1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" 35.Dd April 2, 2011 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 44.It Pa / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Pa /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Pa /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 52.It Pa defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.It Pa kernel 56pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 57at boot time). 58.It Pa modules/ 59loadable kernel modules; 60see 61.Xr kldstat 8 62.El 63.It Pa /dev/ 64block and character device files 65.Pp 66.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 67.It Pa fd/ 68file descriptor files; 69see 70.Xr \&fd 4 71.El 72.It Pa /etc/ 73system configuration files and scripts 74.Pp 75.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 76.It Pa bluetooth/ 77bluetooth configuration files 78.It Pa defaults/ 79default system configuration files; 80see 81.Xr rc 8 82.It Pa dma/ 83.Xr dma 8 84configuration files 85.\".It Pa firmware/ 86.\"Firmware image files; 87.\"see 88.\".Xr firmware 9 89.It Pa isdn/ 90isdn4bsd configuration files; 91see 92.Xr isdnd 8 93.It Pa localtime 94local timezone information; 95see 96.Xr ctime 3 97.It Pa mail/ 98Sendmail control files 99.It Pa mtree/ 100mtree configuration files; 101see 102.Xr mtree 8 103.It Pa pam.d/ 104configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 105library 106.It Pa periodic/ 107scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 108.Xr cron 8 ; 109see 110.Xr periodic 8 111.It Pa ppp/ 112ppp configuration files; 113see 114.Xr ppp 8 115.It Pa rc.d/ 116System and daemon startup/control scripts; 117see 118.Xr rc 8 119.It Pa ssh/ 120OpenSSH configuration files; 121see 122.Xr ssh 1 123.It Pa ssl/ 124OpenSSL configuration files 125.It Pa upgrade/ 126Files relevant to system upgrades 127.It Pa uucp/ 128uucp configuration files; 129see 130.Xr uucp 1 131.El 132.It Pa /home/ 133HOME directories of non-root users 134.It Pa /mnt/ 135empty directory commonly used by 136system administrators as a temporary mount point 137.It Pa /pfs/ 138pseudo file system directory (on 139.Xr hammer 5 140root file systems) 141.It Pa /proc/ 142process file system; 143see 144.Xr procfs 5 , 145.Xr mount_procfs 8 146.It Pa /root/ 147root's HOME directory 148.It Pa /sbin/ 149system programs and administration utilities 150fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 151.It Pa /sys/ 152the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 153.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 154.It Pa /tmp/ 155temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 156.It Pa /usr/ 157contains the majority of user utilities and applications 158.Pp 159.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 160.It Pa bin/ 161common utilities, programming tools, and applications 162.It Pa games/ 163useful and semi-frivolous programs 164.It Pa include/ 165standard C include files 166.Pp 167.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact 168.It Pa arpa/ 169C include files for Internet service protocols 170.It Pa c++/ 171C++ include files 172.It Pa cam/ 173C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 174.Pp 175.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 176.It Pa scsi/ 177The SCSI device on top of CAM 178.El 179.Pp 180.It Pa dev/ 181C include files for programming various 182.Dx 183devices 184.It Pa emulation/ 185Include Files for various emulation layers 186.It Pa fs/ 187.Pp 188.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 189.It Pa smbfs/ 190SMB/CIFS filesystem 191.El 192.Pp 193.It Pa isofs/ 194.Pp 195.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 196.It Pa cd9660/ 197iso9660 filesystem 198.El 199.Pp 200.It Pa libmilter/ 201C include files for libmilter, 202the sendmail mail filter API 203.It Pa libprop/ 204C include files for libprop 205.It Pa machine/ 206machine-specific C include files 207.It Pa msdosfs/ 208MS-DOS file system 209.It Pa net/ 210misc network C include files 211.It Pa netatalk/ 212Appletalk protocol 213.It Pa netatm/ 214ATM include files; 215see 216.Xr atm 8 217.It Pa netinet/ 218C include files for Internet standard protocols; 219see 220.Xr inet 4 221.It Pa netinet6/ 222C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 223see 224.Xr inet6 4 225.It Pa netipx/ 226IPX/SPX protocol stacks 227.It Pa netkey/ 228kernel key-management service 229.It Pa netnatm/ 230NATM include files; 231see 232.Xr natm 4 233.It Pa netsmb/ 234SMB/CIFS requester 235.It Pa nfs/ 236C include files for NFS (Network File System) 237.It Pa objc/ 238Objective C include files 239.It Pa openssl/ 240OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 241.It Pa pcap/ 242Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 243see 244.Xr pcap 3 245.It Pa pccard/ 246PC-CARD controllers 247.It Pa protocols/ 248C include files for Berkeley service protocols 249.It Pa readline/ 250get a line from a user, with editing; 251see 252.Xr readline 3 253.It Pa rpc/ 254remote procedure calls; 255see 256.Xr rpc 3 257.It Pa rpcsvc/ 258definition of RPC service structures; see 259.Xr rpc 3 260.It Pa security/ 261PAM; see 262.Xr pam 8 263.It Pa sys/ 264system C include files (kernel data structures) 265.It Pa ufs/ 266C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 267.Pp 268.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 269.It Pa ffs/ 270Fast filesystem 271.It Pa mfs/ 272memory file system; 273see 274.Xr mount_mfs 8 275.It Pa ufs/ 276UFS filesystem 277.El 278.Pp 279.It Pa vm/ 280virtual memory; 281see 282.Xr vmstat 8 283.El 284.Pp 285.It Pa lib/ 286archive libraries 287.Pp 288.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 289.It Pa aout/ 290a.out archive libraries 291.It Pa compat/ 292shared libraries for compatibility 293.Pp 294.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 295.It Pa aout/ 296a.out backward compatibility libraries 297.El 298.It Pa engines/ 299OpenSSL dynamic engines 300.El 301.Pp 302.It Pa libdata/ 303misc. utility data files 304.Pp 305.Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact 306.It Pa doscmd/ 307files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 308see 309.Xr doscmd 1 310.Pp 311.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact 312.It Pa fonts/ 313fonts used by doscmd 314.El 315.Pp 316.It Pa lint/ 317various prebuilt lint libraries; 318see 319.Xr lint 1 320.It Pa stallion/ 321holds the download firmware images 322.El 323.Pp 324.It Pa libexec/ 325system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 326.Pp 327.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils220/" -compact 328.It Pa binutils220/ 329.Pp 330.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 331.It Pa ldscripts/ 332linker scripts; 333see 334.Xr ld 1 335.El 336.Pp 337.It Pa binutils221/ 338.Pp 339.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 340.It Pa ldscripts/ 341linker scripts; 342see 343.Xr ld 1 344.El 345.Pp 346.It Pa lpr/ 347utilities and filters for LP print system; 348see 349.Xr lpr 1 350.It Pa sendmail/ 351the sendmail binary; 352see 353.Xr mailwrapper 8 354and 355.Xr sendmail 8 356.It Pa sm.bin/ 357restricted shell for sendmail; 358see 359.Xr smrsh 8 360.It Pa uucp/ 361uucp utilities; 362see 363.Xr uucp 1 364.El 365.Pp 366.It Pa local/ 367local executables, libraries, etc. 368Within 369.Pa local/ , 370the general layout sketched out by 371.Xr hier 7 372for 373.Pa /usr 374should be used. 375Exceptions are the 376.Pa man/ 377directory (directly under 378.Pa local/ 379rather than under 380.Pa local/share/ ) , 381documentation (in 382.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 383and 384.Pa /usr/local/etc 385.Pf ( mimics 386.Pa /etc ) . 387.It Pa obj/ 388architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 389.Pa /usr/src 390tree 391.It Pa pkg/ 392default destination directory for the 393.Xr pkgsrc 7 394collection. 395Within 396.Pa pkg/ , 397the general layout sketched out by 398.Xr hier 7 399for 400.Pa /usr 401should be used. 402Exceptions are the 403.Pa man/ 404directory (directly under 405.Pa pkg/ 406rather than under 407.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 408documentation (in 409.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 410and 411.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 412.Pf ( mimics 413.Pa /etc ) . 414.It Pa pkgsrc/ 415The 416.Xr pkgsrc 7 417collection (optional). 418.It Pa sbin/ 419system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 420.It Pa share/ 421architecture-independent files 422.Pp 423.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 424.It Pa calendar/ 425a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 426see 427.Xr calendar 1 428.It Pa dict/ 429word lists; 430see 431.Xr look 1 432.Pp 433.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 434.It Pa web2 435words from Webster's 2nd International 436.It Pa words 437common words 438.It Pa papers/ 439reference databases; 440see 441.Xr refer 1 442.El 443.Pp 444.It Pa doc/ 445miscellaneous documentation 446.Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact 447.It Pa legal/ 448License files for vendor supplied firmwares 449.El 450.Pp 451.It Pa examples/ 452various examples for users and programmers 453.It Pa games/ 454ASCII text files used by various games 455.It Pa groff_font/ 456device description file for device name 457.It Pa i18n/ 458internationalization databases; see 459.Xr iconv 3 460.It Pa info/ 461GNU Info hypertext system 462.It Pa isdn/ 463ISDN 464.It Pa libg++/ 465libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 466.It Pa locale/ 467localization files; 468see 469.Xr setlocale 3 470.It Pa man/ 471manual pages 472.It Pa me/ 473macros for use with the me macro package; 474see 475.Xr me 7 476.It Pa misc/ 477misc system-wide ASCII text files 478.Pp 479.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 480.It Pa termcap 481terminal characteristics database; 482see 483.Xr termcap 5 484.El 485.Pp 486.It Pa mk/ 487templates for make; 488see 489.Xr make 1 490.It Pa nls/ 491national language support files; 492see 493.Xr mklocale 1 494.It Pa openssl/ 495.Pp 496.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 497.It Pa man/ 498OpenSSL manual pages 499.El 500.Pp 501.It Pa sendmail/ 502sendmail configuration files; 503see 504.Xr sendmail 8 505.It Pa skel/ 506example . (dot) files for new accounts 507.It Pa syscons/ 508files used by 509.Xr syscons 4 510.Pp 511.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 512.It Pa fonts/ 513console fonts; 514see 515.Xr vidcontrol 1 516and 517.Xr vidfont 1 518.It Pa keymaps/ 519console keyboard maps; 520see 521.Xr kbdcontrol 1 522and 523.Xr kbdmap 1 524.It Pa scrnmaps/ 525console screen maps 526.El 527.Pp 528.It Pa tabset/ 529tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 530the termcap file; 531see 532.Xr termcap 5 533.It Pa tmac/ 534text processing macros; 535see 536.Xr nroff 1 537and 538.Xr troff 1 539.It Pa vi/ 540localization support and utilities for 541.Xr vi 1 542.It Pa zoneinfo/ 543timezone configuration information; 544see 545.Xr tzfile 5 546.El 547.Pp 548.It Pa src/ 549.Bx , 550third-party, and/or local source files 551.Pp 552.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 553.It Pa bin/ 554source code for files in 555.Pa /bin 556.It Pa contrib/ 557source code for contributed software 558.It Pa crypto/ 559source code for contributed cryptography software 560.It Pa etc/ 561source code for files in 562.Pa /etc 563.It Pa games/ 564source code for files in 565.Pa /usr/games 566.It Pa gnu/ 567Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 568.It Pa include/ 569source code for files in 570.Pa /usr/include 571.It Pa lib/ 572source code for files in 573.Pa /usr/lib 574.It Pa libexec/ 575source code for files in 576.Pa /usr/libexec 577.It Pa nrelease/ 578files required to produce a 579.Dx 580release 581.It Pa sbin/ 582source code for files in 583.Pa /sbin 584.It Pa secure/ 585build directory for files in 586.Pa /usr/src/crypto 587.It Pa share/ 588source for files in 589.Pa /usr/share 590.It Pa sys/ 591kernel source code 592.It Pa tools/ 593tools used for maintenance and testing of 594.Dx 595.It Pa usr.bin/ 596source code for files in 597.Pa /usr/bin 598.It Pa usr.sbin/ 599source code for files in 600.Pa /usr/sbin 601.El 602.El 603.It Pa /var/ 604multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 605.Pp 606.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 607.It Pa account/ 608system accounting files 609.Pp 610.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 611.It Pa acct 612execution accounting file; 613see 614.Xr acct 5 615.El 616.Pp 617.It Pa at/ 618timed command scheduling files; 619see 620.Xr \&at 1 621.Pp 622.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 623.It Pa jobs/ 624directory containing job files 625.It Pa spool/ 626directory containing output spool files 627.El 628.Pp 629.It Pa backups/ 630misc. backup files 631.It Pa crash/ 632default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 633.Xr crash 8 634and 635.Xr savecore 8 636.It Pa cron/ 637files used by cron; 638see 639.Xr cron 8 640.Pp 641.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 642.It Pa tabs/ 643crontab files; 644see 645.Xr crontab 5 646.El 647.Pp 648.It Pa db/ 649misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 650.It Pa empty/ 651empty directory used by 652.Xr sshd 8 653for privilege separation 654.It Pa games/ 655misc. game status and score files 656.It Pa hammer/ 657per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for 658.Xr hammer 5 659file systems 660.It Pa log/ 661misc. system log files 662.Pp 663.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 664.It Pa wtmp 665login/logout log; 666see 667.Xr wtmp 5 668.El 669.Pp 670.It Pa mail/ 671user mailbox files 672.It Pa msgs/ 673system messages database; 674see 675.Xr msgs 1 676.It Pa preserve/ 677temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 678of an editor; 679see 680.Xr \&ex 1 681.It Pa quotas/ 682filesystem quota information files 683.It Pa run/ 684system information files describing various info about 685system since it was booted 686.Pp 687.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 688.It Pa ppp/ 689writable by the 690.Dq network 691group for command connection sockets; see 692.Xr ppp 8 693.It Pa utmp 694database of current users; 695see 696.Xr utmp 5 697.El 698.Pp 699.It Pa rwho/ 700rwho data files; 701see 702.Xr rwhod 8 , 703.Xr rwho 1 , 704and 705.Xr ruptime 1 706.It Pa spool/ 707misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 708.Pp 709.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 710.It Pa clientmqueue/ 711undelivered submission mail queue; 712see 713.Xr sendmail 8 714.It Pa dma/ 715undelivered mail queue; 716see 717.Xr dma 8 718.It Pa ftp/ 719commonly 720.Pa ~ftp ; 721the anonymous ftp root directory 722.It Pa mqueue/ 723undelivered mail queue; 724see 725.Xr sendmail 8 726.It Pa output/ 727line printer spooling directories 728.It Pa uucp/ 729uucp spool directory 730.It Pa uucppublic/ 731commonly 732.Pa ~uucp ; 733public uucp temporary directory 734.El 735.Pp 736.It Pa tmp/ 737temporary files that are kept between system reboots 738.Pp 739.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 740.It Pa vi.recover/ 741the directory where recovery files are stored 742.El 743.Pp 744.It Pa yp/ 745the NIS maps 746.El 747.El 748.Sh NOTES 749This manual page documents the default 750.Dx 751filesystem layout, but 752the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 753administrator's discretion. 754A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 755this document. 756.Sh SEE ALSO 757.Xr apropos 1 , 758.Xr find 1 , 759.Xr finger 1 , 760.Xr grep 1 , 761.Xr ls 1 , 762.Xr whatis 1 , 763.Xr whereis 1 , 764.Xr which 1 , 765.Xr fsck 8 766.Sh HISTORY 767A 768.Nm 769manual page appeared in 770.At v7 . 771