1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.8 2006/10/09 09:48:08 swildner Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd August 23, 2006 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa /modules/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa defaults/" -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.El 57.It Pa /dev/ 58block and character device files 59.Pp 60.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa MAKEDEV" -compact 61.It Pa MAKEDEV 62script for creating device files; 63see 64.Xr MAKEDEV 8 65.It Pa fd/ 66file descriptor files; 67see 68.Xr \&fd 4 69.El 70.It Pa /etc/ 71system configuration files and scripts 72.Pp 73.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa defaults/" -compact 74.It Pa defaults/ 75default system configuration files; 76see 77.Xr rc 8 78.It Pa isdn/ 79isdn4bsd configuration files; 80see 81.Xr isdnd 8 82.It Pa localtime 83local timezone information; 84see 85.Xr ctime 3 86.It Pa mail/ 87Sendmail control files 88.It Pa mtree/ 89mtree configuration files; 90see 91.Xr mtree 8 92.It Pa namedb/ 93named configuration files; 94see 95.Xr named 8 96.It Pa periodic/ 97scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 98.Xr cron 8 ; 99see 100.Xr periodic 8 101.It Pa ppp/ 102ppp configuration files; 103see 104.Xr ppp 8 105.It Pa ssl/ 106OpenSSL configuration files 107.It Pa uucp/ 108uucp configuration files; 109see 110.Xr uucp 1 111.El 112.It Pa /home/ 113HOME directories of non-root users 114.It Pa /kernel 115pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 116at boot time). 117.It Pa /mnt/ 118empty directory commonly used by 119system administrators as a temporary mount point 120.It Pa /modules/ 121loadable kernel modules; 122see 123.Xr kldstat 8 124.It Pa /proc/ 125process file system; 126see 127.Xr procfs 5 , 128.Xr mount_procfs 8 129.It Pa /root/ 130root's HOME directory 131.It Pa /sbin/ 132system programs and administration utilities 133fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 134.It Pa /sys/ 135the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 136.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 137.It Pa /tmp/ 138temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 139.It Pa /usr/ 140contains the majority of user utilities and applications 141.Pp 142.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa libdata/" -compact 143.It Pa bin/ 144common utilities, programming tools, and applications 145.It Pa games/ 146useful and semi-frivolous programs 147.It Pa include/ 148standard C include files 149.Pp 150.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa libmilter/" -compact 151.It Pa arpa/ 152C include files for Internet service protocols 153.It Pa c++/ 154C++ include files 155.It Pa cam/ 156C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 157.Pp 158.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa scsi/" -compact 159.It Pa scsi/ 160The SCSI device on top of CAM 161.El 162.Pp 163.It Pa dev/ 164C include files for programming various 165.Dx 166devices 167.It Pa emulation/ 168Include Files for various emulation layers 169.It Pa fs/ 170.Pp 171.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa smbfs/" -compact 172.It Pa smbfs/ 173SMB/CIFS filesystem 174.El 175.Pp 176.It Pa isc/ 177ISC utility library libisc include files 178.It Pa isofs/ 179.Pp 180.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa cd9660/" -compact 181.It Pa cd9660/ 182iso9660 filesystem 183.El 184.Pp 185.It Pa libmilter/ 186C include files for libmilter, 187the sendmail mail filter API 188.It Pa machine/ 189machine-specific C include files 190.It Pa msdosfs/ 191MS-DOS file system 192.It Pa net/ 193misc network C include files 194.It Pa netatalk/ 195Appletalk protocol 196.It Pa netatm/ 197ATM include files; 198see 199.Xr atm 8 200.It Pa netinet/ 201C include files for Internet standard protocols; 202see 203.Xr inet 4 204.It Pa netinet6/ 205C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 206see 207.Xr inet6 4 208.It Pa netipx/ 209IPX/SPX protocol stacks 210.It Pa netkey/ 211kernel key-management service 212.It Pa netnatm/ 213NATM include files; 214see 215.Xr natm 4 216.It Pa netns/ 217Xerox NS protocols 218.It Pa netsmb/ 219SMB/CIFS requester 220.It Pa nfs/ 221C include files for NFS (Network File System) 222.It Pa objc/ 223Objective C include files 224.It Pa openssl/ 225OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 226.It Pa pccard/ 227PC-CARD controllers 228.It Pa protocols/ 229C include files for Berkeley service protocols 230.It Pa readline/ 231get a line from a user, with editing; 232see 233.Xr readline 3 234.It Pa rpc/ 235remote procedure calls; 236see 237.Xr rpc 3 238.It Pa rpcsvc/ 239definition of RPC service structures; see 240.Xr rpc 3 241.It Pa security/ 242PAM; see 243.Xr pam 8 244.It Pa sys/ 245system C include files (kernel data structures) 246.It Pa ufs/ 247C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 248.Pp 249.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa ffs/" -compact 250.It Pa ffs/ 251Fast filesystem 252.It Pa mfs/ 253memory file system; 254see 255.Xr mount_mfs 8 256.It Pa ufs/ 257UFS filesystem 258.El 259.Pp 260.It Pa vm/ 261virtual memory; 262see 263.Xr vmstat 8 264.El 265.Pp 266.It Pa lib/ 267archive libraries 268.Pp 269.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa compat/" -compact 270.It Pa aout/ 271a.out archive libraries 272.It Pa compat/ 273shared libraries for compatibility 274.Pp 275.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa aout/" -compact 276.It Pa aout/ 277a.out backward compatibility libraries 278.El 279.El 280.Pp 281.It Pa libdata/ 282misc. utility data files 283.Pp 284.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa stallion/" -compact 285.It Pa doscmd/ 286files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 287see 288.Xr doscmd 1 289.Pp 290.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa fonts/" -compact 291.It Pa fonts/ 292fonts used by doscmd 293.El 294.Pp 295.It Pa lint/ 296various prebuilt lint libraries; 297see 298.Xr lint 1 299.It Pa msdosfs/ 300Character set conversion tables 301.It Pa stallion/ 302holds the download firmware images 303.El 304.Pp 305.It Pa libexec/ 306system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 307.Pp 308.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa binutils215/" -compact 309.It Pa lpr/ 310utilities and filters for LP print system; 311see 312.Xr lpr 1 313.It Pa binutils215/ 314.Pp 315.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa ldscripts/" -compact 316.It Pa ldscripts/ 317linker scripts; 318see 319.Xr ld 1 320.El 321.Pp 322.It Pa sendmail/ 323the sendmail binary; 324see 325.Xr mailwrapper 8 326and 327.Xr sendmail 8 328.It Pa sm.bin/ 329restricted shell for sendmail; 330see 331.Xr smrsh 8 332.It Pa uucp/ 333uucp utilities; 334see 335.Xr uucp 1 336.El 337.Pp 338.It Pa local/ 339local executables, libraries, etc. 340Within 341.Pa local/ , 342the general layout sketched out by 343.Xr hier 7 344for 345.Pa /usr 346should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under 347.Pa local/ 348rather than under 349.Pa local/share/ ) , 350documentation (in 351.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 352and 353.Pa /usr/local/etc 354.Pf ( mimics 355.Pa /etc ) . 356.It Pa obj/ 357architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 358.Pa /usr/src 359tree 360.It Pa pkg/ 361default destination directory for the pkgsrc collection. 362Within 363.Pa pkg/ , 364the general layout sketched out by 365.Xr hier 7 366for 367.Pa /usr 368should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under 369.Pa pkg/ 370rather than under 371.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 372documentation (in 373.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 374and 375.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 376.Pf ( mimics 377.Pa /etc ) . 378.It Pa pkgsrc/ 379The NetBSD pkgsrc collection (optional). 380.It Pa sbin/ 381system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 382.It Pa share/ 383architecture-independent files 384.Pp 385.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa groff_font/" -compact 386.It Pa calendar/ 387a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 388see 389.Xr calendar 1 390.It Pa dict/ 391word lists; 392see 393.Xr look 1 394.Pp 395.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa papers/" -compact 396.It Pa web2 397words from Webster's 2nd International 398.It Pa words 399common words 400.It Pa papers/ 401reference databases; 402see 403.Xr refer 1 404.El 405.Pp 406.It Pa doc/ 407miscellaneous documentation; 408.Pp 409.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa handbook/" -compact 410.It Pa handbook/ 411A copy of the handbook 412.El 413.Pp 414.It Pa examples/ 415various examples for users and programmers 416.It Pa games/ 417ASCII text files used by various games 418.It Pa groff_font/ 419device description file for device name 420.It Pa info/ 421GNU Info hypertext system 422.It Pa isdn/ 423ISDN 424.It Pa libg++/ 425libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 426.It Pa locale/ 427localization files; 428see 429.Xr setlocale 3 430.It Pa man/ 431manual pages 432.It Pa me/ 433macros for use with the me macro package; 434see 435.Xr me 7 436.It Pa misc/ 437misc system-wide ASCII text files 438.Pp 439.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa termcap" -compact 440.It Pa termcap 441terminal characteristics database; 442see 443.Xr termcap 5 444.El 445.Pp 446.It Pa mk/ 447templates for make; 448see 449.Xr make 1 450.It Pa nls/ 451national language support files; 452see 453.Xr mklocale 1 454.It Pa sendmail/ 455sendmail configuration files; 456see 457.Xr sendmail 8 458.It Pa skel/ 459example . (dot) files for new accounts 460.It Pa syscons/ 461files used by syscons; 462see 463.Xr syscons 4 464.Pp 465.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 466.It Pa fonts/ 467console fonts; 468see 469.Xr vidcontrol 1 470and 471.Xr vidfont 1 472.It Pa keymaps/ 473console keyboard maps; 474see 475.Xr kbdcontrol 1 476and 477.Xr kbdmap 1 478.It Pa scrnmaps/ 479console screen maps 480.El 481.Pp 482.It Pa tabset/ 483tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 484the termcap file; 485see 486.Xr termcap 5 487.It Pa tmac/ 488text processing macros; 489see 490.Xr nroff 1 491and 492.Xr troff 1 493.It Pa vi/ 494localization support and utilities for 495.Xr vi 1 496.It Pa zoneinfo/ 497timezone configuration information; 498see 499.Xr tzfile 5 500.El 501.Pp 502.It Pa src/ 503.Bx , 504third-party, and/or local source files 505.Pp 506.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa kerberos5/" -compact 507.It Pa bin/ 508source code for files in 509.Pa /bin 510.It Pa contrib/ 511source code for contributed software 512.It Pa crypto/ 513source code for contributed cryptography software 514.It Pa etc/ 515source code for files in 516.Pa /etc 517.It Pa games/ 518source code for files in 519.Pa /usr/games 520.It Pa gnu/ 521Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 522.It Pa include/ 523source code for files in 524.Pa /usr/include 525.It Pa kerberos5/ 526source code for kerberos version 5 527.It Pa lib/ 528source code for files in 529.Pa /usr/lib 530.It Pa libexec/ 531source code for files in 532.Pa /usr/libexec 533.It Pa nrelease/ 534files required to produce a 535.Dx 536release 537.It Pa sbin/ 538source code for files in 539.Pa /sbin 540.It Pa secure/ 541build directory for files in 542.Pa /usr/src/crypto 543.It Pa share/ 544source for files in 545.Pa /usr/share 546.It Pa sys/ 547kernel source code 548.It Pa tools/ 549tools used for maintenance and testing of 550.Dx 551.It Pa usr.bin/ 552source code for files in 553.Pa /usr/bin 554.It Pa usr.sbin/ 555source code for files in 556.Pa /usr/sbin 557.El 558.El 559.It Pa /var/ 560multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 561.Pp 562.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa preserve/" -compact 563.It Pa account/ 564system accounting files 565.Pp 566.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa acct" -compact 567.It Pa acct 568execution accounting file; 569see 570.Xr acct 5 571.El 572.Pp 573.It Pa at/ 574timed command scheduling files; 575see 576.Xr \&at 1 577.Pp 578.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa spool/" -compact 579.It Pa jobs/ 580directory containing job files 581.It Pa spool/ 582directory containing output spool files 583.El 584.Pp 585.It Pa backups/ 586misc. backup files 587.It Pa crash/ 588default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 589.Xr crash 8 590and 591.Xr savecore 8 592.It Pa cron/ 593files used by cron; 594see 595.Xr cron 8 596.Pp 597.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa tabs/" -compact 598.It Pa tabs/ 599crontab files; 600see 601.Xr crontab 5 602.El 603.Pp 604.It Pa db/ 605misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 606.It Pa empty/ 607empty directory used by sshd(8) for privilege separation; 608see 609.Xr sshd 8 610.It Pa games/ 611misc. game status and score files 612.It Pa heimdal/ 613kerberos server databases; see 614.Xr kdc 8 615.It Pa log/ 616misc. system log files 617.Pp 618.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa wtmp" -compact 619.It Pa wtmp 620login/logout log; 621see 622.Xr wtmp 5 623.El 624.Pp 625.It Pa mail/ 626user mailbox files 627.It Pa msgs/ 628system messages database; 629see 630.Xr msgs 1 631.It Pa preserve/ 632temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 633of an editor; 634see 635.Xr \&ex 1 636.It Pa quotas/ 637filesystem quota information files 638.It Pa run/ 639system information files describing various info about 640system since it was booted 641.Pp 642.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa ppp/" -compact 643.It Pa ppp/ 644writable by the 645.Dq network 646group for command connection sockets; see 647.Xr ppp 8 648.It Pa utmp 649database of current users; 650see 651.Xr utmp 5 652.El 653.Pp 654.It Pa rwho/ 655rwho data files; 656see 657.Xr rwhod 8 , 658.Xr rwho 1 , 659and 660.Xr ruptime 1 661.It Pa spool/ 662misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 663.Pp 664.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 665.It Pa clientmqueue/ 666undelivered submission mail queue; 667see 668.Xr sendmail 8 669.It Pa ftp/ 670commonly 671.Pa ~ftp ; 672the anonymous ftp root directory 673.It Pa mqueue/ 674undelivered mail queue; 675see 676.Xr sendmail 8 677.It Pa output/ 678line printer spooling directories 679.It Pa uucp/ 680uucp spool directory 681.It Pa uucppublic/ 682commonly 683.Pa ~uucp ; 684public uucp temporary directory 685.El 686.Pp 687.It Pa tmp/ 688temporary files that are kept between system reboots 689.Pp 690.Bl -tag -width ".It Pa vi.recover/" -compact 691.It Pa vi.recover/ 692the directory where recovery files are stored 693.El 694.Pp 695.It Pa yp/ 696the NIS maps 697.El 698.El 699.Sh NOTES 700This manual page documents the default 701.Dx 702filesystem layout, but 703the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 704administrator's discretion. 705A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 706this document. 707.Sh SEE ALSO 708.Xr apropos 1 , 709.Xr find 1 , 710.Xr finger 1 , 711.Xr grep 1 , 712.Xr ls 1 , 713.Xr whatis 1 , 714.Xr whereis 1 , 715.Xr which 1 , 716.Xr fsck 8 717.Sh HISTORY 718A 719.Nm 720manual page appeared in 721.At v7 . 722