xref: /dragonfly/sbin/dump/main.c (revision 2cd2d2b5)
1 /*-
2  * Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993, 1994
3  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
4  *
5  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7  * are met:
8  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
14  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
15  *	This product includes software developed by the University of
16  *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
17  * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
18  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
19  *    without specific prior written permission.
20  *
21  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
22  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
23  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
24  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
25  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
26  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
27  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
28  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
29  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
30  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
31  * SUCH DAMAGE.
32  *
33  * @(#) Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
34  * @(#)main.c	8.6 (Berkeley) 5/1/95
35  * $FreeBSD: src/sbin/dump/main.c,v 1.20.2.9 2003/01/25 18:54:59 dillon Exp $
36  * $DragonFly: src/sbin/dump/main.c,v 1.7 2004/08/30 19:27:21 eirikn Exp $
37  */
38 
39 #include <sys/param.h>
40 #include <sys/stat.h>
41 #include <sys/time.h>
42 #ifdef sunos
43 #include <sys/vnode.h>
44 
45 #include <ufs/inode.h>
46 #include <ufs/fs.h>
47 #else
48 #include <vfs/ufs/dinode.h>
49 #include <vfs/ufs/fs.h>
50 #endif
51 
52 #include <protocols/dumprestore.h>
53 
54 #include <ctype.h>
55 #include <err.h>
56 #include <fcntl.h>
57 #include <fstab.h>
58 #include <signal.h>
59 #include <stdio.h>
60 #include <stdlib.h>
61 #include <string.h>
62 #include <unistd.h>
63 
64 #include "dump.h"
65 #include "pathnames.h"
66 
67 #ifndef SBOFF
68 #define SBOFF (SBLOCK * DEV_BSIZE)
69 #endif
70 
71 int	notify = 0;	/* notify operator flag */
72 int	blockswritten = 0;	/* number of blocks written on current tape */
73 int	tapeno = 0;	/* current tape number */
74 int	density = 0;	/* density in bytes/0.1" " <- this is for hilit19 */
75 int	ntrec = NTREC;	/* # tape blocks in each tape record */
76 int	cartridge = 0;	/* Assume non-cartridge tape */
77 int	dokerberos = 0;	/* Use Kerberos authentication */
78 int	cachesize = 0;	/* block cache size (in bytes) */
79 long	dev_bsize = 1;	/* recalculated below */
80 long	blocksperfile;	/* output blocks per file */
81 char	*host = NULL;	/* remote host (if any) */
82 
83 static long numarg(char *, long, long);
84 static void obsolete(int *, char **[]);
85 static void usage(void);
86 
87 int
88 main(int argc, char **argv)
89 {
90 	struct stat sb;
91 	register ino_t ino;
92 	register int dirty;
93 	register struct dinode *dp;
94 	register struct	fstab *dt;
95 	register char *map;
96 	register int ch;
97 	int i, anydirskipped, bflag = 0, Tflag = 0, honorlevel = 1;
98 	int just_estimate = 0;
99 	ino_t maxino;
100 
101 	spcl.c_date = 0;
102 	(void)time((time_t *)&spcl.c_date);
103 
104 	tsize = 0;	/* Default later, based on 'c' option for cart tapes */
105 	if ((tape = getenv("TAPE")) == NULL)
106 		tape = _PATH_DEFTAPE;
107 	dumpdates = _PATH_DUMPDATES;
108 	temp = _PATH_DTMP;
109 	if (TP_BSIZE / DEV_BSIZE == 0 || TP_BSIZE % DEV_BSIZE != 0)
110 		quit("TP_BSIZE must be a multiple of DEV_BSIZE\n");
111 	level = '0';
112 
113 	if (argc < 2)
114 		usage();
115 
116 	obsolete(&argc, &argv);
117 #ifdef KERBEROS
118 #define optstring "0123456789aB:b:cd:f:h:kns:ST:uWwD:C:"
119 #else
120 #define optstring "0123456789aB:b:cd:f:h:ns:ST:uWwD:C:"
121 #endif
122 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, optstring)) != -1)
123 #undef optstring
124 		switch (ch) {
125 		/* dump level */
126 		case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
127 		case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
128 			level = ch;
129 			break;
130 
131 		case 'a':		/* `auto-size', Write to EOM. */
132 			unlimited = 1;
133 			break;
134 
135 		case 'B':		/* blocks per output file */
136 			blocksperfile = numarg("number of blocks per file",
137 			    1L, 0L);
138 			break;
139 
140 		case 'b':		/* blocks per tape write */
141 			ntrec = numarg("number of blocks per write",
142 			    1L, 1000L);
143 			break;
144 
145 		case 'c':		/* Tape is cart. not 9-track */
146 			cartridge = 1;
147 			break;
148 
149 		case 'd':		/* density, in bits per inch */
150 			density = numarg("density", 10L, 327670L) / 10;
151 			if (density >= 625 && !bflag)
152 				ntrec = HIGHDENSITYTREC;
153 			break;
154 
155 		case 'f':		/* output file */
156 			tape = optarg;
157 			break;
158 
159 		case 'D':
160 			dumpdates = optarg;
161 			break;
162 
163 		case 'C':
164 			cachesize = numarg("cachesize", 0, 0) * 1024 * 1024;
165 			break;
166 
167 		case 'h':
168 			honorlevel = numarg("honor level", 0L, 10L);
169 			break;
170 
171 #ifdef KERBEROS
172 		case 'k':
173 			dokerberos = 1;
174 			break;
175 #endif
176 
177 		case 'n':		/* notify operators */
178 			notify = 1;
179 			break;
180 
181 		case 's':		/* tape size, feet */
182 			tsize = numarg("tape size", 1L, 0L) * 12 * 10;
183 			break;
184 
185 		case 'S':               /* exit after estimating # of tapes */
186 			just_estimate = 1;
187 			break;
188 
189 		case 'T':		/* time of last dump */
190 			spcl.c_ddate = unctime(optarg);
191 			if (spcl.c_ddate < 0) {
192 				(void)fprintf(stderr, "bad time \"%s\"\n",
193 				    optarg);
194 				exit(X_STARTUP);
195 			}
196 			Tflag = 1;
197 			lastlevel = '?';
198 			break;
199 
200 		case 'u':		/* update /etc/dumpdates */
201 			uflag = 1;
202 			break;
203 
204 		case 'W':		/* what to do */
205 		case 'w':
206 			lastdump(ch);
207 			exit(X_FINOK);	/* do nothing else */
208 
209 		default:
210 			usage();
211 		}
212 	argc -= optind;
213 	argv += optind;
214 
215 	if (argc < 1) {
216 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "Must specify disk or filesystem\n");
217 		exit(X_STARTUP);
218 	}
219 	disk = *argv++;
220 	argc--;
221 	if (argc >= 1) {
222 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "Unknown arguments to dump:");
223 		while (argc--)
224 			(void)fprintf(stderr, " %s", *argv++);
225 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "\n");
226 		exit(X_STARTUP);
227 	}
228 	if (Tflag && uflag) {
229 	        (void)fprintf(stderr,
230 		    "You cannot use the T and u flags together.\n");
231 		exit(X_STARTUP);
232 	}
233 	if (strcmp(tape, "-") == 0) {
234 		pipeout++;
235 		tape = "standard output";
236 	}
237 
238 	if (blocksperfile)
239 		blocksperfile = blocksperfile / ntrec * ntrec; /* round down */
240 	else if (!unlimited) {
241 		/*
242 		 * Determine how to default tape size and density
243 		 *
244 		 *         	density				tape size
245 		 * 9-track	1600 bpi (160 bytes/.1")	2300 ft.
246 		 * 9-track	6250 bpi (625 bytes/.1")	2300 ft.
247 		 * cartridge	8000 bpi (100 bytes/.1")	1700 ft.
248 		 *						(450*4 - slop)
249 		 * hilit19 hits again: "
250 		 */
251 		if (density == 0)
252 			density = cartridge ? 100 : 160;
253 		if (tsize == 0)
254 			tsize = cartridge ? 1700L*120L : 2300L*120L;
255 	}
256 
257 	if (strchr(tape, ':')) {
258 		host = tape;
259 		tape = strchr(host, ':');
260 		*tape++ = '\0';
261 #ifdef RDUMP
262 		if (strchr(tape, '\n')) {
263 		    (void)fprintf(stderr, "invalid characters in tape\n");
264 		    exit(X_STARTUP);
265 		}
266 		if (rmthost(host) == 0)
267 			exit(X_STARTUP);
268 #else
269 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "remote dump not enabled\n");
270 		exit(X_STARTUP);
271 #endif
272 	}
273 	(void)setuid(getuid()); /* rmthost() is the only reason to be setuid */
274 
275 	if (signal(SIGHUP, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
276 		signal(SIGHUP, sig);
277 	if (signal(SIGTRAP, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
278 		signal(SIGTRAP, sig);
279 	if (signal(SIGFPE, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
280 		signal(SIGFPE, sig);
281 	if (signal(SIGBUS, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
282 		signal(SIGBUS, sig);
283 	if (signal(SIGSEGV, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
284 		signal(SIGSEGV, sig);
285 	if (signal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
286 		signal(SIGTERM, sig);
287 	if (signal(SIGINT, interrupt) == SIG_IGN)
288 		signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
289 
290 	getfstab();		/* /etc/fstab snarfed */
291 	/*
292 	 *	disk can be either the full special file name,
293 	 *	the suffix of the special file name,
294 	 *	the special name missing the leading '/',
295 	 *	the file system name with or without the leading '/'.
296 	 */
297 	dt = fstabsearch(disk);
298 	if (dt != NULL) {
299 		disk = rawname(dt->fs_spec);
300 		(void)strncpy(spcl.c_dev, dt->fs_spec, NAMELEN);
301 		(void)strncpy(spcl.c_filesys, dt->fs_file, NAMELEN);
302 	} else {
303 		(void)strncpy(spcl.c_dev, disk, NAMELEN);
304 		(void)strncpy(spcl.c_filesys, "an unlisted file system",
305 		    NAMELEN);
306 	}
307 	spcl.c_dev[NAMELEN-1]='\0';
308 	spcl.c_filesys[NAMELEN-1]='\0';
309 	(void)strcpy(spcl.c_label, "none");
310 	(void)gethostname(spcl.c_host, NAMELEN);
311 	spcl.c_level = level - '0';
312 	spcl.c_type = TS_TAPE;
313 	if (!Tflag)
314 	        getdumptime();		/* /etc/dumpdates snarfed */
315 
316 	msg("Date of this level %c dump: %s", level,
317 		spcl.c_date == 0 ? "the epoch\n" : ctime(&spcl.c_date));
318  	msg("Date of last level %c dump: %s", lastlevel,
319 		spcl.c_ddate == 0 ? "the epoch\n" : ctime(&spcl.c_ddate));
320 	msg("Dumping %s ", disk);
321 	if (dt != NULL)
322 		msgtail("(%s) ", dt->fs_file);
323 	if (host)
324 		msgtail("to %s on host %s\n", tape, host);
325 	else
326 		msgtail("to %s\n", tape);
327 
328 	if ((diskfd = open(disk, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
329 		err(X_STARTUP, "Cannot open %s", disk);
330 	if (fstat(diskfd, &sb) != 0)
331 		err(X_STARTUP, "%s: stat", disk);
332 	if (S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode))
333 		errx(X_STARTUP, "%s: unknown file system", disk);
334 	sync();
335 	sblock = (struct fs *)sblock_buf;
336 	bread(SBOFF, (char *) sblock, SBSIZE);
337 	if (sblock->fs_magic != FS_MAGIC)
338 		quit("bad sblock magic number\n");
339 	dev_bsize = sblock->fs_fsize / fsbtodb(sblock, 1);
340 	dev_bshift = ffs(dev_bsize) - 1;
341 	if (dev_bsize != (1 << dev_bshift))
342 		quit("dev_bsize (%ld) is not a power of 2", dev_bsize);
343 	tp_bshift = ffs(TP_BSIZE) - 1;
344 	if (TP_BSIZE != (1 << tp_bshift))
345 		quit("TP_BSIZE (%d) is not a power of 2", TP_BSIZE);
346 #ifdef FS_44INODEFMT
347 	if (sblock->fs_inodefmt >= FS_44INODEFMT)
348 		spcl.c_flags |= DR_NEWINODEFMT;
349 #endif
350 	maxino = sblock->fs_ipg * sblock->fs_ncg;
351 	mapsize = roundup(howmany(maxino, NBBY), TP_BSIZE);
352 	usedinomap = (char *)calloc((unsigned) mapsize, sizeof(char));
353 	dumpdirmap = (char *)calloc((unsigned) mapsize, sizeof(char));
354 	dumpinomap = (char *)calloc((unsigned) mapsize, sizeof(char));
355 	tapesize = 3 * (howmany(mapsize * sizeof(char), TP_BSIZE) + 1);
356 
357 	nonodump = spcl.c_level < honorlevel;
358 
359 	passno = 1;
360 	setproctitle("%s: pass 1: regular files", disk);
361 	msg("mapping (Pass I) [regular files]\n");
362 	anydirskipped = mapfiles(maxino, &tapesize);
363 
364 	passno = 2;
365 	setproctitle("%s: pass 2: directories", disk);
366 	msg("mapping (Pass II) [directories]\n");
367 	while (anydirskipped) {
368 		anydirskipped = mapdirs(maxino, &tapesize);
369 	}
370 
371 	if (pipeout || unlimited) {
372 		tapesize += 10;	/* 10 trailer blocks */
373 		msg("estimated %ld tape blocks.\n", tapesize);
374 	} else {
375 		double fetapes;
376 
377 		if (blocksperfile)
378 			fetapes = (double) tapesize / blocksperfile;
379 		else if (cartridge) {
380 			/* Estimate number of tapes, assuming streaming stops at
381 			   the end of each block written, and not in mid-block.
382 			   Assume no erroneous blocks; this can be compensated
383 			   for with an artificially low tape size. */
384 			fetapes =
385 			(	  (double) tapesize	/* blocks */
386 				* TP_BSIZE	/* bytes/block */
387 				* (1.0/density)	/* 0.1" / byte " */
388 			  +
389 				  (double) tapesize	/* blocks */
390 				* (1.0/ntrec)	/* streaming-stops per block */
391 				* 15.48		/* 0.1" / streaming-stop " */
392 			) * (1.0 / tsize );	/* tape / 0.1" " */
393 		} else {
394 			/* Estimate number of tapes, for old fashioned 9-track
395 			   tape */
396 			int tenthsperirg = (density == 625) ? 3 : 7;
397 			fetapes =
398 			(	  (double) tapesize	/* blocks */
399 				* TP_BSIZE	/* bytes / block */
400 				* (1.0/density)	/* 0.1" / byte " */
401 			  +
402 				  (double) tapesize	/* blocks */
403 				* (1.0/ntrec)	/* IRG's / block */
404 				* tenthsperirg	/* 0.1" / IRG " */
405 			) * (1.0 / tsize );	/* tape / 0.1" " */
406 		}
407 		etapes = fetapes;		/* truncating assignment */
408 		etapes++;
409 		/* count the dumped inodes map on each additional tape */
410 		tapesize += (etapes - 1) *
411 			(howmany(mapsize * sizeof(char), TP_BSIZE) + 1);
412 		tapesize += etapes + 10;	/* headers + 10 trailer blks */
413 		msg("estimated %ld tape blocks on %3.2f tape(s).\n",
414 		    tapesize, fetapes);
415 	}
416 
417         /*
418          * If the user only wants an estimate of the number of
419          * tapes, exit now.
420          */
421         if (just_estimate)
422                 exit(0);
423 
424 	/*
425 	 * Allocate tape buffer.
426 	 */
427 	if (!alloctape())
428 		quit(
429 	"can't allocate tape buffers - try a smaller blocking factor.\n");
430 
431 	startnewtape(1);
432 	(void)time((time_t *)&(tstart_writing));
433 	dumpmap(usedinomap, TS_CLRI, maxino - 1);
434 
435 	passno = 3;
436 	setproctitle("%s: pass 3: directories", disk);
437 	msg("dumping (Pass III) [directories]\n");
438 	dirty = 0;		/* XXX just to get gcc to shut up */
439 	for (map = dumpdirmap, ino = 1; ino < maxino; ino++) {
440 		if (((ino - 1) % NBBY) == 0)	/* map is offset by 1 */
441 			dirty = *map++;
442 		else
443 			dirty >>= 1;
444 		if ((dirty & 1) == 0)
445 			continue;
446 		/*
447 		 * Skip directory inodes deleted and maybe reallocated
448 		 */
449 		dp = getino(ino);
450 		if ((dp->di_mode & IFMT) != IFDIR)
451 			continue;
452 		(void)dumpino(dp, ino);
453 	}
454 
455 	passno = 4;
456 	setproctitle("%s: pass 4: regular files", disk);
457 	msg("dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]\n");
458 	for (map = dumpinomap, ino = 1; ino < maxino; ino++) {
459 		int mode;
460 
461 		if (((ino - 1) % NBBY) == 0)	/* map is offset by 1 */
462 			dirty = *map++;
463 		else
464 			dirty >>= 1;
465 		if ((dirty & 1) == 0)
466 			continue;
467 		/*
468 		 * Skip inodes deleted and reallocated as directories.
469 		 */
470 		dp = getino(ino);
471 		mode = dp->di_mode & IFMT;
472 		if (mode == IFDIR)
473 			continue;
474 		(void)dumpino(dp, ino);
475 	}
476 
477 	time(&tend_writing);
478 	spcl.c_type = TS_END;
479 	for (i = 0; i < ntrec; i++)
480 		writeheader(maxino - 1);
481 	if (pipeout)
482 		msg("DUMP: %ld tape blocks\n", (long)spcl.c_tapea);
483 	else
484 		msg("DUMP: %ld tape blocks on %d volume%s\n",
485 		    (long)spcl.c_tapea, spcl.c_volume,
486 		    (spcl.c_volume == 1) ? "" : "s");
487 
488 	/* report dump performance, avoid division through zero */
489 	if (tend_writing - tstart_writing == 0)
490 		msg("finished in less than a second\n");
491 	else
492 		msg("finished in %ld seconds, throughput %ld KBytes/sec\n",
493 		    (long)(tend_writing - tstart_writing),
494 		    spcl.c_tapea / (tend_writing - tstart_writing));
495 
496 	putdumptime();
497 	trewind();
498 	broadcast("DUMP IS DONE!\a\a\n");
499 	msg("DUMP IS DONE\n");
500 	Exit(X_FINOK);
501 	/* NOTREACHED */
502 }
503 
504 static void
505 usage(void)
506 {
507 	fprintf(stderr,
508 		"usage: dump [-0123456789ac"
509 #ifdef KERBEROS
510 		"k"
511 #endif
512 		"nSu] [-B records] [-b blocksize] [-D dumpdates]\n"
513 		"            [-d density] [-f file ] [-h level] [-s feet]\n"
514 		"            [-T date] [-C cachesizeMB] filesystem\n"
515 		"       dump [-W | -w]\n");
516 	exit(X_STARTUP);
517 }
518 
519 /*
520  * Pick up a numeric argument.  It must be nonnegative and in the given
521  * range (except that a vmax of 0 means unlimited).
522  */
523 static long
524 numarg(char *meaning, long vmin, long vmax)
525 {
526 	char *p;
527 	long val;
528 
529 	val = strtol(optarg, &p, 10);
530 	if (*p)
531 		errx(1, "illegal %s -- %s", meaning, optarg);
532 	if (val < vmin || (vmax && val > vmax))
533 		errx(1, "%s must be between %ld and %ld", meaning, vmin, vmax);
534 	return (val);
535 }
536 
537 void
538 sig(int signo)
539 {
540 	switch(signo) {
541 	case SIGALRM:
542 	case SIGBUS:
543 	case SIGFPE:
544 	case SIGHUP:
545 	case SIGTERM:
546 	case SIGTRAP:
547 		if (pipeout)
548 			quit("Signal on pipe: cannot recover\n");
549 		msg("Rewriting attempted as response to unknown signal.\n");
550 		(void)fflush(stderr);
551 		(void)fflush(stdout);
552 		close_rewind();
553 		exit(X_REWRITE);
554 		/* NOTREACHED */
555 	case SIGSEGV:
556 		msg("SIGSEGV: ABORTING!\n");
557 		(void)signal(SIGSEGV, SIG_DFL);
558 		(void)kill(0, SIGSEGV);
559 		/* NOTREACHED */
560 	}
561 }
562 
563 char *
564 rawname(char *cp)
565 {
566 	static char rawbuf[MAXPATHLEN];
567 	char *dp;
568 	struct stat sb;
569 
570 	if (stat(cp, &sb) == 0) {
571 		/*
572 		 * If the name already refers to a raw device, return
573 		 * it immediately without tampering.
574 		 */
575 		if ((sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFCHR)
576 			return (cp);
577 	}
578 
579 	dp = strrchr(cp, '/');
580 
581 	if (dp == NULL)
582 		return (NULL);
583 	*dp = '\0';
584 	(void)strncpy(rawbuf, cp, MAXPATHLEN - 1);
585 	rawbuf[MAXPATHLEN-1] = '\0';
586 	*dp = '/';
587 	(void)strncat(rawbuf, "/r", MAXPATHLEN - 1 - strlen(rawbuf));
588 	(void)strncat(rawbuf, dp + 1, MAXPATHLEN - 1 - strlen(rawbuf));
589 	return (rawbuf);
590 }
591 
592 /*
593  * obsolete --
594  *	Change set of key letters and ordered arguments into something
595  *	getopt(3) will like.
596  */
597 static void
598 obsolete(int *argcp, char ***argvp)
599 {
600 	int argc, flags;
601 	char *ap, **argv, *flagsp, **nargv, *p;
602 
603 	/* Setup. */
604 	argv = *argvp;
605 	argc = *argcp;
606 
607 	/* Return if no arguments or first argument has leading dash. */
608 	ap = argv[1];
609 	if (argc == 1 || *ap == '-')
610 		return;
611 
612 	/* Allocate space for new arguments. */
613 	if ((*argvp = nargv = malloc((argc + 1) * sizeof(char *))) == NULL ||
614 	    (p = flagsp = malloc(strlen(ap) + 2)) == NULL)
615 		err(1, NULL);
616 
617 	*nargv++ = *argv;
618 	argv += 2;
619 
620 	for (flags = 0; *ap; ++ap) {
621 		switch (*ap) {
622 		case 'B':
623 		case 'b':
624 		case 'd':
625 		case 'f':
626 		case 'D':
627 		case 'C':
628 		case 'h':
629 		case 's':
630 		case 'T':
631 			if (*argv == NULL) {
632 				warnx("option requires an argument -- %c", *ap);
633 				usage();
634 			}
635 			if ((nargv[0] = malloc(strlen(*argv) + 2 + 1)) == NULL)
636 				err(1, NULL);
637 			nargv[0][0] = '-';
638 			nargv[0][1] = *ap;
639 			(void)strcpy(&nargv[0][2], *argv);
640 			++argv;
641 			++nargv;
642 			break;
643 		default:
644 			if (!flags) {
645 				*p++ = '-';
646 				flags = 1;
647 			}
648 			*p++ = *ap;
649 			break;
650 		}
651 	}
652 
653 	/* Terminate flags. */
654 	if (flags) {
655 		*p = '\0';
656 		*nargv++ = flagsp;
657 	}
658 
659 	/* Copy remaining arguments. */
660 	while ((*nargv++ = *argv++));
661 
662 	/* Update argument count. */
663 	*argcp = nargv - *argvp - 1;
664 }
665