xref: /dragonfly/games/fortune/datfiles/dragonfly-tips (revision 926deccb)

Having trouble using fetch through a firewall?  Try setting the environment
variable FTP_PASSIVE_MODE to yes, and see fetch(3) for more details.
%
By pressing "Scroll Lock" you can use the arrow keys to scroll backward
through the console output.  Press "Scroll Lock" again to turn it off.
%
Want colour in your directory listings?  Use "ls -G".  "ls -F" is also useful,
and they can be combined as "ls -FG".
%
If you'd like to keep track of applications in the pkgsrc tree, take a look
at pkgsrc.se;

	http://www.pkgsrc.se/
%
To search for files that match a particular name, use find(1); for example

	find / -name "*GENERIC*" -ls

will search '/', and all subdirectories, for files with 'GENERIC' in the name.
       --  Stephen Hilton <nospam@hiltonbsd.com>
%
In tcsh, you can `set autolist' to have the shell automatically show
all the possible matches when doing filename/directory expansion.
%
You can `set autologout = 30' to have tcsh log you off automatically
if you leave the shell idle for more than 30 minutes.
%
If you `set filec' (file completion) in tcsh and write a part of the
filename, pressing TAB will show you the available choices when there
is more than one, or complete the filename if there's only one match.
%
You can press up-arrow or down-arrow to walk through a list of
previous commands in tcsh.
%
You can disable tcsh's terminal beep if you `set nobeep'.
%
If you `set watch = (0 any any)' in tcsh, you will be notified when
someone logs in or out of your system.
%
Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%m %# '
%
Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m%# '
%
Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%~%# '
%
Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%/%# '
%
Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '[%B%m%b] %B%~%b%# '
%
Simple tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%# '
%
Red tcsh prompt for root:

  set prompt = "%{\033[1;31m%}%n@%m%{\033[0m%}:%~ # "
		-- Antonio Huete Jimenez <tuxillo@quantumachine.net>
%
If you want df(1) and other commands to display disk sizes in
kilobytes instead of 512-byte blocks, set BLOCKSIZE in your
environment to 'K'.  You can also use 'M' for Megabytes or 'G' for
Gigabytes.  If you want df(1) to automatically select the best size
then use 'df -h'.
%
To change an environment variable in tcsh you use: setenv NAME "value"
where NAME is the name of the variable and "value" its new value.
%
To change an environment variable in /bin/sh use:

	$ VARIABLE="value"
	$ export VARIABLE
%
You can use /etc/make.conf to control the options used to compile software
on this system.  Example entries are in
/etc/defaults/make.conf.
%
To do a fast search for a file, try

	 locate filename

locate uses a database that is updated every Saturday (assuming your computer
is running DragonFly BSD at the time) to quickly find files based on name only.
%
In order to search for a string in some files, use 'grep' like this:

	 grep "string" filename1 [filename2 filename3 ...]

This will print out the lines in the files that contain the string.  grep can
also do a lot more advanced searches - type 'man grep' for details.
%
You can use the 'fetch' command to retrieve files over ftp or http.

	 fetch http://www.dragonflybsd.org/

will download the front page of the DragonFly BSD web site.
%
In order to make fetch (the DragonFly BSD downloading tool) ask for
username/password when it encounter a password-protected web page, you can set
the environment variable HTTP_AUTH to 'basic:*'.
%
You can permanently set environment variables for your shell by putting them
in a startup file for the shell.  The name of the startup file varies
depending on the shell - csh and tcsh uses .login, bash, sh, ksh and zsh use
.profile.  When using bash, sh, ksh or zsh, don't forget to export the
variable.
%
If you are running xterm, the default TERM variable will be 'xterm'.  If you
set this environment variable to 'xterm-color' instead, a lot of programs will
use colors.  You can do this by

	TERM=xterm-color; export TERM

in Bourne-derived shells, and

	setenv TERM xterm-color

in csh-derived shells.
%
If you do not want to get beeps in X11 (X Windows), you can turn them off with

	xset b off
%
You can look through a file in a nice text-based interface by typing

	less filename
%
The default editor in DragonFly BSD is vi, which is efficient to use when you
have learned it, but somewhat user-unfriendly.  To use ee (an easier but less
powerful editor) instead, set the environment variable EDITOR to /usr/bin/ee
%
If you accidently end up inside vi, you can quit it by pressing Escape, colon
(:), q (q), bang (!) and pressing return.
%
You can use aliases to decrease the amount of typing you need to do to get
commands you commonly use.  Examples of fairly popular aliases include (in
bourne shell style, as in /bin/sh, bash, ksh, and zsh):

	alias lf="ls -FA"
	alias ll="ls -lA"
	alias su="su -m"

In csh or tcsh, these would be

	alias lf ls -FA
	alias ll ls -lA
	alias su su -m

To remove an alias, you can usually use 'unalias aliasname'.  To list all
aliases, you can usually type just 'alias'.
%
In order to support national characters for european languages in tools like
less without creating other nationalisation aspects, set the environment
variable LC_ALL to 'en_US.ISO8859-1'.
%
You can search for documentation on a keyword by typing

	apropos keyword
%
Man pages are divided into section depending on topic.  There are 9 different
sections numbered from 1 (General Commands) to 9 (Kernel Developer's Manual).
You can get an introduction to each topic by typing

	man <number> intro

In other words, to get the intro to general commands, type

	man 1 intro
%
DragonFly BSD is started up by the program 'init'.  The first thing init does
when starting multiuser mode (ie, starting the computer up for normal use) is
to run the shell script /etc/rc.  By reading /etc/rc, you can learn a lot about
how the system is put together, which again will make you more confident about
what happens when you do something with it.
%
If you want to play CDs with DragonFly BSD, a utility for this is already
included.  Type 'cdcontrol' then 'help' to learn more.  (You may need to set
the CDROM environment variable in order to make cdcontrol want to start.)
%
If you have a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can make the CD-ROM that is
presently inserted available by typing 'mount /cdrom' as root.   The CD-ROM
will be available under /cdrom/.  Remember to do 'umount /cdrom' before
removing the CD-ROM (it will usually not be possible to remove the CD-ROM
without doing this.)

Note: This tip may not work in all configurations.
%
You can install extra packages for DragonFly BSD by using the pkgsrc system.
If you have installed it, you can download, compile, and install software by
just typing

	# cd /usr/pkgsrc/<category>/<package name>
	# bmake install clean

as root.   The pkgsrc infrastructure will download the software, change it so
it works on DragonFly BSD, compile it, install it, register the installation
so it will be possible to automatically uninstall it, and clean out the
temporary working space it used.  You can remove an installed package you
decide you do not want after all by typing

	# cd /usr/pkgsrc/<category>/<package name>
	# bmake deinstall

as root.
%
Nice bash prompt: PS1='(\[$(tput md)\]\t <\w>\[$(tput me)\]) $(echo $?) \$ '
		-- Mathieu <mathieu@hal.interactionvirtuelle.com>
%
To see the output from when your computer started, run dmesg(8).  If it has
been replaced with other messages, look at /var/run/dmesg.boot.
		-- Francisco Reyes <lists@natserv.com>
%
You can use "whereis" to locate standard binary, manual page and source
directories for the specified programs.  This can be particularly handy
when you are trying to find where in the pkgsrc tree an application is.

Try "whereis netscape" and "whereis whereis".
		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
%
You can press Ctrl-D to quickly exit from a shell, or logout from a
login shell.
		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
%
You can use "pkg_info" to see a list of packages you have installed.
		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
%
You can change the video mode on all consoles by adding something like
the following to /etc/rc.conf:

	allscreens="80x30"

You can use "vidcontrol -i mode | grep T" for a list of supported text
modes.
		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
%
Any user that is a member of the wheel group can use "su -" to simulate
a root login.  You can add a user to the wheel group by editing /etc/group.
		-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
%
Over quota?  "du -s * | sort -n " will give you a sorted list of your
directory sizes.
		-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
%
Handy bash(1) prompt:   PS1="\u@\h \w \!$ "
	-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
%
Ever wonder what those numbers after command names were, as in cat(1)?  It's
the section of the manual the man page is in.  "man man" will tell you more.
		-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
%
"man hier" explains the layout of DragonFly BSD filesystems.
%
"man tuning" has tips on how to improve DragonFly BSD performance.
%
"man firewall" has basic instructions for creating a DragonFly BSD firewall.
%
You can often get answers to your questions about DragonFly BSD by searching
in the DragonFly BSD mailing list archives at

	http://lists.dragonflybsd.org/
%
You can adjust the volume of various parts of the sound system in your
computer by typing 'mixer <type> <volume>'.  To get a list of what you can
adjust, just type 'mixer'.
%
You can automatically download and install binary packages by doing

	pkg_add <URL>

where you replace <URL> with the URL to the package.  This will also
automatically install the packages the package you download is dependent on
(ie, the packages it needs in order to work.)
%
You can make a log of your terminal session with script(1).
%
"man security" gives very good advice on how to tune the security of your
DragonFly BSD system.
%
Want to see how much virtual memory you're using?  Just type "swapinfo" to
be shown information about the usage of your swap partitions.
%
pkgsrc/net/netcat package is useful not only for redirecting input/output
to TCP or UDP connections, but also for proxying them.  See inetd(8) for
details.
%
If other operating systems have damaged your Master Boot Record, you can
reinstall it with boot0cfg(8).  See "man boot0cfg" for details.
%
Need to see the calendar for this month?  Simply type "cal".  To see the
whole year, type "cal -y".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Need to quickly return to your home directory?  Type "cd".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To see the last time that you logged in, use lastlogin(8).
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To clear the screen, use "clear".  To re-display your screen buffer, press
the scroll lock key and use your page up button.  When you're finished,
press the scroll lock key again to get your prompt back.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To save disk space in your home directory, compress files you rarely
use with "gzip filename".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To read a compressed file without having to first uncompress it, use
"zcat" or "zmore" to view it.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To see how much disk space is left on your partitions, use

	df -h
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To see the 10 largest files on a directory or partition, use

	du /partition_or_directory_name | sort -rn | head
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To determine whether a file is a text file, executable, or some other type
of file, use

	file filename
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Time to change your password?  Type "passwd" and follow the prompts.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Want to know how many words, lines, or bytes are contained in a file?  Type
"wc filename".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Need to print a manpage?  Use

	man name_of_manpage | col -bx | lpr
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Need to remove all those ^M characters from a DOS file?  Try

	col -bx < dosfile > newfile
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Forget what directory you are in?  Type "pwd".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
If you are in the C shell and have just installed a new program, you won't
be able to run it unless you first type "rehash".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Need to leave your terminal for a few minutes and don't want to logout?
Use "lock -p".  When you return, use your password as the key to unlock the
terminal.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Need to find the location of a program?  Use "locate program_name".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Forget how to spell a word or a variation of a word?  Use

	look portion_of_word_you_know
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To see the last 10 lines of a long file, use "tail filename".  To see the
first 10 lines, use "head filename".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To see how long it takes a command to run, type the word "time" before the
command name.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To quickly create an empty file, use "touch filename".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To find out the hostname associated with an IP address, use

	drill -x IP_address
		-- luxh
%
If you use the C shell, add the following line to the .cshrc file in your
home directory to prevent core files from being written to disk:

	limit coredumpsize 0
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type "leave +hhmm" where
"hhmm" represents in how many hours and minutes you need to leave.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Need to do a search in a manpage or in a file you've sent to a pager?  Use
"/search_word".  To repeat the same search, type "n" for next.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Forget when Easter is?  Try "ncal -e".  If you need the date for Orthodox
Easter, use "ncal -o" instead.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Need to see your routing table?  Type "netstat -rn".  The entry with the G
flag is your gateway.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Need to see which daemons are listening for connection requests?  Use
"sockstat -4l" for IPv4, and "sockstat -l" for IPv4 and IPv6.
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Can't remember if you've installed a certain package or not?  Try "pkg_info |
grep package_name".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Got some time to kill?  Try typing "hangman".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To erase a line you've written at the command prompt, use "Ctrl-U".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To repeat the last command in the C shell, type "!!".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
Need to quickly empty a file?  Use "echo > filename".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To see all directories on a DragonFly BSD system, type

	ls -R / | more
%
To see the IP addresses currently set on your active interfaces, type
"ifconfig -u".
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
To see the MAC addresses of the NICs on your system, type

	ifconfig -a
		-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
%
You can save your kernel startup configuration with kget(8).  The
configuration can be edited at boot time with 'boot -c' command in loader.
See boot(8), loader(8) for details.
%
You can open up a new split-screen window in (n)vi with :N or :E and then
use ^w to switch between the two.
%
sh (the default bourne shell in DragonFly BSD) supports command-line editing.
Just ``set -o emacs'' or ``set -o vi'' to enable it.
%
When you've made modifications to a file in vi(1) and then find that
you can't write it, type ``<ESC>!rm -f %'' then ``:w!'' to force the
write

This won't work if you don't have write permissions to the directory
and probably won't be suitable if you're editing through a symbolic link.
%
If you want to quickly check for duplicate package/port installations,
try the following pkg_info command.

	pkg_info | sort | sed -e 's/-[0-9].*$//' | \
	uniq -c | grep -v '^[[:space:]]*1'
%
Want to use sed(1) to edit a file in place?  Well, to replace every 'e' with
an 'o', in a file named 'foo', you can do:

	sed -i.bak s/e/o/g foo

And you'll get a backup of the original in a file named 'foo.bak', but if you
want no backup:

	sed -i '' s/e/o/g foo
%
You can automatically install binary packages from a random DragonFly BSD
mirror with the following command:

	pkg_radd <package>

This command also takes care about possible dependencies.  See the man page
for further information.
%
By default pkg_radd(1) downloads all packages from a random DragonFly BSD mirror.
To use a particular mirror set the BINPKG_SITES environment variable
accordingly.

Example:

	setenv BINPKG_SITES ftp://<mirror>/pub/DragonFly/packages

or if you use a bourne compatible shell:

	export BINPKG_SITES=ftp://<mirror>/pub/DragonFly/packages

%
If you want to search for a particular package, use pkg_search(1):

	pkg_search <package>

If you do not have a pkgsrc tree installed, pkg_search(1) will automatically
fetch a list of available binary packages for you.
%
To get a detailed description of a particular pkgsrc package:

	pkg_search -s <package>

Note: You need a full installation of the pkgsrc tree to make this work.
%
Getting the latest pkgsrc tree in DragonFly BSD is fairly simple:

	cd /usr
	make pkgsrc-create

If you want to update your pkgsrc installation issue:

	cd /usr
	make pkgsrc-update
%
To download the DragonFly BSD git repository into /usr/src, issue:

	cd /usr
	make src-create

To update the DragonFly BSD git repository in /usr/src, issue:

	cd /usr
	make src-update
%
After enabling a service in rc.conf(5), you can use the rc* commands to
start/stop/reload the service.  If you e.g. enabled dntpd(8) in /etc/rc.conf
you can start it with:

	rcstart dntpd

To stop it:

	rcstop dntpd

All available commands are listed in rcrun(8).
%
If you look for a small Mail Transfer Agent suited for home and office
use, have a look at the DragonFly Mail Agent (dma):

	man dma
%
dntpd(8) synchronizes your local system clock to one or more external NTP time
sources.  To enable dntpd add the following line to your /etc/rc.conf:

	dntpd_enable="YES"

To start the daemon type:

	rcstart dntpd
%
DragonFly BSD supports variant symlinks.  To get more information about this
topic see varsym(1) and varsym(2).  You will have to enable varsyms by
executing "sysctl vfs.enable_varsym=1", to make it permanent put it in
/etc/sysctl.conf.  If you would like permanent varsyms, add varsym_enable=YES
to /etc/rc.conf and put varsym assignments in /etc/varsym.conf.
%
"man build" gives very good advice on how to build the DragonFly BSD system.
%
Use wmake(1) to build any element within the DragonFly BSD source tree using
a buildworld environment.  The wmake utility will accept all options and
arguments that make(1) accepts.
%
If you would like easy access to your files as they looked yesterday, or a
month ago, try the HAMMER file system.  See "man HAMMER" for more details.
Historical file contents is typically accessed via snapshots, typically
/var/hammer/root/snap-<date>-<time>, for your root file system.
If you use HAMMER PFSs, then each one will have its own directory as
/var/hammer/<PFS>/snap-<date>-<time>.
%
Using HAMMER PFSs you can define history retention policy per directory tree.
For example, if /home/userA and /home/userB are two PFSs, you can configure that
history is saved 90 days for /home/userA and 30 days for /home/userB.  If at
some point many big changes are made, and you would like to recover some of the
space that the history occupies, you can delete history selectively on a per PFS
basis.  For example history can be deleted for /home/userA so it only covers 14
days, or granularity can be changed to one week from default of one day.  Both
without changing amount of history saved for /home/userB.  See "man HAMMER" for
details.
%
For an example of setting up a HAMMER file system, see
/usr/share/examples/rconfig/hammer.sh.  See also "man HAMMER".
%
HAMMER file systems can be efficiently replicated to another system, replication
includes history, so you can access snapshots on the replica.  Just make a PFS
for the directory, SRC, you would like to replicate, and use:

	hammer mirror-copy SRC DEST

DEST can be created on the fly, it must be a slave PFS, and will be read-only.
See "man HAMMER" for details.
%
Moo