Permit only TLS1.0, 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 respectively. t Fl tlsextdebug Print a hex dump of any TLS extensions received from the server. t Fl use_srtp Ar profiles Offer SRTP key management with a colon-separated profile list. t Fl verify Ar depth Turn on server certificate verification, with a maximum length of .Ar depth . Currently the verify operation continues after errors so all the problems with a certificate chain can be seen. As a side effect the connection will never fail due to a server certificate verify failure. t Fl verify_return_error Return verification error. t Fl xmpphost Ar hostname When used with .Fl starttls Ar xmpp , specify the host for the "to" attribute of the stream element. If this option is not specified then the host specified with .Fl connect will be used. .El .Tg s_server .Sh S_SERVER l -hang -width "openssl s_server" t Nm openssl s_server k -words .Op Fl accept Ar port .Op Fl alpn Ar protocols .Op Fl bugs .Op Fl CAfile Ar file .Op Fl CApath Ar directory .Op Fl cert Ar file .Op Fl cert2 Ar file .Op Fl certform Cm der | pem .Op Fl cipher Ar cipherlist .Op Fl context Ar id .Op Fl crl_check .Op Fl crl_check_all .Op Fl crlf .Op Fl dcert Ar file .Op Fl dcertform Cm der | pem .Op Fl debug .Op Fl dhparam Ar file .Op Fl dkey Ar file .Op Fl dkeyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl dpass Ar arg .Op Fl dtls .Op Fl dtls1 .Op Fl dtls1_2 .Op Fl groups Ar list .Op Fl HTTP .Op Fl id_prefix Ar arg .Op Fl key Ar keyfile .Op Fl key2 Ar keyfile .Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl keymatexport Ar label .Op Fl keymatexportlen Ar len .Op Fl msg .Op Fl mtu Ar mtu .Op Fl naccept Ar num .Op Fl named_curve Ar arg .Op Fl nbio .Op Fl nbio_test .Op Fl no_cache .Op Fl no_dhe .Op Fl no_ecdhe .Op Fl no_ticket .Op Fl no_tls1 .Op Fl no_tls1_1 .Op Fl no_tls1_2 .Op Fl no_tls1_3 .Op Fl no_tmp_rsa .Op Fl nocert .Op Fl pass Ar arg .Op Fl quiet .Op Fl servername Ar name .Op Fl servername_fatal .Op Fl serverpref .Op Fl state .Op Fl status .Op Fl status_timeout Ar nsec .Op Fl status_url Ar url .Op Fl status_verbose .Op Fl timeout .Op Fl tls1 .Op Fl tls1_1 .Op Fl tls1_2 .Op Fl tls1_3 .Op Fl tlsextdebug .Op Fl use_srtp Ar profiles .Op Fl Verify Ar depth .Op Fl verify Ar depth .Op Fl verify_return_error .Op Fl WWW .Op Fl www .Ek .El
p The .Nm s_server command implements a generic SSL/TLS server which listens for connections on a given port using SSL/TLS.
p If a connection request is established with a client and neither the .Fl www nor the .Fl WWW option has been used, then any data received from the client is displayed and any key presses are sent to the client. Certain single letter commands perform special operations:
p l -tag -width "XXXX" -compact t Ic P Send plain text, which should cause the client to disconnect. t Ic Q End the current SSL connection and exit. t Ic q End the current SSL connection, but still accept new connections. t Ic R Renegotiate the SSL session and request a client certificate. t Ic r Renegotiate the SSL session. t Ic S Print out some session cache status information. .El
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl accept Ar port Listen on TCP .Ar port for connections. The default is port 4433. t Fl alpn Ar protocols Enable the Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation. .Ar protocols is a comma-separated list of supported protocol names. t Fl bugs Enable various workarounds for buggy implementations. t Fl CAfile Ar file A .Ar file containing trusted certificates to use during client authentication and to use when attempting to build the server certificate chain. The list is also used in the list of acceptable client CAs passed to the client when a certificate is requested. t Fl CApath Ar directory The .Ar directory to use for client certificate verification. This directory must be in .Qq hash format ; see .Fl verify for more information. These are also used when building the server certificate chain. t Fl cert Ar file The certificate to use: most server's cipher suites require the use of a certificate and some require a certificate with a certain public key type. For example, the DSS cipher suites require a certificate containing a DSS (DSA) key. If not specified, the file
a server.pem will be used. t Fl cert2 Ar file The certificate to use for servername. t Fl certform Cm der | pem The certificate format. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl cipher Ar cipherlist Modify the cipher list used by the server. This allows the cipher list used by the server to be modified. When the client sends a list of supported ciphers, the first client cipher also included in the server list is used. Because the client specifies the preference order, the order of the server cipherlist is irrelevant. See the .Nm ciphers command for more information. t Fl context Ar id Set the SSL context ID. It can be given any string value. t Fl crl_check , crl_check_all Check the peer certificate has not been revoked by its CA. The CRLs are appended to the certificate file. .Fl crl_check_all checks all CRLs of all CAs in the chain. t Fl crlf Translate a line feed from the terminal into CR+LF. t Fl dcert Ar file , Fl dkey Ar file Specify an additional certificate and private key; these behave in the same manner as the .Fl cert and .Fl key options except there is no default if they are not specified (no additional certificate or key is used). By using RSA and DSS certificates and keys, a server can support clients which only support RSA or DSS cipher suites by using an appropriate certificate. t Fl dcertform Cm der | pem , Fl dkeyform Cm der | pem , Fl dpass Ar arg Additional certificate and private key format, and private key password source, respectively. t Fl debug Print extensive debugging information, including a hex dump of all traffic. t Fl dhparam Ar file The DH parameter file to use. The ephemeral DH cipher suites generate keys using a set of DH parameters. If not specified, an attempt is made to load the parameters from the server certificate file. If this fails, a static set of parameters hard coded into the .Nm s_server program will be used. t Fl dtls Permit any version of DTLS. t Fl dtls1 Permit only DTLS1.0. t Fl dtls1_2 Permit only DTLS1.2. t Fl groups Ar list Set the supported elliptic curve groups to the colon separated .Ar list of group NIDs or names as documented in .Xr SSL_CTX_set1_groups_list 3 . t Fl HTTP Emulate a simple web server. Pages are resolved relative to the current directory. For example if the URL
a https://myhost/page.html is requested, the file
a ./page.html will be loaded. The files loaded are assumed to contain a complete and correct HTTP response (lines that are part of the HTTP response line and headers must end with CRLF). t Fl id_prefix Ar arg Generate SSL/TLS session IDs prefixed by .Ar arg . This is mostly useful for testing any SSL/TLS code that wish to deal with multiple servers, when each of which might be generating a unique range of session IDs. t Fl key Ar keyfile The private key to use. If not specified, the certificate file will be used. t Fl key2 Ar keyfile The private key to use for servername. t Fl keyform Cm der | pem The private key format. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl keymatexport Ar label Export keying material using label. t Fl keymatexportlen Ar len Export len bytes of keying material (default 20). t Fl msg Show all protocol messages with hex dump. t Fl mtu Ar mtu Set the link layer MTU. t Fl naccept Ar num Terminate server after .Ar num connections. t Fl named_curve Ar arg Specify the elliptic curve name to use for ephemeral ECDH keys. This option is deprecated; use .Fl groups instead. t Fl nbio Turn on non-blocking I/O. t Fl nbio_test Test non-blocking I/O. t Fl no_cache Disable session caching. t Fl no_dhe Disable ephemeral DH cipher suites. t Fl no_ecdhe Disable ephemeral ECDH cipher suites. t Fl no_ticket Disable RFC 4507 session ticket support. t Fl no_tls1 | no_tls1_1 | no_tls1_2 | no_tls1_3 Disable the use of TLS1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3, respectively. t Fl no_tmp_rsa Disable temporary RSA key generation. t Fl nocert Do not use a certificate. This restricts the cipher suites available to the anonymous ones (currently just anonymous DH). t Fl pass Ar arg The private key password source. t Fl quiet Inhibit printing of session and certificate information. t Fl servername Ar name Set the TLS Server Name Indication (SNI) extension with .Ar name . t Fl servername_fatal Send fatal alert if servername does not match. The default is warning alert. t Fl serverpref Use server's cipher preferences. t Fl state Print the SSL session states. t Fl status Enables certificate status request support (OCSP stapling). t Fl status_timeout Ar nsec Sets the timeout for OCSP response in seconds. t Fl status_url Ar url Sets a fallback responder URL to use if no responder URL is present in the server certificate. Without this option, an error is returned if the server certificate does not contain a responder address. t Fl status_verbose Enables certificate status request support (OCSP stapling) and gives a verbose printout of the OCSP response. t Fl timeout Enable send/receive timeout on DTLS connections. t Fl tls1 | tls1_1 | tls1_2 | tls1_3 Permit only TLS1.0, 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3, respectively. t Fl tlsextdebug Print a hex dump of any TLS extensions received from the server. t Fl use_srtp Ar profiles Offer SRTP key management with a colon-separated profile list. t Fl verify_return_error Return verification error. t Fl WWW Emulate a simple web server. Pages are resolved relative to the current directory. For example if the URL
a https://myhost/page.html is requested, the file
a ./page.html will be loaded. t Fl www Send a status message to the client when it connects, including information about the ciphers used and various session parameters. The output is in HTML format so this option will normally be used with a web browser. t Fl Verify Ar depth , Fl verify Ar depth Request a certificate chain from the client, with a maximum length of .Ar depth . With .Fl Verify , the client must supply a certificate or an error occurs; with .Fl verify , a certificate is requested but the client does not have to send one. .El .Tg s_time .Sh S_TIME l -hang -width "openssl s_time" t Nm openssl s_time k -words .Op Fl bugs .Op Fl CAfile Ar file .Op Fl CApath Ar directory .Op Fl cert Ar file .Op Fl cipher Ar cipherlist .Op Fl connect Ar host Ns Op : Ns Ar port .Op Fl key Ar keyfile .Op Fl nbio .Op Fl new .Op Fl no_shutdown .Op Fl reuse .Op Fl time Ar seconds .Op Fl verify Ar depth .Op Fl www Ar page .Ek .El
p The .Nm s_time command implements a generic SSL/TLS client which connects to a remote host using SSL/TLS. It can request a page from the server and includes the time to transfer the payload data in its timing measurements. It measures the number of connections within a given timeframe, the amount of data transferred
q if any , and calculates the average time spent for one connection.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl bugs Enable various workarounds for buggy implementations. t Fl CAfile Ar file A .Ar file containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain. t Fl CApath Ar directory The directory to use for server certificate verification. This directory must be in .Qq hash format ; see .Nm verify for more information. These are also used when building the client certificate chain. t Fl cert Ar file The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server. The default is not to use a certificate. t Fl cipher Ar cipherlist Modify the cipher list sent by the client. Although the server determines which cipher suite is used, it should take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See the .Nm ciphers command for more information. t Fl connect Ar host Ns Op : Ns Ar port The host and port to connect to. t Fl key Ar keyfile The private key to use. If not specified, the certificate file will be used. t Fl nbio Turn on non-blocking I/O. t Fl new Perform the timing test using a new session ID for each connection. If neither .Fl new nor .Fl reuse are specified, they are both on by default and executed in sequence. t Fl no_shutdown Shut down the connection without sending a .Qq close notify shutdown alert to the server. t Fl reuse Perform the timing test using the same session ID for each connection. If neither .Fl new nor .Fl reuse are specified, they are both on by default and executed in sequence. t Fl time Ar seconds Limit .Nm s_time benchmarks to the number of .Ar seconds . The default is 30 seconds. t Fl verify Ar depth Turn on server certificate verification, with a maximum length of .Ar depth . Currently the verify operation continues after errors, so all the problems with a certificate chain can be seen. As a side effect, the connection will never fail due to a server certificate verify failure. t Fl www Ar page The page to GET from the server. A value of .Sq / gets the index.htm[l] page. If this parameter is not specified, .Nm s_time will only perform the handshake to establish SSL connections but not transfer any payload data. .El .Tg sess_id .Sh SESS_ID l -hang -width "openssl sess_id" t Nm openssl sess_id k -words .Op Fl cert .Op Fl context Ar ID .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem .Op Fl text .Ek .El
p The .Nm sess_id program processes the encoded version of the SSL session structure and optionally prints out SSL session details (for example the SSL session master key) in human-readable format.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl cert If a certificate is present in the session, it will be output using this option; if the .Fl text option is also present, then it will be printed out in text form. t Fl context Ar ID Set the session .Ar ID . The ID can be any string of characters. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl inform Cm der | pem The input format. .Cm der uses an ASN.1 DER-encoded format containing session details. The precise format can vary from one version to the next. .Cm pem is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64-encoded with additional header and footer lines. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the session. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl outform Cm der | pem The output format. t Fl text Print the various public or private key components in plain text, in addition to the encoded version. .El
p The output of .Nm sess_id is composed as follows:
p l -tag -width "Verify return code " -offset 3n -compact t Protocol The protocol in use. t Cipher The actual raw SSL or TLS cipher code. t Session-ID The SSL session ID, in hex format. t Session-ID-ctx The session ID context, in hex format. t Master-Key The SSL session master key. t Key-Arg The key argument; this is only used in SSL v2. t Start Time The session start time. x format. t Timeout The timeout, in seconds. t Verify return code The return code when a certificate is verified. .El
p Since the SSL session output contains the master key, it is possible to read the contents of an encrypted session using this information. Therefore appropriate security precautions should be taken if the information is being output by a .Qq real application. This is, however, strongly discouraged and should only be used for debugging purposes. .Tg smime .Sh SMIME l -hang -width "openssl smime" t Nm openssl smime k -words .Oo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | des | .Fl des3 | rc2-40 | rc2-64 | rc2-128 .Oc .Op Fl binary .Op Fl CAfile Ar file .Op Fl CApath Ar directory .Op Fl certfile Ar file .Op Fl check_ss_sig .Op Fl content Ar file .Op Fl crl_check .Op Fl crl_check_all .Op Fl decrypt .Op Fl encrypt .Op Fl extended_crl .Op Fl from Ar addr .Op Fl ignore_critical .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl indef .Op Fl inform Cm der | pem | smime .Op Fl inkey Ar file .Op Fl issuer_checks .Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl md Ar digest .Op Fl noattr .Op Fl nocerts .Op Fl nochain .Op Fl nodetach .Op Fl noindef .Op Fl nointern .Op Fl nosigs .Op Fl nosmimecap .Op Fl noverify .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | pem | smime .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl pk7out .Op Fl policy_check .Op Fl recip Ar file .Op Fl resign .Op Fl sign .Op Fl signer Ar file .Op Fl stream .Op Fl subject Ar s .Op Fl text .Op Fl to Ar addr .Op Fl verify .Op Fl x509_strict .Op Ar cert.pem ... .Ek .El
p The .Nm smime command handles S/MIME mail. It can encrypt, decrypt, sign, and verify S/MIME messages.
p The MIME message must be sent without any blank lines between the headers and the output. Some mail programs will automatically add a blank line. Piping the mail directly to an MTA is one way to achieve the correct format.
p The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the necessary MIME headers or many S/MIME clients won't display it properly (if at all). Use the .Fl text option to automatically add plain text headers.
p A .Qq signed and encrypted message is one where a signed message is then encrypted. This can be produced by encrypting an already signed message.
p There are a number of operations that can be performed, as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl decrypt Decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key. The input file is an encrypted mail message in MIME format. The decrypted mail is written to the output file. t Fl encrypt Encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates. The input is the message to be encrypted. The output file is the encrypted mail, in MIME format. t Fl pk7out Take an input message and write out a PEM-encoded PKCS#7 structure. t Fl resign Resign a message: take an existing message and one or more new signers. t Fl sign Sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key. The input file is the message to be signed. The signed message, in MIME format, is written to the output file. t Fl verify Verify signed mail. The input is a signed mail message and the output is the signed data. Both clear text and opaque signing is supported. .El
p The remaining options are as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Xo .Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | des | .Fl des3 | rc2-40 | rc2-64 | rc2-128 .Xc The encryption algorithm to use. 128-, 192-, or 256-bit AES, DES (56 bits), triple DES (168 bits), or 40-, 64-, or 128-bit RC2, respectively; if not specified, 40-bit RC2 is used. Only used with .Fl encrypt . t Fl binary Normally, the input message is converted to .Qq canonical format which uses CR/LF as end of line, as required by the S/MIME specification. When this option is present, no translation occurs. This is useful when handling binary data which may not be in MIME format. t Fl CAfile Ar file A .Ar file containing trusted CA certificates; only used with .Fl verify . t Fl CApath Ar directory A .Ar directory containing trusted CA certificates; only used with .Fl verify . This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is, a hash of each subject name (using .Nm x509 -hash ) should be linked to each certificate. t Ar cert.pem ... One or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting a message. t Fl certfile Ar file Allows additional certificates to be specified. When signing, these will be included with the message. When verifying, these will be searched for the signers' certificates. The certificates should be in PEM format. t Xo .Fl check_ss_sig , .Fl crl_check , .Fl crl_check_all , .Fl extended_crl , .Fl ignore_critical , .Fl issuer_checks , .Fl policy_check , .Fl x509_strict .Xc Set various certificate chain validation options. See the .Nm verify command for details. t Fl content Ar file A file containing the detached content. This is only useful with the .Fl verify option, and only usable if the PKCS#7 structure is using the detached signature form where the content is not included. This option will override any content if the input format is S/MIME and it uses the multipart/signed MIME content type. t Xo .Fl from Ar addr , .Fl subject Ar s , .Fl to Ar addr .Xc The relevant mail headers. These are included outside the signed portion of a message so they may be included manually. When signing, many S/MIME mail clients check that the signer's certificate email address matches the From: address. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from. t Fl indef Enable streaming I/O for encoding operations. This permits single pass processing of data without the need to hold the entire contents in memory, potentially supporting very large files. Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached data if the output format is SMIME; it is currently off by default for all other operations. t Fl inform Cm der | pem | smime The input format. t Fl inkey Ar file The private key to use when signing or decrypting, which must match the corresponding certificate. If this option is not specified, the private key must be included in the certificate file specified with the .Fl recip or .Fl signer file. When signing, this option can be used multiple times to specify successive keys. t Fl keyform Cm der | pem Input private key format. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl md Ar digest The digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning. If not present then the default digest algorithm for the signing key is used (usually SHA1). t Fl noattr Do not include attributes. t Fl nocerts Do not include the signer's certificate. This will reduce the size of the signed message but the verifier must have a copy of the signer's certificate available locally (passed using the .Fl certfile option, for example). t Fl nochain Do not do chain verification of signers' certificates: that is, don't use the certificates in the signed message as untrusted CAs. t Fl nodetach When signing a message, use opaque signing: this form is more resistant to translation by mail relays but it cannot be read by mail agents that do not support S/MIME. Without this option cleartext signing with the MIME type multipart/signed is used. t Fl noindef Disable streaming I/O where it would produce an encoding of indefinite length (currently has no effect). t Fl nointern Only use certificates specified in the .Fl certfile . The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs. t Fl nosigs Do not try to verify the signatures on the message. t Fl nosmimecap Exclude the list of supported algorithms from signed attributes, other options such as signing time and content type are still included. t Fl noverify Do not verify the signer's certificate of a signed message. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to. t Fl outform Cm der | pem | smime The output format. The default is smime, which writes an S/MIME format message. .Cm pem and .Cm der change this to write PEM and DER format PKCS#7 structures instead. This currently only affects the output format of the PKCS#7 structure; if no PKCS#7 structure is being output (for example with .Fl verify or .Fl decrypt ) this option has no effect. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl recip Ar file The recipients certificate when decrypting a message. This certificate must match one of the recipients of the message or an error occurs. t Fl signer Ar file A signing certificate when signing or resigning a message; this option can be used multiple times if more than one signer is required. If a message is being verified, the signer's certificates will be written to this file if the verification was successful. t Fl stream The same as .Fl indef . t Fl text Add plain text (text/plain) MIME headers to the supplied message if encrypting or signing. If decrypting or verifying, it strips off text headers: if the decrypted or verified message is not of MIME type text/plain then an error occurs. .El
p The exit codes for .Nm smime are as follows:
p l -tag -width "XXXX" -offset 3n -compact t 0 The operation was completely successful. t 1 An error occurred parsing the command options. t 2 One of the input files could not be read. t 3 An error occurred creating the file or when reading the message. t 4 An error occurred decrypting or verifying the message. t 5 An error occurred writing certificates. .El .Tg speed .Sh SPEED l -hang -width "openssl speed" t Nm openssl speed k -words .Op Ar algorithm .Op Fl decrypt .Op Fl elapsed .Op Fl evp Ar algorithm .Op Fl mr .Op Fl multi Ar number .Ek .El
p The .Nm speed command is used to test the performance of cryptographic algorithms. l -tag -width "XXXX" t Ar algorithm Perform the test using .Ar algorithm . The default is to test all algorithms. t Fl decrypt Time decryption instead of encryption; must be used with .Fl evp . t Fl elapsed Measure time in real time instead of CPU user time. t Fl evp Ar algorithm Perform the test using one of the algorithms accepted by .Xr EVP_get_cipherbyname 3 . t Fl mr Produce machine readable output. t Fl multi Ar number Run .Ar number benchmarks in parallel. .El .Tg spkac .Sh SPKAC l -hang -width "openssl spkac" t Nm openssl spkac k -words .Op Fl challenge Ar string .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl key Ar keyfile .Op Fl noout .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl pubkey .Op Fl spkac Ar spkacname .Op Fl spksect Ar section .Op Fl verify .Ek .El
p The .Nm spkac command processes signed public key and challenge (SPKAC) files. It can print out their contents, verify the signature, and produce its own SPKACs from a supplied private key.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl challenge Ar string The challenge string, if an SPKAC is being created. t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. Ignored if the .Fl key option is used. t Fl key Ar keyfile Create an SPKAC file using the private key in .Ar keyfile . The .Fl in , noout , spksect , and .Fl verify options are ignored, if present. t Fl noout Do not output the text version of the SPKAC. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl pubkey Output the public key of an SPKAC. t Fl spkac Ar spkacname An alternative name for the variable containing the SPKAC. The default is "SPKAC". This option affects both generated and input SPKAC files. t Fl spksect Ar section An alternative name for the .Ar section containing the SPKAC. t Fl verify Verify the digital signature on the supplied SPKAC. .El .Tg ts .Sh TS k -words l -hang -width "openssl ts" t Nm openssl ts .Fl query .Op Fl md4 | md5 | ripemd160 | sha1 .Op Fl cert .Op Fl config Ar configfile .Op Fl data Ar file_to_hash .Op Fl digest Ar digest_bytes .Op Fl in Ar request.tsq .Op Fl no_nonce .Op Fl out Ar request.tsq .Op Fl policy Ar object_id .Op Fl text t Nm openssl ts .Fl reply .Op Fl chain Ar certs_file.pem .Op Fl config Ar configfile .Op Fl in Ar response.tsr .Op Fl inkey Ar private.pem .Op Fl out Ar response.tsr .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl policy Ar object_id .Op Fl queryfile Ar request.tsq .Op Fl section Ar tsa_section .Op Fl signer Ar tsa_cert.pem .Op Fl text .Op Fl token_in .Op Fl token_out t Nm openssl ts .Fl verify .Op Fl CAfile Ar trusted_certs.pem .Op Fl CApath Ar trusted_cert_path .Op Fl data Ar file_to_hash .Op Fl digest Ar digest_bytes .Op Fl in Ar response.tsr .Op Fl queryfile Ar request.tsq .Op Fl token_in .Op Fl untrusted Ar cert_file.pem .El .Ek
p The .Nm ts command is a basic Time Stamping Authority (TSA) client and server application as specified in RFC 3161 (Time-Stamp Protocol, TSP). A TSA can be part of a PKI deployment and its role is to provide long term proof of the existence of specific data. Here is a brief description of the protocol: l -enum t The TSA client computes a one-way hash value for a data file and sends the hash to the TSA. t The TSA attaches the current date and time to the received hash value, signs them and sends the time stamp token back to the client. By creating this token the TSA certifies the existence of the original data file at the time of response generation. t The TSA client receives the time stamp token and verifies the signature on it. It also checks if the token contains the same hash value that it had sent to the TSA. .El
p There is one DER-encoded protocol data unit defined for transporting a time stamp request to the TSA and one for sending the time stamp response back to the client. The .Nm ts command has three main functions: creating a time stamp request based on a data file; creating a time stamp response based on a request; and verifying if a response corresponds to a particular request or a data file.
p There is no support for sending the requests/responses automatically over HTTP or TCP yet as suggested in RFC 3161. Users must send the requests either by FTP or email.
p The .Fl query switch can be used for creating and printing a time stamp request with the following options: l -tag -width Ds t Fl cert Expect the TSA to include its signing certificate in the response. t Fl config Ar configfile Specify an alternative configuration file. Only the OID section is used. t Fl data Ar file_to_hash The data file for which the time stamp request needs to be created. The default is standard input. t Fl digest Ar digest_bytes Specify the message imprint explicitly without the data file. The imprint must be specified in a hexadecimal format, two characters per byte, the bytes optionally separated by colons. The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm in use. t Fl in Ar request.tsq A previously created time stamp request in DER format that will be printed into the output file. Useful for examining the content of a request in human-readable format. t Fl md4 | md5 | ripemd160 | sha | sha1 The message digest to apply to the data file. It supports all the message digest algorithms that are supported by the .Nm dgst command. The default is SHA1. t Fl no_nonce Specify no nonce in the request. The default, to include a 64-bit long pseudo-random nonce, is recommended to protect against replay attacks. t Fl out Ar request.tsq The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified. t Fl policy Ar object_id The policy that the client expects the TSA to use for creating the time stamp token. Either dotted OID notation or OID names defined in the config file can be used. If no policy is requested, the TSA uses its own default policy. t Fl text Output in human-readable text format instead of DER. .El
p A time stamp response (TimeStampResp) consists of a response status and the time stamp token itself (ContentInfo), if the token generation was successful. The .Fl reply command is for creating a time stamp response or time stamp token based on a request and printing the response/token in human-readable format. If .Fl token_out is not specified the output is always a time stamp response (TimeStampResp), otherwise it is a time stamp token (ContentInfo). l -tag -width Ds t Fl chain Ar certs_file.pem The collection of PEM certificates that will be included in the response in addition to the signer certificate if the .Fl cert option was used for the request. This file is supposed to contain the certificate chain for the signer certificate from its issuer upwards. The .Fl reply command does not build a certificate chain automatically. t Fl config Ar configfile Specify an alternative configuration file. t Fl in Ar response.tsr Specify a previously created time stamp response (or time stamp token, if .Fl token_in is also specified) in DER format that will be written to the output file. This option does not require a request; it is useful, for example, to examine the content of a response or token or to extract the time stamp token from a response. If the input is a token and the output is a time stamp response, a default .Qq granted status info is added to the token. t Fl inkey Ar private.pem The signer private key of the TSA in PEM format. Overrides the .Cm signer_key config file option. t Fl out Ar response.tsr The response is written to this file. The format and content of the file depends on other options (see .Fl text and .Fl token_out ) . The default is stdout. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. t Fl policy Ar object_id The default policy to use for the response. Either dotted OID notation or OID names defined in the config file can be used. If no policy is requested, the TSA uses its own default policy. t Fl queryfile Ar request.tsq The file containing a DER-encoded time stamp request. t Fl section Ar tsa_section The config file section containing the settings for response generation. t Fl signer Ar tsa_cert.pem The PEM signer certificate of the TSA. The TSA signing certificate must have exactly one extended key usage assigned to it: timeStamping. The extended key usage must also be critical, otherwise the certificate is going to be refused. Overrides the .Cm signer_cert variable of the config file. t Fl text Output in human-readable text format instead of DER. t Fl token_in The input is a DER-encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp). t Fl token_out The output is a time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp). .El
p The .Fl verify command is for verifying if a time stamp response or time stamp token is valid and matches a particular time stamp request or data file. The .Fl verify command does not use the configuration file. l -tag -width Ds t Fl CAfile Ar trusted_certs.pem The file containing a set of trusted self-signed PEM CA certificates. See .Nm verify for additional details. Either this option or .Fl CApath must be specified. t Fl CApath Ar trusted_cert_path The directory containing the trusted CA certificates of the client. See .Nm verify for additional details. Either this option or .Fl CAfile must be specified. t Fl data Ar file_to_hash The response or token must be verified against .Ar file_to_hash . The file is hashed with the message digest algorithm specified in the token. The .Fl digest and .Fl queryfile options must not be specified with this one. t Fl digest Ar digest_bytes The response or token must be verified against the message digest specified with this option. The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm specified in the token. The .Fl data and .Fl queryfile options must not be specified with this one. t Fl in Ar response.tsr The time stamp response that needs to be verified, in DER format. This option in mandatory. t Fl queryfile Ar request.tsq The original time stamp request, in DER format. The .Fl data and .Fl digest options must not be specified with this one. t Fl token_in The input is a DER-encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp). t Fl untrusted Ar cert_file.pem Additional untrusted PEM certificates which may be needed when building the certificate chain for the TSA's signing certificate. This file must contain the TSA signing certificate and all intermediate CA certificates unless the response includes them. .El
p Options specified on the command line always override the settings in the config file: l -tag -width Ds t Cm tsa Ar section , Cm default_tsa This is the main section and it specifies the name of another section that contains all the options for the .Fl reply option. This section can be overridden with the .Fl section command line switch. t Cm oid_file See .Nm ca for a description. t Cm oid_section See .Nm ca for a description. t Cm serial The file containing the hexadecimal serial number of the last time stamp response created. This number is incremented by 1 for each response. If the file does not exist at the time of response generation, a new file is created with serial number 1. This parameter is mandatory. t Cm signer_cert TSA signing certificate, in PEM format. The same as the .Fl signer command line option. t Cm certs A set of PEM-encoded certificates that need to be included in the response. The same as the .Fl chain command line option. t Cm signer_key The private key of the TSA, in PEM format. The same as the .Fl inkey command line option. t Cm default_policy The default policy to use when the request does not mandate any policy. The same as the .Fl policy command line option. t Cm other_policies Comma separated list of policies that are also acceptable by the TSA and used only if the request explicitly specifies one of them. t Cm digests The list of message digest algorithms that the TSA accepts. At least one algorithm must be specified. This parameter is mandatory. t Cm accuracy The accuracy of the time source of the TSA in seconds, milliseconds and microseconds. For example, secs:1, millisecs:500, microsecs:100. If any of the components is missing, zero is assumed for that field. t Cm clock_precision_digits The maximum number of digits, which represent the fraction of seconds, that need to be included in the time field. The trailing zeroes must be removed from the time, so there might actually be fewer digits or no fraction of seconds at all. The maximum value is 6; the default is 0. t Cm ordering If this option is yes, the responses generated by this TSA can always be ordered, even if the time difference between two responses is less than the sum of their accuracies. The default is no. t Cm tsa_name Set this option to yes if the subject name of the TSA must be included in the TSA name field of the response. The default is no. t Cm ess_cert_id_chain The SignedData objects created by the TSA always contain the certificate identifier of the signing certificate in a signed attribute (see RFC 2634, Enhanced Security Services). If this option is set to yes and either the .Cm certs variable or the .Fl chain option is specified then the certificate identifiers of the chain will also be included in the SigningCertificate signed attribute. If this variable is set to no, only the signing certificate identifier is included. The default is no. .El .Tg verify .Sh VERIFY l -hang -width "openssl verify" t Nm openssl verify k -words .Op Fl CAfile Ar file .Op Fl CApath Ar directory .Op Fl check_ss_sig .Op Fl CRLfile Ar file .Op Fl crl_check .Op Fl crl_check_all .Op Fl explicit_policy .Op Fl extended_crl .Op Fl help .Op Fl ignore_critical .Op Fl inhibit_any .Op Fl inhibit_map .Op Fl issuer_checks .Op Fl legacy_verify .Op Fl policy_check .Op Fl purpose Ar purpose .Op Fl trusted Ar file .Op Fl untrusted Ar file .Op Fl verbose .Op Fl x509_strict .Op Ar certificates .Ek .El
p The .Nm verify command verifies certificate chains.
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl CAfile Ar file A .Ar file of trusted certificates. The .Ar file should contain multiple certificates in PEM format, concatenated together. t Fl CApath Ar directory A .Ar directory of trusted certificates. The certificates, or symbolic links to them, should have names of the form .Ar hash Ns .0 , where .Ar hash is the hashed certificate subject name (see the .Fl hash option of the .Nm x509 utility). t Fl check_ss_sig Verify the signature on the self-signed root CA. This is disabled by default because it doesn't add any security. t Fl CRLfile Ar file The .Ar file should contain one or more CRLs in PEM format. t Fl crl_check Check end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid CRL. If a valid CRL cannot be found, an error occurs. t Fl crl_check_all Check the validity of all certificates in the chain by attempting to look up valid CRLs. t Fl explicit_policy Set policy variable require-explicit-policy (RFC 3280). t Fl extended_crl Enable extended CRL features such as indirect CRLs and alternate CRL signing keys. t Fl help Print a usage message. t Fl ignore_critical Ignore critical extensions instead of rejecting the certificate. t Fl inhibit_any Set policy variable inhibit-any-policy (RFC 3280). t Fl inhibit_map Set policy variable inhibit-policy-mapping (RFC 3280). t Fl issuer_checks Print diagnostics relating to searches for the issuer certificate of the current certificate showing why each candidate issuer certificate was rejected. The presence of rejection messages does not itself imply that anything is wrong: during the normal verify process several rejections may take place. t Fl legacy_verify Use the legacy X.509 certificate chain verification code. t Fl policy_check Enable certificate policy processing. t Fl purpose Ar purpose The intended use for the certificate. Without this option no chain verification will be done. Currently accepted uses are .Cm sslclient , sslserver , .Cm nssslserver , smimesign , .Cm smimeencrypt , crlsign , .Cm any , and .Cm ocsphelper . t Fl trusted Ar file A .Ar file of trusted certificates. The .Ar file should contain multiple certificates. t Fl untrusted Ar file A .Ar file of untrusted certificates. The .Ar file should contain multiple certificates. t Fl verbose Print extra information about the operations being performed. t Fl x509_strict Disable workarounds for broken certificates which have to be disabled for strict X.509 compliance. t Ar certificates One or more PEM .Ar certificates to verify. If no certificate files are included, an attempt is made to read a certificate from standard input. If the first certificate filename begins with a dash, use a lone dash to mark the last option. .El
p The .Nm verify program uses the same functions as the internal SSL and S/MIME verification, with one crucial difference: wherever possible an attempt is made to continue after an error, whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the first error. This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to be determined.
p The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps. Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied certificate and ending in the root CA. It is an error if the whole chain cannot be built up. The chain is built up by looking up the issuer's certificate of the current certificate. If a certificate is found which is its own issuer, it is assumed to be the root CA.
p All certificates whose subject name matches the issuer name of the current certificate are subject to further tests. The relevant authority key identifier components of the current certificate (if present) must match the subject key identifier (if present) and issuer and serial number of the candidate issuer; in addition the .Cm keyUsage extension of the candidate issuer (if present) must permit certificate signing.
p The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no match is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates. The root CA is always looked up in the trusted certificate list: if the certificate to verify is a root certificate, then an exact match must be found in the trusted list.
p The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's extensions for consistency with the supplied purpose. If the .Fl purpose option is not included, then no checks are done. The supplied or .Qq leaf certificate must have extensions compatible with the supplied purpose and all other certificates must also be valid CA certificates. The precise extensions required are described in more detail in the .Nm X509 section below.
p The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root CA. The root CA should be trusted for the supplied purpose. A certificate with no trust settings is considered to be valid for all purposes.
p The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain. The validity period is checked against the current system time and the .Cm notBefore and .Cm notAfter dates in the certificate. The certificate signatures are also checked at this point.
p If all operations complete successfully, the certificate is considered valid. If any operation fails then the certificate is not valid. When a verify operation fails, the output messages can be somewhat cryptic. The general form of the error message is: d -literal server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024-bit) error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate .Ed
p The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified, followed by the subject name of the certificate. The second line contains the error number and the depth. The depth is the number of the certificate being verified when a problem was detected starting with zero for the certificate being verified itself, then 1 for the CA that signed the certificate and so on. Finally a text version of the error number is presented.
p An exhaustive list of the error codes and messages is shown below; this also includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file n openssl/x509_vfy.h . Some of the error codes are defined but never returned: these are described as .Qq unused . l -tag -width "XXXX" t 0 X509_V_OK The operation was successful. t 2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT The issuer certificate of an untrusted certificate could not be found. t 3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL The CRL of a certificate could not be found. t 4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE The certificate signature could not be decrypted. This means that the actual signature value could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value. This is only meaningful for RSA keys. t 5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE The CRL signature could not be decrypted. This means that the actual signature value could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value. Unused. t 6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY The public key in the certificate .Cm SubjectPublicKeyInfo could not be read. t 7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE The signature of the certificate is invalid. t 8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE The signature of the certificate is invalid. t 9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID The certificate is not yet valid: the .Cm notBefore date is after the current time. t 10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED The certificate has expired; that is, the .Cm notAfter date is before the current time. t 11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID The CRL is not yet valid. t 12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED The CRL has expired. t 13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD The certificate .Cm notBefore field contains an invalid time. t 14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD The certificate .Cm notAfter field contains an invalid time. t 15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD The CRL .Cm lastUpdate field contains an invalid time. t 16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD The CRL .Cm nextUpdate field contains an invalid time. t 17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM An error occurred trying to allocate memory. This should never happen. t 18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT The passed certificate is self-signed and the same certificate cannot be found in the list of trusted certificates. t 19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN The certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted certificates but the root could not be found locally. t 20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY The issuer certificate of a locally looked up certificate could not be found. This normally means the list of trusted certificates is not complete. t 21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE No signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one certificate and it is not self-signed. t 22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG The certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum depth. Unused. t 23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED The certificate has been revoked. t 24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA A CA certificate is invalid. Either it is not a CA or its extensions are not consistent with the supplied purpose. t 25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED The .Cm basicConstraints pathlength parameter has been exceeded. t 26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE The supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose. t 27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED The root CA is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose. t 28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED The root CA is marked to reject the specified purpose. t 29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject name did not match the issuer name of the current certificate. Only displayed when the .Fl issuer_checks option is set. t 30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject key identifier was present and did not match the authority key identifier current certificate. Only displayed when the .Fl issuer_checks option is set. t 31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its issuer name and serial number were present and did not match the authority key identifier of the current certificate. Only displayed when the .Fl issuer_checks option is set. t 32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its .Cm keyUsage extension does not permit certificate signing. t 50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION An application specific error. Unused. .El .Tg version .Sh VERSION .Nm openssl version .Op Fl abdfopv
p The .Nm version command is used to print out version information about .Nm openssl .
p The options are as follows: l -tag -width Ds t Fl a All information: this is the same as setting all the other flags. t Fl b The date the current version of .Nm openssl was built. t Fl d .Ev OPENSSLDIR setting. t Fl f Compilation flags. t Fl o Option information: various options set when the library was built. t Fl p Platform setting. t Fl v The current .Nm openssl version. .El .Tg x509 .Sh X509 l -hang -width "openssl x509" t Nm openssl x509 k -words .Op Fl C .Op Fl addreject Ar arg .Op Fl addtrust Ar arg .Op Fl alias .Op Fl CA Ar file .Op Fl CAcreateserial .Op Fl CAform Cm der | pem .Op Fl CAkey Ar file .Op Fl CAkeyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl CAserial Ar file .Op Fl certopt Ar option .Op Fl checkend Ar arg .Op Fl clrext .Op Fl clrreject .Op Fl clrtrust .Op Fl dates .Op Fl days Ar arg .Op Fl email .Op Fl enddate .Op Fl extensions Ar section .Op Fl extfile Ar file .Op Fl fingerprint .Op Fl hash .Op Fl in Ar file .Op Fl inform Cm der | net | pem .Op Fl issuer .Op Fl issuer_hash .Op Fl issuer_hash_old .Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem .Op Fl md5 | sha1 .Op Fl modulus .Op Fl nameopt Ar option .Op Fl next_serial .Op Fl noout .Op Fl ocsp_uri .Op Fl ocspid .Op Fl out Ar file .Op Fl outform Cm der | net | pem .Op Fl passin Ar arg .Op Fl pubkey .Op Fl purpose .Op Fl req .Op Fl serial .Op Fl set_serial Ar n .Op Fl setalias Ar arg .Op Fl signkey Ar file .Op Fl sigopt Ar nm:v .Op Fl startdate .Op Fl subject .Op Fl subject_hash .Op Fl subject_hash_old .Op Fl text .Op Fl trustout .Op Fl x509toreq .Ek .El
p The .Nm x509 command is a multi-purpose certificate utility. It can be used to display certificate information, convert certificates to various forms, sign certificate requests like a .Qq mini CA , or edit certificate trust settings.
p The following are x509 input, output, and general purpose options: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl in Ar file The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified. t Fl inform Cm der | net | pem The input format. Normally, the command will expect an X.509 certificate, but this can change if other options such as .Fl req are present. t Fl md5 | sha1 The digest to use. This affects any signing or display option that uses a message digest, such as the .Fl fingerprint , signkey , and .Fl CA options. If not specified, MD5 is used. SHA1 is always used with DSA keys. t Fl out Ar file The output file to write to, or standard output if none is specified. t Fl outform Cm der | net | pem The output format. t Fl passin Ar arg The key password source. .El
p The following are x509 display options: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl C Output the certificate in the form of a C source file. t Fl certopt Ar option Customise the output format used with .Fl text , either using a list of comma-separated options or by specifying .Fl certopt multiple times. The default behaviour is to print all fields. The options are as follows:
p l -tag -width "no_extensions" -offset indent -compact t Cm ca_default Equivalent to .Cm no_issuer , no_pubkey , no_header , .Cm no_version , no_sigdump , and .Cm no_signame . t Cm compatible Equivalent to no output options at all. t Cm ext_default Print unsupported certificate extensions. t Cm ext_dump Hex dump unsupported extensions. t Cm ext_error Print an error message for unsupported certificate extensions. t Cm ext_parse ASN.1 parse unsupported extensions. t Cm no_aux Do not print certificate trust information. t Cm no_extensions Do not print X509V3 extensions. t Cm no_header Do not print header (Certificate and Data) information. t Cm no_issuer Do not print the issuer name. t Cm no_pubkey Do not print the public key. t Cm no_serial Do not print the serial number. t Cm no_sigdump Do not give a hexadecimal dump of the certificate signature. t Cm no_signame Do not print the signature algorithm used. t Cm no_subject Do not print the subject name. t Cm no_validity Do not print the .Cm notBefore and .Cm notAfter (validity) fields. t Cm no_version Do not print the version number. .El t Fl dates Print the start and expiry date of a certificate. t Fl email Output the email addresses, if any. t Fl enddate Print the expiry date of the certificate; that is, the .Cm notAfter date. t Fl fingerprint Print the digest of the DER-encoded version of the whole certificate. t Fl hash A synonym for .Fl subject_hash . t Fl issuer Print the issuer name. t Fl issuer_hash Print the hash of the certificate issuer name. t Fl issuer_hash_old Print the hash of the certificate issuer name using the older algorithm as used by .Nm openssl versions before 1.0.0. t Fl modulus Print the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the certificate. t Fl nameopt Ar option Customise how the subject or issuer names are displayed, either using a list of comma-separated options or by specifying .Fl nameopt multiple times. The default behaviour is to use the .Cm oneline format. The options, which can be preceded by a dash to turn them off, are as follows: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Cm align Align field values for a more readable output. Only usable with .Ar sep_multiline . t Cm compat Use the old format, equivalent to specifying no options at all. t Cm dn_rev Reverse the fields of the DN, as required by RFC 2253. As a side effect, this also reverses the order of multiple AVAs. t Cm dump_all Dump all fields. When used with .Ar dump_der , it allows the DER encoding of the structure to be unambiguously determined. t Cm dump_der Any fields that need to be hexdumped are dumped using the DER encoding of the field. Otherwise just the content octets will be displayed. Both options use the RFC 2253 #XXXX... format. t Cm dump_nostr Dump non-character string types (for example OCTET STRING); usually, non-character string types are displayed as though each content octet represents a single character. t Cm dump_unknown Dump any field whose OID is not recognised by .Nm openssl . t Cm esc_2253 Escape the .Qq special characters required by RFC 2253 in a field that is .Dq ,+"<>; . Additionally, .Sq # is escaped at the beginning of a string and a space character at the beginning or end of a string. t Cm esc_ctrl Escape control characters. That is, those with ASCII values less than 0x20 (space) and the delete (0x7f) character. They are escaped using the RFC 2253 \eXX notation (where XX are two hex digits representing the character value). t Cm esc_msb Escape characters with the MSB set; that is, with ASCII values larger than 127. t Cm multiline A multiline format. Equivalent to .Cm esc_ctrl , esc_msb , sep_multiline , .Cm space_eq , lname , and .Cm align . t Cm no_type Do not attempt to interpret multibyte characters. That is, content octets are merely dumped as though one octet represents each character. This is useful for diagnostic purposes but results in rather odd looking output. t Cm nofname , sname , lname , oid Alter how the field name is displayed: .Cm nofname does not display the field at all; .Cm sname uses the short name form (CN for .Cm commonName , for example); .Cm lname uses the long form. .Cm oid represents the OID in numerical form and is useful for diagnostic purpose. t Cm oneline A one line format which is more readable than .Cm RFC2253 . Equivalent to .Cm esc_2253 , esc_ctrl , esc_msb , utf8 , .Cm dump_nostr , dump_der , use_quote , sep_comma_plus_spc , .Cm space_eq , and .Cm sname . t Cm RFC2253 Displays names compatible with RFC 2253. Equivalent to .Cm esc_2253 , esc_ctrl , .Cm esc_msb , utf8 , dump_nostr , dump_unknown , .Cm dump_der , sep_comma_plus , dn_rev , and .Cm sname . t Cm sep_comma_plus , sep_comma_plus_space , sep_semi_plus_space , sep_multiline Determine the field separators: the first character is between RDNs and the second between multiple AVAs (multiple AVAs are very rare and their use is discouraged). The options ending in .Qq space additionally place a space after the separator to make it more readable. .Cm sep_multiline uses a linefeed character for the RDN separator and a spaced .Sq + for the AVA separator, as well as indenting the fields by four characters. t Cm show_type Show the type of the ASN.1 character string. The type precedes the field contents. For example .Qq BMPSTRING: Hello World . t Cm space_eq Place spaces round the .Sq = character which follows the field name. t Cm use_quote Escape some characters by surrounding the whole string with .Sq " characters. Without the option, all escaping is done with the .Sq \e character. t Cm utf8 Convert all strings to UTF8 format first, as required by RFC 2253. On a UTF8 compatible terminal, the use of this option (and not setting .Cm esc_msb ) may result in the correct display of multibyte characters. Usually, multibyte characters larger than 0xff are represented using the format \eUXXXX for 16 bits and \eWXXXXXXXX for 32 bits, and any UTF8Strings are converted to their character form first. .El t Fl next_serial Print the next serial number. t Fl noout Do not output the encoded version of the request. t Fl ocsp_uri Print the OCSP responder addresses, if any. t Fl ocspid Print OCSP hash values for the subject name and public key. t Fl pubkey Print the public key. t Fl serial Print the certificate serial number. t Fl sigopt Ar nm:v Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or certify operations. The names and values of these options are algorithm-specific. t Fl startdate Print the start date of the certificate; that is, the .Cm notBefore date. t Fl subject Print the subject name. t Fl subject_hash Print the hash of the certificate subject name. This is used in .Nm openssl to form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be looked up by subject name. t Fl subject_hash_old Print the hash of the certificate subject name using the older algorithm as used by .Nm openssl versions before 1.0.0. t Fl text Print the full certificate in text form. .El
p A trusted certificate is a certificate which has several additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted and prohibited uses of the certificate and an alias. When a certificate is being verified, at least one certificate must be trusted. By default, a trusted certificate must be stored locally and be a root CA. The following are x509 trust settings options: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl addreject Ar arg Add a prohibited use. Accepts the same values as the .Fl addtrust option. t Fl addtrust Ar arg Add a trusted certificate use. Any object name can be used here, but currently only .Cm clientAuth (SSL client use), .Cm serverAuth (SSL server use), and .Cm emailProtection (S/MIME email) are used. t Fl alias Output the certificate alias. t Fl clrreject Clear all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate. t Fl clrtrust Clear all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate. t Fl purpose Perform tests on the certificate extensions. The same code is used when verifying untrusted certificates in chains, so this section is useful if a chain is rejected by the verify code.
p The .Cm basicConstraints extension CA flag is used to determine whether the certificate can be used as a CA. If the CA flag is true, it is a CA; if the CA flag is false, it is not a CA. All CAs should have the CA flag set to true.
p If the .Cm basicConstraints extension is absent, then the certificate is considered to be a possible CA; other extensions are checked according to the intended use of the certificate. A warning is given in this case because the certificate should really not be regarded as a CA. However it is allowed to be a CA to work around some broken software.
p If the certificate is a V1 certificate (and thus has no extensions) and it is self-signed, it is also assumed to be a CA but a warning is again given. This is to work around the problem of Verisign roots which are V1 self-signed certificates.
p If the .Cm keyUsage extension is present, then additional restraints are made on the uses of the certificate. A CA certificate must have the .Cm keyCertSign bit set if the .Cm keyUsage extension is present.
p The extended key usage extension places additional restrictions on the certificate uses. If this extension is present, whether critical or not, the key can only be used for the purposes specified.
p A complete description of each test is given below. The comments about .Cm basicConstraints and .Cm keyUsage and V1 certificates above apply to all CA certificates. l -tag -width "XXXX" t SSL Client The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the web client authentication OID. .Cm keyUsage must be absent or it must have the .Cm digitalSignature bit set. The Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must have the SSL client bit set. t SSL Client CA The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the web client authentication OID. The Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must have the SSL CA bit set: this is used as a workaround if the .Cm basicConstraints extension is absent. t SSL Server The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the web server authentication and/or one of the SGC OIDs. .Cm keyUsage must be absent or it must have the .Cm digitalSignature set, the .Cm keyEncipherment set, or both bits set. The Netscape certificate type must be absent or have the SSL server bit set. t SSL Server CA The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the web server authentication and/or one of the SGC OIDs. The Netscape certificate type must be absent or the SSL CA bit must be set: this is used as a workaround if the .Cm basicConstraints extension is absent. t Netscape SSL Server For Netscape SSL clients to connect to an SSL server; it must have the .Cm keyEncipherment bit set if the .Cm keyUsage extension is present. This isn't always valid because some cipher suites use the key for digital signing. Otherwise it is the same as a normal SSL server. t Common S/MIME Client Tests The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the email protection OID. The Netscape certificate type must be absent or should have the S/MIME bit set. If the S/MIME bit is not set in Netscape certificate type, then the SSL client bit is tolerated as an alternative but a warning is shown: this is because some Verisign certificates don't set the S/MIME bit. t S/MIME Signing In addition to the common S/MIME client tests, the .Cm digitalSignature bit must be set if the .Cm keyUsage extension is present. t S/MIME Encryption In addition to the common S/MIME tests, the .Cm keyEncipherment bit must be set if the .Cm keyUsage extension is present. t S/MIME CA The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the email protection OID. The Netscape certificate type must be absent or must have the S/MIME CA bit set: this is used as a workaround if the .Cm basicConstraints extension is absent. t CRL Signing The .Cm keyUsage extension must be absent or it must have the CRL signing bit set. t CRL Signing CA The normal CA tests apply, except the .Cm basicConstraints extension must be present. .El t Fl setalias Ar arg Set the alias of the certificate, allowing the certificate to be referred to using a nickname, such as .Qq Steve's Certificate . t Fl trustout Output a trusted certificate (the default if any trust settings are modified). An ordinary or trusted certificate can be input, but by default an ordinary certificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. .El
p The .Nm x509 utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it can thus behave like a mini CA. The following are x509 signing options: l -tag -width "XXXX" t Fl CA Ar file The CA certificate to be used for signing. When this option is present, .Nm x509 behaves like a mini CA. The input file is signed by the CA using this option; that is, its issuer name is set to the subject name of the CA and it is digitally signed using the CA's private key.
p This option is normally combined with the .Fl req option. Without the .Fl req option, the input is a certificate which must be self-signed. t Fl CAcreateserial Create the CA serial number file if it does not exist instead of generating an error. The file will contain the serial number .Sq 02 and the certificate being signed will have .Sq 1 as its serial number. t Fl CAform Cm der | pem The format of the CA certificate file. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl CAkey Ar file Set the CA private key to sign a certificate with. Otherwise it is assumed that the CA private key is present in the CA certificate file. t Fl CAkeyform Cm der | pem The format of the CA private key. The default is .Cm pem . t Fl CAserial Ar file Use the serial number in .Ar file to sign a certificate. The file should consist of one line containing an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use. After each use the serial number is incremented and written out to the file again.
p The default filename consists of the CA certificate file base name with
a .srl appended. For example, if the CA certificate file is called
a mycacert.pem , it expects to find a serial number file called
a mycacert.srl . t Fl checkend Ar arg Check whether the certificate expires in the next .Ar arg seconds. If so, exit with return value 1; otherwise exit with return value 0. t Fl clrext Delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when a certificate is being created from another certificate (for example with the .Fl signkey or the .Fl CA options). Normally, all extensions are retained. t Fl days Ar arg The number of days to make a certificate valid for. The default is 30 days. t Fl extensions Ar section The section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is not specified, the extensions should either be contained in the unnamed (default) section or the default section should contain a variable called .Qq extensions which contains the section to use. t Fl extfile Ar file File containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified, no extensions are added to the certificate. t Fl keyform Cm der | pem The format of the private key file used in the .Fl signkey option. t Fl req Expect a certificate request on input instead of a certificate. t Fl set_serial Ar n The serial number to use. This option can be used with either the .Fl signkey or .Fl CA options. If used in conjunction with the .Fl CA option, the serial number file (as specified by the .Fl CAserial or .Fl CAcreateserial options) is not used.
p The serial number can be decimal or hex (if preceded by .Sq 0x ) . Negative serial numbers can also be specified but their use is not recommended. t Fl signkey Ar file Self-sign .Ar file using the supplied private key.
p If the input file is a certificate, it sets the issuer name to the subject name (i.e. makes it self-signed), changes the public key to the supplied value, and changes the start and end dates. The start date is set to the current time and the end date is set to a value determined by the .Fl days option. Any certificate extensions are retained unless the .Fl clrext option is supplied.
p If the input is a certificate request, a self-signed certificate is created using the supplied private key using the subject name in the request. t Fl x509toreq Convert a certificate into a certificate request. The .Fl signkey option is used to pass the required private key. .El .Sh COMMON NOTATION Several commands share a common syntax, as detailed below.
p Password arguments, typically specified using .Fl passin and .Fl passout for input and output passwords, allow passwords to be obtained from a variety of sources. Both of these options take a single argument, described below. If no password argument is given and a password is required, then the user is prompted to enter one: this will typically be read from the current terminal with echoing turned off. l -tag -width "pass:password" -offset indent t Cm pass : Ns Ar password The actual password is .Ar password . Since the password is visible to utilities, this form should only be used where security is not important. t Cm env : Ns Ar var Obtain the password from the environment variable .Ar var . Since the environment of other processes is visible, this option should be used with caution. t Cm file : Ns Ar path The first line of .Ar path is the password. If the same .Ar path argument is supplied to .Fl passin and .Fl passout , then the first line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output password. .Ar path need not refer to a regular file: it could, for example, refer to a device or named pipe. t Cm fd : Ns Ar number Read the password from the file descriptor .Ar number . This can be used to send the data via a pipe, for example. t Cm stdin Read the password from standard input. .El
p Input/output formats, typically specified using .Fl inform and .Fl outform , indicate the format being read from or written to. The argument is case insensitive.
p l -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact t Cm der Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) is a binary format. t Cm net Insecure legacy format. t Cm pem Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) is base64-encoded. t Cm pvk Private Key format. t Cm smime An SMIME format message. t Cm txt Plain ASCII text. .El .Sh ENVIRONMENT The following environment variables affect the execution of .Nm openssl : l -tag -width "/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf" t Ev OPENSSL_CONF The location of the master configuration file. .El .Sh FILES l -tag -width "/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf" -compact t Pa /etc/ssl/ Default config directory for .Nm openssl . t Pa /etc/ssl/lib/ Unused. t Pa /etc/ssl/private/ Default private key directory. t Pa /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf Default configuration file for .Nm openssl . t Pa /etc/ssl/x509v3.cnf Default configuration file for .Nm x509 certificates. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr acme-client 1 , .Xr nc 1 , .Xr openssl.cnf 5 , .Xr x509v3.cnf 5 , .Xr ssl 8 , .Xr starttls 8 .Sh STANDARDS .Rs .%A T. Dierks .%A C. Allen .%D January 1999 .%R RFC 2246 .%T The TLS Protocol Version 1.0 .Re
p .Rs .%A M. Wahl .%A S. Killie .%A T. Howes .%D December 1997 .%R RFC 2253 .%T Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3): UTF-8 String Representation of Distinguished Names .Re
p .Rs .%A B. Kaliski .%D March 1998 .%R RFC 2315 .%T PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5 .Re
p .Rs .%A R. Housley .%A W. Ford .%A W. Polk .%A D. Solo .%D January 1999 .%R RFC 2459 .%T Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile .Re
p .Rs .%A M. Myers .%A R. Ankney .%A A. Malpani .%A S. Galperin .%A C. Adams .%D June 1999 .%R RFC 2560 .%T X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol \(en OCSP .Re
p .Rs .%A R. Housley .%D June 1999 .%R RFC 2630 .%T Cryptographic Message Syntax .Re
p .Rs .%A P. Chown .%D June 2002 .%R RFC 3268 .%T Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS) .Re