1Having trouble using fetch through a firewall?  Try setting the environment
2variable FTP_PASSIVE_MODE to yes, and see fetch(3) for more details.
3%
4By pressing "Scroll Lock" you can use the arrow keys to scroll backward
5through the console output.  Press "Scroll Lock" again to turn it off.
6%
7Want colour in your directory listings?  Use "ls -G".  "ls -F" is also useful,
8and they can be combined as "ls -FG".
9%
10If you'd like to keep track of applications in the port tree, take a look
11at freshports.org;
12
13	http://www.freshports.org/
14%
15To search for files that match a particular name, use find(1); for example
16
17	find / -name "*GENERIC*" -ls
18
19will search '/', and all subdirectories, for files with 'GENERIC' in the name.
20       --  Stephen Hilton <nospam@hiltonbsd.com>
21%
22In tcsh, you can `set autolist' to have the shell automatically show
23all the possible matches when doing filename/directory expansion.
24%
25You can `set autologout = 30' to have tcsh log you off automatically
26if you leave the shell idle for more than 30 minutes.
27%
28If you `set filec' (file completion) in tcsh and write a part of the
29filename, pressing TAB will show you the available choices when there
30is more than one, or complete the filename if there's only one match.
31%
32You can press up-arrow or down-arrow to walk through a list of
33previous commands in tcsh.
34%
35You can disable tcsh's terminal beep if you `set nobeep'.
36%
37If you `set watch = (0 any any)' in tcsh, you will be notified when
38someone logs in or out of your system.
39%
40Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%m %# '
41%
42Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m%# '
43%
44Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%~%# '
45%
46Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%/%# '
47%
48Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '[%B%m%b] %B%~%b%# '
49%
50Simple tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%# '
51%
52Red tcsh prompt for root:
53
54  set prompt = "%{\033[1;31m%}%n@%m%{\033[0m%}:%~ # "
55		-- Antonio Huete Jimenez <tuxillo@quantumachine.net>
56%
57If you want df(1) and other commands to display disk sizes in
58kilobytes instead of 512-byte blocks, set BLOCKSIZE in your
59environment to 'K'.  You can also use 'M' for Megabytes or 'G' for
60Gigabytes.  If you want df(1) to automatically select the best size
61then use 'df -h'.
62%
63To change an environment variable in tcsh you use: setenv NAME "value"
64where NAME is the name of the variable and "value" its new value.
65%
66To change an environment variable in /bin/sh use:
67
68	$ VARIABLE="value"
69	$ export VARIABLE
70%
71You can use /etc/make.conf to control the options used to compile software
72on this system.  Example entries are in
73/etc/defaults/make.conf.
74%
75To do a fast search for a file, try
76
77	 locate filename
78
79locate uses a database that is updated every Saturday (assuming your computer
80is running DragonFly BSD at the time) to quickly find files based on name only.
81%
82In order to search for a string in some files, use 'grep' like this:
83
84	 grep "string" filename1 [filename2 filename3 ...]
85
86This will print out the lines in the files that contain the string.  grep can
87also do a lot more advanced searches - type 'man grep' for details.
88%
89You can use the 'fetch' command to retrieve files over ftp or http.
90
91	 fetch http://www.dragonflybsd.org/
92
93will download the front page of the DragonFly BSD web site.
94%
95In order to make fetch (the DragonFly BSD downloading tool) ask for
96username/password when it encounter a password-protected web page, you can set
97the environment variable HTTP_AUTH to 'basic:*'.
98%
99You can permanently set environment variables for your shell by putting them
100in a startup file for the shell.  The name of the startup file varies
101depending on the shell - csh and tcsh uses .login, bash, sh, ksh and zsh use
102.profile.  When using bash, sh, ksh or zsh, don't forget to export the
103variable.
104%
105If you are running xterm, the default TERM variable will be 'xterm'.  If you
106set this environment variable to 'xterm-color' instead, a lot of programs will
107use colors.  You can do this by
108
109	TERM=xterm-color; export TERM
110
111in Bourne-derived shells, and
112
113	setenv TERM xterm-color
114
115in csh-derived shells.
116%
117If you do not want to get beeps in X11 (X Windows), you can turn them off with
118
119	xset b off
120%
121You can look through a file in a nice text-based interface by typing
122
123	less filename
124%
125The default editor in DragonFly BSD is vi, which is efficient to use when you
126have learned it, but somewhat user-unfriendly.  To use ee (an easier but less
127powerful editor) instead, set the environment variable EDITOR to /usr/bin/ee
128%
129If you accidentally end up inside vi, you can quit it by pressing Escape, colon
130(:), q (q), bang (!) and pressing return.
131%
132You can use aliases to decrease the amount of typing you need to do to get
133commands you commonly use.  Examples of fairly popular aliases include (in
134bourne shell style, as in /bin/sh, bash, ksh, and zsh):
135
136	alias lf="ls -FA"
137	alias ll="ls -lA"
138	alias su="su -m"
139
140In csh or tcsh, these would be
141
142	alias lf ls -FA
143	alias ll ls -lA
144	alias su su -m
145
146To remove an alias, you can usually use 'unalias aliasname'.  To list all
147aliases, you can usually type just 'alias'.
148%
149In order to support international characters in tools like less without
150creating other nationalisation aspects, set the environment
151variable LC_ALL to 'en_US.UTF-8'.
152%
153You can search for documentation on a keyword by typing
154
155	apropos keyword
156%
157Man pages are divided into section depending on topic.  There are 9 different
158sections numbered from 1 (General Commands) to 9 (Kernel Developer's Manual).
159You can get an introduction to each topic by typing
160
161	man <number> intro
162
163In other words, to get the intro to general commands, type
164
165	man 1 intro
166%
167DragonFly BSD is started up by the program 'init'.  The first thing init does
168when starting multiuser mode (ie, starting the computer up for normal use) is
169to run the shell script /etc/rc.  By reading /etc/rc, you can learn a lot about
170how the system is put together, which again will make you more confident about
171what happens when you do something with it.
172%
173If you want to play CDs with DragonFly BSD, a utility for this is already
174included.  Type 'cdcontrol' then 'help' to learn more.  (You may need to set
175the CDROM environment variable in order to make cdcontrol want to start.)
176%
177If you have a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can make the CD-ROM that is
178presently inserted available by typing 'mount /cdrom' as root.   The CD-ROM
179will be available under /cdrom/.  Remember to do 'umount /cdrom' before
180removing the CD-ROM (it will usually not be possible to remove the CD-ROM
181without doing this.)
182
183Note: This tip may not work in all configurations.
184%
185You can install extra packages for DragonFly BSD by using the dports system.
186If you have installed it, you can download, compile, and install software by
187just typing
188
189	# cd /usr/dports/<category>/<package name>
190	# make install clean
191
192as root.   The dports infrastructure will download the software, change it so
193it works on DragonFly BSD, compile it, install it, register the installation
194so it will be possible to automatically uninstall it, and clean out the
195temporary working space it used.  You can remove an installed package you
196decide you do not want after all by typing
197
198	# cd /usr/dports/<category>/<package name>
199	# make deinstall
200
201as root.
202%
203Nice bash prompt: PS1='(\[$(tput md)\]\t <\w>\[$(tput me)\]) $(echo $?) \$ '
204		-- Mathieu <mathieu@hal.interactionvirtuelle.com>
205%
206To see the output from when your computer started, run dmesg(8).  If it has
207been replaced with other messages, look at /var/run/dmesg.boot.
208		-- Francisco Reyes <lists@natserv.com>
209%
210You can use "whereis" to locate standard binary, manual page and source
211directories for the specified programs.  This can be particularly handy
212when you are trying to find where in the dports tree an application is.
213
214Try "whereis netscape" and "whereis whereis".
215		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
216%
217You can press Ctrl-D to quickly exit from a shell, or logout from a
218login shell.
219		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
220%
221You can use "pkg info" to see a list of packages you have installed.
222		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
223%
224You can change the video mode on all consoles by adding something like
225the following to /etc/rc.conf:
226
227	allscreens="80x30"
228
229You can use "vidcontrol -i mode | grep T" for a list of supported text
230modes.
231		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
232%
233Any user that is a member of the wheel group can use "su -" to simulate
234a root login.  You can add a user to the wheel group by editing /etc/group.
235		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
236%
237Over quota?  "du -s * | sort -n " will give you a sorted list of your
238directory sizes.
239		-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
240%
241Handy bash(1) prompt:   PS1="\u@\h \w \!$ "
242	-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
243%
244Ever wonder what those numbers after command names were, as in cat(1)?  It's
245the section of the manual the man page is in.  "man man" will tell you more.
246		-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
247%
248"man hier" explains the layout of DragonFly BSD filesystems.
249%
250"man tuning" has tips on how to improve DragonFly BSD performance.
251%
252"man firewall" has basic instructions for creating a DragonFly BSD firewall.
253%
254You can often get answers to your questions about DragonFly BSD by searching
255in the DragonFly BSD mailing list archives at
256
257	http://lists.dragonflybsd.org/
258%
259You can adjust the volume of various parts of the sound system in your
260computer by typing 'mixer <type> <volume>'.  To get a list of what you can
261adjust, just type 'mixer'.
262%
263You can automatically download and install binary packages by doing
264
265	pkg install <name>
266
267This will also automatically install the packages the package you download
268is dependent on (ie, the packages it needs in order to work.)
269%
270You can make a log of your terminal session with script(1).
271%
272"man security" gives very good advice on how to tune the security of your
273DragonFly BSD system.
274%
275Want to see how much virtual memory you're using?  Just type "swapinfo" to
276be shown information about the usage of your swap partitions.
277%
278dports/net/netcat package is useful not only for redirecting input/output
279to TCP or UDP connections, but also for proxying them.  See inetd(8) for
280details.
281%
282If other operating systems have damaged your Master Boot Record, you can
283reinstall it with boot0cfg(8).  See "man boot0cfg" for details.
284%
285Need to see the calendar for this month?  Simply type "cal".  To see the
286whole year, type "cal -y".
287		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
288%
289Need to quickly return to your home directory?  Type "cd".
290		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
291%
292To see the last time that you logged in, use lastlogin(8).
293		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
294%
295To clear the screen, use "clear".  To re-display your screen buffer, press
296the scroll lock key and use your page up button.  When you're finished,
297press the scroll lock key again to get your prompt back.
298		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
299%
300To save disk space in your home directory, compress files you rarely
301use with "gzip filename".
302		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
303%
304To read a compressed file without having to first uncompress it, use
305"zcat" or "zmore" to view it.
306		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
307%
308To see how much disk space is left on your partitions, use
309
310	df -h
311		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
312%
313To see the 10 largest files on a directory or partition, use
314
315	du /partition_or_directory_name | sort -rn | head
316		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
317%
318To determine whether a file is a text file, executable, or some other type
319of file, use
320
321	file filename
322		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
323%
324Time to change your password?  Type "passwd" and follow the prompts.
325		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
326%
327Want to know how many words, lines, or bytes are contained in a file?  Type
328"wc filename".
329		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
330%
331Need to print a manpage?  Use
332
333	man name_of_manpage | col -bx | lpr
334		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
335%
336Need to remove all those ^M characters from a DOS file?  Try
337
338	col -bx < dosfile > newfile
339		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
340%
341Forget what directory you are in?  Type "pwd".
342		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
343%
344If you are in the C shell and have just installed a new program, you won't
345be able to run it unless you first type "rehash".
346		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
347%
348Need to leave your terminal for a few minutes and don't want to logout?
349Use "lock -p".  When you return, use your password as the key to unlock the
350terminal.
351		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
352%
353Need to find the location of a program?  Use "locate program_name".
354		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
355%
356Forget how to spell a word or a variation of a word?  Use
357
358	look portion_of_word_you_know
359		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
360%
361To see the last 10 lines of a long file, use "tail filename".  To see the
362first 10 lines, use "head filename".
363		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
364%
365To see how long it takes a command to run, type the word "time" before the
366command name.
367		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
368%
369To quickly create an empty file, use "touch filename".
370		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
371%
372To find out the hostname associated with an IP address, use
373
374	drill -x IP_address
375		-- luxh
376%
377If you use the C shell, add the following line to the .cshrc file in your
378home directory to prevent core files from being written to disk:
379
380	limit coredumpsize 0
381		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
382%
383If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type "leave +hhmm" where
384"hhmm" represents in how many hours and minutes you need to leave.
385		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
386%
387Need to do a search in a manpage or in a file you've sent to a pager?  Use
388"/search_word".  To repeat the same search, type "n" for next.
389		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
390%
391Forget when Easter is?  Try "ncal -e".  If you need the date for Orthodox
392Easter, use "ncal -o" instead.
393		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
394%
395Need to see your routing table?  Type "netstat -rn".  The entry with the G
396flag is your gateway.
397		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
398%
399Need to see which daemons are listening for connection requests?  Use
400"sockstat -4l" for IPv4, and "sockstat -l" for IPv4 and IPv6.
401		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
402%
403Can't remember if you've installed a certain package or not?  Try "pkg info |
404grep package_name".
405		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
406%
407Got some time to kill?  Try typing "hangman".
408		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
409%
410To erase a line you've written at the command prompt, use "Ctrl-U".
411		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
412%
413To repeat the last command in the C shell, type "!!".
414		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
415%
416Need to quickly empty a file?  Use "echo > filename".
417		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
418%
419To see all directories on a DragonFly BSD system, type
420
421	ls -R / | more
422%
423To see the IP addresses currently set on your active interfaces, type
424"ifconfig -u".
425		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
426%
427To see the MAC addresses of the NICs on your system, type
428
429	ifconfig -a
430		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
431%
432You can save your kernel startup configuration with kget(8).  The
433configuration can be edited at boot time with 'boot -c' command in loader.
434See boot(8), loader(8) for details.
435%
436You can open up a new split-screen window in (n)vi with :N or :E and then
437use ^w to switch between the two.
438%
439sh (the default bourne shell in DragonFly BSD) supports command-line editing.
440Just ``set -o emacs'' or ``set -o vi'' to enable it.
441%
442When you've made modifications to a file in vi(1) and then find that
443you can't write it, type ``<ESC>!rm -f %'' then ``:w!'' to force the
444write
445
446This won't work if you don't have write permissions to the directory
447and probably won't be suitable if you're editing through a symbolic link.
448%
449Want to use sed(1) to edit a file in place?  Well, to replace every 'e' with
450an 'o', in a file named 'foo', you can do:
451
452	sed -i.bak s/e/o/g foo
453
454And you'll get a backup of the original in a file named 'foo.bak', but if you
455want no backup:
456
457	sed -i '' s/e/o/g foo
458%
459To use a particular mirror for pkg-install downloads, copy the example config:
460
461	cp /usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/df-latest.conf.sample \
462		/usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/df-latest.conf
463
464and choose the mirror you want to use in df-latest.conf.
465
466This will always point to the latest version of dports.  You can copy the file
467'df-releases.conf.sample' to use the repository that matches the current
468release version of DragonFly.
469%
470If you want to search for a particular package, use pkg-search(1):
471
472	pkg search <package>
473%
474To get a detailed description of a particular dports package:
475
476	pkg search -f <package>
477%
478Getting the latest dports tree in DragonFly BSD is fairly simple:
479
480	cd /usr
481	make dports-create
482
483If you want to update your dports installation issue:
484
485	cd /usr
486	make dports-update
487%
488To download the DragonFly BSD git repository into /usr/src, issue:
489
490	cd /usr
491	make src-create
492
493To update the DragonFly BSD git repository in /usr/src, issue:
494
495	cd /usr
496	make src-update
497%
498After enabling a service in rc.conf(5), you can use the rc* commands to
499start/stop/reload the service.  If you e.g. enabled dntpd(8) in /etc/rc.conf
500you can start it with:
501
502	rcstart dntpd
503
504To stop it:
505
506	rcstop dntpd
507
508All available commands are listed in rcrun(8).
509%
510If you look for a small Mail Transfer Agent suited for home and office
511use, have a look at the DragonFly Mail Agent (dma):
512
513	man dma
514%
515dntpd(8) synchronizes your local system clock to one or more external NTP time
516sources.  To enable dntpd add the following line to your /etc/rc.conf:
517
518	dntpd_enable="YES"
519
520To start the daemon type:
521
522	rcstart dntpd
523%
524DragonFly BSD supports variant symlinks.  To get more information about this
525topic see varsym(1) and varsym(2).  You will have to enable varsyms by
526executing "sysctl vfs.enable_varsym=1", to make it permanent put it in
527/etc/sysctl.conf.  If you would like permanent varsyms, add varsym_enable=YES
528to /etc/rc.conf and put varsym assignments in /etc/varsym.conf.
529%
530"man build" gives very good advice on how to build the DragonFly BSD system.
531%
532Use wmake(1) to build any element within the DragonFly BSD source tree using
533a buildworld environment.  The wmake utility will accept all options and
534arguments that make(1) accepts.
535%
536If you would like easy access to your files as they looked yesterday, or a
537month ago, try the HAMMER file system.  See "man HAMMER" for more details.
538Historical file contents is typically accessed via snapshots, typically
539/var/hammer/root/snap-<date>-<time>, for your root file system.
540If you use HAMMER PFSs, then each one will have its own directory as
541/var/hammer/<PFS>/snap-<date>-<time>.
542%
543Using HAMMER PFSs you can define history retention policy per directory tree.
544For example, if /home/userA and /home/userB are two PFSs, you can configure that
545history is saved 90 days for /home/userA and 30 days for /home/userB.  If at
546some point many big changes are made, and you would like to recover some of the
547space that the history occupies, you can delete history selectively on a per PFS
548basis.  For example history can be deleted for /home/userA so it only covers 14
549days, or granularity can be changed to one week from default of one day.  Both
550without changing amount of history saved for /home/userB.  See "man HAMMER" for
551details.
552%
553For an example of setting up a HAMMER file system, see
554/usr/share/examples/rconfig/hammer.sh.  See also "man HAMMER".
555%
556HAMMER file systems can be efficiently replicated to another system, replication
557includes history, so you can access snapshots on the replica.  Just make a PFS
558for the directory, SRC, you would like to replicate, and use:
559
560	hammer mirror-copy SRC DEST
561
562DEST can be created on the fly, it must be a slave PFS, and will be read-only.
563See "man HAMMER" for details.
564%
565Moo
566%
567Just started parallel buildworld?  Try typing "hangman -k" and tell
568what that kernel symbol does.
569%
570